研究生评论文章范文

文献综述在硕士、博士论文写作中占据着重要的地位，是论文中的一个重要章节。文献综述的好坏直接关系到论文的成功与否。 文献综述是文献综合评述的简称，指在全面搜集、阅读大量的有关研究文献的基础上，经过归纳整理、分析鉴别，对所研究的问题(学科、专题)在一定时期内已经取得的研究成果、存在问题以及新的发展趋势等进行系统、全面的叙述和评论。“综”即收集“百家”之言，综合分析整理；“述”即结合作者的观点和实践经验对文献的观点、结论进行叙述和评论。其目的并不是将可能找到的文章列出，而是要在辨别相关资料的基础上，根据自己的论文来综合与评估这些资料。一个成功的文献综述，能够以其系统的分析评价和有根据的趋势预测，为新课题的确立提供强有力的支持和论证。 一、文献综述的作用与目的 文献综述要针对某个研究主题，就目前学术界的成果加以探究。文献综述旨在整合此研究主题的特定领域中已经被思考过与研究过的信息，并将此议题上的权威学者所作的努力进行系统地展现、归纳和评述。在决定论文研究题目之前，通常必须关注的几个问题是：研究所属的领域或者其他领域，对这个间题已经知道多少；已完成的研究有哪些；以往的建议与对策是否成功；有没有建议新的研究方向和议题。简而言之，文献综述是一切合理研究的基础。 大多数研究生并不考虑这些问题，就直接进行文献探讨，将在短时间内找到的现有文献做简略引述或归类，也不作批判。甚至与论文研究的可行性、必要性也无关。 其实回顾的目的就是想看看什么是探索性研究，所以必须主动积极地扩大研究文献的来源。也只有这样，才可能增加研究的假设与变量，以改进研究的设计。 文献综述至少可达到的基本目的有：让读者熟悉现有研究主题领域中有关研究的进展与困境；提供后续研究者的思考：未来研究是否可以找出更有意义与更显著的结果；对各种理论的立场说明，可以提出不同的概念架构；作为新假设提出与研究理念的基础，对某现象和行为进行可能的解释；识别概念间的前提假设，理解并学习他人如何界定与衡量关键概念；改进与批判现有研究的不足，推出另类研究，发掘新的研究方法与途径，验证其他相关研究。 总之，研究文献不仅可帮助确认研究主题，也可找出对研究的问题的不同见解。发表过的研究报告和学术论文就是重要的问题来源，对论文的回顾会提供宝贵的资料以及研究可行性的范例。 2 二、文献综述中常见的问题 文献综述可以帮助新研究者在现有知识的基础上不断创新，所以撰写此章节时，要向读者交代论文不同于先前研究之所在。它是一个新的有关此类研究主题方面的重要的学术研究。但是研究生在撰写文献综述过程中易犯以下四种错误： 1.大量罗列堆砌文章 误认为文献综述的目的是显示对其他相关研究的了解程度，结果导致很多文献综述不是以所研究的问题为中心来展开，而变成了读书心得清单。 2.轻易放弃研究批判的权利 我国高等院校多以本校学生考本校研究生者居多，因而往往出现大量引用自己导师的研究成果而不注意其他同行的研究成果的现象，学生担心学位论文答辩通不过，所以难得见到学生批判导师已有研究的不足；遇到名校名师，学生更易放弃自己批判的权利。由于大量引用他人的著作，每段话均以谁说为起始，结果使自己的论文成为他人研究有效与否的验证报告，无法说服读者相信自己的论文有重要贡献。 3.回避和放弃研究冲突另辟蹊径 对有较多学术争议的研究主题，或发现现有的研究结论互相矛盾时，有些研究生的论文就回避矛盾，进行一个自认为是创新的研究。其实将这些冲突全部放弃，就意味着放弃一大堆有价值的资料，并且这个所谓的创新，因为不跟任何现有的研究相关与比较，没有引用价值，会被后人所放弃。遇到不协调或者互相矛盾的研究发现，尽管要花费更多的时间来处理，但是不要避重就轻，甚至主动放弃。其实这些不协调或者冲突是很有价值的，应多加利用。将现有文献的冲突与矛盾加以整合是必要的，新研究比旧研究具有更好、更强的解释力，原因之一是新的研究会将过去的所得做一番整合与改善。 4.选择性地探讨文献 有些研究生不是系统化地回顾现有的研究文献，找出适合研究的问题或可预测的假设，却宣称某种研究缺乏文献，从而自认他们的研究是探索性研究。如果有选择性地探讨现有文献，则文献综述就变成了研究生主观愿望的反映，成了一种机会性的回顾。 因此一定要进行系统的、全面的文献综述，以严谨的科学设计来寻找、评估以及整合科学研究的证据，确保文献综述完整不偏。要端正学风，勇于探索和不回避冲突。分析冲突的原因、方法与结论，可以为未来的研究及论文奠定成功的 [page_break]基础，使论文的研究结果对后续研究有应用价值和理论意义。 三、文献综述的基本方法与步骤 3 文献综述不仅仅是对一系列无联系内容的概括，而且是对以前的相关研究的思路的综合。文献综述的基本步骤为： 1.文献综述的第一步：概括归纳 收集文献的方法主要有两种：一是通过各种检索工具，如文献索引、文摘杂志检索，也可利用光盘或网络进行检索；二是从综述性文章、专著、教科书等的参考文献中，摘录出有关的文献目录。 选择文献时，应由近及远，因为最新研究常常包括以前研究的参考资料，并且可以使人更快地了解知识和认识的现状。首先要阅读文献资料的摘要和总结，以确定它与要做的研究有没有联系，决定是否需要将它包括在文献综述中。其次要根据有关的科学理论和研究的需要，对已经搜集到的文献资料做进一步的筛选，详细、系统地记下所评论的各个文献中研究的问题、目标、方法、结果和结论，及其存在的问题、观点的不足与尚未提出的问题。将相关的、类似的内容，分别归类；对结论不一致的文献，要对比分析，按一定的评价原则，做出是非的判断。同时，对每一项资料的来源要注明完整的出处，不要忽略记录参考文献的次要信息，如出版时间、页码和出版单位所在城市等。 对要评论的文献先进行概括(不是重复)，然后进行分析、比较和对照，目的不是为了对以前的研究进行详细解释，而是确保读者能够领会与本研究相关的以前研究的主要方面。个别地和集中地对以前研究的优点、不足和贡献进行分析和评论，这在文献综述中是非常重要的。 2.文献综述的第二步：摘要 不同的学科对引用摘要的要求与期望不同虽然文献综述并不仅仅是摘要，但研究结果的概念化与有组织的整合是必要的。其做法包括：将资料组织起来，并连到论文或研究的问题上；整合回顾的结果，摘出已知与未知的部分；理清文献中的正反争论；提出进一步要研究的问题。 3.文献综述的第三步：批判 文献综述是否有价值，不仅要看其中的新信息与知识的多少，还要看自己对文献作者及编辑者的观点与看法如何。 阅读文献时，要避免外界的影响甚至干扰，客观地叙述和比较国内外各相关学术流派的观点、方法、特点和取得的成效，评价其优点与不足。要根据研究的需求来做批判，注意不要给人以吹毛求疵之感。 一个具有批判性的评论，必须要有精确性、自我解释性和告知性。批判的程度，主要在测试研究生的评鉴技巧：是否能分析出文章的中心概念与所提出的论据，做出摘要，并提出简要评估。 文献综述的第三步是在形式上批判其是否符合一些基本写作的标准，即判定其是否为一篇好文章还要看文献中引用的文章与评论的标准。有的台湾学者将其归纳为：代表性、显著性、相关性、适时性和简捷性。 4.文献综述的第四步：建议 4 通常一个文献综述是以比较性评论的方式为主，分析两个以上不同的思想学派、议题或者不同人所持的不同立场。香港大学建议的模式如表1 所示： 表1 香港大学建议的论文撰写模式 １．导论 开头段落：简介主题；主题的重要性；理清首要问题；简介各篇(例如A. B. ) 文章与作者，及其不同或互补之处； ２．主文部分（３个示范）： 1. 1 分析A 的理论/观点； 1. 2 分析B 的理论/观点； 1. 3 比较A 与B 的理论/观点； 2. 1 找出A 与B 的共同性； 2. 2 找出A 与B 的差异性； 2. 3 探讨出一个中心议：议题1：探讨A&B ；议题2：探讨A&B ；议题3：探讨A&B ３．结论 ： 提出一个比其他更好的理论与立场； 提出一个优于每一个理论与立场的部分的摘要 可以看出，这个模式有三个选项：导论、主文与结论。 文献综述的最后步骤是在回顾和分析的基础上，提出新的研究方向和研究建议。根据发展历史和国内外的现状，以及其他专业、领域可能给予本专业、领域的影响，根据在纵横对比中发现的主流和规律，指出几种发展的可能性，以及对其可能产生的重大影响和可能出现的问题等趋势进行预测，从而提出新的研究设想、研究内容，建议采取的具体措施、步骤和研究方案等，并说明成果的可能性等。 还要指出的是，阅读和分析已有的其他专业研究人员的文献综述，可以高效率地获得有益的观点和建议。但是，这类集中介绍研究成果的综述性文章只能作为新的研究的基础或参考点，不能被用来替代自己的独立研究。总之，要做好硕士、博士论文的选题与研究，必须重视资料概览，认真写好文献综述。

考研究生的朋友吗，对于试卷上后面的英语大作文相必有接触过。下面是我给大家整理的研究生考试英语大作文范文，供大家参阅!研究生考试英语大作文范文1 Direction Write an essay of 160-200words based on the following drawing .In your essay ,you should 1) describe the drawing briefly 2) explain its intended measing and 3) give your comments You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points) 大作文范文： Our surroundings are being polluted fast and man's present efforts can not prevent it. Time is bringing us more people, and more people will bring us more industry, more cars, larger cities and the growing use of man-made materials. What can explain and solve this problem? The fact is that pollution is caused by man -- by his desire for a modern way of life. We make "increasing industrialization" our chief we are often ready to offer everything: clean air, pure water, good food, our health and the future of our is a constant flow of people from the countryside into the cities, eager for the benefits of our modern society. But as our technological achievements have grown in the last twenty years, pollution has become a serious problem. Isn't it time we stopped to ask ourselves where we are going-- and why? It makes one think of the story about the airline pilot who told his passengers over the loudspeaker,"I've some good news and some bad news. The good news is that we're making rapid progress at 530 miles per hour. The bad news is that we're lost and don't know where we're going. " The sad fact is that this becomes a true story when speaking of our modern society. In my opinion, to protect environment, the government must take even more concrete measures. First, it should let people fully realize the importance of environmental protection through education. Second, much more efforts should be made to put the population planning policy into practice, because more people means more people means more pollution. Finally, those who destroy the environment intentionally should be severely punished. We should let them know that destroying environment means destroying mankind themselves 研究生考试英语大作文范文2 【题目要求】 Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) explain its intended meaning, and 3) give your suggestions. You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET .(20points) 【题目评析】 本次考研英语的大作文部分体裁与往年相比，依然保持稳定，是图画式作文。就结构而言，依然可以是三段式：第一段是描述图画的表层含义，第二段是阐明其图画的内涵，第三段基本可以说明自己的观点。就内容和话题而言，和我们的真实生活非常贴切，属于综合性话题，考查了当今信息社会发展过程中电子产品对我们日常面对面交流的影响，对于人们依赖于智能手机而忽视面对面交流这个话题，考生应该是有切身体会，有话可说。同硬币有两面一个道理，智能手机虽然方便了人们的生活和交流，却淡漠了人与人面对面交流的能力。最后就人们过分依赖于智能手机，做出你自己得评论和发表自己的观点。 【参考范文】 Nowadays, with the increasing popularity of smart phones, it is not unusual to find a group of people sitting around the table, each playing with their smart phones separately instead of talking with each other face to face. As is vividly shown in the picture, all the members absorbed in their electronic products. There are several reasons accounting for this phenomenon. Some people may lack the ability to communicate with others or the common interest while others claim that it’s a good way to relieve stress and embarrassment in social communications. Naturally, there are still others who are heavy smart phone users and fail to break away from the addiction. As far as I’m concerned, it is essential for us to build closer social bonds through face-to-face conversations when getting together with our relatives, friends, classmates and colleagues. I strongly recommend that you put away your smart phones in such occasions not only to show respect for others but also to enjoy the gatherings and improve your communicative skills as well. 研究生考试英语大作文范文3 Directions: Write an essay of 160—200 wordsbased on the following picturein your essay, you should 1. describe the pictures briefly, 2. interpret its intendedmeaning, and 3. give your comments. You should write neatly ontheANSWERSHEET. (20 points) 参考范文： 参考范文一 As is vividly depicted in the first picture there is a father watching TV and asking his son to study hard, with his son being unable to concentrate on his study. The second picture portrays that the son and the father are studying hard together. At the lower part of the picture is a caption which implies that it is wise for parents to set a good example for their children by action rather than by words. It occurs to me that the author of the drawing aims at reminding us of the the value of a good example by parents. First and foremost, examplesspeak louder than words, for it is widely accepted that an exampleenableseach personto transformhis or heraspirations from astate of potentiality into it another way, parents’example enables their children to improve them selves, so they can be qualified for the future job, be ready for the forthcoming life, and they are likely to achieve more fulfillment. Furthermore, according to a latest survey conducted by an authority on the Internet, the majority of people interviewed answer that parents’action produces more positive influence on the growth of their children than oral requirements do. Hence, it is vital for us to derive positive implications fromthe above pictures. For one thing,we should frequently use it to enlightenyoung parents. For another,we should cultivate the awareness ofparentsthatpersonal examplesarevery vital tokid’s growth. Only by doing so canchildren grow sound in body and mind. 参考范文二 Above are graphic pictures that show a sharp contrast with each other. In the left one, there is a father who is watching TV happily, with his son cannot go on with his study attentively beside him, but the father asks his son to work hard. In the right one, however,sit a father and a son, who are studying , at the bottom of the picture are huge characters, meaning“It is better to set example, rather than just make requests.”The drawer’s intention seems to be highly self-evident and the meaning causes us to be thought-provoking. To begin with, model plays a critical part in our life. If we set someone as our model, we will try to imitate him. For example, if we set Zhang Haidi as our example, and we think her spirit of perseverance impresses us deeply, we will also persist in doing something even if we come across many difficulties. What is more, model,one of the greatest fashionable themes of our era throughout the history of mankind all around the world that I have ever known in my whole life, which is the greatest that there ever was and the greatest that there ever will be, is momentous and fundamental to people what the soul is vital and significant to us. Judging from the reams of evidence presented above, it is safe for us to conclude that modelplays a fundamental part ineconomic prosperity and social progress. 参考范文三 The great American humorist and writer Mark Twain once said, “ When I was a boy of 14, my father was so ignorant I could hardly stand the old man around. But when i got to be 21, I was astonished that how much he had learned in seven years.” Contrary to what exasperated parents of teenagers may often think and feel, family attitude and parents’ behaviors do lay an important role in shaping the choices of young people make. What people watch ultimately has an impact on what actually occurs. It’s not just because they witness it, cause they believe it and act as though it is. So the moral here is to help children develop positive and pro-social concept about themselves, in that children are likely to make choices or actions that match what they learn from their parents. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that parents’ behaviors before their kids has both positive and negative effects to their children. What we must do is to make sure that the positive ones are encouraged and the negative ones are eliminated as far as possible.