计算机的历史英文论文格式

文章题目不超过20个字，不用不常见的英文缩写（三号、黑体、加粗，居中）摘 要（黑体、小四、加粗，左对齐）：中文摘要要求200字左右。中文摘要用第三人称编写，简短精炼，明确具体。摘要格式要规范，不能出现本文、论文等类似字样，不能出现数学公式、插图、表格、参考文献序号等。摘要中应用黑体明确列述该文的创新点（新理论，新观点，新技术，新工艺等等），以便于创新性知识的发现，提取和评价,。英文摘要同中文一致，创新点用斜体标出。（宋体、小四）关键词（黑体、小四、加粗，左对齐）：词1；词2；词3（宋体，小四，要求3-8个，用分号隔开）Title（三号、Times New Roman体、加粗、居中）Abstract（小四、Times New Roman体、加粗）：Abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract. abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract. abstrac（小四、Times New Roman体）Key words（小四、Times New Roman体、加粗）：word1; word2; word3（小四、Times New Roman体，一律小写，英文缩写除外）（以上单独成1-2页）目 录（三号、黑体、加粗、居中、字间空两字符）1 一级标题（绪论、前言或引言）（小四、黑体、加粗、左对齐）……….……………… 二级标题1（小四、宋体、首行缩进2字符）…………………………………….三级标题1（小四、宋体、首行缩进2字符）……………….………………….. 二级标题2…………………………………..…………………………….252 一级标题（实验）……………………………….………………………………二级标题1 …………………………………..…………………………….三级标题1………………………………….……………………………..403 一级标题（结论、结束语）……………………………………………………..100参考文献（不加标题编号）…………………………………………………………102附录（不加标题编号）…………………………………………………………………104附录1………………………………………………………………………………110附录2………………………………………………………………………………115附录3 …………………………………………………………………………….120致谢（不加标题编号） ………………………………………………………………130（以上单独成页）1 一级标题（四号、黑体、加粗、左对齐）（三级标题，不得出现四级） 二级标题式样（小四、黑体、加粗、左对齐） 三级标题式样（小四、宋体、加粗、左对齐）正文内容。（小四，宋体，倍行距，字符不缩放，字符间距为“标准”；参考文献标识符号[1]，方括号加数字，小四，Times New Roman，上标表示；所有数字和英文全部为Times New Roman字；除目录可适当调整行距外，其他部分全部为倍行距。页面上下边距为，左右边距为；中英文题目、摘要和关键词页面用罗马数字注页码，其他部分用阿拉伯数字注页码，页码为页脚标识，六号、宋体、居中。）表（一律用三线表）表 表的名称（表序分两级，小四、宋体、加粗、居中）表内文字：小四号、宋体、上下左右居中 注（五号、宋体、加黑）：内容（五号、宋体），有多条注释，用“①、②……”分列。2 一级标题（四号、黑体、加粗、左对齐） 二级标题式样（小四、黑体、加粗、左对齐） 三级标题式样（小四、宋体、加粗、左对齐）正文内容。（小四，宋体，倍行距，字符不缩放，字符间距为“标准”；参考文献标识符号[1]，方括号加数字，小四，Times New Roman，上标表示；所有数字和英文全部为Times New Roman字；除目录可适当调整行距外，其他部分全部为倍行距。页面上下边距为，左右边距为；中英文题目、摘要和关键词页面用阿拉伯数字注页码，其他部分用罗马数字注页码，页码为页脚标识，六号、宋体、居中。）图（图序一级，依次标识，小四号、宋体、加黑、居中） 图1 图片名称3 一级标题（四号、黑体、加粗、左对齐） 二级标题式样（小四、黑体、加粗、左对齐） 三级标题式样（小四、宋体、加粗、左对齐）正文内容。（小四，宋体，倍行距，字符不缩放，字符间距为“标准”；参考文献标识符号[1]，方括号加数字，小四，Times New Roman，上标表示；所有数字和英文全部为Times New Roman字；除目录可适当调整行距外，其他部分全部为倍行距。页面上下边距为，左右边距为；中英文题目、摘要和关键词页面用罗马数字注页码，其他部分用阿拉伯数字注页码，页码为页脚标识，六号、宋体、居中。）公式(公式格式：公式居中，公式编号右对齐，英文字母和数字为Times New Roman体，小四号字) ≤Q≤ 1－1（以上单独成页）[参考文献] （五号、黑体、加粗、居中）：1) 期刊文献的著录格式 [序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码. （五号、宋体、下同）2)普通图书(专著)的著录格式 [序号] 主要责任者.书名[文献类型标识]. 其他责任者(选择项).版本(第1版不标注).出版地:出版者,出版年:页码(选择项). 3)析出文献的著录格式 [序号] 主要责任者.析出文献题名[文献类型标识] // 编者.原文献名.出版地:出版者,出版年:析出文献起止页码. 4)学位论文的著录格式 [序号] 作者.题名:[文献类型标识].保存地:保存者,年份. 5)报纸文章的著录格式 [序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].报纸名,出版日期(版次). 6)电子文献的著录格式 [序号] 主要责任者.电子文献题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].电子文献的出处或可获得地址,发表或更新日期/引用日期(任选). 7)专利文献的著录格式 [序号] 专利申请者.专利题名[文献类型标识].专利国别,专利号,出版日期. 8)技术标准(规范)的著录格式 [序号] 起草责任者.标准代号 标准顺序号—发布年 标准名称[文献类型标识].出版地:出版者,出版年(也可略去起草责任者、出版地、出版者和出版年). 9)各种未定义类型文献的著录格式 [序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[Z].出版地:出版者,出版年. 10）外文文献的引用格式各类外文文献的文后参考文献格式与中文格式相同，其中题名的首字母及各个实词的首字母应大写，为了减少外文刊名引用不规范所造成的引文统计及链接误差，用(SXXXX-XXXX)格式在刊名后加ISSN号例如[1] KANAMORI H. Shaking without Quaking [J]. Science (S0036-8075), 1998, 279: 2063.附： 参考文献类型及标识代码 文献类型 标识代码 文献类型 标识代码 文献载体类型 标识代码 普通图书 M 报告 R 磁带 MT 会议录 C 标准 S 磁盘 DK 汇编(论文集) G 专利 P 光盘 CD 报纸 N 数据库 DB 联机网络 OL 期刊 J 计算机程序 CP 学位论文 D 电子公告 EB （以上单独成页）附 录附录1：附录2：附录3：（以上单独成页）致 谢感谢院系领导感谢指导老师感谢父母

History of computer development 5th century BC, Chinese invented the abacus. It is widely used in commercial trade, and this is the first calculation tool. It’s also considered the prototype of a computer. Until the 17th century, computing devices have a second important step forward. In 1666, Samuel Morland who was English ，invented the addend and subtrahend machine. 1832, Babbage and Joseph Clement made a computing device. It’s Size nearly as big a house. January 1943: In the United States, An advanced computer was developed which weighs 5 tons, 75 million parts. These computers are mainly used in the war : A supercomputer release, which can made 200 million operations per second. At present, the type of computer has a lot of friends, according to the computer’s processing speed classification, It can be divided into five types：supercomputers,mainframes,minicomputers,workstations and microcomputers "Who invented the computer?” The real answer is that many inventors contributed to the history of computers. The development of computers reflects the wisdom of modern humans. 译文： 计算机的发展史 公元前5世纪，中国人发明了算盘。它被广泛应用于商业贸易，这是第一次的计算工具。 它也被认为是一台电脑的原型。直到17世纪，计算设备的第二个重要的一步。1666年，塞缪尔·莫兰德是英国人，是加数和减数机的发明者。1832年，巴贝奇和约瑟夫·克莱门特发明了计算设备。它的大小几乎一样大的房子。1943年1月：在美国，开发了先进的计算机，它重达5吨，75万件。这些电脑主要用于在战争开始。1987年：一个超级版本，它可以每秒运算200万。目前，计算机的类型有很多朋友，根据计算机的处理速度分类，可分为五种类型：超级计算机、大型机、小型机、工作站和微型计算机。 “谁发明了计算机？”真正的答案是，许多发明家计算机的历史贡献。计算机的发展，反映了现代人类的智慧。Evolution of the Computer:The first counting device was the abacus, originally from Asia. It worked on a place-value notion meaning that the place of a bead or rock on the apparatus determined how much it was worth. 1600s: John Napier discovers logarithms. Robert Bissaker invents the slide rule which will remain in popular use until 19??. 1642: Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invents the first mechanical digital calculator using gears, called the Pascaline. Although this machine could perform addition and subtraction on whole numbers, it was too expensive and only Pascal himself could repare it. 1804: Joseph Marie Jacquard used punch cards to automate a weaving loom. 1812: Charles P. Babbage, the "father of the computer", discovered that many long calculations involved many similar, repeated operations. Therefore, he designed a machine, the difference engine which would be steam-powered, fully automatic and commanded by a fixed instruction program. In 1833, Babbage quit working on this machine to concentrate on the analytical engine. 1840s: Augusta Ada. "The first programmer" suggested that a binary system shouled be used for staorage rather than a decimal system. 1850s: George Boole developed Boolean logic which would later be used in the design of computer circuitry. 1890: Dr. Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical, punched-card data-processing machine which was used to compile information for the 1890 . census. Hollerith's tabulator became so successful that he started his own business to market it. His company would eventually become International Business Machines (IBM). 1906: The vacuum tube is invented by American physicist Lee De Forest. 1939: Dr. John V. Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry build the first electronic digital computer. Their machine, the Atanasoff-Berry-Computer (ABC) provided the foundation for the advances in electronic digital computers. 1941, Konrad Zuse (recently deceased in January of 1996), from Germany, introduced the first programmable computer designed to solve complex engineering equations. This machine, called the Z3, was also the first to work on the binary system instead of the decimal system. 1943: British mathematician Alan Turing developped a hypothetical device, the Turing machine which would be designed to perform logical operation and could read and write. It would presage programmable computers. He also used vacuum technology to build British Colossus, a machine used to counteract the German code scrambling device, Enigma. 1944: Howard Aiken, in collaboration with engineers from IBM, constructed a large automatic digital sequence-controlled computer called the Harvard Mark I. This computer could handle all four arithmetic opreations, and had special built-in programs for logarithms and trigonometric functions. 1945: Dr. John von Neumann presented a paper outlining the stored-program concept. 1947: The giant ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) machine was developped by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr. at the University of Pennsylvania. It used 18, 000 vacuums, punch-card input, weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot space. It wasn't programmable but was productive from 1946 to 1955 and was used to compute artillery firing tables. That same year, the transistor was invented by William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Labs. It would rid computers of vacuum tubes and radios. 1949: Maurice V. Wilkes built the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer), the first stored-program computer. EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), the second stored-program computer was built by Mauchly, Eckert, and von Neumann. An Wang developped magnetic-core memory which Jay Forrester would reorganize to be more efficient. 1950: Turing built the ACE, considered by some to be the first programmable digital computer.

计算机发展史 计算机于1946年问世，有人说是由于战争的需要而产生的，我们认为计算机产生的根本动力是人们为创造更多的物质财富，是为了把人的大脑延伸，让人的潜力得到更大的发展。正如汽车的发明是使人的双腿延伸一样，计算机的发明事实上是对人脑智力的继承和延伸。近10年来，计算机的应用日益深入到社会的各个领域，如管理、办公自动化等。由于计算机的日益向智能化发展，于是人们干脆把微型计算机称之为“电脑”了。 计算机产生的动力是人们想发明一种能进行科学计算的机器，因此称之为计算机。它一诞生，就立即成了先进生产力的代表，掀开自工业革命后的又一场新的科学技术革命。 要追溯计算机的发明，可以由中国古时开始说起，古时人类发明算盘去处理一些数据，利用拨弄算珠的方法，人们无需进行心算,通过固定的口诀就可以将答案计算出来。这种被称为“计算与逻辑运算”的运作概念传入西方后，被美国人加以发扬光大。直到十六世纪,发明了一部可协助处理乘数等较为复杂数学算式的机械，被称为“棋盘计算器”，但这时期只属于纯计算的阶段,要到十九世纪才有急速的发展。第一代电子管计算机(1945-1956) 在第二次世界大战中，美国政府寻求计算机以开发潜在的战略价值。这促进了计算机的研究与发展。1944年霍华德.艾肯(1900-1973)研制出全电子计算器，为美国海军绘制弹道图。这台简称 Mark I 的机器有半个足球场大，内含500英里的电线，使用电磁信号来移动机械部件，速度很慢(3-5秒一次计算)并且适应性很差只用于专门领域，但是，它既可以执行基本算术运算也可以运算复杂的等式。 1946年2月14日，标志现代计算机诞生的ENIAC(The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)在费城公诸于世。ENIAC代表了计算机发展史上的里程碑，它通过不同部分之间的重新接线编程，还拥有并行计算能力。ENIAC由美国政府和宾夕法尼亚大学合作开发，使用了18，000个电子管，70，000个电阻器，有5百万个焊接点，耗电160千瓦，其运算速度比Mark I快1000倍，ENIAC是第一台普通用途计算机。 40年代中期，冯.诺依曼(1903-1957)参加了宾夕法尼亚大学的小组，1945年设计电子离散可变自动计算机EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)，将程序和数据以相同的格式一起储存在存储器中。这使得计算机可以在任意点暂停或继续工作，机器结构的关键部分是中央处理器，它使计算机所有功能通过单一的资源统一起来。Development of computer history Computer came in 1946, it was said to be due to the needs of the war and we have a computer that is the fundamental driving force for people to create more material wealth to the people of the extension of the brain, so that the potential for greater发展. As is the invention of the automobile is an extension of the legs, like the invention of the computer is in fact the human brain and the extension of the inheritance of intelligence. Over the past 10 years, the increasing application of computers into society in various fields such as management, office automation, and so on. As the computer increasingly to the development of intelligent, so people just take micro-computer called the "computer". Computer generated power is an invention like to be able to carry out scientific computing machine, so call it a computer. I was born it immediately became the representative of the advanced productive forces, since the industrial revolution opened after a new scientific and technological revolution. Retroactive to the invention of the computer, you can start from ancient China, ancient inventions of human thinking to tackle some of the data, move to and fro use of the method of counting the beads, without the need for mental arithmetic, through a fixed formula can be calculated from the answers. This is called "calculation and logic operations," the concept of the operation into the West after the Americans were to be carried forward. Until the sixteenth century, the invention of a multiplier to help deal with more complicated mathematical formula, such as the machinery, known as the "chessboard calculator", but this time only pure calculation of the stage, it is necessary to be rapid in the nineteenth century发展. The first generation of vacuum tube computer (1945-1956) During World War II, the . government to seek to develop computer potential strategic value. This computer has promoted the research and development. Howard in 1944. Aiken (1900-1973) developed a fully electronic calculator, in order to draw the . Navy ballistic map. This referred to as the Mark I machine half a football field, contains 500 miles of wire, the use of electromagnetic signals to mobile components of mechanical, slow (3-5 seconds, a calculation) and poor adaptability only specialized in the field However, it can perform basic arithmetic operations can be complex computing equation. February 14, 1946, marks the birth of the modern computer ENIAC (The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) in Philadelphia made public. ENIAC computer represents a milestone in the history of the development through different parts of the connection between the re-programming, also has a parallel computing power. ENIAC by the . government at the University of Pennsylvania and co-development, the use of the 18,000 tubes, 70,000 resistors, there are 5 million welding points, 160 kilowatt power, the Mark I faster than 1000 times faster, ENIAC was the first A general-purpose computer. In the mid-40, Frederick. Neumann (1903-1957) attended the University of Pennsylvania team, in 1945 the design of electronic discrete variable automatic computer EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), will be the same programs and data stored in the format together Memory. This computer can be suspended at any point, or continue to work, the machine's structure is a key part of the central processing unit, it makes all the computer functions through a single unified resource.