温暖三月5021
People in different parts of the world dress differently,such as the dressing between the east and west in the past. But such differences are no longer significant between china and the west. Nowadays on the street of Chinese cities you can see people wearing suits or shirts or T-shirts just as people do in the west. However, some difference remains. For example, in China people tend to be more "conservative", that is, they don't want certain parts of their body exposed when dressed, unlike some in the west. So world is just one family for all of us,we can know it just from you think so?
1234大兄弟
Abstract: Dress culture is a cultural phenomenon unique to human beings. As it has different aesthetic ideas, different dressing concepts and different dress etiquette in China and west, it forms Chinese and western dress culture of the different connotation and characteristics. This thesis is divided into four major sections. The first part describes the different features of Chinese and western dress and why people wear clothing. The second part describes cultural differences between Chinese and western clothing. The third part gives an analysis of Chinese and western dress culture. The last part describes Chinese and western dress aesthetic culture and dress concept. Based on the analysis, the thesis finally draws a conclusion. Chinese and western dress culture each has rich connotation and distinct characteristics, which are precious cultural legacy which is left by human ancestors and are the world culture heritage. At the same time, we treasure our own civilization of five thousand years instead of belittling ourselves. It is significant to promote and develop our unique costume culture. We are confident and make contributions to realizing the rejuvenation of our Chinese nation and enriching the clothing culture of the whole world. Key words: Chinese and western clothing; culture;differences;aesthetic culture and clothing concepts 摘要摘要摘要摘要::::服饰文化是人类特有的文化现象。由于中西方各民族的审美观念、着装理念和服饰礼仪的不同,从而形成了不同内涵、不同特色的中西方服饰文化。本文共分为四部分。第一部分主要介绍了中西服饰的不同特征以及为什么人要穿衣服,第二部分写中西方服饰的差异,第三部分写导致中西方服饰文化差异的原因,第四部分则写中西方服饰审美文化和着装理念。通过以上简单的论述,最后得出结论,中西方服饰文化各具有丰富的内涵和鲜明的特色,她们都是人类祖先留下来的宝贵文化遗产 ,是世界文化的瑰宝。与此同时,我们应该珍惜自己五千年的文明而不是贬低自己的文明。促进和发展我们独特的民族服饰文化具有重要的意义。为了实现我们中华民族的文化复兴和丰富整个世界的文化,让我们自信起来吧! 关键词关键词关键词关键词::::中西服饰;文化;差异性;审美文化与着装理念Introduction Costume culture, carried by costume, is a respect of our physical and spiritual life and a mixture of our psychological activities like consciousness, emotion, idea and ideal. The rapid development of advanced technology makes multiculturalism stand out and also makes conflicts between China and the West increase. In that case, it becomes more and more important to recognize the similarities and differences of costume culture between China and the West. Nowadays, the whole world is, to some extent, dominated by the western costume culture, which has wound its way into the daily life of the whole world, together with technology, life style and values from the West. Quite popular in China, it’s nominally called “internationalization” or “globalization”. In recent years, the costume industry of China has developed swiftly. The “international” costume, featured by the western costume culture, has become a pretty important part of our daily life. However, as our economy takes off, international status rises and living standard improves, a wave of national costume culture resurgence is rising. Moreover, people from the West pay more and more attention to the giant dragon in the East——China. Western costume designers constantly introduce Chinese costume cultural elements to their latest designs. Those phenomena arouse a series of thoughts: what distinguishes Chinese costume culture from the western one? Are there any similarities between them? What kind of costume culture will we Chinese hold as the mainstream in the future, the so-called “international” western one, the Chinese one or the fusion of the two? To obtain the answers to these questions, we are supposed to study and contrast carefully the characteristics and developing processes of them, and then draw some regularity. To contrast the costume culture between China and the West, it is necessary for us to master a good knowledge of the Chinese and western costume cultural 1 Chinese and western dress The different features of Chinese and western dress China is known as “Xia” as it’s a land of propriety, and it’s also known as “Hua” with the beauty of its costume. (①《左传》p83) Our national costume is Hanfu. It originated in the Yanhuang era, formed in the Spring and Autumn Period and officially took form in Han Dynasty. That’s the reason why it’s called “Hanfu”. Since then, in spite of historical evolutions of all ages, their basic characteristics have never changed. Hanfu, on the whole, can be divided into four developing stages: Zhou Han Hanfu, Wei Jin Hanfu, Sui Tang Hanfu and Song Ming Hanfu. Zhou Han Hanfu was featured by dignity and simplicity, while Wei Jin Hanfu by chic and elegance, Sui Tang Hanfu by dignified, graceful, elegant and poised style. Hanfu in Song and Ming Dynasties epitomizes the characteristics of the past-simple, dignified, elegant, etc. In Qing Dynasty, Hanfu was forbidden by the government and disappeared from the land of China. The main features of Chinese clothing are focusing on the right collar’s overlap, the band deducted hidden, big sleeves, no buttons and using string binding, giving the impression of free and easy flowing. These characteristics are obviously different from those of other ethnic costumes. Hanfu is divided into uniform and common clothing. With strict standards, uniform is dressed on formal occasions while the common clothing, without long sleeves, is very convenient to people’s daily life. However, the western clothing is different form the Chinese clothing. The West belongs to Marine civilization, it emphasizes the subjective and objective separation and that we should rationally treat clothing, advocate releasing personality, stress dress effect and be good at showing beautiful the posture of the body. Besides, we use various clipping, color collocation means to perfect bodily curve and give a person with visual comfort in the modeling. A suit, also known as a business suit, comprises a collection of matching clothing consisting of: a coat﹙commonly known as a jacket﹚,a waistcoat﹙optional﹚﹙USA vest﹚for men, a pair of trousers﹙USA pants﹚, or for women, a shirt or trousers. A suit is generally accompanied by torment, a shirt and tie or for women, a blouse. Why people wear clothingChinese people are concerned more about its social function of helping to rule a country well than that of keeping warm or decorating. It has a lot to do with ruling a country to regulate the dressing way of the common people. Nevertheless, the westerners pay more attention to its wealth value and function. Therefore, people put on clothing for functional and social reasons. The functional reason The first use of clothing is to resist the cold and cover the body. Functions of clothing include providing the human body protection against extremes of climate (extreme heat, icy winters, and drenching storms) and protection against insects, noxious, chemicals, and contact with abrasive substances. In sum, clothing protects human beings against anything that might injure the naked, unprotected human body. The social reason Clothing also delivers social messages to other humans. Social messages sent by clothing, accessories, and decorations can involve social status, occupation, ethnic and religious belief, marital status, cultural degree and sexual availability, etc. For example, only Roman citizens can wear “Toga” in Rome while dragon robe can only be dressed by the emperor in China.
吃土少年Hollar
China and the West have totally different dressing traditions and customs, although in recent years the they have been converging as a result of globalization and other factors. Some differences, especially cultural ones, have nontheless remained. For example, Chinese people like to wear red or other clothings that are bright and colourful, while in the west dark colors are considered more formal, serious and sometimes even "cooler".就是自己写的,这种文章你上哪儿抄去?
小Journey
对中西文化进行了深入的探源分析,通过对比研究,剖析其不同的自然观、世界观,寻求不同意识形态的表征语言。下文是我为大家整理的关于中西文化对比论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!
中西禁忌文化对比研究
摘 要:禁忌是世界各民族共有的文化现象,是跨文化交际中的一大障碍,本文通过对中西文化禁忌的对比研究,提高人们的文化意识,避免交际冲突和失败,以此提高跨文化交际能力。
关键词:禁忌;文化差异;跨文化交际能力
禁忌(taboo) 源于太平洋汤加群岛的Togan(汤加语),是一种普遍的文化现象,指通过禁止人们实施某种行为或者回避某些话语表达对神灵的敬畏或达到消灾避祸目的的规范。由于文化不同,各国间的禁忌习俗也不尽相同。
禁忌是世界各国共有的文化现象,只是禁忌的内容和形式有所不同。禁忌几乎无处不在,按照禁忌的范畴来分,可分为宗教禁忌和生活禁忌,其中生活禁忌包含其中生活禁忌包含饮食禁忌、服饰禁忌、婚姻禁忌、丧葬禁忌等方面,本文主要从宗教和生活禁忌两个方面探讨各国文化的异同。
一、宗教禁忌
世界各国人民都有不同的信仰,英语国家的人主要信仰基督教,另外还有天主教、新教和东正教。中国的宗教的有佛教、道教和伊斯兰教。宗教不同,禁忌也有很大差异。
1.基督教禁忌
基督教忌讳拜除上帝以外的偶像,进入教堂要严肃,保持安静,以表达对神的敬意。忌食带血的食物,忌衣冠不整和在聚会或礼拜中吸烟等。同时, 在西方信奉基督教的国家里,人们都记得耶稣被叛徒出卖,钉死在十字架上的故事。因此在耶稣受难日的当天,绝对不能从事与耶稣在十字架上受难有象征性联系的事情,如:理发、钉马蹄,钉钉子等。
2.天主教禁忌
天主教是基督教的三大教派之一,除基督教的某些禁忌外,天主教还有自身独特的禁忌。如:天主教的主教、修女和神父是不能结婚的,因此他们的相关隐私如子女问题是不能问及的。参加丧礼忌穿色泽艳丽的衣服,忌说笑;丧礼后两三星期死者亲属忌见客人,一年内忌参加大型宴会或舞会等。
3.佛教禁忌
佛教禁忌包含身体行为方面的禁忌如不杀生,不偷盗,不淫邪;语言方面的禁忌如不妄语,不恶口;意识方面的禁忌如不贪欲等。因此,信奉佛教的人忌吃荤食、不结婚、不蓄财。僧侣和教徒非常注重头部,忌讳别人提着物品从头部经过,忌随便抚摸小孩子的头部。忌当着僧侣的面杀生,喝酒,吃肉。女士面对僧侣忌穿着暴露;对于女信徒,在生理期间不得进入寺院朝拜,以免亵渎神像。
4.伊斯兰教禁忌
伊斯兰教是世界三大宗教之一,信奉者遍布世界各个国家和地区,在饮食方面,信仰者忌吃自死和非正常死亡的动物,忌饮酒。妇女忌外出工作,忌与男子相互观看,妇女在陌生人面前要带面纱。(《中国实用禁忌大全》,1991)①他们认为妇女除双手、双足和面部外,其余身体部位,不能显露给丈夫以外的男子观看。在卫生方面,禁止用右手处理污秽事物,如大小便均需用左,忌讳用左手给人传递物品尤其是事物。
二、生活禁忌
生活中禁忌很多,比如在英国,避免问他人私事,不能插队,忌购物时讨价还价等。下面着重谈一下饮食和饮酒方面的禁忌。
1.饮食禁忌
饮食是生活的重要组成部分,饮食禁忌包含饮食内容和饮食方式两个方面。中国人的饮食禁忌主要表现在饮食规矩而不是饮食内容上。中国人几乎什么都吃,包括动物的头脚和内脏。英语国家的人忌吃肥肉、粘骨,忌食动物的头脚或内脏制成的食品。忌食狗肉、蛇肉等特殊动物制成的食品。忌食大蒜等有酸辣味道的食品。在饮食规矩方面他们也有一些禁忌,如喝汤时忌出声,进餐时忌狼吞虎咽,用刀叉进菜时忌叮当作响。餐毕,刀叉忌乱放。忌当众挑牙,口中有食物时讲话。
2.饮酒禁忌
中国和英语国家在饮酒禁忌方面有较大差异。西方酒类繁多,讲究不同场合,不同饭菜配不同的酒。比如,饭前喝开胃酒,饭中喝佐餐酒,饭后喝鸡尾酒或威士忌酒等。隆重的宴会上,他们会一道菜换一种酒,有时会把几种酒参在一起混饮。而中国人主张隆重场合喝一种酒,混饮现象更是少见。西方人喝酒忌畅饮,一醉方休,而中国人忌牛饮或急饮。主人给客人斟酒宜勤,但忌浅、忌溢。
三、社交禁忌
在英语国家里,拜访某人需提前预约,否则会打乱别人的安排,造成不便。突然造访被视为粗鲁无礼的表现。以前中国人除了大事没有预约访客的习惯,但随着社会节奏的较快,预约访客逐渐开始实行,但没有那么严格。在预约到达时间上,中西方也存在差异。在西方晚到十分钟被视为正常现象,美国人习惯晚到3-5分钟,因为一般情况下女主人忙于饭菜,饭前5分钟才有时间换衣服,早到会使主人感到尴尬。在中国,人们习惯于提前4-5分钟到达以示尊敬。
在西方国家,隐私是最大的禁忌。与西方人交谈时切忌谈论涉及个人隐私的问题如年龄、收入、婚姻等。而在中国上述问题则被作为关注的话题加以讨论。中国人也有忌谈的东西如涉及个人尊严、缺点、短处等方面的事情。
在英语国家,有一火不点三支烟的忌讳。也就是说点一次火只能连续给两个人点烟,如果给第三个人点烟时需重新点火,否则会给其中一个人带来不便。
英语国家的人们在传统的节日互送小礼品是常有的事儿,但忌送重礼,重礼被认为是一种行贿行为。在美国,忌讳在公共场合或者业务交往过程中送礼,忌讳送有公司标志的东西(好像是在为公司做广告)。在英语国家,毫无缘由的送礼会使受礼者感到莫名其妙,这和中国相似。
四、其他禁忌
关于颜色的忌讳。在欧美国家,尽量少用黑色,比利时人忌讳蓝色,巴西人忌讳黄色。在中国,忌用红笔写自己的名字和写信。
关于数字的忌讳。西方人把“十三”视为不吉利的数字,公共场合尽量避免使用这个数字。“星期五”在西方被视为黑色星期五。据说耶稣是在这一天被钉在十字架上的,亚当夏娃是在这一天偷吃禁果的,大洪水也是在这一天爆发的。
中国人忌讳使用“四”和“三”(散的谐音),在喜庆场合避免使用这些数字。
由此可见,不同的国家和民族有不同的禁忌,不了解对方国家的禁忌就会导致友谊破裂,交际失败,种族冲突等严重问题。在跨文化交际的过程中,要想达到交际成功,避免文化冲突,必须了解对方的文化禁忌。通过深入的对比研究,提高文化意识,减少文化冲突,促进跨文化交际的顺利进行。
参考文献:
[1] 杨宗、聂嘉恩、郭全胜,《中国实用禁忌大全》,1991,上海:上海文化出版社
[2] 胡文中、杜学增,《中英文化习俗比较》,1998,北京:北京外语教学与研究出版社
[3] 李建军、李贵苍,《跨文化交际》,2011,武汉:武汉大学出版社
中西餐桌礼仪文化禁忌的对比
摘 要:随着各国之间的交流日益密切,了解西方的餐桌礼仪文化对于了解西方文化至关重要。本文主要从餐具摆放及使用方面介绍中西餐桌礼仪文化的差异,来比较中西文方餐桌礼仪禁忌的差异,并剖析这些差异背景,加深我们的了解。
关键词:禁忌;餐桌;礼仪;中西方
一、引言
餐桌礼仪在日常生活中扮演着重要的角色,在中西方文化交流中的作用自然也不可小觑。中西方餐桌礼仪文化主要由入席离席、餐具使用与摆放、上菜顺序及品酒四个方面组成。本文旨在介绍中西餐桌礼仪文化禁忌的差异,主要从餐具摆放及使用这一方面来比较中西文方餐桌礼仪禁忌的差异,并剖析这些差异背景,加深对西方文化的了解。
二、问卷的数据分析
通过对问卷进行发放,采访被调查者,我们了解到大家对中西方餐桌礼仪禁忌的认识很局限,并且极少数人对其后的文化背景进行过探析,下面是我们分析问卷的详细情况。下面是我们分析问卷的详细情况,通过分析问卷,我们可以得出被调查者中大二的较多,占有效百分比为;大一占,大三占,而大四的最少,占有效百分比为。被调查者中英语类所占比例为,非英语类占,英语类和非英语类所占比例几乎相当。通过这些问卷的结果显示被调查者对中西餐桌礼仪文化的禁忌了解程度一般,而相当一部分人对此不了解。
具体分析问卷得出,大家对于极少数禁忌了解比较深,但是却很少有几个人了解到其中的文化渊源,对于其它中西文化餐桌礼仪禁忌的了解有限,有待加强。因此,我们将主要从中西文化餐桌的餐具使用及摆放这方面的对比和背景进行分析,系统的分析中西文化餐桌礼仪并究其根源。
三、正 文
餐桌礼仪在日常生活中扮演着重要的角色,也体现了中西方文化的差异。
餐具的摆放及使用
(1)筷子的摆放、使用及禁忌(忌讳、讲究)
通常就餐之前,在中国筷子的摆放应该放在饭碗的右侧,并且一定要两端对齐的整齐地摆放。如果是就餐期间使用筷子夹完菜之后,但是并没有连续进食,筷子则应整齐地竖向饭碗的正中间。
在中国餐桌上会看到一些这样的场景,客人拿起筷子夹菜时会举棋不定,不知道夹什么好,这种现象被称为“疑筷”,在正式的场合中疑这是较为忌讳的,在非正式的场合中则不是很严格。在夹菜时一些客人用筷子在菜盘里来来回回扒拉到底要夹什么菜,这种现象被称为“脏筷”。脏筷从浅层意义上来讲是不礼貌的。有时候大家会在中国的餐桌上看到两个人同时夹同一道菜时,不小心筷子撞在一起的情形,这一现象被称之为“抢筷”。为避免尴尬,人们在遇到这种情况时会巧妙地半开玩笑地说一句:“让我来帮你夹怎么样?”或者一方表示谦让地让对方来先夹。一般在连续就进餐时,筷子上仍然留着吃上一道菜留下的残迹就去夹菜的情况被称之为“粘筷”,这是忌讳的,所以在打算夹菜时要轻轻小嘬筷子,来避免夹别的菜时筷子上还粘着东西。
在吃放间隙聊天的时候,筷子的一大禁忌就是“指筷”,及用筷子指人。在用餐之时,最为忌讳的是“供筷”,就是将筷子插在饭菜上或者自己的饭碗中央。在中国的传统当中,一般在祭奠去世的人会上香叩拜,如果将筷子插在饭菜中央就与这一情形及其相似,因此,供筷不论在正式的还是非正式的中国餐桌上都是最大的禁忌之一。
除了以上描述的之外,中餐当中使用筷子的禁忌还有忌“刺筷”,即在夹不起菜的时候将筷子当叉子用,扎着夹;忌“别筷”,就是拿筷子当刀使用,用筷子撕扯肉类菜;忌“泪筷”,即在夹菜的时候使菜上有的汤汁淋了一桌;忌“敲筷子”。在等待就餐时,不能坐在桌边一手拿一根筷子随意敲打或用筷子敲打碗盏或茶杯。忌“叉筷”。 筷子不能一横一竖交叉摆放,不能一根大头,一根小头。用餐完毕,筷子应整齐地搁在靠碗右边的桌上。
(2)西方餐具的摆放、使用以及禁忌
相对于中餐,西餐的餐具则更为复杂。狭义上的西餐餐具有:刀、叉、匙三大件。刀子分为食用刀、鱼刀、肉刀(刀口有锯齿,用以切牛排、猪排等)、黄油刀和水果刀。叉子分为食用叉、鱼叉、肉叉和虾叉。匙子则有汤匙、甜食匙、茶匙。公用刀、叉、匙的规格明显大于餐用刀叉。而广义上的西餐餐具则包含:刀、叉、匙、盘、杯、餐巾等。其中盘又有菜盘、布丁盘、奶盘、白脱盘等。
在餐具摆放中,各个西方国家摆放西餐餐具遵循的共同规则是:“垫盘居中,左叉右刀,刀尖向上,刀口向内”。具体的规则有:“盘前横匙,主食靠左,餐具靠右”,其余用具酌情摆放;酒杯的数量与酒的种类相等,摆法是从左到右,依次摆烈性酒杯,葡萄酒杯,香槟酒杯,啤酒杯;西餐中餐巾放在盘子里,如果在宾客尚未落坐前需要往盘子里放某些物品,餐巾就放在盘子旁边。
西餐用餐餐具摆放为八字形,如果在用餐中途暂时休息片刻,可将刀叉分话盘中,刀头与叉尖相对成”一”字形或”八”字形,刀叉朝向自己,表示还是继续吃。用餐结束的摆置方式有两种:用餐结束后中,可将叉子的下面向上,刀子的刀刃侧向内与叉子并拢,平行放置于餐盘上。在宴会中,每吃一道菜用一副刀叉,对摆在面前的刀叉,是从外侧依次向内取用,因为刀叉摆放的顺序正是每道菜上桌的顺序。刀叉用完了,上菜也结束了。刀与叉除了将料理切开送入口中之外,还有另一项非常重要的功用:刀叉的摆置方式传达出“用餐中”或是“结束用餐”之讯息,而服务生是利用这种方式判断客人的用餐情形,刀叉柄朝向自己并列放在盘子里,则表示这一道菜已经用好,服务员就会把盘子撤去。
参考文献:
[1]蔡德贵、田辰山.三极世界文化差异(上)――筷子、手指和刀叉的视角[J],东方论坛,2007(02)
[2]卞浩宇.论中西饮食文化的差异【J】。南京林业大学学报(人文社会科学版),2004
[3]胡文仲.跨文化交际学概论【M】背景:外语教学与研究社,1999
[4]李明英.社会习俗与饮食文化【J】。锦州师范学院学报,1997,
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