公共关系论文外文文献

New Public Management : Contemporary Western trend of the new public administration From the start of the 1970s, the West has dominated the field of public administration nearly a century. and was regarded to be effective, even the best traditional or mainstream public administration, subjected to a new external environment increasingly tough challenges, and the almost routine, rigid-tier system can not meet the increasingly rapid changes in information and knowledge-intensive society and economic life, build on its two major theoretical basis -- Goodnow Wilson and the political-administrative theory and the two-layer management Huibaike no theory Law answered and solved the government faces an increasingly serious problems and difficulties : the financial crisis, the social welfare policy unsustainable, government agencies increasingly bloated, inefficient, the public lost confidence in the government's ability, "government failure" theory has begun to dominate. 正是在这样的历史背景下，一种新的公共行政理论、管理模式——新公共管理（NewPublic Management）在80年代的英美两国应运而生，并迅速扩展到西方各国。It is in this historical backdrop, a new public administration theory, Management -- New Public Management (NewPublic Management) in the 1980s, the Anglo-American two crops, and the rapid expansion of the Western countries. 与以往传统的公共行政框架内进行的变革不同，新公共管理不是对现存行政管理体制和方式进行某种程度的局部调整，或仅仅是为了降低行政管理的成本，减少行政费用开支，更重要的是，它是对传统的公共行政模式的一种全面清算和否定。And the number of traditional public administration within the framework of the changes, Public management is not new to the existing administrative structure and ways of some degree of partial adjustment or simply to lower administrative costs and reduce administrative expenses, but more importantly, It is the traditional model of public administration of a comprehensive settlement and denied. 一、新公共管理的理论基础1, the new public management theory 如果说传统的公共行政以威尔逊、古德诺的政治—行政二分论和韦伯的科层制论为其理论支撑点的话，新公共管理则以现代经济学和私营企业管理理论和方法作为自己的理论基础。If the traditional public administration to Wilson. Goodnow political-administrative theory and the two-Weber-tier system on the support of their theory, new public while management of modern economics and private enterprise management theory and methods as its theoretical basis. 首先，新公共管理从现代经济学中获得诸多理论依据，如从“理性人”（人的理性都是为自己的利益，都希望以最小的付出获得最大利益）的假定中获得绩效管理的依据；从公共选择和交易成本理论中获得政府应以市场或顾客为导向，提高服务效率、质量和有效性的依据；从成本—效益分析中获得对政府绩效目标进行界定、测量和评估的依据等等。First, the new public management from modern economics has many theoretical basis, From the "rational" (the rational is for their own interests. want to pay the smallest gain maximum benefits) of the premise is the basis for performance management; from the public choice theory and transaction cost which the government should be market-oriented or customers, improve the efficiency of services, the quality and effectiveness of the basis; from the cost-effectiveness analysis was to define the performance goals, Measurement and evaluation, and so on the basis. 其次，新公共管理又从私营管理方法中汲取营养。Secondly, the new public management from the private management methods to absorb nutrients. 新公共行政管理认为，私营部门许多管理方式和手段都可为公共部门所借用。The new public administration that many private sector management methods and means available to the public sector borrowing. 如私营部门的组织形式能灵活地适应环境，而不是韦伯所说的僵化的科层制；对产出和结果的高度重视（对私营部门来说，产出就意味着利润，而在高度竞争的市场环境中，要获取利润就必须给顾客提供高质量的服务，同时尽可能地降低成本），而不是只管投入，不重产出；人事管理上实现灵活的合同雇佣制和绩效工资制，而不是一经录用，永久任职，等等。Such as the private sector, the organizational form of flexibility in adapting to the environment, and not Weber said the rigid hierarchy; outputs and outcomes of the high degree of importance (for the private sector, output means profits in a highly competitive market environment, we must make profits to provide customers with high-quality service, Meanwhile, as far as possible to reduce costs), rather than just input and output weight; personnel management to achieve a flexible system of employment contracts and performance pay system, rather than by hiring a permanent office, and so on. 总之，新公共管理认为，那些已经和正在为私营部门所成功地运用着的管理方法，如绩效管理、目标管理、组织发展、人力资源开发等并非为私营部门所独有，它们完全可以运用到公有部门的管理中。In short, the new public management, and is already by the private sector to successfully used management methods, If performance management, goal management, organizational development, human resources development is not unique to the private sector. They can be used in public sector management. 二、新公共行政管理的基本特征Second, the new public administration of the basic features 新公共管理是个非常松散的概念，它既指一种试图取代传统公共行政学的管理理论，又指一种新的公共行政模式，还指在当代西方公共行政领域持续进行的改革运动。New Public Management is a very loose concept, it refers to an attempt to replace the traditional public administration management theory, Also referred to a new model of public administration, also refers to the contemporary Western ongoing public administration reform movement. 其名称在西方各国也不尽相同，如在英国叫“管理主义”，在美国则称为“企业家的政府”或“新公共管理”，在其他一些国家又称为“市场导向型公共行政”等等，但它们都具有大体相同的特征。Its name in western countries is not necessarily the same as in the United Kingdom called "management", in the United States known as the "entrepreneurial government" or "new public management" In some other countries, also known as the "market-oriented public administration," and so on, but they have broadly similar features. 首先，新公共管理改变了传统公共模式下的政府与社会之间的关系，重新对政府职能及其与社会的关系进行定位：即政府不再是高高在上、“自我服务”的官僚机构，政府公务人员应该是负责任的“企业经理和管理人员”，社会公众则是提供政府税收的“纳税人”和享受政府服务作为回报的“顾客”或“客户”，政府服务应以顾客为导向，应增强对社会公众需要的响应力。First, the new public management to change the traditional model of public government and the relationship between society, reopened to the functions of the government and with the community relations position : that the government is no longer superior, "self-service" bureaucracy, government officials should be responsible "corporate managers and managers" the public is to provide the government's tax revenue "taxpayers" and access to government services in return for the "clients" or "customers" government services should be customer-oriented and should enhance the public's need to respond to force. 近年来，英、德、荷兰等国政府采取的简化服务手续、制订并公布服务标准、在某一级行政区域和某些部门或行业开办“一站商店”服务等，就是在这种新的政府—社会关系模式下所施行的一些具体措施。In recent years, Britain, Germany, the Netherlands and other government services to simplify the procedures and to develop and publish service standards, in a regional and an administrative certain sectors or industries offer "one-stop shop" service. It is in this new government-community relations model as applied by some of the specific measures. 其次，与传统公共行政只计投入，不计产出不同，新公共管理更加重视政府活动的产出和结果，即重视提供公共服务的效率和质量，由此而重视赋予“一线经理和管理人员”（即中低级文官）以职、权、责，如在计划和预算上，重视组织的战略目标和长期计划，强调对预算的“总量”控制，给一线经理在资源配置、人员安排等方面的充分的自主权，以适应变化不定的外部环境和公众不断变化的需求。Secondly, with the traditional public administration, only the input, output or not, New Public Management pay more attention to the activities of the outputs and outcomes that provide public services to the efficiency and quality, thus entrusted to the "first-line managers and managers" (that is, low-level civil service) to the post of powers, responsibilities and If the plan and budget, the attention to the organization's strategic goals and long-term plans, the emphasis is on the Budget for its "total" control, to the frontline managers in the allocation of resources and personnel arrangements, and so on the full autonomy to adapt to the fluctuating external environment and the ever changing needs. [NextPage][NextPage] 第三，与上一点紧密相联，新公共管理反对传统公共行政重遵守既定法律法规，轻绩效测定和评估的做法，主张放松严格的行政规制（即主要通过法规、制度控制），而实现严明的绩效目标控制，即确定组织、个人的具体目标，并根据绩效示标（performance indicator）对目标完成情况进行测量和评估，由此而产生了所谓的三E，即经济（economy）、效率（efficency）和效果（effect）等三大变量。Third, and closely related, 1:00, the new public management oppose traditional public administration re-compliance with established laws and regulations, Light performance measurement and assessment practices, advocating the relaxation of the strict regulatory system (that is, through legislation, system control), achieve strict control of the performance goals, which was to determine organizations, individuals of specific goals, under the performance indicator (performance indicator) on the target for completion of the measurement and assessment, as a result, the so-called three E, in which the economy (economy), efficiency (efficency) and the effect (effect), and other three variables. 第四，与传统公共行政排斥私营部门管理方式不同，新公共管理强调政府广泛采用私营部门成功的管理方法和手段（如成本—效益分析、全面质量管理、目标管理等）和竞争机制，取消公共服务供给的垄断性，如“政府业务合同出租”、“竞争性招标”等，新公共管理认为，政府的主要职能固然是向社会提供服务，但这并不意味着所有公共服务都应由政府直接提供。Fourth, public administration and the traditional exclusion of private sector management methods differ, New Public Management emphasizes the wide adoption of successful private sector management methods and means (such as cost-benefit analysis total quality management, management by objectives) and the mechanism of competition, the abolition of the supply of public services monopoly, If "government contracts for rent" and "competitive bidding", the new public management, The main function of government is to serve the community, But this does not mean that all public services should be provided directly by the government. 政府应根据服务内容和性质的不同，采取相应的供给方式。According to the government services and the different nature of the corresponding supply mode. 如图所示：As shown : 市场状况／宪法职责模式Market status / mode of constitutional duties 附图Map 1、此项服务活动是由宪法明文规定的属政府职责范围之内，同时也没有其他竞争者，如国防，应由政府承担。1, the service activities by the Constitution provides that the government is within the scope of duties, while no other competitor, If defense, should be borne by the government. 2、虽属宪法规定的政府职责，但同时有其他竞争者的存在，即其他非政府部门也在从事此项活动，如医院，在这种情况下，政府并非一定要亲自提供此项服务，而大可通过招标、合同出租等形式，将其出租给其他公营或私营部门，政府只要对其绩效目标进行测定和评估，并提供相应的报酬，便不失为一种提高服务质量和效率的有效途径。2, although the Constitution stipulates the functions of government, but there are other competitors exist, in other words, the non-governmental sector are engaged in this activity, such as hospitals, in this case, The government is not obliged to provide such a service in person, and goes through the tender, the contract leasing, and other forms, will be rented to other public or private sector, government, as long as its performance targets and measured assessment, and provide corresponding remuneration, it is nevertheless a good quality of service and efficient and effective way. 这也就是《重塑政府》一书的作者奥斯本和盖布勒所说的政府应该“掌舵而不是划桨”。This is the "reinventing government", the author of a Osborne and Gaebler said the government should "steer and not the paddling." 3、宪法没有规定是政府的职责，而又存在着市场竞争者，如影视业，这时政府就完全可以不从事此项活动，而完全由私营部门承担。3, the Constitution does not provide is the duty of the government, the market and the existence of competitors, such as film and video industry, Then the government can not engage in this activity, and completely by the private sector. 4、宪法既没有规定是政府的职责，同时又没有或缺乏从事此项活动的竞争者，如高等院校，这时政府就应积极培育市场，鼓励人们参与此项活动，以提高此项服务的效率、质量和有效性。4, which is not provided for the constitution is the duty of the government, but also the absence or lack of this activity in the competitors As institutions of higher learning, then the government should actively develop the market and encourage people to participate in activities to enhance the service efficiency, quality and effectiveness. 需要说明的是，上述只是典型的四种公共服务类型，在现实中，It is important to point out, these are just typical four types of public services, in reality,

公共关系学论文

在现实的学习、工作中，大家都跟论文打过交道吧，论文是进行各个学术领域研究和描述学术研究成果的一种说理文章。你知道论文怎样才能写的好吗？下面是我整理的公共关系学论文，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

公共关系是由英文“Public Relations”翻译而来的，即PR（公共关系）=P（自己行动）+R（被人认知）中文可译为“公共关系”，但不论是其字面意思还是其实际意思基本上都是一致的，都是指组织机构与公众环境之间的沟通与传播关系。关于公共关系的各种定义有很多，一般指一个社会组织用传播手段使自己与相关公众之间形成双向交流，使双方达到相互了解和相互适应的管理活动。这个定义反映了公共关系是一种传播活动，也是一种管理职能。

公共关系是指某一组织为改善与社会公众的关系，促进公众对组织的认识，理解及支持，达到树立良好组织形象、促进商品销售的目的的一系列公共活动。它本意是社会组织、集体或个人必须与其周围的各种内部、外部公众建立良好的关系。它是一种状态，任何一个企业或个人都处于某种公共关系状态之中。它又是一种活动，当一个工商企业或个人有意识地、自觉地采取措施去改善和维持自己的公共关系状态时，就是在从事公共关系活动。作为公共关系主体长期发展战略组合的一部分，公共关系的涵义是指这种管理职能：评估社会公众的态度，确认与公众利益相符合的个人或组织的政策与程序，拟定并执行各种行动方案，提高主体的知名度和美誉度，改善形象，争取相关公众的理解与接受。

公共关系是社会关系的一种表现形态，科学形态的公共关系与其他任何关系都不同，有其独特的性质，了解这些特征有助于我们加深对公共关系概念的理解。

（1）情感性：公共关系是一种创造美好形象的艺术，它强调的是成功的人和环境、和谐的人事气氛、最佳的社会舆论，以赢得社会各界的了解、信任、好感与合作。我国古人办事讲究“天时、地利、人和”，把“人和”作为事业成功的重要条件。公共关系就是要追求“人和”的境界，为组织的生存、发展或个人的活动创造最佳的软环境。

（2）双向性：公共关系是以真实为基础的双向沟通，而不是单向的公众传达或对公众舆论进行调查、监控，它是主体与公众之间的双向信息系统。组织一方面要吸取人情民意以调整决策，改善自身；另一方面又要对外传播，使公众认识和了解自己，达成有效的双向意见沟通。

（3）广泛性：公共关系的广泛性包含两层意思：一层意思是公共关系存在于主体的'任何行为和过程中，即公共关系无处不在，无时不在，贯穿于主体的整个生存和发展过程中；另一层意思指的是其公众的广泛性。因为公共关系的对象可以是任何个人、群体和组织，既可以是已经与主体有关系的任何公众，也可以是将要或有可能有关系的任何暂时无关的人们。

（4）整体性：公共关系的宗旨是使公众全面地了解自己，从而建立起自己的声誉和知名度。它侧重于一个组织机构或个人在社会中的竞争地位和整体形象，以使人们对自己产生整体性的认识。它并不是要单纯地传递信息，宣传自己的地位和社会威望，而是要使人们对自己各方面都要有所了解。

（5）长期性：公共关系的实践告诉我们，不能把公共关系当作“救火队”，而应把他们当作“常备军”。公共关系的管理职能应该是经常性与计划性的，这就是说公共关系不是水龙头，想开就开，想关就关，它是一种长期性的工作。

而公共关系产生于美国，是当时的文化、政治、经济与技术等条件综合作用下的必然产物。其一，就文化条件而言，经历了由但在当今社会下，尽管公共关系学在我国起步较晚，尽管我国的政治民主化，经济市场化与社会信息化等方面还有相当多不完善，不发达之处，但随着我国社会主义市场经济的兴起，体制改革的深入，政治民主化的发展及现代化建设的进程，中国公共关系的蓬勃发展是不可避免并不可阻挡的，公共关系中国化有着令人鼓舞的辉煌前景的。