互通立交桥毕业论文

The purpose of the research and significance of Through the interchange bridge at home and abroad access to research, Huaihai Road and the Canal Bridge, according to the present layout, topography and road cross-situation, carry out a serious investigation, analysis, comparison, selection of appropriate interchange interchange bridge; carrying out of project feasibility demonstration, and to consider the vision of two decades the volume of traffic, after comparison, to determine the optimum type of bridge. Designed to be able to interchange bridge-type solution to the intersection of traffic jams, traffic delays and eliminating conflicts Department intersection points, thereby significantly improve the traffic speed and increase the traffic capacity, and ensure traffic safety, improve traffic environment, improve society economic benefits. Therefore, the bridge design and construction of Huaian city transport development is of great significance. generate the development of interchange Interchange of produce (1) the characteristics of cross-plane Planar cross-road are two or more roads intersect in the same plane or connections, and its characteristics are mainly embodied in the following areas: There is a danger point, the traffic complexity of public existence Noodles (2) ways to improve the cross-plane 1) From time to consider: the intersection of the various traffic flow line, from the time of separation, that is, through the police or control signal. 2) Implementation of Traffic Organization: Department set up at intersections all kinds of transport facilities or through the line, the installation of traffic signs and other traffic Drainage and Traffic Organization, so that traffic flow in the plane lines各行其道, the implementation of the separation. 3) construction of the interchange: By the construction of cross-line structure, so that intersection of the main line of traffic flow in space separated from the fundamental line of separation between the traffic flow at the same time interfere with each other through the construction of the ramp to the main line of traffic flow between the line connecting , realize the conversion between the flow of traffic. Interchange of produce The emergence and development of interchange has always been associated with motor vehicle traffic and the development of cities. With urbanization, development, delivery Just sub 20:22:13 Flux of the rapid development of car ownership is the rapid growth of the original traffic capacity of roads should not have been required to meet the growing traffic. At the same time, pedestrians, non-motorized vehicles and motor vehicle for Road between the phenomenon is becoming increasingly serious, the use of signal control and the plane deal with organizational measures such as traffic has been far from a fundamental solution to urban traffic problems exist. In this context interchange first came into being in the city, and quickly become the problems of urban traffic congestion problem of a medicine which is widely used. the development of interchange I With the emergence of high-grade highways, trunk roads of development, and improve the speed of vehicles, there is an urgent need to improve road capacity; At the same time, to ensure road safety is also of particular significance, all of which for the rapid development of the provision of interchange the premise. Highway Interchange in 1925, appeared in Germany. After this, interchange the fastest growing, most widely is the United States. Before and after World War II, Germany also built a substantial, high grade grade separation. In addition, as the economy and the rapid development of highway transport of substantial construction, the post-war Japan has also built a lot of functionality is better, economical and practical interchange interchange, and the diversification of forms of interchange design has provided a lot of experience, Interchange at design standards and design specifications can be made from results. Up to now, countries have built a lot of interchange, and gradually formed a style different characteristics. As China's urban road and highway construction and development, the construction of interchange ascendant. In urban and high-grade highways have been built a lot of interchange. According to incomplete statistics, China's Beijing alone, the Board go zones have been completed more than 100 Interchange, some interchange regardless of size, shape or design and construction standards, greening and beautifying the areas can be termedembodied in our country interchange of the ad hoc design and innovation.

高速公路设计中降低工程造价的探讨摘要:分析了山西省高速公路工程造价偏高的原因,指出公路勘察设计是公路建设过程中的重要环节,对于公路建设质量和工程投资起控制作用,从设计角度探讨了高速公路降低工程造价的措施,从而解决建设资金不足的问题。关键词:高速公路,设计,工程造价,原因近年来,随着国家高速公路网的全面实施,高速公路已全面向山岭重丘区延伸,高速公路平均每千米造价超过了6 000万元,建设资金不足的问题在山岭重丘区的山西尤为突出。山西省高速公路工程造价偏高既存在客观原因,也有主观原因。客观原因主要有:1)山西省大部分为山岭重丘区,沟壑错综复杂,桥梁、隧道数量多;2)煤矿采空区多,处理费用偏高;3)地方路网完善,互通立交、跨线桥数量多;4)高速公路征用耕地数量多,征地费用偏高;5)地方材料资源缺乏,砂、石材料单价偏高。主观原因主要有:1)为了项目尽早开工,没有给设计部门合理的设计周期,甚至边设计边施工,造成勘测和设计深度不足,变更地方较多;2)地方规划变化较快,设计变更多,使工程量不断增加;3)招标文件不规范,工程量清单内容不全面以及合同条款不严密,管理上出现漏洞;4)设计人员存在保质量轻造价的思想。客观原因是由自然条件所决定的,基本上是不可避免的,而主观原因可以通过人的努力,采取有效的措施加以克服或减少。公路勘察设计是公路建设过程中的重要环节,是工程的灵魂,对于公路建设质量、工程投资起控制作用。如何控制高速公路工程造价,合理利用好每一分钱,就要从设计做起。设计中降低工程造价的主要措施如下:1)路线:改变落后的设计理念,深刻理解规范的内涵,灵活运用技术指标,加深路线方案的比选深度。在满足公路功能,保持既有路网完整,群众出行方便的情况下,合理降低路基填土高度,减少借方和占地。控制好标高,达到路基土石方填挖平衡,总量最少,是山区公路设计的要点,山区公路的设计关键还在于平纵指标取值及均衡性。灵活运用技术指标是设计的出发点,是保护环境、节约投资的基础。在20世纪80年代~90年代中期,高速公路建设主要集中在平原区。这一时期,公路勘察设计指导思想主要以“快速、安全、经济”为原则,强调线形舒展,平纵组合协调合理,行车舒适,视觉效果良好。片面强调采用高标准、高指标,使得建成的高速公路路基普遍偏高,不仅过多占用了宝贵的土地资源,景观效果也不理想。21世纪初,平原区公路建设提出了尽量降低路基高度的低路堤设计原则,同期山区也开始大量修建高速公路,面对山区独特复杂的自然条件,设计人员仍采用了平原区设计思想,强调较高的技术标准,出现了大量的高填深挖路基,不仅破坏了区域的自然环境,影响公路景观,而且诱发了大量地质灾害,直接影响道路的正常运营,同时增加了工程造价。2)路基:路基设计应作为总体设计的主要及重点组成部分,主动参与总体设计,从源头控制影响造价的主要因素。尽可能降低平原微丘区的路堤高度,合理确定山岭重丘区的高填深挖路基;路基断面形式应适应地形特点,整体式路基适应平原区;山岭区的分离式路基可最大利用路线走廊内的空间资源,应提倡在山区路线设计时对每个方向进行单独的线形设计,或分离、错布车道;边坡设计应在边坡自身稳定的原则下进行,并应注重动态设计、信息化施工;边沟等根据排水需要设计尺寸,根据安全冲刷及美观要求设置防护类型;绿化防护是利用植草后的防冲刷功能,追求视觉效果的防护形式,土质边坡应提倡植物防护或不防护,对稳定的岩石边坡可采用自然裸露开挖形式;软土地基处理应从考虑软土地基对公路路基的危害程度出发,在沉降允许范围内,尽量利用时间来达到处理要求,少做或不做地下工程,并应注重沉降、稳定的观察工作,加强软基处理的动态设计、信息化施工;滑坡防治必须明确滑坡的可知性和可治性,为路线避绕或治理滑坡作出决策。3)桥梁:桥梁作为跨越江、河、湖泊、海峡及沟谷的构造物,对保障路网畅通起着不可替代的作用,它是路网建设中的关键节点。桥梁造价远远高于路基工程,特别是高速公路向山区发展后,出现大量的桥涵构造物,有效控制投资规模,显得十分迫切。特大、大桥的桥位是路线布设的重要控制点,桥位布设不宜过分强调“桥位选择应服从于路线”的原则,尽量避免出现大量高墩、大跨及弯坡斜桥,以减小桥梁工程规模及技术难度。桥型方案选择要坚持“安全、适用、经济、美观、便于施工及养护”的设计原则,应进行多方案比选。结构设计采用的计算方法要可靠,尺寸选择要合理,钢筋直径的选择及间距布置要充分满足结构受力的要求。重视施工方案的设计及桥梁方案与施工方案的结合,避免因施工方案选择不合理造成施工费用增加。4)隧道:公路隧道有别于地面工程,受地形地质条件影响大,隧道设计应把握好各阶段地质勘察重点与工作深度,趋利避害,准确划分围岩类别,并把地质超前预报与围岩监控量测作为一道工序纳入设计文件中。结合地形、地质条件、洞外接线及构造物布置情况,遵循“早进晚出”的原则,合理选择洞口位置,洞门设计应安全、简洁、实用、少刷坡、少破坏洞口自然环境。隧道衬砌横断面与结构形式应合理、有效适应建设条件,满足耐久性要求,一般采用复合式衬砌结构,并采取必要的辅助施工措施,尽可能采用标准化预设计。隧道内排水设计应从方案设计、材料选择、施工与维修等方面统筹考虑、因地制宜、综合治理,注重可维护性,当可能造成水土资源流失,或造成地面结构损坏时,应采取“以堵为主,限量排放”的措施。隧道内机电设计应结合实际交通情况进行分析,机电设施应规模适中,注意安全与节能,一次规划,分期实施,逐步完善。5)互通式立交:互通式立交属大型构造物,建设费用在总造价中占相当的比例,特别是枢纽互通所占的比重更大,设计中节省投资的意义很大。互通设计中应重视路网调查,掌握路网规划,避免由于路网规划发生变化,导致互通立交方案不合理。设计中应重视路线方案与互通方案的综合比选,处理好主线、匝道、被交路相互间的交叉关系。尽可能采用规模小、造价低的“瘦身”互通立交方案,尤其是在山区,地质条件复杂,不同位置设置造价相差很大,因此应加强互通方案比选。在满足通行能力的情况下,匝道设计速度应根据交通量确定,不宜太高,以减小匝道规模。参考文献:[1]交通部公路司.降低造价公路设计指南[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2005.[2]交通部公路司.新理念公路设计指南[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2005.[3]陈根生.工程项目设计的投资控制[J].山西建筑,2007,33(10):277-278.