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A广州淘上居

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Tobacco Production and Consumption

烟草生产和消耗

We meet smokers almost everywhere, in the street, in shops, at the railway station, on thecampus and in many other public areas. This explains the astonishing statistic figure of billion smokers out of 5. 6 billion people in the world, occupying about 20% of the world'spopulation.

The harmful effect that smoking has upon people mainly lies in two aspects : money loss andhealth deterioration. In the figure, we can see that the annual consumption of tobaccoamounts to 200 billion dollars, which, if spent on public welfare, can benefit a great many poorpeople.

It is known to all that smoking does a lot of harm, not only to smokers themselves, but also topeople around who are actually unconscious victims. According to the statistics obtained, approximately 3 million people die of lung cancer and other fatal diseases every year.

Fortunately, nowadays more and more people have become aware of the harmful effect ofsmoking. Tobacco consumption is decreasing. Tobacco production is decreasing (has dropped to billion pounds in 1995 as against billion pounds in 1994). The number of smokersis decreasing. Finally, we believe in the advance of society, we believe in a new world withoutsmoking, we believe in people.

CET6六级作文结构分析:

·Pictur e 2———吸烟者到处可见

烟民占世界人口……

·Pictur e 3———吸烟既费钱又损健康

每年烟草耗去……

·Pictur e 4———吸烟导致疾病的死亡

·Pictur e 1———意识到吸烟危害导致烟草生产下降,消耗下降,烟民人数下降

CET6六级作文内容分析:

本文是一篇图画图表作文, 要求说明并解释每一张小图, 最后指出烟草生产和消耗的趋势。本文的写作要用到多种文体。写作前必须仔细看图, 作出分析才能写得层次分明, 覆盖四幅小图。本题曾是一道考研写作题, 作者借题发挥, 撰文供学习。

CET6六级作文万能句型:

public areas 公共场所

astonishing statistic figure 惊人的统计数字

occupy v. 占

have an effect on 对……有影响

lie in 在于

money loss and health deterioration 又费钱又损健康

consumption n. 消耗

tobacco n. 烟草

amount to 达

public welfare 公共福利

unconscious victims 不知不觉的受害者,被动吸烟者

lung cancer 肺癌

fatal disease 致命疾病

Advantage and Disadvantages of Being an Only Child

独生子女的利弊

My father used to talk to me about his five siblings. He used to say that I was unfortunate thatI had none. And I used to envy him and wonder how nice it would be to have a houseful ofbrothers and sisters. I also used to wonder what would happen to me if I were to lose myparents.

Frankly speaking, I do not have to share anything with anybody. I own all my parents' love. Ican ask for anything I want. I always wear new clothes and eat the best food. Since my parentsspend all their money on me, I can study at the best university of the country.

Lucky as I am, I now and then feel very lonely and I have nobody to complain about myloneliness. How I long for a quarrel with my brothers and sisters! Of course I have classmatesand friends, but they are different. Sometimes I feel so pessimistic that after my parents leavethe world, I will have no blood relatives left to share with me the fond memories of my parents. Furthermore, I am likely to become selfish while I realize the world is for sharing.

So, I am happy but lonely; I am fortunate but piteous; I am loved but spoiled; I am well-bredbut selfish, because I am the only child of the family.

CET6六级作文结构分析:

·How nice to have brothers and siste rs

·How miserable to be an only child

·Advant ages of being an only child , e .g .

·Disadvantages of being an only child , e .g .

·As an only child

* happy — lonely

* fortunate — piteous

* loved — spoiled

* well-bred — selfish

CET6六级作文内容分析:

本文是一篇议论文。文中作者以第一人称来谈个人的意见和体会。在短短的第一段中, 作者已表示了对上一代多子女的羡慕, 下一代独生子女的孤独无助, 由此, 自然地过渡到主题“独生子女的利弊”。结尾段是一总结, 反义词的运用使结尾简短而有力。

CET6六级作文万能句型:

siblings n. 兄弟姊妹

a houseful of 一屋子的

frankly speaking 坦率地说

lucky as I am 虽然我很幸运( as 引导让步状语从句, 需用倒装)

complain about 抱怨

pessimistic a. 悲观的

piteous a. 可怜的

spoiled a. 宠坏的

well-bred a. 有教养的

282 评论

月儿丸丸

个案报道学术论文篇二 舒血宁注射液ADR个案报道文献计量分析 [摘要] 舒血宁注射液自1995年上市以来,在缺血性心脑血管疾病的治疗中作出了重要贡献。随着近年在临床上的广泛使用,其药品的安全性也逐渐受到人们的关注。该文通过检索国内公开发表的舒血宁注射液ADR个案报道,分别对文献中的性别、年龄、过敏史、原发病、剂量、疗程、溶媒、ADR发生时间等数据进行计量分析,旨在研究舒血宁注射液ADR发生的规律和影响因素,为临床合理用药提供参考。分析结果表明:舒血宁注射液ADR临床表现以全身性损害、皮肤、黏膜损害和呼吸系统损害为主,ADR最早发生于输液1 min后,最晚发生于连续输液第11天,从ADR发生时间具体分布来看,70%个案的ADR发生在1 h之内,显示其ADR以速发型过敏反应为主。舒血宁注射液在临床应用中,超说明书用药致ADR/ADE的比例不高,尚未发现ADR的发生程度与过敏史、合并用药有关联,其ADR的发生不完全是药品的问题,溶媒可能是一个重要的因素。 [关键词] 舒血宁注射液;不良反应;溶媒 ADR(adverse drug reaction)报道分为群案报道和个案报道,群案报道主要来自某个医院信息系统的回顾性病例分析和某个省份的ADR中心报告,报道的病例数相对较多,但缺少患者个人信息及其使用药品的描述。个案报道则来自不同地区、不同医院的单例或几例的病例报告,患者个人信息及其使用药品的描述较为详细。二者从不同的层面反映药物所引发的ADR特征,可以为临床安全用药提供参考。近几年,关于舒血宁注射液ADR个案报道的文献分析陆续发表,发表病例最多的1篇为32例[1],最近发表的1篇为27例[2]。然而笔者通过检索国内多个数据库,发现其例数应不少于50例,说明之前的发表研究文献检索均不够全面。笔者将检索到的病例收集全文,采用文献计量学方法对个案文献进行信息提取和频数分析,以期寻找舒血宁ADR特征及其分布规律。 1 材料与方法 文献检索 检索中国生物医学文献服务系统(中文库)、万方数据资源库群、CNKI中国期刊全文数据库和VIP医药资源信息系统。检索时段为:建库时间到2013-01-11。检索策略优先查全率,检索式为:全文包含“舒血宁”and题名or关键词or摘要包含“ADR”or “过敏”or “ADR”or“输液”and不含“舒血宁片”,获得文献题录。导入文献管理软件Note Express查重,并根据摘要筛选文献,剔除非相关文献,通过CNKI,VIP,万方数据库下载全文,根据全文筛选文献,剔除非相关文献。 纳入标准 舒血宁注射液的ADR个案报道,内容应包括发生不良事件的患者基本信息、用药信息和临床表现等。 排除标准 安全性监测研究或若干例ADR汇总分析;有效性临床试验提到舒血宁注射液的ADR;舒血宁注射液的ADR文献综述;未报道不良事件表现的个案;重复发表的文献。 文献信息提取与分析 本研究共纳入37篇个案报道,共计50个案例,按照设计的ADR个案信息提取表,逐项填写信息,提取项目包括文献的题目、刊载的期刊名、报道者单位、文献发表年份、性别、年龄、过敏史、原发病、ADR临床表现、ADR发生时间、溶媒、给药途径、剂量、滴速、合并用药、药品批号和发生ADR后患者接受的处理措施及预后,然后采用频数分析的方法分析数据。 2 结果 文献发表情况 年份和期刊:自2006年起,开始有舒血宁ADR的个案报道,之后每年都有报道,其中报道最多的年份为2010年,有14篇。2006―2012年,各年份发表数量为2,4,2,7,14,3,5篇,共计37篇。这些文献分别发表于国内33种期刊,其中《中国药物警戒》3篇,《中国实用医药》、《山东医药》各2篇,其余均为1篇。 作者单位与地域:37篇文献的作者来自国内33 家医院,其中三级医院17家,二级医院16家。发文量数据显示,延边大学附属医院3篇,广西玉林市第二人民医院、解放军第253医院各2篇,其余均为1篇。作者所在地遍及17个省市,发文量最高的3个地区分别为吉林(5篇)、黑龙江(4篇)、陕西(4篇)。北方地区共发表32篇,而南方地区只有5篇。 性别与年龄 50例个案中有49例标明了性别和年龄,其中男性24例,女性25例。年龄最大的85岁,最小的31岁,详见表1。数据显示舒血宁注射液发生ADR的男女比例相当,51~60岁的患者ADR发生率最高。 过敏史 50例个案中,标明有药物过敏史者6例,其中4例为青霉素过敏、1例为炎琥宁注射液过敏、1例有药物过敏史,但具体过敏药物不详。标明无过敏史者25例,另有19例未标明是否有过敏史。 原发病 舒血宁注射液药品说明书的功能主治为:扩张血管,改善微循环。用于缺血性心脑血管疾病,冠心病,心绞痛,脑栓塞,脑血管痉挛等。本研究的50例个案全部标明了原发病,60%(30/50)属于以上适应证范围内。由于部分患者患有多种疾病,合并计量分析结果显示,50例患者的原发病共计29种,缺血性心脑血管疾病的构成比为,仍为主要疾病,具体分布见表2。 给药方式、剂量、溶媒和滴速 舒血宁注射液药品说明书的用法用量中对静脉滴注的一日剂量和溶媒有明确说明:每日20 mL,用5%葡糖糖注射液稀释250 mL或500 mL后使用,或遵医嘱。本研究的50例个案中,静脉滴注49例,静脉推注1例;一次配药的剂量大部分为20 mL,有32例,其余均小于20 mL;使用的溶媒70%(35/50)为5%葡糖糖250 mL,24%(12/50)为生理盐水250 mL,另有6%(3/50)未注明所使用的溶媒;详细记录滴速的报告只有34%(17/50),滴速大致为40~50滴/min。 合并用药 50例个案中,标明合并用药的10例,标明“无合并用药”的3例,其他37例未注明。10例合并用药的患者在滴注舒血宁注射液期间,均未同时使用其他注射剂,没有混合用药。但有联合用药,例如滴注舒血宁注射液前后,使用其他注射剂,或者口服其他药物。合并用药多为降糖、降压、抗血小板、扩冠等缺血性心脑血管疾病的常见药,也有少许抗菌、抗病毒药物。10例合并用药患者所发生的ADR程度一般,并未发现合并用药与ADR的发生程度有关联。 ADR特征 50例个案中无死亡病例,但有10例严重不良反应,7例过敏性休克,3例严重过敏样反应。舒血宁注射液的ADR累及7个系统/器官的49种临床表现,见表3,以全身性损害、皮肤、黏膜损害和呼吸系统损害为主要临床表现。 ADR发生时间 50例个案中全部标明了ADR发生距离开始用药时间,其中最早发生于输液1 min后,最晚发生于连续输液第11天,既有速发型变态反应,也有迟发型变态反应。从ADR发生时间具体分布来看,见表4,70%(35/50)个案的ADR发生在1 h之内,显示舒血宁注射液ADR以速发型变态反应为主。 药品批号 舒血宁注射液50例个案中有32例标明了药品批号,涉及国内9个厂家和1个国外的产品。其中神威药业集团有限公司11例,黑龙江珍宝岛药业股份有限公司7例,北京双鹤药业股份有限公司4例,浙江天瑞药业有限公司4例,海南通用三洋药业有限公司1例,万荣三九药业有限公司公司1例,上海新先锋药业有限公司1例,石药银湖制药有限公司1例,山西太原药业有限公司1例,德国威玛舒培博士药厂1例。 发生ADR后患者接受的处理措施及预后 舒血宁注射液50例个案发生ADR之后都立即停止输液,进行抗过敏、抗休克等对症治疗,症状均得以缓解/消失,最短时间为10 min,最长时间为15 d。 3 讨论 过敏史与ADR发生程度 舒血宁注射液50例个案计量数据显示,10例严重ADR患者均为无过敏史者或未记录是否有过敏史,6例药物过敏史患者所发生的ADR程度一般,并未发现过敏史与ADR的发生程度有关联。其中严重药品ADR的评价,参照国家药品ADR监测中心发布的《常见严重药品ADR技术规范及评价标准》(监测与评价综201026号),对严重药物ADR进行判定,余下同。 临床研究多认为,药物及食物过敏史是影响其ADR发生最重要的因素。近年也有类似报道[3],既往有过敏史者发生药品ADR的机会增多。例如在过敏史阳性人群中,头孢类药物变态反应和总ADR发生率比过敏史阴性者高14,10倍[4]。然而,也有报道认为既往有过敏史的患者与无过敏史的患者对药物ADR发生的情况没有显著的统计学差异[5]。有研究发现许多有青霉素过敏史的患者对头孢菌素类抗菌药并不过敏[6]。可以认为,既往过敏史并不一定会增加ADR的发生率。目前,尚无关于舒血宁注射液ADR发生与过敏史的关系的大样本研究,尚不能确定过敏史对于ADR发生率的影响。另在本次研究中,文献的计量分析结果显示,发生严重ADR的患者都没有过敏史或未记录有无过敏史,而有过敏史的患者发生的都是一般ADR。未注明厂家的舒血宁注射液的个案信息分析也显示同样结果。后查阅其他厂家的舒血宁注射液的ADR个案报道,分析结果与上述一致。目前所有的舒血宁注射液ADR个案报道(共计37篇文献,50个案例)的分析结果表明,ADR的发生程度与过敏史没有关联,故既往过敏史并不一定会加重ADR的发生程度。提示在使用舒血宁注射液时,患者无论有无过敏史,都有可能发生重度ADR,故所有的用药患者,用药期间都应密切观察。另既往过敏史(非银杏叶制剂过敏)患者也可先做皮试,若皮试结果阴性,则能酌情用药。 用药情况与ADR/事件 最近的实验研究表明,舒血宁注射液具有对缺血心肌、受损肝脏再灌注以及缺血区脑组织的保护作用,可改善血管内皮损伤、增加脑血流量、清除自由基、抑制血栓形成、降低血小板黏附率和增强机体细胞免疫活性等[7]。临床主要用于缺血性心脑血管疾病,冠心病,心绞痛,脑栓塞,脑血管痉挛等。通过分析50例个案的舒血宁注射液的使用情况,发现绝大多数患者都能够按照药品说明书规定的用法用量、适应证或医嘱用药,超说明书用药致ADR事件的比例不高。 ADR特征与发生机制 舒血宁注射液的严重ADR表现主要以全身性损害、呼吸系统损害为主。中轻度ADR主要以皮肤及其附件、中枢及外周神经系统、心脑血管系统损害和胃肠系统损害为主,具体临床表现见表3。提示临床医护人员在发现以上症状时,应考虑为舒血宁注射液的ADR/事件,及时采取相应的措施。对发生ADR患者应采取立即停药,抗过敏、抗休克等对症治疗,几乎所有的ADR都可以得到控制。通过分析ADR的临床表现和发生时间,其ADR主要为I 型速发型变态反应和IV型迟发型变态反应。I 型速发型变态反应可能是银杏叶注射液中含有较高的银杏酚酸类成分有关,这些生物大分子基团本身作为抗原或半抗原进入机体刺激免疫系统产生,即抗原物质进入人体后迅速与体内预存的相应亲细胞过敏抗体IgE相结合,使肥大细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞脱颗粒释放出组织胺或类组织胺物质,使多种脏器组织在极短时间内产生一系列负反应,包括小血管扩张充血,渗透性增强,以呼吸系统损害多见,严重可致过敏性休克。IV型迟发型变态反应是由于致敏淋巴细胞受抗原攻击后产生淋巴因子,造成组织损伤,故多见过敏性皮炎。提示临床使用中要对患者进行全程监测,特别是在静滴1 h内应密切观察患者情况。 严重ADR与溶媒 之前有多篇实验研究和临床报道,舒血宁注射液容易和生理盐水发生盐析反应,这可能是国内舒血宁注射液的使用说明书注明溶媒为5%葡糖糖的主要原因。然而,在临床实际应用中,以生理盐水为溶媒,也较为普遍。并且有报道,舒血宁与葡萄糖配伍ADR发生率高,而与生理盐水配伍则明显降低,目前尚没有足够的循证医学证据。本次研究中的数据表明,舒血宁注射液严重ADR的发生与使用的溶媒5%葡糖糖有较大关联。舒血宁注射液10例严重ADR个案中,使用的溶媒都是5%葡糖糖。另有相关文献报道,联合用药发现使用葡萄糖注射液配液发生严重ADR较多,而用氯化钠配液发生率较低[8]。舒血宁注射液严重ADR的发生与葡萄糖注射液的使用是否存在正相关系,5%葡糖糖作为舒血宁注射液的溶媒是否合理,有待进一步研究。 另有一项实验结果表明,同一批号的中药注射剂与不同厂家生产的输液配伍后混合溶液的不溶性微粒数有较大差别,同一个批号的中药注射剂与不同厂家生产的输液后混合溶液中所含2 μm不溶性微粒数差别甚至最大达40倍[9]。同一成分的溶媒,由于厂家的不同,且不论质量的优劣,其pH、溶解度等存在一定范围区值内的区别,这些因素可导致同一个批号的中药注射剂与不同厂家生产的同一成分的溶媒配伍后溶液质量的不同,若配伍后不溶性微粒数较多,这些不溶性微粒可造成局部血管堵塞和供血不足, 并进一步导致组织缺氧,产生水肿、静脉炎、肉芽肿,从而引起过敏反应和热原反应[10]。可以认为,有些ADR并不一定是中药注射剂的问题,而是溶媒的因素。因此,建议临床不良事件报告不仅要标明中药注射剂的生产厂家和批号,也要标明溶媒的生产厂家和批号。 输液微粒是输液过程中进入人体的非代谢颗粒杂质,直径多在1~15 μm,少数可在50~300 μm[11]。普通输液器只能截留>10 μm的微粒,而人体毛细血管的直径只有4~7 μm。大的微粒会引起血管栓塞,小的微粒进入肺循环引起肉芽肿。关于如何减少溶液的不溶性颗粒,有研究表明采用精密输液器输注中药注射剂可截留大量不溶性微粒,可以减少不溶性微粒进入血液,进而减低静脉炎、过敏反应等药物ADR的发生[12]。建议厂家配备专用溶媒,或者静脉滴注时使用精密输液器,可以有效降低其ADR的发生率。 ADR/事件相关信息记录的重要性 引起药品不良事件的因素甚多,每个因素都有可能导致不良事件的发生,有时并不一定是药品的问题,而应该考虑是否规范用药。例如注射用药操作环境、配置药液的放置时间、连续使用其他注射剂前后是否冲管等。因此,全面、及时、详细记录ADR事件的相关信息,有利于准确评判ADR事件,找出主要影响因素。本研究发现部分个案报道中有部分重要信息的缺失和错误,如合并用药、过敏史、滴速、药品批号等,建议临床医护人员在发现ADR/ADE时,应及时、准确、详细地记录各项相关信息。 局限性 本文的研究建立在为数不多的ADR个案的分析之上,代表性不强,不足以反映舒血宁注射液ADR/事件发生的全貌;个案来源于文献,可能存在发表偏倚;文献质量良莠不齐,部分信息缺失。然而,以上分析结果可以为舒血宁注射液安全性研究提供可能的线索。 [参考文献] [1] 吴昭璇.32例舒血宁注射液不良反应变献分析[J].中国中医药资讯,2011,3(20):16. [2] 蔡志琴,周福永,章灵兮.27例舒血宁注射液不良反应文献分析[J].中国药业,2013,22(1):29. [3] 郑妙琼,庄惠玲,孙冀芳.碘对比剂ADR与过敏史相关性的临床观察[J].中国热带医学,2006,6(12):2221. [4] 徐瑞琴,冯喜英,汪海燕.患者应用头孢类药物ADR与其过敏史相关性的调查[J].临床医学,2009,29(4):119. [5] 曹虹,曹芳,孙熠.眼底荧光血管造影ADR与药物过敏史的关系[J].国际眼科杂志,2009,9(8):1624. [6] 李勇.有青霉素过敏史的患者或可选择头孢菌素[N].中国医药报,2010-3-16. [7] 史勇,王雷.舒血宁注射液药理作用研究新进展[J].医学综述,2012,18(10):1555. [8] 杨德平.154例舒血宁注射液的严重ADR分析[J].中国药物警戒,2010,7(10):620. [9] 黄佳,史卫忠,邢轶华.6 种常用中药注射剂与不同厂家输液配伍的不溶性微粒变化[J].吉林中医药,2009,29(8):715. [10] 李鑫, 雷莉. 输液剂中不溶性微粒对人体微循环的影响[J].兵团医学,2006,1(1):16. [11] 杨丽丽,历雅,康玉斌.三种中药注射剂配置后不同温度与不同时间下的微粒变化[J].护理与康复,2011,10(1):5. [12] 韩红梅,支英杰.采用精密输液器输注中药注射剂的作用[J].中国中药杂志,2012,37(18):2758. Adverse drug reactions case reports for parenterally administered Shuxuening based on analysis of literature AI Qing-hua1, WEI Xu2, XIE Yan-ming2* , LIAO Xing2, WANG Zhi-fei2 ( Station, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; 2. Institute of Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China) [Abstract] Parenterally administered Shuxuening had made important contributions in the treatment of ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases since its use in 1995. Parenterally administered Shuxuening is widely used in clinical practice hence concern over its safety has gradually arisen. Based on published adverse drug reaction(ADR) case reports, this article analyzes cpatient characteristics and other data including: gender, age, history of allergies, primary disease, dose, treatment course, solvent, ADR occurrence and time scales. This will provide a clinical reference regarding ADRs to parenterally administered Shuxuening and influencing factors on their occurrence. Analysis showed that ADRs clinical symptoms include systemic damage, with damage to the skin, mucous membranes and respiratory system most common. ADRs occurred earliest after 1 minute of infusion, and after the 11th day at the latest. 70% cases of ADR occurred within 1 hour, therefore rapid occurrence is a primary clinical characteristic. The medication was largely used in accordance with the drug manual, and of the association of ADRs with allergies or different drug combination was not high. The occurrence of ADRs may not be entirely associated with the drug but the solvent used in its manufacture may be an important factor. [Key words] parenterally administered Shuxuening; adverse drug reactions/adverse drug events; solvent doi: 看了“个案报道学术论文”的人还看: 1. 个例报道的书写攻略 2. 新闻报道策划的范文3篇 3. 传播学学术论文 4. 案例分析行政管理论文 5. 护理个案研究论文范文

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有多久没见你

什么主题都可以吗?这里给你几篇作为参考吧,希望可以对你有所帮助1.城市生活与市郊生活It is really hard to say which is better than the other, city life or rural life, because each has its merits and in a city, people have certain advantages. First, people enjoy various entertainments, both foreign and domestic. Second, there are more cultural activities in a city. Third, city dwellers gain access to better information service and educational facilities. However, problems exist. The overcrowded population, traffic jam, housing problem, industrial pollution and other issues may result in depression, nervousness and diseases. laving in the country, people can enjoy living in pure nature. They lead a simple and trouble free life. But rural life may not be that perfect. People usually lack cultural activities. They are relatively ill informed . Things go fairly slowly there. And people miss some golden opportunities of making a fortune. The chances of their children being admitted to colleges are , whatever life they lead, people can never feel perfectly satisfied, for conveniences and inconveniences always coexist. People wish that they could enjoy the pleasures of both lives. With the rapid economic development, nowadays city dwellers can relax themselves in the country during vacation; and country people have chance to experience city lifestyle when they come to in the city is very different from life in the villages and on the farms. People in large cities are much more careful to respect the privacy of the individual. Sometimes this feeling seems to be one of indifference, but it is a convention of city life to curb one's curiosity about the personal affairs of strangers. Villagers and farmers are likely to show a great deal of interest in all their neighbors. Opportunities for bright young people are greater in the cities and there has been a steady stream of hopeful jobseekers from the villages and farms to the large metropolitan . As students, we always have a lot of exams/tests every term. Tests are used nowadays to check/examine/measure how well /effectively students study. Exams are a very useful and important educational tool of , exams have some side effects of their own. First, some exams can’t reflect the real progress students make. Second, too difficult or too many exams force students to cheat in exams. Too many exams force students to study for the sake of exams only, to name just a my opinion, advantages of exams far outweigh their disadvantages. Despite their side effects, exams can on the whole check and show how well students study scientifically and accurately. At least so far there has been not any method that take their place in education. Besides, exams seem to be fair to all students as they are objective and everyone is equal before test conclude, exams may continue to exist in our education for a long time before they are replaced by some better measurement to Develop Urban Tourist IndustryTourist is developing very fast with the development of the economy in our are popular with travelling at weekend or especially in their long holidy such 7-day National day,May Day or New years Day .In order to meet the increasing need of people's tracelling, We should make great effort to develop the Urban tourist my opinion, we ought to pay attention to the disadvantages and disadvantages while speeding up the tourist , research is to be done to lear about the people's kind of scene people prefer to go? Do the present places of interest meet the need of the most people?Are the service done well enough?Second, careful plans are to be made make ful use of the natural developing the tourist,emphsis should be laid on how to protect the enviroment from being all, we should't take no notice of the others while emphasising tourist have to take them as a . 人际交流的重要性3. 结论Entering the 21st century, man is now in an age of information and knowledge. In such an age, interpersonal communication plays an increasingly important role and all people have to communicate with is interpersonal communication so important? First, it helps people understand each other better. Second, it helps people get more information and knowledge. Third, without interpersonal communication, our life would become a desert of emotion and friendship. Last but not the least, communication between people makes our life lively, interesting and a word, humans, as social animals, have to communicate with each other, the importance of which can never be is interpersonal communication so important? Interpersonal communication is just like a bridge of understanding between people. For example, it helps students to learn more effectively if one can communicate more with his teachers and classmates. In a family, communication makes the family members understand each other better and get closer. In the workplace, communication between the employer and the employed creates a friendly and helpful working to Study EffectivelyAs students, we have to study almost every day. However, how can we study effectively? Probably not everybody knows. Have a look at the following graph and we may know better about graph shows the relationship between the amount of study efficiency and the hours spent in studying in a day. From it, we can see that more hours of study do not necessarily result in better or higher study efficiency. In the graph, the best amount of efficiency or the optimum of efficiency comes when one has studied for about hours. However, the efficiency begins to drop as he studies longer than . By the time when one has studied for 10 hours in a day, his efficiency of study may become nothing or conclusion, there is always a maximum of efficiency and time for study in a day. More time spent in study doesn’t always mean better efficiency. This may tell us how we can study effectively.如果你觉得满意的话,我希望你能给我一点悬赏分哦~~

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Xiaonini71

关键字:急诊护士压力护士被人们称为“白衣天使”'呵护着人们的身心健康。对于急诊护士而言,院前急救工作社会性强,急救活动涉及社会各个方面,跨出了纯粹的医学领域,除了专业技术,对护士综合素质提出了更高要求。工作性质紧张,设计疾病多样复杂,现场急救环境差,干扰因素多,人力物力有限,急救护理工作技术含量高、专业性强,需要护理队伍的相对稳定。随着急诊医疗体系的建立与完善,缘于特定的工作性质和强度,护士在院前急救过程中往往要承受巨大的精神、心理压力,从而影响了其身心健康和工作质量。其中最突出的问题是人际关系敏感化、躯体化、焦虑、敌对。1压力源分析居于第一位的当是工作量太大,倒班多、工作量饱和。夜班使人体生物钟紊乱,长期熬夜,缺乏休息和睡眠,造成人体生理机能失调,及易发生疲劳,对人的神经行为影响也是很严重的。随着护龄的延长,许多护理人员的工作经验也随之增多,但工作时间越长,越担心出现差错事故;在指导护生时害怕出现问题而产生心理压力。来自护理管理者、医生及同事的不理解;护士的深造机会少,福利待遇及社会地位不高,使护士的自身价值与现实发生矛盾。2应对方式给予人力资源的倾斜,适当增加科内护士人员编制,减轻其工作负担;同时改善工作环境,必要时采取人员轮换制度,缓解工作压力。护士长应做好护士的宏观调配,合理排班。在工作中尽力以“人本原则”为基础,做好“以人为本”的管理,护士是“关怀者”,同时也是“被关怀者”。加强心理素质训练,提高心理素质及心理耐受力。护士应学会从容面对压力,积极采取放松技巧,给自己创造一个轻松的工作氛围,有利身心健康提高工作效率。

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