毕业论文开头怎么写
毕业论文开头怎么写，毕业论文相信很多人都写过，想要写出一篇好的论文跟自身的写作水平是离不开的，还要通过大量的阅读来提升写作的，下面分享毕业论文开头怎么写相关内容，一起来看看吧。
一、引言
引言作为论文的开头，要以简短的篇幅介绍论文的写作背景和目的，其内容不仅要包括论文的主题和范围，还要说明研究问题的现实情况以及前人的研究概况，明确本研究与之前研究的关系，进而引出本文的主题。
提出引言的方式主要有两种：
一是实践引题，突出现实意义，针对现有研究的状况，从现实的角度入手，从而引出下文；
二是理论破题，总结已有研究，说明论文选题在本学科领域的地位、作用以及目前研究的现状，特别是研究中存在的或没有解决的问题。
二、正文
三、结论
结论是一篇论文的收束部分，是以研究成果和讨论为前提，经过严密的逻辑推理和论证所得出的最后结论。学术论文结论的语言应严谨、精炼、准确、逻辑性强。
结论的类型有分析综合、预示展望、事实对比、解释说明、提出问题五种。
其撰写内容主要包括四部分：
一是对研究对象进行实验或考察得到的结果所揭示出的原理或普遍性；
二是阐述研究中对前人的有关看法或研究结果作了哪些修正、补充、发展、证实或否定；
三是本文研究的不足之处或遗留未予解决的问题，以及对解决这些问题的关键点和方向；
四是阐述本文在理论或生产生活中的.实用价值等。
摘要撰写步骤
1、从论文的目的、方法、结果和结论出发，仔细将文中的重要内容一一列出，特别是每段的主题句和论文结尾的归纳总结，保留梗概与精华部分，提取用于编写摘要的关键信息。
2、看信息能否完全、准确地概括全文，若有不足需重新补充。
3、将这些零散信息，组成符合语法规则和逻辑规则的完整句子，再进一步组成通畅的短文，反复修改，达到摘要的要求。
前言通常是放在论文最前面的，也称为“导言”、“序言”、“引言”。它是用来初步介绍论文所涉及的研究的，通常是用一段或者数段短文来做论文的开场白。读者对这篇论文的感兴趣程度基本上取决于序言。那么，如何写好论文的序言，我们应该注意些什么呢？现在让我们来看看！
一、论文前言怎么写
1.首先要介绍这一课题的历史背景和理论基础，以及前人或他人对本课题的研究进展和成果是否存在不同的学术观点。
2.告诉读者你做这项研究的确切原因。语句要简洁明了。如果研究项目从未被他人开展过，那么创新性是显而易见的，要说明这项研究的创新点在哪里。
3.然而，在大多数情况下，研究项目已经是前人开展过的，这个时候就一定要说明与他人研究的不同之处和本质上的区别，不只是单纯重复前人的工作。
二、撰写论文前言时应该需要注意什么
1.前言的内容不要和摘要发生雷同，注意不要用客套的话，诸如：“才疏学浅”、“水平有限”、“恳请指正”、“抛砖引玉”此类的用词。
2.前言最好是不要分段去论述，不用插图、列表、公式的推导与证明之类的。篇幅最好不要过于冗长，不然会让读者感到乏味，也不能太短，否则会交代不清楚。
3.在介绍背景知识的时候，一定要紧扣你现在研究的课题，不要偏题，或者去介绍一些无关联的知识。同时也要避免过于简单地罗列之前相关的研究发现。
作为论文的开头，写好前言是非常必要的。所以在写论文前言的时候，一定要考虑周全，做到最好！另外需要提醒大家的是，写完论文别忘了用论文查重系统检测论文的重复率哦！
毕业论文开头应该怎么写
毕业论文开头应该怎么写，都说万事开头难，好的开头就已经成功了一半，写毕业论文也是如此，下面是我收集整理好的“毕业论文开头应该怎么写”，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助
一、标题
标题是文章的眉目。各类文章的标题，样式繁多，但无论是何种形式，总要以全部或不同的侧面体现作者的写作意图、文章的主旨。毕业论文的标题一般分为总标题、副标题、分标题几种。
(一)总标题
总标题是文章总体内容的体现。常见的写法有：
1、揭示课题的实质。这种形式的标题，高度概括全文内容，往往就是文章的中心论点。它具有高度的明确性，便于读者把握全文内容的核心。诸如此类的标题很多，也很普遍。如《关于经济体制的模式问题》、《经济中心论》、《县级行政机构改革之我见》等。
2、提问式。这类标题用设问句的方式，隐去要回答的内容，实际上作者的观点是十分明确的，只不过语意婉转，需要读者加以思考罢了。这种形式的标题因其观点含蓄，容易激起读者的注意。如《家庭联产承包制就是单干吗?》、《商品经济等同于资本主义经济吗?》等。
3、交代内容范围。这种形式的标题，从其本身的角度看，看不出作者所指的观点，只是对文章内容的范围做出限定。拟定这种标题，一方面是文章的主要论点难以用一句简短的话加以归纳；另一方面，交代文章内容的范围，可引起同仁读者的注意，以求引起共鸣。这种形式的标题也较普遍。如《试论我国农村的双层经营体制》、《正确处理中央和地方、条条与块块的关系》、《战后西方贸易自由化剖析》等。
4、用判断句式。这种形式的标题给予全文内容的限定，可伸可缩，具有很大的灵活性。文章研究对象是具体的，面较小，但引申的思想又须有很强的概括性，面较宽。这种从小处着眼，大处着手的标题，有利于科学思维和科学研究的拓展。如《从乡镇企业的兴起看中国农村的希望之光》、《科技进步与农业经济》、《从“劳动创造了美”看美的本质》等。
5、用形象化的语句。如《激励人心的管理体制》、《科技史上的曙光》、《普照之光的理论》等。
标题的样式还有多种，作者可以在实践中大胆创新。
(二)副标题和分标题
为了点明论文的研究对象、研究内容、研究目的，对总标题加以补充、解说，有的论文还可以加副标题。特别是一些商榷性的论文，一般都有一个副标题，如在总标题下方，添上“与××商榷”之类的副标题。
另外，为了强调论文所研究的某个侧重面，也可以加副标题。如《如何看待现阶段劳动报酬的差别——也谈按劳分配中的资产阶级权利》、《开发蛋白质资源，提高蛋白质利用效率——探讨解决吃饭问题的一种发展战略》等。
设置分标题的主要目的是为了清晰地显示文章的层次。有的用文字，一般都把本层次的中心内容昭然其上；也有的用数码，仅标明“一、二、三”等的顺序，起承上启下的作用。需要注意的是：无论采用哪种形式，都要紧扣所属层次的内容，以及上文与下文的联系紧密性。
对于标题的要求，概括起来有三点：一要明确。要能够揭示论题范围或论点，使人看了标题便知晓文章的大体轮廓、所论述的主要内容以及作者的写作意图，而不能似是而非，藏头露尾，与读者捉迷藏。二要简炼。、论文的标题不宜过长，过长了容易使人产生烦琐和累赘的感觉，得不到鲜明的印象，从而影响对文章的总体评价。标题也不能过于抽象、空洞，标题中不能采用非常用的或生造的词汇，以免使读者一见标题就如堕烟海，百思不得其解，待看完全文后才知标题的哗众取宠之意。三要新颖。标题和文章的内容、形式一样，应有自己的独特之处。做到既不标新立异，又不落案臼，使之引人入胜，赏心悦目，从而激起读者的阅读兴趣。
二、目录
一般说来，篇幅较长的毕业论文，都没有分标题。设置分标题的论文，因其内容的层次较多，整个理论体系较庞大、复杂，故通常设目录。
设置目录的目的主要是：
1、使读者能够在阅读该论文之前对全文的内容、结构有一个大致的了解，以便读者决定是读还是不读，是精读还是略读等。
2、为读者选读论文中的某个分论点时提供方便。长篇论文，除中心论点外，还有许多分论点。当读者需要进一步了解某个分论点时，就可以依靠目录而节省时间。
目录一般放置在论文正文的前面，因而是论文的导读图。要使目录真正起到导读图的作用，必须注意：
1、准确。目录必须与全文的纲目相一致。也就是说，本文的标题、分标题与目录存在着一一对应的关系。
2、清楚无误。目录应逐一标注该行目录在正文中的页码。标注页码必须清楚无误。
3、完整。目录既然是论文的导读图，因而必然要求具有完整性。也就是要求文章的各项内容，都应在目录中反映出来，不得遗漏。
目录有两种基本类型：
1、用文字表示的目录。
2、用数码表示的目录。这种目录较少见。但长篇大论，便于读者阅读，也有采用这种方式的。
三、内容提要
内容提要是全文内容的缩影。在这里，作者以极经济的笔墨，勾画出全文的整体面目；提出主要论点、揭示论文的研究成果、简要叙述全文的框架结构。
内容提要是正文的附属部分，一般放置在论文的篇首。
写作内容提要的目的在于：
1、为了使指导老师在未审阅论文全文时，先对文章的主要内容有个大体上的了解，知道研究所取得的主要成果，研究的主要逻辑顺序。
2、为了使其他读者通过阅读内容提要，就能大略了解作者所研究的问题，如果产生共鸣，则再进一步阅读全文。在这里，内容提要成了把论文推荐给众多读者的“广告”。
因此，内容提要应把论文的主要观点提示出来，便于读者一看就能了解论文内容的要点。论文提要要求写得简明而又全面，不要罗哩罗嗦抓不住要点或者只是干巴巴的几条筋，缺乏说明观点的材料。
内容提要可分为报道性提要和指示性提要。
报道性提要，主要介绍研究的主要方法与成果以及成果分析等，对文章内容的提示较全面。
指示性提要，只简要地叙述研究的成果(数据、看法、意见、结论等)，对研究手段、方法、过程等均不涉及。毕业论文一般使用指示性提要。举例如下：
市场经济条件下的政府，固然应服从上级规划部署的全局，但主要的着眼点应放在对下负责，对本地的经济发展，对本地的人民生活水平提高负责，这才是发展全局经济的前提，从而也自然在根本上符合对上负责。
变部门“齐抓共管”企业为共同服务于企业，应成为部门工作的.主要重点。(摘自《政府在市场经济中
如何定位》一文的内容提要)
内容提要的写作要求可以概括为“全、精、简、实、活”。具体说来：
1、内容提要要求具有完整性。即不能把论文中所阐述的主要内容(或观点)遗漏。提要应写成一篇完整的短文，可以独立使用。
2、重点要突出。内容提要须突出论文的研究成果(或中心论点)和结论性意义的内容，其他各项可写得简明扼要。
3、文字要简炼。内容提要的写作必须字斟句酌，用精练、概括的语言表述，每项内容不宜展开论证说明。
4、陈述要客观。内容提要一般只写课题研究的客观情况，对工作过程、工作方法以及研究成果等，不宜作主观评价，也不宜与别人的研究作对比说明。一项研究成果的价值，自有公论，大可不必自我宣扬。因而，实事求是也是写作内容提要的基本原则。
5、语言要生动。提要既要写得简明扼要，又要生动活泼，引人入胜，在词语润色、表达方法和章法结构上要尽可能体现文彩，以求唤起读者阅读正文的欲望。
四、正文
正文包括绪论、本论、结论三部分。这是毕业论文最重要的组成部分，其它章节有专门详细论述，这里不再重复。
五、参考文献
参考文献又叫参考书目，它是指作者在撰写毕业论文过程中所查阅参考过的著作和报刊杂志，它应列在毕业论文的末尾。列出参考文献有三个好处：一是当作者本人发现引文有差错时，便于查找校正。二是可以使毕业论文答辩委员会的教师了解学生阅读资料的广度，作为审查毕业论文的一种参考依据。三是便于研究同类问题的读者查阅相关的观点和材料。
当然，论文所列的参考文献必须是主要的，与本论文密切相关的，对自己写成毕业论文起过重要参考作用的专著、论文及其它资料。不要轻重不分，开列过多。
毕业论文结尾怎么写
感谢我的养我的黄土高原，感谢父老乡亲，感谢一把屎一把尿把我喂大的父母。感谢我幼儿园给我擦PP的小王阿姨，感谢被我在小学被我用小刀割烂裙子的女生，如果当时没有这个经历的话我现在去经历就不好了吧。
感谢幼儿园到大学期间拒绝过我的无数女生，不是你们我那有这么多时间从事我的技术研究，你们对我真好，我理解你们。还感谢那些被我拒绝的女生们（虽然目前还没有，但我相信以后也不会有的）。
感谢寝室里的患难兄弟，是你们4年来对我的蹂躏才使我的意志品质变的如此坚强，大学真锻炼人呀。
还感谢陪我玩网络游戏的同学，我们一起砍怪物的日子我永远也不会忘记，感谢网络游戏中的朋友，尤其是我们团长，是你给了我好多装备，让我身心得到愉悦，更好的投身到毕业设计的工作中。
感谢冯·诺依曼先生。是他整出了世界上的第一台计算机，才使得我们这些后人鸟枪换炮，由“剪刀加糨糊”的“学术土匪”晋级为“鼠标加剪贴板”的“学术海盗”。
感谢比尔·盖茨先生。他以大无畏的英雄主义精神和牺牲主义精神毅然从哈佛辍学，将人类的历史推进到了信息时代。在信息的高速路上我们畅通无阻，正是借助了网络我们才得以找到了丰富翔实的论文、资料。可以说，比尔·盖茨先生以他的辍学换来了我们几百万中国大学生的毕业。
感谢百度和Google公司。他们的搜索功能庞大、快捷又免费，让我们很方便地搜索到了我们所需要的“论文材料”。有了这些“论文材料”，我们才得以顺利完成我们的“百衲衣”论文。更感谢Google公司增设了翻译功能，它的翻译不仅正确率高而且功能强大，一次便可翻译一整篇论文。我们的外文文献，全赖于此。
感谢我的导师。他放下神圣的师道尊严，以朋友的身份告诉我怎样完成这篇论文。他告诉我如何搜集资料；他告诉我如何快捷地找到相关论文；他告诉我哪个学校的网站有本专业的硕士、博士论文；他指导我如何利用手头上的论文取舍嫁接整合。本论文的完成，离不开他的悉心指导和孜孜不倦地教诲。
感谢负责答辩的老师。在我也不明白所写为何物的情况下，他们只问了我两个问题——都知道写的什么吗？知道；参考文献都看了么？看了。之后便让我通过了答辩。他们是如此和蔼可亲的老师，他们是如此善解人意的老师，他们是如此平易近人而又伟大的老师。
感谢那些与我朝夕相处了四年的同学。这些日子，他们和我一块努力奋斗共进共退，相互鼓励相互扶持，你帮我找我帮你找，互通有无，及时沟通，以免出现论文撞车事件。
前言通常是放在论文最前面的，也称为“导言”、“序言”、“引言”。它是用来初步介绍论文所涉及的研究的，通常是用一段或者数段短文来做论文的开场白。读者对这篇论文的感兴趣程度基本上取决于序言。那么，如何写好论文的序言，我们应该注意些什么呢？现在让我们来看看！
一、论文前言怎么写
1.首先要介绍这一课题的历史背景和理论基础，以及前人或他人对本课题的研究进展和成果是否存在不同的学术观点。
2.告诉读者你做这项研究的确切原因。语句要简洁明了。如果研究项目从未被他人开展过，那么创新性是显而易见的，要说明这项研究的创新点在哪里。
3.然而，在大多数情况下，研究项目已经是前人开展过的，这个时候就一定要说明与他人研究的不同之处和本质上的区别，不只是单纯重复前人的工作。
二、撰写论文前言时应该需要注意什么
1.前言的内容不要和摘要发生雷同，注意不要用客套的话，诸如：“才疏学浅”、“水平有限”、“恳请指正”、“抛砖引玉”此类的用词。
2.前言最好是不要分段去论述，不用插图、列表、公式的推导与证明之类的。篇幅最好不要过于冗长，不然会让读者感到乏味，也不能太短，否则会交代不清楚。
3.在介绍背景知识的时候，一定要紧扣你现在研究的课题，不要偏题，或者去介绍一些无关联的知识。同时也要避免过于简单地罗列之前相关的研究发现。
作为论文的开头，写好前言是非常必要的。所以在写论文前言的时候，一定要考虑周全，做到最好！另外需要提醒大家的是，写完论文别忘了用论文查重系统检测论文的重复率哦！
如何写论文 写下自己的想法是完善它的好方法。你可能发现自己的想法在纸上会变成一团糟。 写作是很痛苦的事情，但是当你越来越熟悉它的时候，就会很快了。如果你把它当作一种艺术，你就会在写作的过程中体会到无穷的乐趣。 你也会遇到和其他作者一样的滞碍。这有很多原因，而且不一定能顺利解决。追求完美是一个原因。 记住：写作是一个不断完善的过程。当你发现所写的不是你开始想写的，写下粗稿，以后再修补。写粗稿可以理出自己的思想、渐渐进入状态。如果写不出全部内容，就写纲要，在容易写具体的内容时再补充。如果写不出来，就把想到的东西全部写出来，即使你觉得是垃圾。当你写出足够的内容，再编辑它们，转化成有意义的东西。另一个原因是想把所有的东西都有序的写出来(in order)。你可能要从正文写起，最后在你知道你写的到底是什么的时候再写简介。写作是很痛苦的事情，有时候一天只能写上一页。追求完美也可能导致对已经完美的文章无休止的修改润饰。这不过是浪费时间罢了。把写作当作和人说话就行了。 写信也是练习的好方法。大多的文章也会因为风格很想给朋友的信件而易读(can be improved)。写日记也是很好的锻炼。这两种方法还有其他的好处。 无休止的修改格式而不是内容也是常犯的错误。要避免这种情况。 LaTex（附：CTex）是一个很好的工具，但是它自己有很多自定义的宏定义。你也可以利用别人类似的代码，许多站点（包括MIT）都维护有扩展库。 清楚自己想说什么。这是写清楚要的最难最重要的因素。如果你写出笨拙的东西，不断的修补，就表明不清楚自己想说什么。一旦真正想说了，就说吧。 从每一段到整个文章都应该把最引人入胜的东西放在前面。让读者容易看到你写的东西(Make it easy for the reader to find out what you've done)。注意处理摘要（carefully craft the abstract）。确定(be sure)说出了你的好思想是什么。确定你自己知道这个思想是什么，然后想想怎么用几句话写出来。大篇的摘要说明文章是写什么的，说明有一个想法但没有说到底是什么。 不要大肆夸耀你自己做的事情。 你经常会发现自己写的句子或者段落不好，但不知道怎么修补。这是因为你自己进入了死胡同。你必须回去重写。这会随着你的练习减少。 确信你的文章真的有思想（ideas）。要说清楚为什么，不仅仅是怎么样。 为人而写，不要为了机器而写。不仅仅需要正确，还需要易读。读者应该只做最明显简单的推理。 完成文章以后，删除第一段或者前面的几句话。你会发现这些话其实对主旨没有影响。 如果你在所有的工作做完以后才开始写，就会失去很多好处（benefit）。一旦开始研究工作，好的方法是养成写不正式文章的习惯，每隔几个月（every few months）记下最新的和你刚学的东西。从你的研究笔记开始比较好。用两天时间来写，如果太长的话就说明你太追求完美了。这不是要进行判断的东西，而是与朋友共享的。在封面上说明“草稿”（DRAFT-NOT FOR CITATION）。拷贝很多份，给那些感兴趣的人看，包括导师。这种做法对以后写正式的论文很有好处。 得到反馈： 如果你加入私人文章交流网（Secret Paper Passing Network），会收到很多别人的文章，他们请你评论。知道别人对论文的意见很重要。你给别人帮助，别人会在你需要的时候帮助你。而且，自己也能提高。为文章写有用的评论是一门艺术。你应当读上两遍，第一遍了解其思想（IDEAS），第二遍看表达。 当然也可以把自己的文章交给别人评价，要学会吸取有建设性的建议，忽略破坏性(destructive)和无意义的建议。为了得到建议，你要写清楚自己的观点，写你所作的事情，即使你没准备写一个没有完整的期刊或者会议文章，然后交给别人看。即使是将要发表的文章，也应该写清楚，这样可以增加得到建议的机会。 以简要的形式降序组织评论（建议）对你和你所评论的人都有用：最上面内容相关，中间是风格和表述，最后是语法和文法。 三、论文的写作 （一）作好准备－－收集资料 选题确定之后，论文有了中心思想，在写作上迈出了关键的一步。但是，要写好一篇论文，作者还必须占有丰富、准确、全面、典型、生动具体的材料。从中研究提炼出自己的观点，并用具有说服力的题材（论据）来证明自己的观点。这些材料必须是有根有据的，而不是主观臆断的。它们或是通过自己亲身实践研究的出的，或是他人以前研究总结的可靠成果。因此，资料的收集对论文的写作有着举足轻重的作用。收集资料的途径有以下几种。 1、阅读有关的理论书籍。 参加教育教学研究，撰写论文，必须掌握必要的教育教学理论和科研方法。对于教育、教学理论的一些基本概念要理解掌握。 2、调查研究，收集有关的论据。 论文的中心思想确定后，作者明确了所要研究的对象和内容，就要着手拟订调查提纲。列出调查研究从何入手，了解哪些方面的情况，每个方面包括哪些项目和具体内容，需要哪些典型的材料和数据，取材的数量和质量上的要求应达到的深度和广度，等等。 3、查阅有关的文献资料 作者不仅要学习教育、教学理论，对于与教育、教学相关的社会科学知识也要有所涉猎。因此，要注意多阅读教育书刊、报纸，收集有关研究信息，吸收他人的研究成果，开阔自己的思路，完善自己的设想。 （二）安排好论文的结构 论文的一般结构是：提出论点，进行论证，概括结论。 1、题目－－体现内容。论文的题目是论文的眼睛，也是论文总体内容的体现。 一个好的题目能吸引读者阅读文中的内容，起到很好的宣传作用。好的题目应是用精辟的语言来阐明作者打算探索和解决的问题，要明确、精练、易懂，要能正确地表达论文的中心内容，恰当地反映此研究的范围的所达到的深度。同时要使内行人看得明白，外行人也能有所理解。例如,”浅谈应用题教学中学习的激发”和”问题意识与数学教学”。前一个题目明确的反映了论文的中心内容和研究范围，即在应用题教学中如何激发学生的学习兴趣；后一个题目明确而精练，读者一看便知研究的中心内容，即在数学教学中如何培养学生的问题意识。 2、绪论－－提出观点。对本论内容加以简要介绍，把中心论点准确地概括出来。绪论要求写得精炼、明确，字数不宜多。 常见的绪论写法有： －直接申明自己的主张和见解，开门见山地提出中心论点。 －提示内容要点。 －因事发问，启人思考。 －从日常生活现象写起。 －引经据典，说古道今。 论文的结构和结构原理,里面讲解的很详细,对学写论文有帮助,可以看看:)~ 论文学习网站：）~ 另外,推荐下面的论文网，希望你会找到相关题材的论文：） 优秀论文杂志，以科技类为主。 综合类 学生大论文中心 大论文中心： 教育论文： 学位论文： 无忧论文网: 北京语言文化大学论文库: 中国科技论文在线 论文中国 : 新浪论文网分类: 中国论文联盟: 论文资料网: 学术论文 论文资料网: 论文下载中心: 毕业论文网: 无忧论文网 论文下载中心 很多分类的。 论文帝国 有分类 教育类 教研论文交流中心
论文的前言也叫引言，是正文前面一段短文。前言是论文的开场白，目的是向读者说明本研究的来龙去脉，吸引读者对本篇论文产生兴趣，对正文起到提纲掣领和引导阅读兴趣的作用。在写前言之前首先应明确几个基本问题：想通过本文说明什么问题?有哪些新的发现，是否有学术价值?一般读者阅读前言后，可清楚地知道作者为什么选择该题目进行研究。引言应含概的内容引言作为论文的开头，以简短的篇幅介绍论文的写作背景和目的，缘起和提出研究要求的现实情况，以及相关领域内前人所做的工作和研究的概况，说明本研究与前工作的关系，目前的研究热点、存在的问题及作者的工作意义，引出本文的主题给读者以引导。前言的写作方法：一是开门见山，不绕圈子。二是言简意赅，突出重点。三是回顾历史要有重点，内容要紧扣文章标题，围绕标题介绍背景。四是尊重科学，实事求是。五是前言的内容不应与摘要雷同。六是前言的篇幅一般不要太长。
毕业论文开头怎么写
毕业论文开头怎么写，毕业论文相信很多人都写过，想要写出一篇好的论文跟自身的写作水平是离不开的，还要通过大量的阅读来提升写作的，下面分享毕业论文开头怎么写相关内容，一起来看看吧。
一、引言
引言作为论文的开头，要以简短的篇幅介绍论文的写作背景和目的，其内容不仅要包括论文的主题和范围，还要说明研究问题的现实情况以及前人的研究概况，明确本研究与之前研究的关系，进而引出本文的主题。
提出引言的方式主要有两种：
一是实践引题，突出现实意义，针对现有研究的状况，从现实的角度入手，从而引出下文；
二是理论破题，总结已有研究，说明论文选题在本学科领域的地位、作用以及目前研究的现状，特别是研究中存在的或没有解决的问题。
二、正文
三、结论
结论是一篇论文的收束部分，是以研究成果和讨论为前提，经过严密的逻辑推理和论证所得出的最后结论。学术论文结论的语言应严谨、精炼、准确、逻辑性强。
结论的类型有分析综合、预示展望、事实对比、解释说明、提出问题五种。
其撰写内容主要包括四部分：
一是对研究对象进行实验或考察得到的结果所揭示出的原理或普遍性；
二是阐述研究中对前人的有关看法或研究结果作了哪些修正、补充、发展、证实或否定；
三是本文研究的不足之处或遗留未予解决的问题，以及对解决这些问题的关键点和方向；
四是阐述本文在理论或生产生活中的.实用价值等。
摘要撰写步骤
1、从论文的目的、方法、结果和结论出发，仔细将文中的重要内容一一列出，特别是每段的主题句和论文结尾的归纳总结，保留梗概与精华部分，提取用于编写摘要的关键信息。
2、看信息能否完全、准确地概括全文，若有不足需重新补充。
3、将这些零散信息，组成符合语法规则和逻辑规则的完整句子，再进一步组成通畅的短文，反复修改，达到摘要的要求。
英语论文答辩开场白（精选7篇）
在现在社会，许多人对开场白的掌握需求逐渐增多，开场白应该达到明确您的'意图，使目标愿意和您交流，允许您提出问题的目的。那么，开场白一般是怎么写的呢？以下是我帮大家整理的英语论文答辩开场白，欢迎大家分享。
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is . With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole years hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style
in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, thats all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!
Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei.
Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels addicts. For the above facts, I select the subject of “on the network novels” as the title of my paper.
Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that.
The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys’ and girls’ in another way.
The second part, the classification of their authors. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of authors. The first kind is some people who have favor of literature, they are writing but not for fame. Then, there is some one has favor for literature and also be for fame. The third kind is some people who have explicit goals at the beginning of his writing. And the last kind are some people who just want to express their view, their viewpoint and their feeling with no desire of being published. They take up the most of the authors.
The third part, the development. The network novels’ development can not separate form the development of the net and the literature websites. Its developing process may be divided into three stages approximately. The first stage is from 1996 to 2000. This times literary work often did not strive for (were also not aware of) the fame and fortune, and moreover received the control of tradition. The second stage is beginning of 21st century, mainly contains 2001 and 2002. In this period, the whole network presented the situation of “chaos”. The third stage is from May, 2003 and continues until now. In this period, many schools come into the world, and when a school became a hit there must be many people mimic it.
The last part, the forecast. Looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. If each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person’s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.
Not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.
Good morning.
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.)
I am XXX. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor XXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis. My topic is XXXXXXXXX.
The whole thesis consists of --- parts.
The first part will give a brief introduction of ------. And the second part is going to analyze ----------.
In the third part, ---------will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about --------. Then the author will dig into the root causes of ------- in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal --------of ---------in the last part. Thank you!
Good afternoon, all appraiser committee am xsj and my supervisor is zy. With his sincere and intellectual guidance, I have finished my is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is Heavenly War and Earthly Conflict, an Insight into John Miltons Paradise Lost. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this story as one of texts in British and American literature Selections. Last but not least, I am keen on the study of human nature and the profound significance and instructions for us from John Milton. For the above facts, I select the Heavenly war and earthly conflict an insight into John Miltons Paradise Lost as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this great poem we can know more about this Literature masterpiece,and I also want to show my own understanding about it.
Next, here is an outline of my presentation and I devide my paper into four parts. Part one presents an introduction of John Milton and Paradise Lost. Part two introduces the main contents of the book of Paradise Lost. Part three gives my own analysis of major characters in Paradise Lost. Part four draws some conclusions by my careful reading and thinking.
OK, that is all. Thank you. Now you may raise your questions. I am ready.
Good morning.
all appraiser committee members. I am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
英语论文开头怎么写
英语论文开头怎么写,大家都知道万事开头难，写论文的时候也是一样，写一个好的开头就意味着你可以顺利的写下去了，对于不少人而言英文论文的难度比中文论文的难度更大，下面我带大家简单了解一下英语论文开头怎么写。
一篇
文章的第一段左右通常是整个文章的最重要的部分得到“just right”。它不仅是一个机会，抓住读者的注意力，同时也有机会来设置文章的其余议程，语气和内容的条款。严格地说，没有单一的“right”的方式开始了一篇文章，只是因为它有可能写了无数主题的文章，所以也有可能开始在很多方面的文章。然而，大多数好的开端，以散文分享一定的素质，如果考虑进去，可以大大提高可另外缺乏的文章前奏。请参见下面的步骤1开始！
为你的文章铺设路线图
1、启动带有引人注目的一句话。 当你的文章可能（或者，诚然，可以不）是有趣的你，作家，它不一定有趣的读者。读者，总的来说，是关于他们所读内容有点挑剔，他们做了什么没有。如果一件作品不会立刻吸引他们的注意力在第一段，有一个很好的机会，他们不会懒得看它的其余部分。正因为如此，它往往是开始的作文与从一开始就命令读者注意一个句子一个好主意。只要这第一句话就是逻辑连接到文章的其他部分，有一个在成为引人注目的右出了大门没有羞耻。
您可能要开始一个迷人，鲜为人知的事实和统计抓住读者的注意力。举例来说，如果你在儿童肥胖的危险与日俱增全世界写一篇文章，你可能会这样开始："Contrary to the popular idea that childhood obesity is only a problem for rich, pampered Westerners, the WHO reports that in 2012, over 30% of preschool-age children in developing countries were overweight or obese、"在另一方面，如果它适合你的文章更具逻辑性，你可能要启动一个特别扣人心弦的图像或描述。关于暑假的文章，你可能会这样开始： "When I felt the Costa Rican sun filtering through the jungle canopy and heard the sound of howler monkeys far off in the distance, I knew that I had found someplace very special、"
2、让你的读者进入你的文章的“meat” 。一个伟大的第一句话可以吸引读者的注意力，但是如果你不把读者拉进你的文章里，她还是会很容易失去兴趣。按照你的第一句话，一个句子或两个逻辑连接的注意抓住“钩”在第一句中的其余部分作为一个整体。通常，这些句子将在第一个句子的狭窄范围内扩展，将特定的快照放在一些更大的上下文中。
例如，在你的肥胖文章中，你可能会遵循如下第一句话：“In fact, childhood obesity is a growing problem that is increasingly affecting rich and poor countries alike、”这句话解释了第一句中所描述的问题的'紧迫性，并给出了更广泛的内容。
为你的假期的文章，你可能会跟你这样的第一句话是： "I was deep in the jungles of Tortuguero National Park, and I was lost in more ways than one、" 这句话告诉读者在第一句的意象从哪里来，带领读者走进其余的文章嘲笑它最终将被揭示的旁白是“lost”。
3、告诉读者你的文章是什么 。大多数时候，文章不是纯粹的描述-他们不存在完全告诉你什么是基本的，事实上。通常情况下，他们有一个特定的目的以外的。这几乎可以是任何东西。这篇文章可能是为了改变读者对某个主题的想法，说服读者采取行动，为某个不被很好理解的事情，或者简单地讲述一个令人深思的故事。在任何情况下，第一段的基本目的是要告诉读者什么是文章的目的是。这样，读者就可以快速选择是否继续到其余的文章或不。
在你的肥胖文章中，你可能会总结出这样的事情：“The purpose of this essay is to analyze current trends in childhood obesity rates worldwide and recommend specific policy initiatives to combat this growing problem，”这清楚地告诉什么文章的目的是。这里没有混乱。
为你的假期的文章，你可以试着这样的话： "This is the story of my summer in Costa Rica, a summer that neither spider bites, nor rotten plantains, nor Giardia could keep from being life-changing、" 这告诉读者，他们会在戏弄的具体细节在文章体店就是阅读一个人的旅行到外国帐户。
4、或者，你的文章结构概要 。有时，它是适当的走一步的介绍来描述你的文章的计划来实现其目的。如果你的文章能够很容易地被分解成不同的，特定的部分，这将是有用的，将使主题更容易掌握的读者。如果你是一个学生，你知道如何做到这一点也很有用，因为一些老师会要求你这么做的。然而，具体地概述了不同的文章在介绍中的文章并不总是一个好主意。在某些情况下，特别是对轻心的文章，这可能是有点机械读，可以通过提出太多的信息，对读者的威胁。
你可能会继续这样说：“这篇文章涉及三个主要的全球健康问题：高热量食品的供应，减少体育锻炼，以及日益普及的久坐不动的休闲活动。”对于一个简单的研究论文，概述了主要议题的讨论是一个好主意，因为它允许读者立即理解文章的理由解释在过去的句子的目的。
另一方面，对于你的假期文章，你可能不会以这种方式勾勒出你的文章。既然你已经建立了你的文章是轻松俏皮，这听起来有些奇怪的继续，例如：“通过体验城市生活在圣若泽和农村生活的资本在托土盖罗的丛林里，我像变了一个人在我的旅途中，“这不是一个可怕的句子，但它不流从前面的人因为它奠定了一个严格的刚性结构，不需要。
5、如果有必要，包括一篇论文 。在论文写作中，一个句子是一个句子，这是一个简单的句子，尽可能清晰、简洁地描述文章的“要点”。一些文章，特别是五段为学术作业或是标准化考试的一部分而写的论文，或多或少都要求你将论文陈述部分作为开篇的一部分。即使不需要这篇文章的文章也能从一个大胆的命题陈述的简洁的目的性中受益。一般情况下，在第一段的结尾处或附近包含论文陈述，虽然没有硬性规定，具体地说，论文陈述必须是。
对于你的肥胖文章，因为你在一个临床，简单的方式处理一个严肃的话题和写作，你可能会直接与你的论文声明：“通过分析现有的调查数据，本文旨在找出具体的政策措施，如可能的路径到全球肥胖减少。”这篇论文告诉读者在相对较少的话的确切目的的文章。
你可能不包括一个单一的论文发表声明的度假文章。因为你更感兴趣的是设置一个情绪，讲述一个故事，并说明个人主题，一个直接的，临床的声明，如“这篇文章将描述我的暑假到哥斯达黎加”，将声音奇怪的强迫和不必要的。
6、为你的文章定一个合适的基调。 除了你的空间，讨论你将要谈论什么，你的第一段，也是一个空间，以确定你将如何谈论它。你写的你写的声音是什么鼓励部分（或阻碍）你的读者阅读你的文章。如果在你的文章开始的基调是明确的，愉快的，和适合的主题，你的读者会比如果它的混乱更容易阅读，变化很大，从句子的，或是不在手边的话题。
看一看上面的句子。注意，虽然肥胖作文和假期作文有非常不同的声音，这两者都是清楚地写，并为主题的适当。肥胖作文是一个严肃的、分析性的写作，是一种处理公共健康问题的文章，所以对这些句子有一定的临床和观点是合理的。另一方面，这篇文章是关于一个有趣的，令人兴奋的经历，对作者有重大影响，所以这是合理的句子是一个有趣的小游戏，包含令人兴奋的细节和传达作者的奇迹感。
7、砍去追逐！ 介绍的最重要的规则之一是，更短的几乎总是更好的。如果你能把所有的信息都传达给你，你需要五个句子，而不是六个。如果你可以用一个简单的，每天的话，在一个更不起眼的字（例如，“start”与“initiate”），做它。如果你能把你的信息传达给十个单词而不是十二个，那就去做吧。在任何地方，你可以在不牺牲质量和清晰度的情况下，把你的介绍性通道缩短，这样做。记住，你的文章开始是让读者进入文章的肉，但它的嘶嘶声并不是文章本身的肉，所以保持简短。
如上所述，而你应该力求简洁，你不应该缩短你介绍这么多，它变得不清楚或不合理。例如，在你的肥胖文章中，你不应该缩短这句话：“In fact, childhood obesity is a global problem that is increasingly affecting rich and poor countries alike”。……这句话：“In fact, obesity is actually a big problem、”这句话并不能告诉整个故事，这篇文章是关于全球儿童肥胖的发病率上升，而不是肥胖对你来说是不好的。
我们随机抽取了学术语料库中航空航天学科子库里的50篇期刊文章，摘取了其中的文章首句，做一个简单的文本分析。
经过观察，我们发现，抽取的样本按照其表达的功能，基本可以分为四类，即“声称中心地位”、“评述以往研究”、“概括研究话题”和“提出存在的问题”(Swales 1990)。
1、 声称中心地位，20例(40%)
这一类例句主要强调研究话题在研究领域中的中心地位，或其重要性、优点或必要性，指出将要报道的研究是有意义的、重要的或者已被认为是研究领域内的主要话题。主要例子有：
[1] Structural damage detection and health monitoring is very important in many applications、
[2] Combustion noise can make a significant contribution to overall turbofan engine noise at low-power settings, , which are typical of approach flight、
[3] Research on flow control has been one of the major topics in fluid mechanics in the past couple of decades、
[4] Surface flow visualization is useful for understanding flow in many applications and can be used to complement and validate computational studies of complex flow、
可用的序列有，xxx be important, xxx play an important/a significant role in, xxx be of particular interest等、
2、 评述以往同类研究，15例(30%)
这类例子大多回顾某一研究话题或领域的已有研究或多年来的研究进展。例如：
[5] Over the last number of decades, a multitude of research efforts have been directed toward understanding the physical mechanisms, or at least the surrounding factors, behind the appearance of symptoms typically associated with nonlinear axial combustion instability in solid-propellant rocket motors (SRMs)、
[6] The effects of applying an electric field on a flame have been studied since the early 1800s(1) when Brande noticed an effect on the heat and mass transfer of a diffusion flame between electrodes, which was then later verified in 1931 by Lewis (2)、
此外，这一分类里的大部分例子都使用现在完成时。供参考的短语序列有，xxx has/have been studied, previous/recent studies show/have shown, it has been shown等。
3、 概括研究话题，14例(28%)
在收集的样本中，“概括研究话题”主要指概括或陈述某一研究领域/话题的特征或客观事实。这一类例句中，文章作者大多根据具体的研究话题组织句子，因而并没有典型的句式。
[7] Many flows of technological interest occur at high Reynolds number and are often characterized、
[8] The Hill–Clohessy–Wiltshire (HCW) equations describe the relative motion of a chaser with respect to a target while both vehicles orbit a central gravitational source、
4、 提出当前研究中存在的问题，1例(2%)
只有一例在文章第一句便指出某一技术所存在的问题，见[9]：
[9] Airborne propagation of directed energy suffers consequences including reduced range, precision, and overall effectiveness, due to the interaction with varying refractive indices within the fluid medium through which it is propagated (1–3)、
简单总结一下，在我们所收集的50篇文章中，有40%的文章在开篇第一句强调研究话题/领域的重要性、优点或说明已成为研究焦点;30%的文章首句旨在回顾或评述以往同类研究;28%的文章在第一句中客观概括或陈述研究话题的特性;仅有2%，即1篇文章在首句中指出某一技术存在的问题。
这一数据也说明，我们可以根据自己的研究话题，运用多种形式，灵活组织文章首句的句式和内容。鉴于样本数量有限，以上内容只是抛砖引玉，仅供参考。我们还建议各位小伙伴在阅读文献的过程中注意积累和总结，看一看自己专业领域内的期刊文章，是以何种形式撰写文章首句。如此一来，可以在自己写论文时进行模仿。毕竟，好的开始是成功的一半嘛。
英语学术论文写作格式
一、英语论文的标题
一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。
就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。
二、英语论文提纲
英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
三、英语论文正文
有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。
四、英语论文的文中引述
正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。引述别人的'观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。
1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如:
The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9).
这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名);阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成);作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号;句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。
2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:
Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”
is an admirable and characteristic
diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it
Whitman is unable to conceive the
extreme crises of society, one is certain
that no society would be tolerable whoses
citizens could not find refreshment in its
buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165)
这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。
3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如:
points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9).
值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。
4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号);点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如:
Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43).
5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如:
Professor Chen Jia's A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i).
圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线;规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字;其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。
6.如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如:
Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35).
Farrington points out that Aristotle's father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15).
这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。
7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。
When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”().
这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格;圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写;21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。
五、英语论文的文献目录
论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:
1.目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。
2.目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为,不必留出更多空白。
3.各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。
4.各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。
现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。
Two or More Books by the Same Author
Brooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: A
Handbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950.
---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats,
Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963.
引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名;各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。
An Author with an Editor
Shake speare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B.
Wright. New York: Washington Square, 1959.
本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth;如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如:
Blackmur, Richard . The Art of the Novel:
Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribner's,
.
如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可):
Emery, Donald. Preface. English Fundamentals. By Emery.
London: Macmillan, .
A Multivolume Work
Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.
Geoffrey Keynes. 4 vols. London: Faber, 1928.
Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.
Geoffrey Keynes. . London: Faber, 1928. 4 vols.
第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容;第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。
A Selection from an Anthology
Abram, M. H.“English Romanticism: The Spirit of the Age.”
Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New
York: Columbia UP,.
被引用的英语论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英语论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。
Articles in Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers
Otto, Mary L.“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for Parents.”
Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-48.
报刊杂志名需划线,但其后不需任何标点符号。62为卷号或期号,如既有卷号,又有期号,则要将二者以句号分开。如:();1984为出版年份,应置于圆括弧中。
Arnold, Marilgn.“Willa Cather's Nostalgia: A Study in
Ambivalance.”Research Studies .
月刊或双月刊须同时注明出版年月;23-24,28表示该文的前一部分刊于第23和24两页,后一部分则转至第28页。
Gorney, Cynthia.“When the Gorilla Speaks.”Washington Post
31 July,1985:B1.
引用日报上的英语论文必须同时注明报纸出版的年、月、日。B1为该文在报纸中的版面及页码。
第一开门见山法。“各位评委老师，你们好，我是5号答辩学生，我今天答辩的题目是……”
这就是一种答辩的方式，这种答辩的方式省去了一些拐弯抹角的说辞，让评委老师听起来很舒服。
第二直奔主题法。“各位评委老师好，下面我开始答辩，请大家批评指正”。这也是一种答辩的开场白，这种开场白比第一种开场白更加的简洁明了。
因为我们在答辩的时候还会制作PPT来进行展示，所以你在PPT上已经有了的一些内容，就完全没有必要再重复去说一遍了，甚至连你的姓名，你的答辩的题目都不用说了。
第三表达感谢法。“尊敬的各位评委老师，大家辛苦了，我是今天最后一位答辩的学生，感谢你们给我这次答辩的机会，考虑到各位评委老师都比较辛苦，我简要向大家介绍我的论文”。
第四不按常理出牌法。
不按常理出牌呢顾名思义就是不按一般人的套路来进行答辩，一般大家都是按照写作依据、主要论点、创新点和不足这几个方面来进行答辩。
那么有的人他就会另辟蹊径，就只讲自己的论文创新点，然后一上来就开始说创新点。
毕业答辩的结束语，简单一两句话总结后就直接表示感谢后结束，不拖泥带水
毕业答辩最后的结束语，就只有最简单的3句话：
第一句：用一句话总结一下你的毕业论文或毕业设计的结论。
第二句：明确告诉大家，答辩陈述结束。“我的毕业论文答辩陈述就到这里，感谢聆听，也感谢某某导师对我的指导”。
第三句：下面欢迎各位老师对我进行提问。
毕业论文答辩开场白汇集
论文答辩开场白1
各位领导、老师大家好!
我是XX级XX班的学生、我叫XX，我的辩题是、、我的论文大致分为XX个部分组成。第一部分是XXX第二部分是、、最后一个是致谢板块，内容是XX老师严谨的学风，渊博的.学识，谦逊的为人，将是我永远学习的楷模;丰富的实践课堂，源于周密的教案准备，老师乐观、正直、朴实、认真的生活态度，令我深深敬佩。老师的谆谆教诲，将使我终生受益。在本次论文的写作过程中，我的导师倾注了大量的心血，从选题到开题报告，从写作提纲，到一遍又一遍地指出每稿中的具体问题，严格把关，循循善诱，在此我表示衷心地感谢。
论文答辩开场白2
尊敬的各位答辩老师，早上好：
我是来自20级美术史论专业的某某，我的论文题目是《中国传统文化对现代广告设计的影响》。本篇论文是在孙小明老师的指导下完成的，在此，我十分感谢他长期以来对我精心的指导。以下是本篇论文选题的意义、文章的论点、论据、论证方法和文章结构。
一、选题的意义
二、本文论点：
论据：
论证方法：文献检索法、调查法、访谈法、归纳总结法。
三、本文的结构
1、
2、
3、
四、结语
由于本人能力有限，论述过程中还存在很多的问题，请答辩老师提出宝贵的意见。陈述完毕，谢谢!
英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇）
毕业论文答辩是一种有组织、有准备、有计划、有鉴定的比较正规的审查论文的重要形式。为了搞好毕业论文答辩，在举行答辩会前，校方、答辩委员会、答辩者（撰写毕业论文的作者）三方都要作好充分的准备。下面是我整理的英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇），欢迎大家分享。
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is . With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !
晚上好，所有的评估委员会成员。我来自HUST，主修外国语言学和应用语言学。我是xxx，我的主管是教授。 xxx。凭着她的真诚和智慧的指导，近一年的辛苦工作，我已经完成了我的论文。最后，这是展示时间。今天晚上，我将向大家致以衷心的感谢，我衷心地欢迎您的加入。
我的论文的标题是哥特式风格的研究
我希望通过研究这个短小的故事，我们可以在某些历史和文化中更多地描述美国南方妇女，更多地要求帮助现代社会的妇女对自己有一个广泛的了解，帮助我们提高我的独立性和信心，并更多地关注我们的心理健康该
接下来，我将向您介绍。这是我演讲的大纲。他们是文学评论，哥特式传统，哥特式风格的故事和哥特风格的原因。
本文由六部分组成。第一部分提出了作者威廉·福克纳(William Faulkner)和艾米莉·艾丝丽(A Rose)的作者，指出了这项研究的目的.和意义。第二部分是文献综述，对国内外这本小说进行了相关研究，并指出了理论依据和方法。第三部分给出了小说中哥特式传统的时间表，即死亡主题，独特的人物和神秘的气氛。部分原因，详细介绍了这本小说中哥特式风格的原因：父权制的压迫，南方女士的神话和艾米莉对爱情的态度。最后，在结论中，笔者对以前的部分进行了梳理，再次强调了论文论证的意义。
好的，就是这样。现在你可以提出你的问题!我准备好了!谢谢 ！
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：
I am Wu Lin. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professor Hu Anjiang, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van Winkle).
The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. i am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m xxx and come from class x. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
The title of my paper is xxxxxxxxxxxxx. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
That’s all. Thank you.
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
英语论文答辩开场白（精选7篇）
在现在社会，许多人对开场白的掌握需求逐渐增多，开场白应该达到明确您的'意图，使目标愿意和您交流，允许您提出问题的目的。那么，开场白一般是怎么写的呢？以下是我帮大家整理的英语论文答辩开场白，欢迎大家分享。
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is . With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole years hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style
in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, thats all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!
Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei.
Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels addicts. For the above facts, I select the subject of “on the network novels” as the title of my paper.
Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that.
The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys’ and girls’ in another way.
The second part, the classification of their authors. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of authors. The first kind is some people who have favor of literature, they are writing but not for fame. Then, there is some one has favor for literature and also be for fame. The third kind is some people who have explicit goals at the beginning of his writing. And the last kind are some people who just want to express their view, their viewpoint and their feeling with no desire of being published. They take up the most of the authors.
The third part, the development. The network novels’ development can not separate form the development of the net and the literature websites. Its developing process may be divided into three stages approximately. The first stage is from 1996 to 2000. This times literary work often did not strive for (were also not aware of) the fame and fortune, and moreover received the control of tradition. The second stage is beginning of 21st century, mainly contains 2001 and 2002. In this period, the whole network presented the situation of “chaos”. The third stage is from May, 2003 and continues until now. In this period, many schools come into the world, and when a school became a hit there must be many people mimic it.
The last part, the forecast. Looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. If each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person’s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.
Not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.
Good morning.
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.)
I am XXX. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor XXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis. My topic is XXXXXXXXX.
The whole thesis consists of --- parts.
The first part will give a brief introduction of ------. And the second part is going to analyze ----------.
In the third part, ---------will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about --------. Then the author will dig into the root causes of ------- in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal --------of ---------in the last part. Thank you!
Good afternoon, all appraiser committee am xsj and my supervisor is zy. With his sincere and intellectual guidance, I have finished my is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is Heavenly War and Earthly Conflict, an Insight into John Miltons Paradise Lost. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this story as one of texts in British and American literature Selections. Last but not least, I am keen on the study of human nature and the profound significance and instructions for us from John Milton. For the above facts, I select the Heavenly war and earthly conflict an insight into John Miltons Paradise Lost as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this great poem we can know more about this Literature masterpiece,and I also want to show my own understanding about it.
Next, here is an outline of my presentation and I devide my paper into four parts. Part one presents an introduction of John Milton and Paradise Lost. Part two introduces the main contents of the book of Paradise Lost. Part three gives my own analysis of major characters in Paradise Lost. Part four draws some conclusions by my careful reading and thinking.
OK, that is all. Thank you. Now you may raise your questions. I am ready.
Good morning.
all appraiser committee members. I am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
论文陈述可以很好地组织和发展论点，并为读者提供关于论点的“指南”。
论文陈述包含以下内容：
1、陈述你对这个主题的主要观点
陈述观点时一定要表达一个主要思想，并陈述你的立场或看法。关于主题，需思考：
2、给出几个支持主要观点的理由
理由要写清楚，一定要用符合逻辑的事实和证据来支持这个理由。
3、给出一个与主要观点相反的观点
一个好的论文陈述要承认论点存在另一面。所以，同学可以在论文陈述中给出一个反论点。
论文陈述写作示例：
1、首先，从一个问题开始。例如：互联网对教育有正面或负面的影响吗?
2、其次，表明你对这个问题的立场。例如：互联网对教育的正面影响大于负面影响。
3、最后，发展你的答案。例如：互联网使用的负面影响被其对教育的诸多好处所抵消：互联网有助于学生和老师更容易地获取信息、接触不同的观点，以及这是一个灵活的学习环境。