正在做这个项目，不过没有英文。
Thesis For Graduation毕业论文Thesis For Academic Degree学位论文Thesis表示比较严肃的文章，是带有一定目的的，研究性的文章。学位论文，研究报告。
Car partsEngine The engine is a power plant, which provides power to drive the automobile． In most automobile engines，the explosive power of the mixture of air and gasoline drives the pistons．The pistons turn a crankshaft to which they are attached The rotating force of the crankshaft makes the automobile’s wheels turn．Some automobiles are powered by another kind of engine，known as the rotary valve，rotating combustion engine or Wankel engine The rotary valve engine also draws in a mixture of air and fuel, which is then compressed and burnt．A motor revolving in an elliptical chamber is connected to a shaft，Which finally drives the rear wheels．In most automobiles．the engine is mounted at the front end of the car，with the clutch and gearbox immediately behind it；the engine, clutch and gearbox are assembled into a single unit A number of systems are necessary to make an engine work . A lubrication system is neededto reduce friction and prevent engine wear. A cooling system is required to keep the engine’s temperature within safe limits .The engine must be provided with the correct amount of air and fuel by a fuel system． The mixture of air and fuel must be ignited inside the cylinder at just the right time by an ignition system．Finally, an electrical system is required to operate the cranking motor that starts the engine and to provide electrical energy to power engine accessoriesLubrication System An engine has many moving parts which eventually develop wear，as they move against each other．The engine circulates oil between these moving parts to prevent the metal-to-metal contact that results in wear． Parts that are oiled can move more easily with less friction and hence power loss due to friction is minimized．The secondary function of lubricant is to act as a coolant and also as a sealing medium to prevent leakages．Finally，a film of lubricant on the cylinder walls helps the tings in sealing and thus improves the engine’s compressions．Cooling System Due to the combustion of fuel with air inside the cylinder，the temperature of the engine parts increases．This increase of temperature directly affects the engine performance and the life of the engine parts．The cooling system keeps the engine operating at the efficient temperature．Whatever the driving conditions, the system is designed to prevent both overheating and overcooling．Fuel System The main function of the fuel supply system is to provide fuel to the carburetor or injection system at a rate and pressure sufficient to meet engine demands under all conditions of load，speed and gradients encountered by the vehicle．The fuel system must also have enough reserve fuel for several miles of vehicle operation．Ignition System The purpose of the ignition system is to provide assistance for the combustion of fuel either by a high voltage spark or self-ignition in each of the engine’s cylinder at the right time so that the air-fuel mixture can burn completely． The fuel supplied to the combustion chamber must be ignited to deliver power．In a spark—ignition engine an electric spark is used for this purpose．The compression—ignition engine does not require a separate ignition system because the ignition is affected by compression of the mixture to a high pressure． Electrical System The engine’s electrical system provides energy to operate a starting motor and to power all the accessories．The main components of the electrical system are a battery，an alternator, a starting motor, ignition coil and heater．Frame The frame provides a foundation for the engine and the body of the vehicle . The flame is constructed from square or box-shaped steel members strong enough to support the weight of the body and other components. The automobile frame is usually made up of a number of members welded or riveted together to give the final shape．The engine is mounted on the frame with rubber pads which absorb vibrations and also provide damping of these vibrations．Absorption and damping of vibrations protects passengers from discomfort caused by shocks． The frame is supported on wheel axles by means of springs．This whole assembly is calledthe chassis． Suspension System The function of the suspension system is to absorb vibrations due to the up and down motion of wheels．caused by the irregularities in the road surface . The springs, connecting linkages．and shock absorber comprise the suspension system of a vehicle．The suspension system is of two types: (1)Rigid system(2)Independent systemIn the rigid system, the road springs are attached to a rigid beam axle. It is mostly used in the front axle of commercial vehicles and in the car axle of all types of independent system does not have a rigid axle. Each wheel is free to move vertically without any reaction on its mating wheel. The independent system is mostly used in small cars Power TrainThe power train carries the power that the engine produces to the car wheels. It consists of the clutch (on cars with a manual transmission), transmission (a system of gears that increases the turning effort of the engine to move the automobile ),drive shaft, differential and rear clutch is required with the manual transmission system to temporarily disconnect the engine from wheels. Such disengagement of the power train from the engine is essential while changing the gear ratio or while stopping the main function of the transmission is to provide the necessary variation to the torque applied by the engine to the wheels. This is achieved by changing the gearing ratio between the engine output shaft and the drive ShaftThe drive shaft or propeller connects the gearbox and the differential unit. The drive shaft has universal joints at its ends．DifferentialThe function of the differential is to split the power received from the propeller shaft to the rear axle shaft. It allows the rear wheels to be driven at different speeds when the vehicle takes a bend or falls into a ditch. AxlesAxles are the shafts on which road wheels are mounted. The road wheels are provided with the required drive through these axles．WheelThe automobile wheels take the load of the vehicle and also produce tractive force to move the vehicle. The wheels are also used for retardation and for stopping the SystemThe steering system is used for changing the direction of the vehicle .The major requirements in any steering mechanism are that it should be precise and easy to handle, and that the front wheels should have a tendency to return to the straight-ahead position after a turn. A gear mechanism, which is known as steering gear, is used in this system to increase the steering effort provided by the driver. This system makes the vehicle steering very easy as the driver does not have to put in much effort．Vehicle steering is not only required on a curved road but also while maneuvering on the busy traffic roads．The steering system allows the vehicle to be guided i．e．to be turned left or right. Braking SystemBrakes are required for slowing down or stopping a moving vehicle．The braking system may be operated mechanically or hydraulically. 95 percent of the braking systems in use today are of the hydraulic brake consist of two members．one rotating and the other stationary．There are various means by which the two member call be brought in contact，thus reducing the speed of the major components of the braking system are：brake pedal, master cylinder, wheel Cylinder, brake pipe，brake shoes．brake packing plant and linkages．As the load on the vehicle and the vehicle speed has increased according to recent trends．in modem days, the importance of the braking system has also increased and power brakes are now being preferred．Power brakes utilize vacuum and air pressure to provide most of the brake————applying effort.汽车部件发动机发动机是一种动力机械设备．它为汽车提供动力。在大部分汽车发动机中．空气和汽油的混合气体产生的爆炸性能量驱动活动活塞运动。活塞使它们所连接的曲轴转动。曲轴的转动力量使汽车的车轮转动。一些汽车是由另外一种发动机提供动力的，这种发动机被认为是旋转气门、旋转燃烧或汪克尔发动机。转子发动机也是吸入空气和燃料的混合气，混合气被压缩和燃烧•在一个椭圆形的室内旋转的发动机连接着一个轴，这个轴将最终驱动后面的车轮。大部分汽车中，发动机是架在汽车的前面末端的，离台器和变速箱在它后面，发动帆、离台器和变速箱被装配成一个整体。发动机工作时有很多系统都是必要的。润滑系统可以减少摩擦并减轻发动机磨损。冷却系统被用来保持发动机的温度在安全范围内。发动机必须有燃油系统保证适当数量的空气和燃料供给。空气和燃油混合物必须由点火系统在适当的时间在气缸内被点燃。最后，电子系统被用来控制启动发动机用的电动机和为发动机附件提供电能。润滑系统发动机有许多最终会被磨损的运动部件，因为它们是相对运动的。发动机使润滑油在这些运动的部件间循环，以避免因金属与金属之间的接触而导致磨损。被润滑过的部件能够因为摩擦减少而容易运动，因摩擦导致的能量损失是最小的。润滑油的第二个功能是作为冷却液和防止泄露。最后，气缸壁上的润滑油薄膜有助于活塞环密封并因此提高发动机的压缩性。冷却系统 由于燃料与空气在气缸内燃烧，从而使发动机部件温度升高。温度升高直接影响发动机的性能和发动机部件的寿命。冷却系统使发动机工作保持在有效的温度。不管驾驶条件如何，发动机系统被设计成既能防止过热又能防止过冷。燃料供给系统燃料供给系统的主要功能是以一定的比例和压力给化油器或喷射系统提供燃料，并在汽车遇到的所有情况下，满足发动机对负载、速度和坡度的需要。燃料系统也必须为汽车行驶几英里保留足够的燃料。点火系统点火系统的作用是在适当的时间使燃料燃烧，不管是高压电火花还是在每个发动机气缸中的自燃，以便于气体混合物的完全燃烧。提供给燃料室的燃料必须被点燃以提供能量。在一个火花点火发动机中，电火花就是用于这个目的。压缩点火发动机不需要一个独立的点火系统，因为点火会受混合气压缩压力的影响。电气系统发动机的电气系统提供能量给起动电动机并给所有附件提供电能。电气系统的主要构件是蓄电池、交流发电机、起动电动机、点火线圈和加热器。车架车架为汽车发动机和车身提供了一个安装框架。车架用方刚或盒形钢铁制造，有足够的强度支撑车身和其他构件的重量。汽车车架通常由一些焊接或铆接在一起的零件构成，从而形成最后的形状。发动机和橡胶垫被圈定在车架上。橡胶垫可以吸收振动，也可以提供这些振动的阻尼减轻乘客由于振动产生的不适。悬架系统悬架系统的功能是吸收由于路面不平使车轮上下运动所产生的振动。弹性元件、连接装置和减振器组成了汽车的悬架系统。悬架系统有两种类型：(1)刚性悬架系统(2)独立悬架系统在刚性悬架系统中，弹簧被系在刚性横梁上，这种系统主要被用在商用车辆的前轴和所有类型车辆的车轴上。独立悬架系统没有一根坚硬的轴。每个车架可以自由做垂直运动而相对应的另一侧车轮没有任何反应。独立悬架系统主要用在小汽车上。传动系统传动系把发动机产生的能量传递给车轮。它包括离台器(汽车上用手动变速器)、传动系(一系列的齿轮，把由发动机产生的转矩增强．推动汽车)、驱动轴、差速器和后挢。离合器离合器用于手动变速的传动系统。用它暂时把发动机和车轮之间的动力传递分开。当换档或停车时，把传动系和发动机的连接断开是很必要的。变速籍变速箱的主要功能是通过发动机把各种必需的扭矩提供给车轮，这是通过改变发动机输出轴和驱动轴两者之阃的传动比来实现的。驱动轴驱动轴或叫推动轴与齿轮箱和差动器相连。驱动轴通常在末端具有万向节。差速器差速器的功能是把来自传动轴的能量分给后轿。当汽车转弯或掉沟时，它允许后轮以不同的逮度驱动。车轿车桥是指用来安装车轮的轴，通过这些车桥向车轮提供必需的驱动力。 车轮车轮支承着整辆车．并产生牵引力来驱动汽车。车轮也用于减速和停车。转向系统转向系统是用来改变汽车方向的，在任何转向机构中最主要的就是转向精确且容易控制，同时前轮在转向后又能自动回正。一个齿轮机构，通常认为是转向齿轮，在这个系统内用来增强由驾驶员提供的转向力，这个系统使得汽车转向非常容易，驾驶员不用费报大的力。不仅仅是在弯曲的公路上需要汽车转向，在交通拥挤的路上也需要巧妙地控制。转向系统使得汽车可以被控制向左或者向右转向。制动系统制动用来使车辆放慢速度或者停车。制动系统可以是机械制动或者液压制动。现在用的制动系统95％都是液压型的。所有的制动系统都包含两种元件，一种是旋转零件，另一种是固定零件，有各种各样方法使得这两个元件相接触而使车辆减速。制动系统的主要组成部分：制动踏扳、主制动缸、车轮制动、制动鼓、制动管路、制动蹄、制动装备和联动装置。随着汽车负载和车速的增大，目前制动系统的重要性也在增大，并且现在人们更喜欢助力制动。助力制动利用真空和空气压力来提供更好的制动力。
Car partsEngine The engine is a power plant, which provides power to drive the automobile． In most automobile engines，the explosive power of the mixture of air and gasoline drives the pistons．The pistons turn a crankshaft to which they are attached The rotating force of the crankshaft makes the automobile’s wheels turn．Some automobiles are powered by another kind of engine，known as the rotary valve，rotating combustion engine or Wankel engine The rotary valve engine also draws in a mixture of air and fuel, which is then compressed and burnt．A motor revolving in an elliptical chamber is connected to a shaft，Which finally drives the rear wheels．In most automobiles．the engine is mounted at the front end of the car，with the clutch and gearbox immediately behind it；the engine, clutch and gearbox are assembled into a single unit Suspension System The function of the suspension system is to absorb vibrations due to the up and down motion of wheels．caused by the irregularities in the road surface . The springs, connecting linkages．and shock absorber comprise the suspension system of a vehicle．The suspension system is of two types: (1)Rigid system(2)Independent systemIn the rigid system, the road springs are attached to a rigid beam axle. It is mostly used in the front axle of commercial vehicles and in the car axle of all types of independent system does not have a rigid axle. Each wheel is free to move vertically without any reaction on its mating wheel. The independent system is mostly used in small cars Power TrainThe power train carries the power that the engine produces to the car wheels. It consists of the clutch (on cars with a manual transmission), transmission (a system of gears that increases the turning effort of the engine to move the automobile ),drive shaft, differential and rear clutch is required with the manual transmission system to temporarily disconnect the engine from wheels. Such disengagement of the power train from the engine is essential while changing the gear ratio or while stopping the main function of the transmission is to provide the necessary variation to the torque applied by the engine to the wheels. This is achieved by changing the gearing ratio between the engine output shaft and the drive ShaftThe drive shaft or propeller connects the gearbox and the differential unit. The drive shaft has universal joints at its ends．DifferentialThe function of the differential is to split the power received from the propeller shaft to the rear axle shaft. It allows the rear wheels to be driven at different speeds when the vehicle takes a bend or falls into a ditch. AxlesAxles are the shafts on which road wheels are mounted. The road wheels are provided with the required drive through these axles．WheelThe automobile wheels take the load of the vehicle and also produce tractive force to move the vehicle. The wheels are also used for retardation and for stopping the SystemThe steering system is used for changing the direction of the vehicle .The major requirements in any steering mechanism are that it should be precise and easy to handle, and that the front wheels should have a tendency to return to the straight-ahead position after a turn. A gear mechanism, which is known as steering gear, is used in this system to increase the steering effort provided by the driver. This system makes the vehicle steering very easy as the driver does not have to put in much effort．Vehicle steering is not only required on a curved road but also while maneuvering on the busy traffic roads．The steering system allows the vehicle to be guided i．e．to be turned left or right. Braking SystemBrakes are required for slowing down or stopping a moving vehicle．The braking system may be operated mechanically or hydraulically. 95 percent of the braking systems in use today are of the hydraulic brake consist of two members．one rotating and the other stationary．There are various means by which the two member call be brought in contact，thus reducing the speed of the major components of the braking system are：brake pedal, master cylinder, wheel Cylinder, brake pipe，brake shoes．brake packing plant and linkages．As the load on the vehicle and the vehicle speed has increased according to recent trends．in modem days, the importance of the braking system has also increased and power brakes are now being preferred．Power brakes utilize vacuum and air pressure to provide most of the brake————applying effort.汽车部件发动机发动机是一种动力机械设备．它为汽车提供动力。在大部分汽车发动机中．空气和汽油的混合气体产生的爆炸性能量驱动活动活塞运动。活塞使它们所连接的曲轴转动。曲轴的转动力量使汽车的车轮转动。一些汽车是由另外一种发动机提供动力的，这种发动机被认为是旋转气门、旋转燃烧或汪克尔发动机。转子发动机也是吸入空气和燃料的混合气，混合气被压缩和燃烧•在一个椭圆形的室内旋转的发动机连接着一个轴，这个轴将最终驱动后面的车轮。大部分汽车中，发动机是架在汽车的前面末端的，离台器和变速箱在它后面，发动帆、离台器和变速箱被装配成一个整体。发动机工作时有很多系统都是必要的。润滑系统可以减少摩擦并减轻发动机磨损。冷却系统被用来保持发动机的温度在安全范围内。发动机必须有燃油系统保证适当数量的空气和燃料供给。空气和燃油混合物必须由点火系统在适当的时间在气缸内被点燃。最后，电子系统被用来控制启动发动机用的电动机和为发动机附件提供电能。润滑系统发动机有许多最终会被磨损的运动部件，因为它们是相对运动的。发动机使润滑油在这些运动的部件间循环，以避免因金属与金属之间的接触而导致磨损。被润滑过的部件能够因为摩擦减少而容易运动，因摩擦导致的能量损失是最小的。润滑油的第二个功能是作为冷却液和防止泄露。最后，气缸壁上的润滑油薄膜有助于活塞环密封并因此提高发动机的压缩性。冷却系统 由于燃料与空气在气缸内燃烧，从而使发动机部件温度升高。温度升高直接影响发动机的性能和发动机部件的寿命。冷却系统使发动机工作保持在有效的温度。不管驾驶条件如何，发动机系统被设计成既能防止过热又能防止过冷。燃料供给系统燃料供给系统的主要功能是以一定的比例和压力给化油器或喷射系统提供燃料，并在汽车遇到的所有情况下，满足发动机对负载、速度和坡度的需要。燃料系统也必须为汽车行驶几英里保留足够的燃料。身提供了一个安装框架。车架用方刚或盒形钢铁制造，有足够的强度支撑车身和其他构件的重量。汽车车架通常由一些焊接或铆接在一起的零件构成，从而形成最后的形状。发动机和橡胶垫被圈定在车架上。橡胶垫可以吸收振动，也可以提供这些振动的阻尼减轻乘客由于振动产生的不适。悬架系统悬架系统的功能是吸收由于路面不平使车轮上下运动所产生的振动。弹性元件、连接装置和减振器组成了汽车的悬架系统。悬架系统有两种类型：(1)刚性悬架系统(2)独立悬架系统在刚性悬架系统中，弹簧被系在刚性横梁上，这种系统主要被用在商用车辆的前轴和所有类型车辆的车轴上。独立悬架系统没有一根坚硬的轴。每个车架可以自由做垂直运动而相对应的另一侧车轮没有任何反应。独立悬架系统主要用在小汽车上。传动系统传动系把发动机产生的能量传递给车轮。它包括离台器(汽车上用手动变速器)、传动系(一系列的齿轮，把由发动机产生的转矩增强．推动汽车)、驱动轴、差速器和后挢。离合器离合器用于手动变速的传动系统。用它暂时把发动机和车轮之间的动力传递分开。当换档或停车时，把传动系和发动机的连接断开是很必要的。变速籍变速箱的主要功能是通过发动机把各种必需的扭矩提供给车轮，这是通过改变发动机输出轴和驱动轴两者之阃的传动比来实现的。驱动轴驱动轴或叫推动轴与齿轮箱和差动器相连。驱动轴通常在末端具有万向节。差速器差速器的功能是把来自传动轴的能量分给后轿。当汽车转弯或掉沟时，它允许后轮以不同的逮度驱动。车轿车桥是指用来安装车轮的轴，通过这些车桥向车轮提供必需的驱动力。 车轮车轮支承着整辆车．并产生牵引力来驱动汽车。车轮也用于减速和停车。转向系统转向系统是用来改变汽车方向的，在任何转向机构中最主要的就是转向精确且容易控制，同时前轮在转向后又能自动回正。一个齿轮机构，通常认为是转向齿轮，在这个系统内用来增强由驾驶员提供的转向力，这个系统使得汽车转向非常容易，驾驶员不用费报大的力。不仅仅是在弯曲的公路上需要汽车转向，在交通拥挤的路上也需要巧妙地控制。转向系统使得汽车可以被控制向左或者向右转向。制动系统制动用来使车辆放慢速度或者停车。制动系统可以是机械制动或者液压制动。现在用的制动系统95％都是液压型的。所有的制动系统都包含两种元件，一种是旋转零件，另一种是固定零件，有各种各样方法使得这两个元件相接触而使车辆减速。制动系统的主要组成部分：制动踏扳、主制动缸、车轮制动、制动鼓、制动管路、制动蹄、制动装备和联动装置。随着汽车负载和车速的增大，目前制动系统的重要性也在增大，并且现在人们更喜欢助力制动。助力制动利用真空和空气压力来提供更好的制动力。
关键词:动态断裂、陶瓷、随机性质,数值模拟;Micro-cracking机制;Mesh-dependency。 Rate-hardening
Keywords（关键词）: Dynamic fracture（动态断裂）; Ceramics（陶瓷）; Stochastic property（随机性能）; Numerical simulation（数字模拟）; Micro-cracking mechanism（微观裂纹机制）; Mesh-dependency（依赖于网格的某种方法）;Rate-hardening（硬化速度）
毕业论文是Graduation thesis 若要在论文里指论文就可以直接说thesis或者paper
Thesis For Graduation毕业论文Thesis For Academic Degree学位论文Thesis表示比较严肃的文章，是带有一定目的的，研究性的文章。学位论文，研究报告。
不会写论文还这么嚣张?不就是250分吗得到了又怎么地？能吃呀？
什么意思？要英文的？题目要汉语翻译？
Control of Parallel Inverters in Distributed AC Power Systems with Consideration of Line Impedance Effect在分布式交流电力系统中考虑连线阻抗影响时的并联逆变器控制 论文发到你的邮箱了
我有一篇我本科毕设的小论文，英文中文都有，而且是我人工翻译的，8000字左右。你要的话PM我。我是电气工程及其自动化专业的。《Analysis of thyristor-controlled phase shifter applied in damping power system oscillations》
Car partsEngine The engine is a power plant, which provides power to drive the automobile． In most automobile engines，the explosive power of the mixture of air and gasoline drives the pistons．The pistons turn a crankshaft to which they are attached The rotating force of the crankshaft makes the automobile’s wheels turn．Some automobiles are powered by another kind of engine，known as the rotary valve，rotating combustion engine or Wankel engine The rotary valve engine also draws in a mixture of air and fuel, which is then compressed and burnt．A motor revolving in an elliptical chamber is connected to a shaft，Which finally drives the rear wheels．In most automobiles．the engine is mounted at the front end of the car，with the clutch and gearbox immediately behind it；the engine, clutch and gearbox are assembled into a single unit A number of systems are necessary to make an engine work . A lubrication system is neededto reduce friction and prevent engine wear. A cooling system is required to keep the engine’s temperature within safe limits .The engine must be provided with the correct amount of air and fuel by a fuel system． The mixture of air and fuel must be ignited inside the cylinder at just the right time by an ignition system．Finally, an electrical system is required to operate the cranking motor that starts the engine and to provide electrical energy to power engine accessoriesLubrication System An engine has many moving parts which eventually develop wear，as they move against each other．The engine circulates oil between these moving parts to prevent the metal-to-metal contact that results in wear． Parts that are oiled can move more easily with less friction and hence power loss due to friction is minimized．The secondary function of lubricant is to act as a coolant and also as a sealing medium to prevent leakages．Finally，a film of lubricant on the cylinder walls helps the tings in sealing and thus improves the engine’s compressions．Cooling System Due to the combustion of fuel with air inside the cylinder，the temperature of the engine parts increases．This increase of temperature directly affects the engine performance and the life of the engine parts．The cooling system keeps the engine operating at the efficient temperature．Whatever the driving conditions, the system is designed to prevent both overheating and overcooling．Fuel System The main function of the fuel supply system is to provide fuel to the carburetor or injection system at a rate and pressure sufficient to meet engine demands under all conditions of load，speed and gradients encountered by the vehicle．The fuel system must also have enough reserve fuel for several miles of vehicle operation．Ignition System The purpose of the ignition system is to provide assistance for the combustion of fuel either by a high voltage spark or self-ignition in each of the engine’s cylinder at the right time so that the air-fuel mixture can burn completely． The fuel supplied to the combustion chamber must be ignited to deliver power．In a spark—ignition engine an electric spark is used for this purpose．The compression—ignition engine does not require a separate ignition system because the ignition is affected by compression of the mixture to a high pressure． Electrical System The engine’s electrical system provides energy to operate a starting motor and to power all the accessories．The main components of the electrical system are a battery，an alternator, a starting motor, ignition coil and heater．Frame The frame provides a foundation for the engine and the body of the vehicle . The flame is constructed from square or box-shaped steel members strong enough to support the weight of the body and other components. The automobile frame is usually made up of a number of members welded or riveted together to give the final shape．The engine is mounted on the frame with rubber pads which absorb vibrations and also provide damping of these vibrations．Absorption and damping of vibrations protects passengers from discomfort caused by shocks． The frame is supported on wheel axles by means of springs．This whole assembly is calledthe chassis． Suspension System The function of the suspension system is to absorb vibrations due to the up and down motion of wheels．caused by the irregularities in the road surface . The springs, connecting linkages．and shock absorber comprise the suspension system of a vehicle．The suspension system is of two types: (1)Rigid system(2)Independent systemIn the rigid system, the road springs are attached to a rigid beam axle. It is mostly used in the front axle of commercial vehicles and in the car axle of all types of independent system does not have a rigid axle. Each wheel is free to move vertically without any reaction on its mating wheel. The independent system is mostly used in small cars Power TrainThe power train carries the power that the engine produces to the car wheels. It consists of the clutch (on cars with a manual transmission), transmission (a system of gears that increases the turning effort of the engine to move the automobile ),drive shaft, differential and rear clutch is required with the manual transmission system to temporarily disconnect the engine from wheels. Such disengagement of the power train from the engine is essential while changing the gear ratio or while stopping the main function of the transmission is to provide the necessary variation to the torque applied by the engine to the wheels. This is achieved by changing the gearing ratio between the engine output shaft and the drive ShaftThe drive shaft or propeller connects the gearbox and the differential unit. The drive shaft has universal joints at its ends．DifferentialThe function of the differential is to split the power received from the propeller shaft to the rear axle shaft. It allows the rear wheels to be driven at different speeds when the vehicle takes a bend or falls into a ditch. AxlesAxles are the shafts on which road wheels are mounted. The road wheels are provided with the required drive through these axles．WheelThe automobile wheels take the load of the vehicle and also produce tractive force to move the vehicle. The wheels are also used for retardation and for stopping the SystemThe steering system is used for changing the direction of the vehicle .The major requirements in any steering mechanism are that it should be precise and easy to handle, and that the front wheels should have a tendency to return to the straight-ahead position after a turn. A gear mechanism, which is known as steering gear, is used in this system to increase the steering effort provided by the driver. This system makes the vehicle steering very easy as the driver does not have to put in much effort．Vehicle steering is not only required on a curved road but also while maneuvering on the busy traffic roads．The steering system allows the vehicle to be guided i．e．to be turned left or right. Braking SystemBrakes are required for slowing down or stopping a moving vehicle．The braking system may be operated mechanically or hydraulically. 95 percent of the braking systems in use today are of the hydraulic brake consist of two members．one rotating and the other stationary．There are various means by which the two member call be brought in contact，thus reducing the speed of the major components of the braking system are：brake pedal, master cylinder, wheel Cylinder, brake pipe，brake shoes．brake packing plant and linkages．As the load on the vehicle and the vehicle speed has increased according to recent trends．in modem days, the importance of the braking system has also increased and power brakes are now being preferred．Power brakes utilize vacuum and air pressure to provide most of the brake————applying effort.汽车部件发动机发动机是一种动力机械设备．它为汽车提供动力。在大部分汽车发动机中．空气和汽油的混合气体产生的爆炸性能量驱动活动活塞运动。活塞使它们所连接的曲轴转动。曲轴的转动力量使汽车的车轮转动。一些汽车是由另外一种发动机提供动力的，这种发动机被认为是旋转气门、旋转燃烧或汪克尔发动机。转子发动机也是吸入空气和燃料的混合气，混合气被压缩和燃烧•在一个椭圆形的室内旋转的发动机连接着一个轴，这个轴将最终驱动后面的车轮。大部分汽车中，发动机是架在汽车的前面末端的，离台器和变速箱在它后面，发动帆、离台器和变速箱被装配成一个整体。发动机工作时有很多系统都是必要的。润滑系统可以减少摩擦并减轻发动机磨损。冷却系统被用来保持发动机的温度在安全范围内。发动机必须有燃油系统保证适当数量的空气和燃料供给。空气和燃油混合物必须由点火系统在适当的时间在气缸内被点燃。最后，电子系统被用来控制启动发动机用的电动机和为发动机附件提供电能。润滑系统发动机有许多最终会被磨损的运动部件，因为它们是相对运动的。发动机使润滑油在这些运动的部件间循环，以避免因金属与金属之间的接触而导致磨损。被润滑过的部件能够因为摩擦减少而容易运动，因摩擦导致的能量损失是最小的。润滑油的第二个功能是作为冷却液和防止泄露。最后，气缸壁上的润滑油薄膜有助于活塞环密封并因此提高发动机的压缩性。冷却系统 由于燃料与空气在气缸内燃烧，从而使发动机部件温度升高。温度升高直接影响发动机的性能和发动机部件的寿命。冷却系统使发动机工作保持在有效的温度。不管驾驶条件如何，发动机系统被设计成既能防止过热又能防止过冷。燃料供给系统燃料供给系统的主要功能是以一定的比例和压力给化油器或喷射系统提供燃料，并在汽车遇到的所有情况下，满足发动机对负载、速度和坡度的需要。燃料系统也必须为汽车行驶几英里保留足够的燃料。点火系统点火系统的作用是在适当的时间使燃料燃烧，不管是高压电火花还是在每个发动机气缸中的自燃，以便于气体混合物的完全燃烧。提供给燃料室的燃料必须被点燃以提供能量。在一个火花点火发动机中，电火花就是用于这个目的。压缩点火发动机不需要一个独立的点火系统，因为点火会受混合气压缩压力的影响。电气系统发动机的电气系统提供能量给起动电动机并给所有附件提供电能。电气系统的主要构件是蓄电池、交流发电机、起动电动机、点火线圈和加热器。车架车架为汽车发动机和车身提供了一个安装框架。车架用方刚或盒形钢铁制造，有足够的强度支撑车身和其他构件的重量。汽车车架通常由一些焊接或铆接在一起的零件构成，从而形成最后的形状。发动机和橡胶垫被圈定在车架上。橡胶垫可以吸收振动，也可以提供这些振动的阻尼减轻乘客由于振动产生的不适。悬架系统悬架系统的功能是吸收由于路面不平使车轮上下运动所产生的振动。弹性元件、连接装置和减振器组成了汽车的悬架系统。悬架系统有两种类型：(1)刚性悬架系统(2)独立悬架系统在刚性悬架系统中，弹簧被系在刚性横梁上，这种系统主要被用在商用车辆的前轴和所有类型车辆的车轴上。独立悬架系统没有一根坚硬的轴。每个车架可以自由做垂直运动而相对应的另一侧车轮没有任何反应。独立悬架系统主要用在小汽车上。传动系统传动系把发动机产生的能量传递给车轮。它包括离台器(汽车上用手动变速器)、传动系(一系列的齿轮，把由发动机产生的转矩增强．推动汽车)、驱动轴、差速器和后挢。离合器离合器用于手动变速的传动系统。用它暂时把发动机和车轮之间的动力传递分开。当换档或停车时，把传动系和发动机的连接断开是很必要的。变速籍变速箱的主要功能是通过发动机把各种必需的扭矩提供给车轮，这是通过改变发动机输出轴和驱动轴两者之阃的传动比来实现的。驱动轴驱动轴或叫推动轴与齿轮箱和差动器相连。驱动轴通常在末端具有万向节。差速器差速器的功能是把来自传动轴的能量分给后轿。当汽车转弯或掉沟时，它允许后轮以不同的逮度驱动。车轿车桥是指用来安装车轮的轴，通过这些车桥向车轮提供必需的驱动力。 车轮车轮支承着整辆车．并产生牵引力来驱动汽车。车轮也用于减速和停车。转向系统转向系统是用来改变汽车方向的，在任何转向机构中最主要的就是转向精确且容易控制，同时前轮在转向后又能自动回正。一个齿轮机构，通常认为是转向齿轮，在这个系统内用来增强由驾驶员提供的转向力，这个系统使得汽车转向非常容易，驾驶员不用费报大的力。不仅仅是在弯曲的公路上需要汽车转向，在交通拥挤的路上也需要巧妙地控制。转向系统使得汽车可以被控制向左或者向右转向。制动系统制动用来使车辆放慢速度或者停车。制动系统可以是机械制动或者液压制动。现在用的制动系统95％都是液压型的。所有的制动系统都包含两种元件，一种是旋转零件，另一种是固定零件，有各种各样方法使得这两个元件相接触而使车辆减速。制动系统的主要组成部分：制动踏扳、主制动缸、车轮制动、制动鼓、制动管路、制动蹄、制动装备和联动装置。随着汽车负载和车速的增大，目前制动系统的重要性也在增大，并且现在人们更喜欢助力制动。助力制动利用真空和空气压力来提供更好的制动力。
正在做这个项目，不过没有英文。
看情形吧，如果你这个还不至于很着急而且论文不长的话大概一周左右给你（米办法最近也在写毕业论文…）不过因为是外语专业恐怕有些专业名词翻译不好（怎么突然觉得自己在米事找事……OTL）
网上很多的，但是如果你单纯要英文原稿的话可以从学习进方正等数据库下载呀
academic papers
论文（Paper）或：dissertation（论文）或：thesis（论文）经常说的：）~English dissertation(英语论文)Graduation thesis(毕业论文)
论文： paper ; thesis
经济学 | 计算机科学技术 | 法学 | 管理学
paper
The paper comprises seven chapters text.
论文共七章。
扩展资料
1、我们将在一起审阅这些论文。
We shall go through these papers together
2、我终于写完了李教授要的论文。
I finally popped that paper for Professor Li
3、教授已经把我的论文搁置一个月了。
The professor has turned aside my paper for a month
4、这里你列举出你的论文所做出的新知识的贡献。
Here you list the contributions of new knowledge that your thesis makes.
5、此时此刻，这个系统仅存在于论文和电脑里。
Right now the system exists only on paper and in the computer
6、在经济发展方面，这是最优秀的论文之一。
It’s one of the best papers on economic development
参考资料百度百科-英语单词
科技论文范文 关联理论视角下的气象科技论文英译 摘 要：关联理论为分析气象科技论文句子的特点及其翻译策略提供了支撑。借助这一理论，本文对气象科技论文英译进行探讨，旨在为气象科技论文的翻译提供借鉴，提高翻译质量，期待在一定程度上帮助中国的气象科技“走出去”。 关键词：气象科技 关联理论 最佳关联 语境效果 一、引言 近年来，气候灾害事件的频繁发生，需要世界各国及时了解和共享最新的气象信息，携手应对气象灾害。然而在科技翻译研究中，国内外学者多从功能理论、目的论等角度研究，很少运用关联理论探讨气象科技论文翻译。赵彦春曾指出：“关联理论不是翻译理论，但可以有效地解释翻译活动，指导翻译活动，奠定翻译本体论和方法论的基础”(赵彦春，1999：276)。 二、让中国气象科技“走出去” 在引进西方先进的气象科技时，我们也要让中国的气象科技“走出去”。气象科技论文作为学术研究与信息传播的载体，在科技合作交流中发挥着重要作用，因此对气象论文英译的需求日益突出。 气象科技论文是科技文献的一种，用以“陈述地球大气圈、气象科技领域所发生或出现的事情，描述其特点、规律、过程等，能有效记录大气科学和气象科技界的动态”(寿邵文，姚永红，2008：178)，具有专业性、客观性、科学性和准确性等特点。本文的研究案例――《边界层参数化方案对边界层热力和动力结构特征影响的比较》是典型的气象科技论文，具有代表性。 在汉语中，由动词构成的动核结构是句子在语义平面上的结构。一个动核结构体现着一个事件或一个命题。因为气象科技汉语描述的主体是从事研究、分析和观测的研究者或设备，而客体往往是客观的事物、自然现象、观测的过程或实验结果，所以在客观描述气象研究内容时，气象科技汉语注重功能和意义，多用主动句，大量使用含动核结构的简单句或分句描述逻辑事理。 三、关联理论与翻译 在Relevance：Communication and Cognition(1986/1995)中，Dan Sperber和Deirdre Wilson提出了有关交际与认知的关联理论，在中西认知语用学领域都产生了较大影响。他们认为，“交际是一个涉及信息意图和交际意图的明示――推理过程”(Sperber and Wilson，2001：50)。1999年，Ernst-August Gutt率先将关联理论运用于翻译研究中。Gutt在Translation and Relevance： Cognition and Context提出，“翻译是一种言语交际行为，是与大脑机制密切联系的推理过程”(Gutt，2004：107)。为了实现原语作者与译语读者之间的最佳交际，译者在处理作者要传递的信息意图时，要作出最佳语境假设，以寻求信息的关联，然后再根据关联度进行推理，取得最大语境效果，使作者的信息意图与读者的心理期待达到最佳关联。气象科技论文属于信息文本，以传播气象科技信息为主。本质上讲，气象科技翻译可视为作者与读者之间的交际活动，译者不仅要将原语作者的信息意图推理出来，还要将此信息意图展现给译语读者。 四、关联理论指导下的气象英译 气象科技论文英译的主要目的是全面而准确地传达原文中所包含的信息。在关联理论指导下，为了满足读者的心理期待，译者要准确分析原语逻辑关系，合理调整语序和划分意群，灵活采用顺译法、倒译法、合译法及转译法等翻译策略。下面从关联理论角度，列举几个典型案例来研究气象科技论文中句子的英译。 (一)顺译法 气象科技汉语中的句子较为简单，句子间逻辑关系比较独立。作者与读者的认知语境虽有差别，但也存在共性。依据关联理论，为了再现原语语境，可以采用顺译法，即按照汉语原句的语序进行翻译。句与句之间的简单对应必然不会对读者的推理过程产生阻碍。但有一点不同，为了准确描述客观规律，英语句子偏长，结构复杂，常常采用各种从句。 案例1：原文：YSU边界层参数化方案是MRF方案的改进版本，次网格尺度扰动通量(w′c′)与平均量(C：u，v，θ，q)的关系为 (二)倒译法 关联理论认为，翻译不能单纯地根据字面意思进行翻译，而是要准确推测原文的深层次语义，把握原文所要传递的信息意图及最佳关联。在描述一些气象定义或实验过程时，气象科技汉语通常先叙述方法后呈现结果，而英语则先结果后方法。所以，为了准确传递作者的信息意图，给读者提供最大的语境效果，常采用倒译法，根据译文读者的语境表达习惯，将内容忠实、规范地表达出来。 案例2：原文：本文采用①高分辨率中尺度WRF模式，通过改变边界层参数化方案进行多组试验②，评估③该模式对美国北部森林地区边界层结构的模拟能力，同时比较④五种不同边界层参数化方案模拟得出的边界层热力和动力结构。 译文：To assess③ the performance of simulating structural characteristics of boundary layers at the forest areas in the northern Unites States and compare④ the thermal and dynamic structures of boundary layers simulated by the five different boundary layer parameterizations， a high resolution mesoscale WRF model was employed① in this paper to carry out② multiple experiments with different boundary layer parameterization configurations. 分析：原文描述的是一个气象实验过程，采用动核结构，分句较多，如果顺着翻译，译文将生硬难懂。根据关联理论，可以采用倒译法。将“结果”译成“目的”并置前，将中文动核结构译成非谓语动词结构，即“to assess...and compare”、“to carry out”，把主动汉语分句整合为含有一个主谓结构的被动英语长句，描述“方法”。这样句子结构严谨，符合英语表达习惯，实现了原文与译文的最佳关联，准确清晰地将作者的信息意图传递给读者。 (三)合译法及转译法 在关联理论框架下，翻译不仅要把握原语语义，还要考虑译入语的逻辑表达习惯，实现话语语境的最佳关联。比如，气象科技文献在解释研究原理时，往往采用表示逻辑连词“因为……所以”、“于是”等。但英语中，有些动词(如cause)或动词短语(如result in，lead to)本身已含因果关系。此外，汉语习惯采用不同词语(多为形容词)表达同一个意思，若逐一翻译，则显得重复��嗦。在描述气象现象时，论文大量使用动核结构，含有多个主谓结构，这跟英语的形合句型完全相反。这时，为了更清晰地表达原文逻辑，实现更大的交际效果，通常采用合译法和转移法，将重复的表达简单化，并灵活转换词性，多使用名词化结构。 案例3：原文：这主要是因为③太阳辐射不断增强①，地表热量也不断增加②，于是③由浮力产生的湍流动能不断增加④，边界层内强的湍流混合能发展到更高的高度⑤。 译文：This is mainly because the increased solar① radiation and surface heat flux result in② the continual increase③ of the turbulent kinetic energy generated by buoyancy and strong turbulent mixing energy in the boundary layer. 分析：原文中①、②、③、④和⑤表达的是同一个意思。依据关联理论，采用合译法和转译法，将①”和②合并“the increased”，动词转换为形容词，使信息明确。③中的连词翻译为动词词组“result in”，准确地体现了逻辑关系。同时④和⑤合译为“the continual increase of”的名词结构。这两种译法的巧妙结合实现了最佳关联，为读者提供了最大语境效果。 四、结语 和传统的翻译理论相比，关联理论框架下的翻译观突破语义层面，更侧重翻译活动的认知与交际属性，将作者的信息意图与读者的心理期待联系起来，以实现最佳关联为目的。这对以传递信息为目的的气象科技论文翻译具有较强的解释力。依据关联理论，为了准确传递气象科技论文的信息意图，译者应以最佳关联原则为翻译准则，使译语读者在推理过程中付出最小的信息处理努力，实现理想的交际效果。 参考文献 [1] 黄文妍，范新勇，等人.边界层参数化方案对边界层热力和动力结构特征影响的比较[J].北京：地球物理学报，2014(5)：1400-1414. [2] Gutt，. Translation and Relevance： Cognition and Context [M].Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press， 2004：107-199. [3] Sperber，D.& Wilson， D. Relevance： Communication and Cognition[M].Second Edition Beijing： Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2001： 50. [4] 寿邵文，姚永红.气象科技英语教程[M].北京：气象出版社，2008：178. [5] 赵彦春.关联理论对翻译的解释力 [J].广州：现代外语，1999(85)：276. 看了“气象科技论文怎么写_怎么写气象科技论文”的人还看： 1. 气象科技论文800字 2. 气象科技论文范文 3. 气象科技服务论文范例 4. 气象科技论文 5. 气象科技论文2500字 a("conten"); 共2页: 上一页 1 2 下一页