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[23] Alchain, A. and H. Demsetz. "The Property Rights Paradigm". Journal of Economic ,(33): 16-27[24] Barzel, Y. "Economic Analysis of Property Rights". Cambridge, Mass.:Cambridge University [25] Coase, R. "The Problem of Social Cost". Journal of Law and Economics. 1960,(3):1-44
内部控制制度是社会经济发展到一定阶段的产物，是现代企业管理的重要手段。在资讯产业已经发达的当今社会，不断完善企业内部控制制度，对于防范舞弊，减少损失，提高资本的再生能力具有积极的意义。一、何为内部控制制度内部控制制度最先以一种"内部牵制制度"的形式于20世纪40年代在美国的企业出现。它是将一项由一人实施容易出现差错的经济业务，同时交给两位或两位以上的人员实施，客观上造成实施人之间的一种相互牵制关系，从而预防所实施的经济业务可以发生的差错。按照美国审计准则委员会提出的理论，内部控制定义为：内部控制是由企业董事会、管理阶层和其它员工实施的，为经营的效率效果、财务报告的可靠性、相关法令的遵循性等目标的达成而提供合理保证的过程。其构成要素来源于管理层经营的方式，并与管理的过程相结合。其整体架构主要由控制环境、风险评估、控制活动、资讯交流、监督等五项要素构成。我国企业内部控制制度理论起源于20世纪80年代，但到目前为止，尚未正式提出权威性的内部控制标准体系，对内部控制的完整性、合理性及有效性缺乏一个公认的标准体系。在我国，内部控制是指在特定的组织内部为执行国家方针政策及本组织经营决策，实施既定目标，维护资产完整，保证财务收支合法性、合规性和会计资讯真实性、正确性以及保障经济运作的效益性而进行的驾驭和支配。内部控制制度是指为了保护具有组织结构的经济主体的资产完整，保证会计资料和其它有关资料的真实性和正确性，提高经营效率，促进经营方针的贯彻实施，在经济主体的内部建立或采用的一系列相互联系、相互制约的方法、程序和行为准则。二、我国企业内部控制制度的现状目前，绝大多数企业还未意识到内部控制制度的重要性，对内部控制制度也存在很多误解，甚至有些企业对内部控制的概念非常模糊，再加上公司治理结构上的先天不足以及组织结构和人员素质低等方面的原因，致使我国企业内部控制制度普遍薄弱。我国企业内部控制制度的现状基本上可用几句话来概括：国有大中型企业的内部控制制度要比国有小企业完善，但执行有效性相对较差；外商投资企业的内部控制制度比较完善，执行也比较好；民营企业的内部控制制度大部分不是很完整，从完整性上说要比国有企业差，但已有制度执行情况却比国有企业要好。由于我国管理国有企业已经有了几十年的发展历程，积累了一定的内部管理经验，一般说都有一定程度、一定范围的内部控制制度，或者说基本业务内部管理都有章可循。但由于存在着有章不循、违章不究的现象，循与不循、究与不究，一切以法人代表的意志为转移，内部控制制度执行有效性就相对较差，有点几乎形同虚设。民营企业是改革开放的产物，处于发展阶段，在内部控制制度建设上虽然一般没有国有企业搞得那么完整，但对已有的制度，企业主大多能自觉地去实施，因此，内部控制制度执行情况相对较好。国有企业内部控制制度最薄弱的环节在哪里？一是货币资金，二是采购业务。资金使用的随意性，采购业务中弄虚作假，吃"回扣"等现象较为严重。此外，由于国有小企业经济业务简单，运转环节少，因此，在内部控制制度建设上，普遍存在这样或者那样的问题：一是记账人员、保管人员、经济业务决策人员及经办人员没有很好的分离制约，存在出纳兼复核、采购兼保管等现象；二是重大事项决策和执行，没有很好的分离制约，存在"重大"无标准，"决策"无民主的现象；三是财产清查没有形成制度，清查期限、清查程序不明确；四是内部审计没有形成制度化，该设内审机构的不设，该配备专职或兼职内审人员的不配置，有的虽然也设了这样的部门，但往往形同虚设，独立性不强。由于存在以上四种情况，加剧了有章不循、违章不究，循与不循、究与不究，全凭企业法人代表的意志为转移的情况。产生上述现状的原因是什么呢？我认为有以下三点：（一）受益主体不明确为什么国有企业没有非国有企业的内部控制制度执行得好呢？从根本上讲是产权不明晰所致。国有企业产权主体缺位、权责不清，加强内部控制的受益主体不明确。而非国有企业，特别是民营企业产权明确、权责清楚，加强内部控制的受益主体也很明确。因此，这些企业才会想方设法去加强内部控制制度的建设。公司法人治理结构是公司制的核心，而规范的公司法人治理结构，关键要看董事会能否充分发挥作用。但在我国现阶级，公司的法人治理结构"形备而实不至"，尢其体现在董事会这一重要机构没有发挥应有的职能。不少企业在改革过程中，一味地"放权让利".致使原厂长负责制的领导班子在既是经理层又进入董事会，董事会成员和经理成员高度重迭。公司董事会在很大程度上掌握在内部人手中，而作为所有者代表的董事会，既不能充当所有者的"守护神"，又不能代表所有者对经营者进行监督。这种责权不分的公司治理结构，导致内部控制如"空中楼阁"，形同虚设。（二）法律执行环境不好由于我国资本市场运行机制以及相应的法律、法规不是很健全，非法谋取暴利是一种普遍现象，没有真正形成有法可依、执法必严、违法必究的大环境，因此，在一个企业也就很难形成有章必循、违章必究的局面。（三）管理人员素质偏低控制制度是企业最重要的管理工具，但任何控制制度最终都要靠人来执行。由于存在着一些私心重、想"捞一把"的法人代表，存在着一些法制观念淡薄的企业负责人，加强内部控制制度自然只能是奢谈了。同时，一些企业负责人业务素质低，不懂内部控制制度为何物，自然也就谈不上加强内部控制制度建设了。三、如何完善现代企业内部控制制度（1）完善企业的控制环境任何企业的控制活动都存在于一定的控制环境之中。所谓控制环境，是指对建立、加强或削弱特定政策、程序及其效率产生影响的各种因素，主要是指重大影响因素。控制环境的好坏直接影响到企业内部控制的贯彻和执行以及企业经营目标及整体战略目标的实现，加强和完善企业内部控制，首先应注意企业内部控制环境的建设。完善企业内部控制环境的建设，首先要加强企业负责人的自觉控制意识。企业内部控制成败取决于企业员工的控制意识和行为，而企业负责人内部控制的自觉意识和行为又是关键。从理论上讲，内部控制本身也有局限性，其中主要是企业最高领导人控制的随意性或相互串通，搞内部人控制。因此，提高企业负责人自觉执行内部控制的意识显得尤为重要。从我国一些企业的现状分析，这些企业不是没有内部控制，而是没有很好地执行。其中，往往是企业负责人带头不执行，破坏既定的内部控制程序，导致内部控制形同虚设或只对下不对上。目前成立的国务院国有资产管理委员会是解决这一问题的一个很好的措施，但从长远看，还是要积极推行现代企业制度改革，真正做到所有权（责、权）和经营权分离。只有这样，才能从根本上解决内控制度执行中所存在的问题，使企业由上而下共同执行内部控制制度，从而推动我国企业内部控制环境的建设。（2）进行全面的风险评估面临企业内外环境的日益复杂化，以及企业间竞争的日益激烈，企业经营风险不断提高，如何辨别、分析防范和控制经营风险，已成为企业内部控制制度的重要内容之一。一般来说，企业的风险管理就是按公司既定的经营战略，利用各种风险分析技术，找出业务风险点，并采取恰当的方法降低风险。企业的风险管理要以预防为主，即通过增加、补充或规范各内部控制环节来减轻可能面临的风险；其次，要建立内部监督机构对企业高风险区域经常进行检查，及时发现已存在的或潜在的风险；最后，要善于转嫁风险，如购买保险等。总之，企业的风险管理必须贯穿并渗透于企业内部控制的全过程。（3）设立良好的控制活动控制活动是确保管理阶层的指令得以实现的政策和程序。控制活动出现在整个企业内的各个阶层与各种职能部门，涉及的控制对象包括人、财、物、产、供、销等各方面。控制活动是针对关键控制点而制定的，因此，企业在制定控制活动时关键就是要寻找关键控制点。严谨的内部控制，不仅要对企业经营管理的各个方面实行全方位的有效控制，把企业的各项经济活动全面置于经济监控之中，而且要对企业经营管理的重要方面、重要环节实行重点控制。面的控制与点的控制要有机结合，内部控制才能发挥良好的效益。在实施企业内部控制时如何找到控制点，通过点的控制起到牵一发而动全身的作用是需要认真对待的问题。企业内部控制的点应该设在三个位置上：一是资金。对企业资金的筹集、调度、使用、分配等实行严格控制，防止资金体外回圈。二是成本费用。对企业的各项成本费用支出实施严格的监管，防止出现舞弊行为。三是权力使用。对企业各经营环节、经济活动操作者的权力实施有效监控，防止权力乱用，造成经济损失。（4）建立统一的管理资讯系统管理资讯系统，就是向企业内各级主管部门（人员）、其它相关人员，以及企业外的有关部门（人员）提供资讯的系统。通过管理资讯系统，企业内部的员工能够清楚地了解企业的内部控制制度，知道其所承担的责任，并及时取得和交换他们在执行、管理和控制企业经营过程中所需的资讯。一个良好的资讯系统应有助于提高内部控制的效率和效果，具体讲，应有助于控制标准的建立和修正、控制活动成效的评定、控制报告的拟定和以及改进建议的及时传达。企业应按控制系统的需要识别使用者的资讯需要，在此基础上收集、加工和处理资讯，并将这些资讯及时、准确和经济地传递（包括向下的、向上的和横向的沟通传递）给企业内的相关人员，使他们能够顺利履行其职责。（5）加强企业的内部监督要确保内部控制制度被切实地执行且执行的效果良好，内部控制过程就必须被施以恰当的监督。监督是一种随着时间的推移而评估制度执行质量的过程。内部审计既是企业内部控制的一个部分，也是监督内部控制其它环节的主要力量。在内部控制的监督过程中，内部审计发挥着越来越重要的作用，内部审计通过监督控制环境和控制程序的有效性，监督企业的内部控制是否被执行并及时反馈有关执行结果的资讯，帮助企业更有效地实现预期控制目标。同时，在监控过程中，内部审计可以促进控制环境的建立、为改进控制制度提供建设性建议，为组织成功的达到所需要的内部控制水平服务。当前，我们迫切需要呼唤企业的内部控制意识，需要理直气壮地在微观经济中加强管理和控制。必须下大决心，花大力气，整章建制，有效地建立起各项考核制度、激励制度，明确职责，严肃纪律，把内部控制的水平提起来，让内部控制制度成为企业化解风险，创造效益的武器。
我们也可以找到这样的参考文献，简单列举如下： 1 企业内部控制与企业档案管理的相关性分析——基于《企业内部控制基本规范》的档案话题 期刊：《档案学研究》 时间：2012年2期作者：覃兆刿；罗琴2，企业内部控制与财务危机预警耦合研究——一个基于契约理论的分析框架 期刊：《会计研究》 2012年5期作者：徐光华；沈弋 3，中国企业内部控制文化构建问题研究——详解《企业内部控制基本规范》中的文化因素 ,期刊：《会计之友》 2011年26期作者：彭妍喆；陈艺婷 5. 智能信息控制:物联网下企业内部控制的核心 期刊：《会计之友》 2012年7期作者：许金叶；韩玲 资料来源：学术资讯网希望能够帮到你。
英文参考文献标准格式
参考文献是学术论文的重要组成部分，它的作用众所周知，在此不再赘述。参考文献是英语论文的重要组成部分，也是编辑加工和重要内容。为帮助大家顺利完成学术论文的撰写，我为大家介绍英语论文参考文献格式要求，欢迎阅读。
学位论文参考文献的.格式
丨 期刊
期刊作者.题名[J].刊名，出版年，卷(期)：起止页码
周庆荣，张泽廷，朱美文，等.固体溶质在含夹带剂超临界流体中的溶解度[J].化工学报，1995，46(3)：317 323
Dobbs J M, WongJ M. Modification of supercritical fluid phasebehavior using polorcoselvent[J]. Ind Eng Chem Res, 1987,26:56
刘仲能，金文清.合成医药中间体4-甲基咪唑的研究[J].精细化工，(2)：103-105
Mesquita A C,Mori M N, Vieira J M, et al . Vinyl acetatepolymerization by ionizingradiation[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2002, 63:465
丨 专著
专著作者.书名[M].版本(第一版不著录).出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码
蒋挺大.亮聚糖[M].北京：化学工业出版社，
Kortun Spectroscopy[M]. New York: Spring-Verlag,1969
丨 论文集
论文集作者.题名[C].编者.论文集名.出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码
郭宏,王熊,刘宗林.膜分离技术在大豆分离蛋白生产中综合利用的研究[C].余立新.第三届全国膜和膜过程学术报告会议论文集.北京：高教出版社,
Eiben A E,vander Hauw J 3-SAT with adaptive geneticalgorithms [C].Proc 4th IEEEConfEvolutionary Press,
丨 学位论文
学位论文作者.题名[D].保存地点：保存单位，年份
陈金梅.氟石膏生产早强快硬水泥的试验研究(D).西安：西安建筑科学大学,2000
ChrisstoffelsL A J . Carrier-facilitated transport as a mechanistic tool insupramolecular chemistry[D].The Netherland：
丨 专利文献
专利文献题名[P].国别，专利文献种类，专利号.出版日期
仲前昌夫， 佐藤寿昭. 感光性树脂[ P ]. 日本， 特开平
Hasegawa,Toshiyuki, Yoshida,et Coating composition[P].EP
Yamaguchi K,Hayashi A. Plant growth promotor and productionthereof [P].Jpn,
丨 技术标准文献
标准标准编号，标准名称[S]
ISO 1210-1982，塑料 小试样接触火焰法测定塑料燃烧性[S]
GB 2410-80，透明塑料透光率及雾度实验方法[S]
丨 报纸
报纸作者.题名[N].报纸名，出版日期(版次)
陈志平.减灾设计研究新动态[N].科技日报，1997-12-12(5)
丨 报告
报告作者.题名[R].保存地点：年份
中国机械工程学会.密相气力输送技术[R].北京：1996
丨 电子文献
电子文献作者.题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].文献出处，日期
万锦柔.中国大学学报论文文摘(1983-1993)[DB/CD].北京：中国百科全书出版社，1996
文献类型及其标识
根据GB3469 规定：
①期刊[J]
②专著[M]
③论文集[C]
④学位论文[D]
⑤专利[P]
⑥标准[S]
⑦报纸[N]
⑧技术报告[R]
电子文献载体类型用双字母标识，例如：
①磁带[MT]
②磁盘[DK]
③光盘[CD]
④联机网络[OL]
①联机网上数据库[DB/OL]
②磁带数据库[DB/MT]
③光盘图书[M/CD]
④磁盘软件[CP/DK]
⑤网上期刊[J/OL]
⑥网上电子公告[EB/OL]
英文文献采用 APA格式
丨 单一作者著作的书籍：
姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社.
Sheril, R. D.(1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego:Halstead.
丨 两位作者以上合著的书籍：
姓，名字首字母., & 姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社.
Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992).Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON:McMaster University Press.
丨 文集中的文章：
Mcdonalds, A.(1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment ofsupernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies:Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.
丨 期刊中的文章(非连续页码)：
Crackton, P.(1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change?Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.
丨期刊中的文章(连续页码)：
姓，名字首字母.(年). 题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期，页码.
Rottweiler, F. T.,& Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink ofdestruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.
丨月刊杂志中的文章：
Henry, W. A., III.(1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
The enterprise internal control theory The internal control is an important symbol of modern enterprise management, through the practice of the conclusion is: to control is strong, weak, without control is controlled, disorderly. The new regulations "accounting law 27 units shall establish and perfect the system of supervision unit interior accountant. Unit interior accountant controls on the execution, the internal control is. What is the internal control The internal control is the formation of a series of measures to control functions, procedures, methods, and standardized and systematized, make it become a rigorous, relatively complete system. According to the control of the internal control can be divided into different purpose accounting control and management control. Accounting control and protection of assets is safe, the accounting information authenticity and integrity and financial activities related to the legitimacy of control, Management control means to ensure operation policy decision, implementation of business activities and promote the efficiency and effectiveness, and the effect of the relevant management to achieve the goals of control. Accounting control and management control and not mutually exclusive, incompatible, some control measures can be used for accounting control, and can also be used to control. The goal is to ensure that the internal control unit operations efficiency and effect, safety, economic information of assets and financial reports of reliability. Its main functions: one is to achieve target management policy and management, Second is the assets of safety protection unit is complete, prevent loss of assets, Three is to guarantee the business and financial accounting information authenticity and integrity. In addition, the legitimacy of the financial activities within the unit is the internal control goals. Good, although the internal control to achieve these goals, but whether the internal control design and operation, it is not how to eliminate its inherent limitations. This limitation must also be clear and prevention. Main show is: (1) the limited by cost benefit principle, (2) if the employee has different responsibility ignore control program, misjudgment, even the collusion, inside and outside, often cause in fraud internal control malfunction, (3) management personnel abuse, and to set up or Passover control of internal control ignored, also can make the establishment of internal control non-existing. Second, the basic structure of internal control The basic structure of internal control. Mainly includes control environment, accounting system and control procedures in three aspects: (a) control environment. Control environment refers to establish or implement a policy of various factors, which affect mainly reflects unit managers and other personnel to control the attitude, understanding and action. Specific include: management ideas and management style, unit organization structure, functions and managers of these functions, determine the powers and responsibilities of the manager monitoring and inspection method, the working personnel policy measures to control, and its implementation, this unit of various external business relations. (2) accounting system. Accounting system refers to establish accounting and accounting supervision procedure and method of business activities. Effective accounting system should do: 1, confirmed and record all real business, timely and detailed description of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports of economic business appropriately classified. 2 and measurement value of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports records in the appropriate monetary value. 3 and determine the time, business to business records in the appropriate accounting period. 4 in the financial and accounting reports, business and proper disclosure of expression related matters. (3) control procedures. Control program to formulate policy and managers to ensure a certain procedure. Specific include: business and economic activity approval, The relevant personnel division of responsibilities clear, and prevent fraud, The bill and certificates and use, should guarantee business activities and recorded properly, Property and its use to have documented exposure measures to protect, For registered business valuation, and to review, etc. Third, the basic way of internal control The basic way of internal control mainly has: organization planning control, authorized control, budget control, material control, cost control, risk control and audit control. (a) to organize the control. According to the internal control requirements, the unit in determining the organizational structure and improve the process, incompatible duties shall follow the principle of separation, the so-called incompatible duties, refers to those if by a man or a department, and may cheat yourself concealing its position of frauds. The economic activity of the unit can usually divided into five stages: namely, the approval issued by authorized, execution, and records. Normally, if each step by the relatively independent researchers (or department), can guarantee the separation incompatible duties, facilitating the function of the internal control. Organize and control mainly includes two aspects: 1 and incompatible duties of separation. If the accounting work of accountant and cashier incompatible duties, need to separate. Should be separate positions usually have an authorized: economic business duties to separation, Execute a business with the position of the post to review: Execution of an economic position and record the business to business position: Keep a record of the property of the position and position of property to separation etc. Incompatible duties separation is based on the assumption that two personal unconscious accomplice a possibility, but the possibility of a person gains more than two people. If this hypothesis, breakthrough incompatible duties of separation cannot play control function. [NextPage] 2, the organization's control. A unit of economic activities according to the needs of different departments and institutions set, the organization's set of responsibilities and should reflect the mutual control requirements. Specific requirement is: the responsibility and authority of the organizations must be licensed and guarantee the authority within the scope of authority without intervention, Each business must pass in operation of the department and guarantee in different departments concerned to check each other, In every business, should belong to was not inspectors, in order to ensure that the inspectors check out the problem was solved quickly. (2) authorized control. The authorized department of internal control unit to handle business or staff access control. Some departments or units within a clerk in the treatment of economic business, must be authorized or approved to, no approval. Authorized control unit can guarantee the implementation course and abuse. Authorized are generally authorized and particular authorized two forms: general mandate is to deal with average economic business level and the approval of the right conditions stipulated in the unit, usually in the internal control of clarifying, Special authorization of special economic business processing is the right level and approval conditions, such as when a prescribed amount exceeds the economic business department, only after approval within specific authorized to handle. Authorized the basic control requirement is: first, must be clear and specific license authorization of the general line and responsibility, Secondly, to clear the authorized business each program, Again, to establish the necessary examination system, to ensure that the processing after the authorized business working quality. Some current unit executes leadership "pen", with the approval of the internal control principles and requirements, should reform. Practice has proved, rights should be restricted, lose the right to restrict the corruption which easily. (3) budget control. Budget control is an important aspect of internal control, including financing, financing, purchasing, production, sales, investment and management activities. The economic business units to prepare detailed budget and plan, and through the authorized by relevant departments, the budget or plan implementation control, the basic requirements: first, the unit budget must reflect the management goal, and clear responsibility. Second, the budget shall be permitted by the authorized to budget adjustments to budget and more practical. Third, it shall timely feedback or regular budget implementation. (4) physical assets control. Physical assets control mainly include restrictions to control inventory control and regular two, this is the real assets of unit of safety control measures. There are two main: first, to limit to strictly control, to physical assets and the relevant documents of the physical assets, such as cash and bank deposit, securities and inventory, warehouse, the warehouser except cashier personnel and other personnel is limited, contact, to ensure the safety of assets. Second, regular physical assets inventory, guarantee the physical assets conform with the actual amount recorded book, such as accounts inconsistent, should investigate the cause and treatment. In addition to the above, physical assets control say from broad sense, also include the physical assets of purchase, storage, and shipping and sales process control. (5) cost control. Modern cost control can be divided into "extensive" and "intensive" two. Extensive cost control, refers to the production technology, product process under the condition of invariable, rely solely on reducing consumption materials, reasonable material to lower the cost of cost control, Intensive cost control, refers to raise the level of technology to improve the production technology, product process, thus reducing the cost control. These two kinds of methods, combining modern cost control. 1, extensive cost control, the cost of raw materials procurement control from the final product sold throughout, and is one of the most fundamental and most main control method. First, the raw materials procurement cost control. For bulk materials generally used to open ZhaoBiaoFa or according to manufacturer direct purchasing. Second, the use of materials cost control. Generally, there are two ways: one is the objective cost control, it is through the "target cost price - goals profits target =", which is obtained by cost method to control costs. Veto Second, it is the cost control of various assignments, and through the analysis of cost drivers, costs and expenses of the collection, not only more reasonable truly computational cost, and thus find income and cost ratio or not only put no gains, so can largely reduce costs. Third, product sales, cost control. Mainly propaganda cost control, notable is, advertising, promotional role played only product quality is the foundation of the user's trust. Therefore, we should grasp investment and expenses of the matching principle. [NextPage] 2 and intensive cost control. And can be divided into two types: one is to improve production technology by to reduce cost control. There are many ways to improve production technology, such as the introduction of new production line adopts high-tech products, etc. Two is improved by process to reduce the cost of cost control. Intensive cost control on intellectual achievements, it can make the excess profit achievements. (6) risk control. Risk is usually referred to as a result of the action, and the risk associated with another concept is uncertain. Some people only know beforehand action may result, but don't know they appear probability, or both all don't know, but only as a rough estimate. For example, enterprise test-manufacturing a new product, this product can certainly advance trial success or failure. But don't know these two consequences of possibility appeared. Business decisions are generally in uncertain circumstances. In practice, a result of action has many may not sure, risk, And as a result of the action, it is certainly not risk. The risk control is to prevent and avoid as far as possible adverse outcome. According to the reasons of the formation of risk and risk management can generally be divided into two categories: the financial risk, 1, management risk. Risk management refers to the production and business operation reasons for corporate profits to the uncertainty. Due to the production and operation of enterprises will be derived from many aspects of the external and internal factors, thus greatly, and the uncertainty of uncertainty, causes the enterprise profit margins or the changes, thus bringing risk. Operational risk changes from the external, nonetheless, enterprises should adopt the effective internal control measures to prevent. 2, financial risk. Financial risk and risk, it is to because debt and the enterprise's financial results for uncertainty. Companies operating in the capital, debt all except the part of self-capital, borrowed funds for enterprise self-capital affect profitability, At the same time, borrowed money to repay captital with interest, if unable to repay debts that are due, the enterprise will into financial difficulties or bankruptcy. When the enterprise rate than pre-tax profit margins funds borrowed funds rate, use borrowed money earn profits and residual interest except compensation and thus make the self-capital profitability improve. However, if the enterprise income tax profit margins than money borrowed funds, at this moment, use borrowed money to finance the profits are not pay interest, still need to use their own funds to pay interest on the part of the profit margins, thereby reducing the self-capital, make enterprise losses incurred, even the bankruptcy of the danger. The risk for financing risk. The size of the risk degree of self-capital by borrowing money, borrowed money ratio, the greater the risk degree proportion with smaller proportion, borrowed funds, risk degree also decrease. For financial risk control, the key is to ensure a reasonable capital structure, maintain the appropriate level of debt, should make full use of the debt management skill gain financial leverage income, improve the self-capital profitability, To avoid excessive debt caused by the financial risk, which is the important link of the enterprise internal control, must take the necessary measures to prevent fundraising risk. (7) auditing control. Audit control mainly refers to the internal audit, internal audit and control of accounting is to supervise. Accounting information to internal audit, internal control is an integral part of the internal control is a kind of special form. Internal auditing is an organization in all kinds of activities and the internal control system of independent evaluation to determine whether the policy implementation, establish the procedure is in compliance with the standard of resources utilization, whether reasonable, effective and unit of objectives achieved. Internal audit content is very extensive, generally include internal financial audit and internal management audit. Internal audit supervision of accounting information, and is not only the internal control is effective means to ensure that the accounting information is true and complete. According to the basic principle of internal control and accounting work in our country actual situation, the new "law" regulation, the unit shall in internal accounting supervision system of accounting information in the regular internal audit methods and procedures, in order to make the internal audit institutions or internal auditors of accounting information system and procedure of audit work. In addition to the above seven internal control, and documentation control. Performance control and worker quality control, etc. The new system of accounting supervision system on the unit interior, the main contents of the internal control system. Including: responsibilities, and strict procedures, truthfully record, regular check, etc. In practice, establishing and implementing internal control should also consider: enterprise scale, organizational system and the owners' rights and interests; etc. Business property, diversity and complexity, Transfer, processing, and the methods to information, Applicable regulatory requirements, etc. At present many enterprise internal control was not good, except knowledge level, the main reasons of the administration is to establish and implement effective internal control of power, pressure, coerce, enough. This change of the accounting law depends on the implementation of new science and the modern enterprise system and the establishment of corporate governance structure. To help enterprises to establish internal control, can consult other countries and regions, by the relevant departments of the internal control of some important industry and points for each unit, reference, and learning to use gradually perfect the internal control system, in order to promote the comprehensive enterprise in our country, and in essence.
The enterprise internal control theory The internal control is an important symbol of modern enterprise management, through the practice of the conclusion is: to control is strong, weak, without control is controlled, disorderly. The new regulations "accounting law 27 units shall establish and perfect the system of supervision unit interior accountant. Unit interior accountant controls on the execution, the internal control is. What is the internal control The internal control is the formation of a series of measures to control functions, procedures, methods, and standardized and systematized, make it become a rigorous, relatively complete system. According to the control of the internal control can be divided into different purpose accounting control and management control. Accounting control and protection of assets is safe, the accounting information authenticity and integrity and financial activities related to the legitimacy of control, Management control means to ensure operation policy decision, implementation of business activities and promote the efficiency and effectiveness, and the effect of the relevant management to achieve the goals of control. Accounting control and management control and not mutually exclusive, incompatible, some control measures can be used for accounting control, and can also be used to control. The goal is to ensure that the internal control unit operations efficiency and effect, safety, economic information of assets and financial reports of reliability. Its main functions: one is to achieve target management policy and management, Second is the assets of safety protection unit is complete, prevent loss of assets, Three is to guarantee the business and financial accounting information authenticity and integrity. In addition, the legitimacy of the financial activities within the unit is the internal control goals. Good, although the internal control to achieve these goals, but whether the internal control design and operation, it is not how to eliminate its inherent limitations. This limitation must also be clear and prevention. Main show is: (1) the limited by cost benefit principle, (2) if the employee has different responsibility ignore control program, misjudgment, even the collusion, inside and outside, often cause in fraud internal control malfunction, (3) management personnel abuse, and to set up or Passover control of internal control ignored, also can make the establishment of internal control non-existing. Second, the basic structure of internal control The basic structure of internal control. Mainly includes control environment, accounting system and control procedures in three aspects: (a) control environment. Control environment refers to establish or implement a policy of various factors, which affect mainly reflects unit managers and other personnel to control the attitude, understanding and action. Specific include: management ideas and management style, unit organization structure, functions and managers of these functions, determine the powers and responsibilities of the manager monitoring and inspection method, the working personnel policy measures to control, and its implementation, this unit of various external business relations. (2) accounting system. Accounting system refers to establish accounting and accounting supervision procedure and method of business activities. Effective accounting system should do: 1, confirmed and record all real business, timely and detailed description of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports of economic business appropriately classified. 2 and measurement value of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports records in the appropriate monetary value. 3 and determine the time, business to business records in the appropriate accounting period. 4 in the financial and accounting reports, business and proper disclosure of expression related matters. (3) control procedures. Control program to formulate policy and managers to ensure a certain procedure. Specific include: business and economic activity approval, The relevant personnel division of responsibilities clear, and prevent fraud, The bill and certificates and use, should guarantee business activities and recorded properly, Property and its use to have documented exposure measures to protect, For registered business valuation, and to review, etc. Third, the basic way of internal control The basic way of internal control mainly has: organization planning control, authorized control, budget control, material control, cost control, risk control and audit control. (a) to organize the control. According to the internal control requirements, the unit in determining the organizational structure and improve the process, incompatible duties shall follow the principle of separation, the so-called incompatible duties, refers to those if by a man or a department, and may cheat yourself concealing its position of frauds. The economic activity of the unit can usually divided into five stages: namely, the approval issued by authorized, execution, and records. Normally, if each step by the relatively independent researchers (or department), can guarantee the separation incompatible duties, facilitating the function of the internal control. Organize and control mainly includes two aspects: 1 and incompatible duties of separation. If the accounting work of accountant and cashier incompatible duties, need to separate. Should be separate positions usually have an authorized: economic business duties to separation, Execute a business with the position of the post to review: Execution of an economic position and record the business to business position: Keep a record of the property of the position and position of property to separation etc. Incompatible duties separation is based on the assumption that two personal unconscious accomplice a possibility, but the possibility of a person gains more than two people. If this hypothesis, breakthrough incompatible duties of separation cannot play control function. [NextPage] 2, the organization's control. A unit of economic activities according to the needs of different departments and institutions set, the organization's set of responsibilities and should reflect the mutual control requirements. Specific requirement is: the responsibility and authority of the organizations must be licensed and guarantee the authority within the scope of authority without intervention, Each business must pass in operation of the department and guarantee in different departments concerned to check each other, In every business, should belong to was not inspectors, in order to ensure that the inspectors check out the problem was solved quickly. (2) authorized control. The authorized department of internal control unit to handle business or staff access control. Some departments or units within a clerk in the treatment of economic business, must be authorized or approved to, no approval. Authorized control unit can guarantee the implementation course and abuse. Authorized are generally authorized and particular authorized two forms: general mandate is to deal with average economic business level and the approval of the right conditions stipulated in the unit, usually in the internal control of clarifying, Special authorization of special economic business processing is the right level and approval conditions, such as when a prescribed amount exceeds the economic business department, only after approval within specific authorized to handle. Authorized the basic control requirement is: first, must be clear and specific license authorization of the general line and responsibility, Secondly, to clear the authorized business each program, Again, to establish the necessary examination system, to ensure that the processing after the authorized business working quality. Some current unit executes leadership "pen", with the approval of the internal control principles and requirements, should reform. Practice has proved, rights should be restricted, lose the right to restrict the corruption which easily. (3) budget control. Budget control is an important aspect of internal control, including financing, financing, purchasing, production, sales, investment and management activities. The economic business units to prepare detailed budget and plan, and through the authorized by relevant departments, the budget or plan implementation control, the basic requirements: first, the unit budget must reflect the management goal, and clear responsibility. Second, the budget shall be permitted by the authorized to budget adjustments to budget and more practical. Third, it shall timely feedback or regular budget implementation. (4) physical assets control. Physical assets control mainly include restrictions to control inventory control and regular two, this is the real assets of unit of safety control measures. There are two main: first, to limit to strictly control, to physical assets and the relevant documents of the physical assets, such as cash and bank deposit, securities and inventory, warehouse, the warehouser except cashier personnel and other personnel is limited, contact, to ensure the safety of assets. Second, regular physical assets inventory, guarantee the physical assets conform with the actual amount recorded book, such as accounts inconsistent, should investigate the cause and treatment. In addition to the above, physical assets control say from broad sense, also include the physical assets of purchase, storage, and shipping and sales process control. (5) cost control. Modern cost control can be divided into "extensive" and "intensive" two. Extensive cost control, refers to the production technology, product process under the condition of invariable, rely solely on reducing consumption materials, reasonable material to lower the cost of cost control, Intensive cost control, refers to raise the level of technology to improve the production technology, product process, thus reducing the cost control. These two kinds of methods, combining modern cost control. 1, extensive cost control, the cost of raw materials procurement control from the final product sold throughout, and is one of the most fundamental and most main control method. First, the raw materials procurement cost control. For bulk materials generally used to open ZhaoBiaoFa or according to manufacturer direct purchasing. Second, the use of materials cost control. Generally, there are two ways: one is the objective cost control, it is through the "target cost price - goals profits target =", which is obtained by cost method to control costs. Veto Second, it is the cost control of various assignments, and through the analysis of cost drivers, costs and expenses of the collection, not only more reasonable truly computational cost, and thus find income and cost ratio or not only put no gains, so can largely reduce costs. Third, product sales, cost control. Mainly propaganda cost control, notable is, advertising, promotional role played only product quality is the foundation of the user's trust. Therefore, we should grasp investment and expenses of the matching principle. [NextPage] 2 and intensive cost control. And can be divided into two types: one is to improve production technology by to reduce cost control. There are many ways to improve production technology, such as the introduction of new production line adopts high-tech products, etc. Two is improved by process to reduce the cost of cost control. Intensive cost control on intellectual achievements, it can make the excess profit achievements. (6) risk control. Risk is usually referred to as a result of the action, and the risk associated with another concept is uncertain. Some people only know beforehand action may result, but don't know they appear probability, or both all don't know, but only as a rough estimate. For example, enterprise test-manufacturing a new product, this product can certainly advance trial success or failure. But don't know these two consequences of possibility appeared. Business decisions are generally in uncertain circumstances. In practice, a result of action has many may not sure, risk, And as a result of the action, it is certainly not risk. The risk control is to prevent and avoid as far as possible adverse outcome. According to the reasons of the formation of risk and risk management can generally be divided into two categories: the financial risk, 1, management risk. Risk management refers to the production and business operation reasons for corporate profits to the uncertainty. Due to the production and operation of enterprises will be derived from many aspects of the external and internal factors, thus greatly, and the uncertainty of uncertainty, causes the enterprise profit margins or the changes, thus bringing risk. Operational risk changes from the external, nonetheless, enterprises should adopt the effective internal control measures to prevent. 2, financial risk. Financial risk and risk, it is to because debt and the enterprise's financial results for uncertainty. Companies operating in the capital, debt all except the part of self-capital, borrowed funds for enterprise self-capital affect profitability, At the same time, borrowed money to repay captital with interest, if unable to repay debts that are due, the enterprise will into financial difficulties or bankruptcy. When the enterprise rate than pre-tax profit margins funds borrowed funds rate, use borrowed money earn profits and residual interest except compensation and thus make the self-capital profitability improve. However, if the enterprise income tax profit margins than money borrowed funds, at this moment, use borrowed money to finance the profits are not pay interest, still need to use their own funds to pay interest on the part of the profit margins, thereby reducing the self-capital, make enterprise losses incurred, even the bankruptcy of the danger. The risk for financing risk. The size of the risk degree of self-capital by borrowing money, borrowed money ratio, the greater the risk degree proportion with smaller proportion, borrowed funds, risk degree also decrease. For financial risk control, the key is to ensure a reasonable capital structure, maintain the appropriate level of debt, should make full use of the debt management skill gain financial leverage income, improve the self-capital profitability, To avoid excessive debt caused by the financial risk, which is the important link of the enterprise internal control, must take the necessary measures to prevent fundraising risk. (7) auditing control. Audit control mainly refers to the internal audit, internal audit and control of accounting is to supervise. Accounting information to internal audit, internal control is an integral part of the internal control is a kind of special form. Internal auditing is an organization in all kinds of activities and the internal control system of independent evaluation to determine whether the policy implementation, establish the procedure is in compliance with the standard of resources utilization, whether reasonable, effective and unit of objectives achieved. Internal audit content is very extensive, generally include internal financial audit and internal management audit. Internal audit supervision of accounting information, and is not only the internal control is effective means to ensure that the accounting information is true and complete. According to the basic principle of internal control and accounting work in our country actual situation, the new "law" regulation, the unit shall in internal accounting supervision system of accounting information in the regular internal audit methods and procedures, in order to make the internal audit institutions or internal auditors of accounting information system and procedure of audit work. In addition to the above seven internal control, and documentation control. Performance control and worker quality control, etc. The new system of accounting supervision system on the unit interior, the main contents of the internal control system. Including: responsibilities, and strict procedures, truthfully record, regular check, etc. In practice, establishing and implementing internal control should also consider: enterprise scale, organizational system and the owners' rights and interests; etc. Business property, diversity and complexity, Transfer, processing, and the methods to information, Applicable regulatory requirements, etc. At present many enterprise internal control was not good, except knowledge level, the main reasons of the administration is to establish and implement effective internal control of power, pressure, coerce, enough. This change of the accounting law depends on the implementation of new science and the modern enterprise system and the establishment of corporate governance structure. To help enterprises to establish internal control, can consult other countries and regions, by the relevant departments of the internal control of some important industry and points for each unit, reference, and learning to use gradually perfect the internal control system, in order to promote the comprehensive enterprise in our country, and in essence.
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关于内部控制管理论文参考文献
在学习、工作中，大家都经常看到论文的身影吧，论文是我们对某个问题进行深入研究的文章。那么你有了解过论文吗？以下是我精心整理的内部控制管理论文参考文献，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
参考文献
1.王利彦、张继东 《企业内部控制》 机械工业出版社 XX年年8月出版；
2.示嫣红 《企业内部控制》 浙江大学出版社 2010年1月出版；
3.颜梦玉 《浅谈企业内部控制》 《企业家天地》XX年年第11期；
4.李连华 《企业治理结构与内部控制的链接与互动》 《会计研究》 XX年第2期；
5.张岳麓 《企业内部控制的创新》 《企业改革与管理》 XX年10月；
6.邹歆贤 《浅谈企业内部控制》 《大众科学》 XX年年第16期。
【拓展内容】
crm论文参考文献
[1]郭愈强，樊玮.数据挖掘技术在民航CRM中的应用[J]，计算机工程，2005（31）：169-171.
[2]刘彬，白万民.浅析数据挖掘技术在CRM中的应用[J].电子世界，2014，01（17）：16-17.
[3]杨虎猛，朱汝岳.金融业分型CRM系统探索与应用[J].计算机应用与软件，2013，07（30）：259-261.
[4]徐国庆，段春梅.数据挖掘技术在CRM中的应用研究[J].网络安全技术与应用，2012，02（12）：38-40.
[5]王一鸿.体检中心CRM构建及数据挖掘的应用研究[D].华东理工大学，2011.
[6]潘光强.基于数据挖掘的CRM设计与应用研究[D].安徽工业大学，2011.
烟草论文参考文献
[1]柯晨丹《试析新时期我国烟草行业的现状及对策》
[2]《烟草控制框架公约》
[3]李景武《烟草行业实现可持续发展的思路及其对策》
[4]田蔚《自主创新：烟草行业可持续发展的前提》
[5]《烟草控制框架公约》
[6]钟陆文《论企业可持续发展的理论内涵》
[7]唐铭坚、谭礼萍《吸烟对健康的危害及控烟策略》
农业论文参考文献
[1]浙江省农业标准化“十二五”发展规划.浙发改规划（2012〕209号,2012.
[2]李苏.关于农业标准化问题的思考[J].农业现代化研究.1995(04) ： 12-14.
[3]张洪程.农业标准化面临的新问题与对策[M].北京：中国农业出版社，2002.
[4]杨汉明.论中国农业标准化体系建设[J].中州学刊，2001(4) ：46-50.
[5]孙晓康.现代农业标准化[M].北京：中国计量出版社,2013.
[6]阎寿根.标准化：农业和名牌战略的'基础[J].中国农村经济,2000(9):24-26.
[7]张灵光.我国农业标准化的现状与对策[R].国家标准管理委员会网站，2002.
[8]刘兵.农业标准化及其在农业发展中的作用[J].湖南农业科学，2007(6) :21-23.
[9]王林枫，谭学智.从“永胡”和“嵩胡”的兴衰谈农业标准化的重要性[J].大众标准化，2008(3) :51-53.
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填补我国注册内部控制师专业人才空白之作——引进版《国际注册内部控制师通用知识与技能指南》策划出版有感 樊清玉企业的一切管理工作，从建立和健全内部控制制度开始；企业的一切决策，应统驭在完善的内部控制制度之下；企业的一切活动，都不能游离于内部控制制度之外。管理实践证明，得控则强、失控则弱、无控则乱。——题记一、情有独钟——关注“内控”不知为什么，我对内控方面的书情有独钟。也许是作为编辑的职业敏感和专业敏感，早在2000年前后内控研究在国内刚兴起时，我就策划、陆续出版了一套《现代内部控制丛书》，受到了读者和市场的一定关注。其中《企业内部控制管理操作手册》一书，从策划到出版，是最费心力之作，好在这本大部头的书籍至今还在“长销”。我认为，只有策划出版一些有份量的拳头产品，用一个选题推动一个系统工程，用一个系统工程培养一个出版社品牌，才能在激烈的市场竞争中站稳脚跟，出版社才有持续发展可言。我一直坚信这一点并为之努力。近十年过去了，内控这个话题方兴未艾。内部控制的重要性不言而喻，就像题记所说。事实证明，不论是国内还是国外，都到了不得不重视内部控制的时候了。编辑策划图书不仅要有前瞻性，还要跟踪时下重要的热点话题。我策划图书当然“情有独钟”地继续关注内控这类选题。2009年8月，经过一番努力，策划并首次出版了由国际内部控制协会著的《国际注册内部控制师通用知识与技能指南》一书。二、物有所值——“洋为中用”历史是螺旋式上升的。我们正处在内部控制的理论与实务发生巨大变革的时代，今天的内部控制与过去的内部控制有哪些不同与创新，又有哪些继承与发展?这是许多研究内部控制的专家学者正在思考和力图求证的一个重要问题。2008年6月，在借鉴和吸收国际监管新理念的背景下，我国财政部、审计署、证监会、银监会和保监会五部委联合印发了《企业内部控制基本规范》（以下简称《规范》）。这一被称为中国版《萨·奥法案》的《规范》是我国第一部加强和完善企业内部控制系统，提高企业经营管理水平和风险防范能力，促进企业可持续发展，维护社会主义市场经济秩序和社会公众利益的重要法规文件。根据《规范》的执行要求，时机成熟时将在上市公司中施行，并鼓励非上市的大中型企业参照执行。由于企业内部控制渗透于整个组织的一系列活动中，内部控制系统建设涉及公司治理、风险管理、质量管理、信息系统、审计监督、企业文化建设等领域，涵盖的知识面广，业务流程复杂，各种技能要求全面，测评方法和测评工具复杂细致。因此，在贯彻落实《规范》的过程中，无论对员工进行内部控制相关知识和技能的培训，还是在设计和执行内部控制信息系统与实施内部控制自我评估中，都需要参考借鉴和吸收国际权威机构有关内部控制的研究成果、流程框架体系、实务指南与评估工具等技术方法。借鉴和吸收国际内部控制领域的理论知识，特别是实务经验，可以为企业董事会、高级管理层提供可供参照借鉴的内部控制流程设计、文档管理建设、自我评估的指标体系及其评估工具，避免企业单打独斗的探索，减少大量的研发成本，节约时间少走弯路，有利于尽快顺利建立起我国内部控制系统，为企业防范风险、提高经营的效率和效果、增强财务报告的可靠性，促进合法合规提供合理保证的目标。正如国际内部控制协会会长威廉·E·佩里先生（Willian E Perry）在《国际注册内部控制师通用知识与技能指南》一书致辞中指出的那样：“全球从事内部控制相关工作的大多数个人都没有受过内部控制现代定义的适当教育或训练。值得注意的是，大多数的审计师,无论是独立审计师还是内部审计师，只是接受过内部控制财务定义方面的培训。管理层如何才能确保其组织内部控制系统的适当性和有效性，并确认哪些员工能胜任工作? 答案是聘用接受过内部控制专业组织良好培训和获得‘认证’的职业人士”。2008年6月，COSO在其征求意见稿中发布了附加指南：内部控制系统监控指南。COSO在这一指南中指出，组织需要这样一个架构，既能考虑管理层和董事会的监控作用，也需要使用具备适当能力,经授权进行客观评价的“评估师”（evaluators）。评估师可以是经过专门培训的专业人士，应当独立于运营活动（例如，内部审计师），或者是组织中相关工作领域的员工，他们负责监督流程，或监控某些控制措施的执行。评估师要求具备足够的专业技能、知识和权限，同时要对内部控制所管控的风险有足够的了解。那么，谁将成为这些未来的评估师？谁能够为这些未来的评估师提供所需的专业培训？谁又是最佳的认证机构呢？现在迫切需要接受过COSO内部控制定义培训的新型内部控制专家。目前，全球只有一个机构提供这种全面培训、考试和颁发国际注册内部控制师资格证书。这个机构就是国际内部控制协会(Internal Control Institute,英文缩写ICI)。正如此，中经安信息科技（北京）有限公司(以下简称“中经安”)与国际内部控制协会（ICI）结成合作伙伴关系，独家代理其内部控制与公司治理以及相关的产品和咨询服务。通过与ICI签订翻译协议，中经安可以组织力量翻译ICI开发的世界一流水平的内部控制和公司治理指南，包括控制流程设计、文档管理方法、量化评估工具等技术方法和解决方案。这项工作将为我国企业构建内部控制系统框架、标准和指南提供参照体系和实务操作技术方法，帮助企业开发基于信息技术环境下的内部控制系统。此外，中经安已经启动了向人力资源和社会保障部职业技能鉴定中心申报引进国际注册内部控制师职业资格证书的审核注册程序，力图通过提供适用的培训教材和完善的培训体系，开展国际注册内部控制师职业资格认证项目，为我国填补注册内部控制师专业人才的空白做出应有的贡献，促进我国内部控制实务与国际内部控制最佳实务惯例的趋同发展。本书是国际注册内部控制师资格认证项目的教科书之一，ICI设立该资格认证项目的目的是，建立全球内部控制职业人士最基本的资格标准和职业胜任能力持续改进的要求。ICI通过定义与内部控制职责相关的任务，整合企业管理的各种相关知识、法律法规、流程管理及信息系统的监管要求，形成了考核与认定国际注册内部控制师的八大专业知识与技能。书中的内容以《萨班斯-奥克斯利法案》和COSO内部控制框架为基础,对每一技能分类进行了深入浅出、详尽细致的介绍，并配备了相关的实务案例、框架、图表、核查清单、治理模型等技术工具。ICI 力求通过系统化和规范化的培训，使全球的经济师、质量工程师、审计师、会计师、评估师和企业管理人员能系统全面地掌握内部控制设计、执行和保障以及流程管理与评估所需的知识和技能，成为董事会、审计委员会和监事会高度重视的复合型人才的内部控制专家。此书是一本难得的现代内部控制理论与实务相结合的教科书，以及流程管理与内部控制有效性评估的实务操作工具书。该书的出版发行不仅为开展国际注册内部控制师职业资格培训项目提供了适用的辅导教材，而且有利于为我国上市公司及大中型企业在控制流程设计、信息存档、披露和安全等方面构建新的基础设施，为内部控制系统的有效性评估提供参照借鉴的指标体系、框架模式、实务操作指南和解决方案，成而解决《规范》如何落地的问题。三、学有所得——复合人才引进和开展国际注册内部控制师资格证书项目，可以为企业提供全方位的内部控制教育流程培训，为培养我国的注册内部控制师提供适用教材和培训体系，进而填补我国注册内部控制师专业人才的空白。培养和造就具备企业管理、财务会计、信息系统和监控流程等知识和技能的复合型人才，是我国企业加强内部控制建设，促进相关行业结构调整和产业升级的必要条件；是贯彻落实科学发展观，以人为本，增强自主创新能力和完善现代企业制度的现实需要；也是促进我国内部控制实务与国际较成熟的内部控制实务趋同发展的内在需要。特别是在当前全球处于金融危机的形势下，本书的翻译与出版有其独特的十分重要的现实意义。除了以上所述对行业建设的重要性之外，从就业角度来看，在当前就业形势日趋严峻的情况下，选择本书，选择注册内部控制师，锻炼自己的综合能力，成为复合型人才，也可增加理想就业的砝码。相信有识之士慧眼识珠，在这全球内控时代活出自己的精彩！——中国内部控制网
[1] 财政部注册会计师委员会办公室.审计[Z].,2001..[2] 朱荣恩.内部控制的方式[J].中国审计,2002,(7):.[3] 李国盛.内控制度的现状、成因及对策建议[J].四川会计,:.[4] 张俊民.企业内部会计控制目标构造及其分层设计[J].重庆财会,:.[5] 王纬.COSO模型在会计控制中的应用[J].江苏财会,2002,(2):.
外文参考文献的写法
在学习和工作的日常里，大家都不可避免地会接触到论文吧，论文可以推广经验，交流认识。你写论文时总是无从下笔？下面是我帮大家整理的外文参考文献的写法论文，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。不同的参考文献，引用和标注的格式要求是不一样的，特别是对于英文参考文献来说，格式不对，很容易影响整篇论文的质量和查重率，下面是我整理的外文参考文献的写法，欢迎大家阅览。
单一作者著作的书籍：
姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社.
Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.
两位作者以上合著的书籍：
姓，名字首字母., & 姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社. Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press. 文集中的文章：
Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books. 期刊中的文章(非连续页码)：
Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.
期刊中的文章(连续页码)：
姓，名字首字母.(年). 题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期，页码.
Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.
月刊杂志中的文章：
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
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一、论文正文引用之处用圆括号作夹注，基本格式为“（作者，发表年份）”，同时将该引文详细信息列明在参考文献内。夹注中包含多篇文献时，各作者之间用分号隔开。
二、参考文献类型以字母方式标识：期刊J，专著M，报纸N，学位论文D，论文集C，报告R，标准S，专利P，数据库DB，计算机程序CP，电子公告EB。
三、电子文献的载体类型采用双字母表示：磁带MT，磁盘DK，光盘CD，联机网络OL。以纸张为载体的传统文献在引用时不必注明其载体类型。
四、参考文献列于文末，以“参考文献：”作为标志，先中文后外文，中文按照拼音前若干字母在字母表中的顺序排列；英文按单词前若干字母在字母表中的顺序排列。参考文献请标明序号，用数字加方括号表示，如“［1］［2］［3］”。
五、对于文献有多位作者的`，只标明前三位作者，以“,”分隔，从第四位开始用“等”或者“et al.”代替。
六、外文参考文献格式与中文参考文献相同，标题的首字母及各个实词的首字母大写。
七、各类参考文献条目的具体编排格式及示例如下：
1.期刊：
[序号]作者．文章标题[J]．刊名，年，卷(期)：起止页码．
[1]刘明辉，张宜霞．内部控制的经济学思考[J]．会计研究，2002，(8)：51-53．
[1] KANAMORI H．Shaking without Quaking[J].Science,2002,15(1):12-17.
2.专著：
[序号]著者．书名[M]．出版地：出版者，出版年：起止页码．
[2]张维迎．博弈论与信息经济学[M]．上海：上海人民出版社，1996：15-18．
[2]JONES R M. Mechanics of Composite Materials[M].New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, 1975.
3.报纸：
[序号]作者．文章标题[N]．报纸名，出版日期(版次)．
[3]陈毓圭．修订完善审计准则 保持持续全面国际趋同[N]．上海证券报，2010-9-20(10)．
[3]GUO Ai-bing. Auto Show Revs up Customers' Desire[N].China Daily,2002-06-07(1).
4.学位论文：
[序号]作者．文章标题[D]．地点：单位，年．
[4]朱刚.新型流体有限元法及叶轮机械正反混合问题[D]．北京：清华大学，1996．
[4]Sun Study of Helicopter Rotor Aerodynamics in Ground Effect[D]．Princeton：Princeton University，1983．
5.论文集析出文献：
[序号]作者．文章标题[C]//编者．文集名．出版地：出版者，出版年：起止页码．
[5]张佑才.繁荣会计理论研究促进会计事业发展[C]//中国会计学会．1996年会计学论文集．北京：中国财政经济出版社，1997：537-548．
[5]Hunninghaks G W，Gadek J B，Szapiel S V，et al．The Human Alveolar Macrophage[C]//Harris C C．Cultured Human Cells and Issues in Biomedical Research．New York：Academic Press，1980：54-56.
6.电子文献：
对于非纸张型载体的电子文献，当被引用为参考文献时需在参考文献类型标志中同时标明其载体类型［文献类型标志/载体类型标志］，如“［J/OL］”。对于载体为“OL”的文献，还应标明发表或更新日期（加圆括号，有出版年的文献可不选此项）、引用日期和网址。
[序号]作者．文章标题［文献类型标志/载体类型标志］．（发表或更新日期）［引用日期］．网址．
[6]王军.振奋精神 潜心研究 大力推进会计理论研究的繁荣与发展[R/OL].（2005-01-08）［2006-11-12]. .
[6]CHRISTINE M. Plant Physiology: Plant Biology in the Genome Era[J/OL].Science(S0036-8075),1998,281:331-332[1998-09-23].
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The enterprise internal control theory The internal control is an important symbol of modern enterprise management, through the practice of the conclusion is: to control is strong, weak, without control is controlled, disorderly. The new regulations "accounting law 27 units shall establish and perfect the system of supervision unit interior accountant. Unit interior accountant controls on the execution, the internal control is. What is the internal control The internal control is the formation of a series of measures to control functions, procedures, methods, and standardized and systematized, make it become a rigorous, relatively complete system. According to the control of the internal control can be divided into different purpose accounting control and management control. Accounting control and protection of assets is safe, the accounting information authenticity and integrity and financial activities related to the legitimacy of control, Management control means to ensure operation policy decision, implementation of business activities and promote the efficiency and effectiveness, and the effect of the relevant management to achieve the goals of control. Accounting control and management control and not mutually exclusive, incompatible, some control measures can be used for accounting control, and can also be used to control. The goal is to ensure that the internal control unit operations efficiency and effect, safety, economic information of assets and financial reports of reliability. Its main functions: one is to achieve target management policy and management, Second is the assets of safety protection unit is complete, prevent loss of assets, Three is to guarantee the business and financial accounting information authenticity and integrity. In addition, the legitimacy of the financial activities within the unit is the internal control goals. Good, although the internal control to achieve these goals, but whether the internal control design and operation, it is not how to eliminate its inherent limitations. This limitation must also be clear and prevention. Main show is: (1) the limited by cost benefit principle, (2) if the employee has different responsibility ignore control program, misjudgment, even the collusion, inside and outside, often cause in fraud internal control malfunction, (3) management personnel abuse, and to set up or Passover control of internal control ignored, also can make the establishment of internal control non-existing. Second, the basic structure of internal control The basic structure of internal control. Mainly includes control environment, accounting system and control procedures in three aspects: (a) control environment. Control environment refers to establish or implement a policy of various factors, which affect mainly reflects unit managers and other personnel to control the attitude, understanding and action. Specific include: management ideas and management style, unit organization structure, functions and managers of these functions, determine the powers and responsibilities of the manager monitoring and inspection method, the working personnel policy measures to control, and its implementation, this unit of various external business relations. (2) accounting system. Accounting system refers to establish accounting and accounting supervision procedure and method of business activities. Effective accounting system should do: 1, confirmed and record all real business, timely and detailed description of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports of economic business appropriately classified. 2 and measurement value of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports records in the appropriate monetary value. 3 and determine the time, business to business records in the appropriate accounting period. 4 in the financial and accounting reports, business and proper disclosure of expression related matters. (3) control procedures. Control program to formulate policy and managers to ensure a certain procedure. Specific include: business and economic activity approval, The relevant personnel division of responsibilities clear, and prevent fraud, The bill and certificates and use, should guarantee business activities and recorded properly, Property and its use to have documented exposure measures to protect, For registered business valuation, and to review, etc. Third, the basic way of internal control The basic way of internal control mainly has: organization planning control, authorized control, budget control, material control, cost control, risk control and audit control. (a) to organize the control. According to the internal control requirements, the unit in determining the organizational structure and improve the process, incompatible duties shall follow the principle of separation, the so-called incompatible duties, refers to those if by a man or a department, and may cheat yourself concealing its position of frauds. The economic activity of the unit can usually divided into five stages: namely, the approval issued by authorized, execution, and records. Normally, if each step by the relatively independent researchers (or department), can guarantee the separation incompatible duties, facilitating the function of the internal control. Organize and control mainly includes two aspects: 1 and incompatible duties of separation. If the accounting work of accountant and cashier incompatible duties, need to separate. Should be separate positions usually have an authorized: economic business duties to separation, Execute a business with the position of the post to review: Execution of an economic position and record the business to business position: Keep a record of the property of the position and position of property to separation etc. Incompatible duties separation is based on the assumption that two personal unconscious accomplice a possibility, but the possibility of a person gains more than two people. If this hypothesis, breakthrough incompatible duties of separation cannot play control function. [NextPage] 2, the organization's control. A unit of economic activities according to the needs of different departments and institutions set, the organization's set of responsibilities and should reflect the mutual control requirements. Specific requirement is: the responsibility and authority of the organizations must be licensed and guarantee the authority within the scope of authority without intervention, Each business must pass in operation of the department and guarantee in different departments concerned to check each other, In every business, should belong to was not inspectors, in order to ensure that the inspectors check out the problem was solved quickly. (2) authorized control. The authorized department of internal control unit to handle business or staff access control. Some departments or units within a clerk in the treatment of economic business, must be authorized or approved to, no approval. Authorized control unit can guarantee the implementation course and abuse. Authorized are generally authorized and particular authorized two forms: general mandate is to deal with average economic business level and the approval of the right conditions stipulated in the unit, usually in the internal control of clarifying, Special authorization of special economic business processing is the right level and approval conditions, such as when a prescribed amount exceeds the economic business department, only after approval within specific authorized to handle. Authorized the basic control requirement is: first, must be clear and specific license authorization of the general line and responsibility, Secondly, to clear the authorized business each program, Again, to establish the necessary examination system, to ensure that the processing after the authorized business working quality. Some current unit executes leadership "pen", with the approval of the internal control principles and requirements, should reform. Practice has proved, rights should be restricted, lose the right to restrict the corruption which easily. (3) budget control. Budget control is an important aspect of internal control, including financing, financing, purchasing, production, sales, investment and management activities. The economic business units to prepare detailed budget and plan, and through the authorized by relevant departments, the budget or plan implementation control, the basic requirements: first, the unit budget must reflect the management goal, and clear responsibility. Second, the budget shall be permitted by the authorized to budget adjustments to budget and more practical. Third, it shall timely feedback or regular budget implementation. (4) physical assets control. Physical assets control mainly include restrictions to control inventory control and regular two, this is the real assets of unit of safety control measures. There are two main: first, to limit to strictly control, to physical assets and the relevant documents of the physical assets, such as cash and bank deposit, securities and inventory, warehouse, the warehouser except cashier personnel and other personnel is limited, contact, to ensure the safety of assets. Second, regular physical assets inventory, guarantee the physical assets conform with the actual amount recorded book, such as accounts inconsistent, should investigate the cause and treatment. In addition to the above, physical assets control say from broad sense, also include the physical assets of purchase, storage, and shipping and sales process control. (5) cost control. Modern cost control can be divided into "extensive" and "intensive" two. Extensive cost control, refers to the production technology, product process under the condition of invariable, rely solely on reducing consumption materials, reasonable material to lower the cost of cost control, Intensive cost control, refers to raise the level of technology to improve the production technology, product process, thus reducing the cost control. These two kinds of methods, combining modern cost control. 1, extensive cost control, the cost of raw materials procurement control from the final product sold throughout, and is one of the most fundamental and most main control method. First, the raw materials procurement cost control. For bulk materials generally used to open ZhaoBiaoFa or according to manufacturer direct purchasing. Second, the use of materials cost control. Generally, there are two ways: one is the objective cost control, it is through the "target cost price - goals profits target =", which is obtained by cost method to control costs. Veto Second, it is the cost control of various assignments, and through the analysis of cost drivers, costs and expenses of the collection, not only more reasonable truly computational cost, and thus find income and cost ratio or not only put no gains, so can largely reduce costs. Third, product sales, cost control. Mainly propaganda cost control, notable is, advertising, promotional role played only product quality is the foundation of the user's trust. Therefore, we should grasp investment and expenses of the matching principle. [NextPage] 2 and intensive cost control. And can be divided into two types: one is to improve production technology by to reduce cost control. There are many ways to improve production technology, such as the introduction of new production line adopts high-tech products, etc. Two is improved by process to reduce the cost of cost control. Intensive cost control on intellectual achievements, it can make the excess profit achievements. (6) risk control. Risk is usually referred to as a result of the action, and the risk associated with another concept is uncertain. Some people only know beforehand action may result, but don't know they appear probability, or both all don't know, but only as a rough estimate. For example, enterprise test-manufacturing a new product, this product can certainly advance trial success or failure. But don't know these two consequences of possibility appeared. Business decisions are generally in uncertain circumstances. In practice, a result of action has many may not sure, risk, And as a result of the action, it is certainly not risk. The risk control is to prevent and avoid as far as possible adverse outcome. According to the reasons of the formation of risk and risk management can generally be divided into two categories: the financial risk, 1, management risk. Risk management refers to the production and business operation reasons for corporate profits to the uncertainty. Due to the production and operation of enterprises will be derived from many aspects of the external and internal factors, thus greatly, and the uncertainty of uncertainty, causes the enterprise profit margins or the changes, thus bringing risk. Operational risk changes from the external, nonetheless, enterprises should adopt the effective internal control measures to prevent. 2, financial risk. Financial risk and risk, it is to because debt and the enterprise's financial results for uncertainty. Companies operating in the capital, debt all except the part of self-capital, borrowed funds for enterprise self-capital affect profitability, At the same time, borrowed money to repay captital with interest, if unable to repay debts that are due, the enterprise will into financial difficulties or bankruptcy. When the enterprise rate than pre-tax profit margins funds borrowed funds rate, use borrowed money earn profits and residual interest except compensation and thus make the self-capital profitability improve. However, if the enterprise income tax profit margins than money borrowed funds, at this moment, use borrowed money to finance the profits are not pay interest, still need to use their own funds to pay interest on the part of the profit margins, thereby reducing the self-capital, make enterprise losses incurred, even the bankruptcy of the danger. The risk for financing risk. The size of the risk degree of self-capital by borrowing money, borrowed money ratio, the greater the risk degree proportion with smaller proportion, borrowed funds, risk degree also decrease. For financial risk control, the key is to ensure a reasonable capital structure, maintain the appropriate level of debt, should make full use of the debt management skill gain financial leverage income, improve the self-capital profitability, To avoid excessive debt caused by the financial risk, which is the important link of the enterprise internal control, must take the necessary measures to prevent fundraising risk. (7) auditing control. Audit control mainly refers to the internal audit, internal audit and control of accounting is to supervise. Accounting information to internal audit, internal control is an integral part of the internal control is a kind of special form. Internal auditing is an organization in all kinds of activities and the internal control system of independent evaluation to determine whether the policy implementation, establish the procedure is in compliance with the standard of resources utilization, whether reasonable, effective and unit of objectives achieved. Internal audit content is very extensive, generally include internal financial audit and internal management audit. Internal audit supervision of accounting information, and is not only the internal control is effective means to ensure that the accounting information is true and complete. According to the basic principle of internal control and accounting work in our country actual situation, the new "law" regulation, the unit shall in internal accounting supervision system of accounting information in the regular internal audit methods and procedures, in order to make the internal audit institutions or internal auditors of accounting information system and procedure of audit work. In addition to the above seven internal control, and documentation control. Performance control and worker quality control, etc. The new system of accounting supervision system on the unit interior, the main contents of the internal control system. Including: responsibilities, and strict procedures, truthfully record, regular check, etc. In practice, establishing and implementing internal control should also consider: enterprise scale, organizational system and the owners' rights and interests; etc. Business property, diversity and complexity, Transfer, processing, and the methods to information, Applicable regulatory requirements, etc. At present many enterprise internal control was not good, except knowledge level, the main reasons of the administration is to establish and implement effective internal control of power, pressure, coerce, enough. This change of the accounting law depends on the implementation of new science and the modern enterprise system and the establishment of corporate governance structure. To help enterprises to establish internal control, can consult other countries and regions, by the relevant departments of the internal control of some important industry and points for each unit, reference, and learning to use gradually perfect the internal control system, in order to promote the comprehensive enterprise in our country, and in essence.
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