写作思路：从文章的写作目的、中心主旨入手，以使文章中心思想鲜明、深刻地表现出来，正文：
Modern technology makes life more convenient; Tools are milestones of scientific and technological progress and human progress. Man used to saw trees with a hand saw, but now, a tree can be sawed down in a few minutes with a chainsaw.
现代科技使生活更加便捷；工具是科技进步和人类进步的里程碑。人类过去用手锯锯树，但是现在，用电锯可在几分钟内锯倒一棵树。
Another example is more vivid: if you have something urgent to inform your friend, and his home is 2 hours away from your home, you may want to make a phone call. But there is no telephone in your friend's house. What should you do?
另外一个例子更加生动形象：如果你有急事通知你的朋友，而他家距你家有2小时的路程，你可能想打个电话。但是你的朋友家又没安电话，你该怎么办？
Nowadays, with the progress of modern science and technology, the use of internet has become very popular. A few years ago, people had to search for a large amount of data to collect the required information, and finally they were exhausted and wasted a lot of time.
Now, if you use the internet, everything will be a piece of cake. As long as you tap the keyboard, you will be responsive.
如今，随着现代科技的进步，使用网络已很流行。若干年前，人们不得不查找大量资料来搜集需要的信息，最后人累得疲惫不堪，还浪费了大量时间。现在，如果使用网络，一切就都是小菜一碟了。只要轻敲键盘，就会有求必应。
We all expect modern science and technology to reach a higher level, because modern science and technology really makes life more convenient.
我们都期待着现代科技能达到一个更高的水平，因为现代科技确实使生活变得更便捷。
这是《科学美国人》杂志上的《PLASTICS GET WIRED》Like many technological advances, the innovations in the field ofconducting polymers began by accident. While attempting tomake an organic polymer called polyacetylene in the early1970s, Hideki Shirakawa of the Tokyo Institute of Technology mistakenlyadded 1,000 times more catalyst than the recipe called for. What he producedwas a lustrous, silvery film that resembled aluminum foil butstretched like Saran Wrap—something that sounds more like a new andimproved way to keep leftovers fresh than a potential breakthrough inmaterials substance appeared so unusual that when Alan G. MacDiarmidspied it, he wondered if it would be a candidate for his goal of making“synthetic metals”—nonmetallic substances that could transmit 1977 Shirakawa joined MacDiarmid and Alan J. Heeger in their laboratoryat the University of Pennsylvania to investigate this form of mixing in some iodine, the group found that the material’sconductivity subsequently jumped by a factor of several , cheap, manufacturable and flexible, conducting polymers inspiredvisions of a future of transparent circuits, artificial muscle and electronicdisplays that conveniently roll up under the arm. Researchers haveauditioned various demonstration devices, including components thatcould be useful for new displays, such as plastic transistors and light-emittingdiodes (LEDs). Although such a future is about as dreamy as it gets,many investigators see broad marketing opportunities possible now—inantistatic coatings, electromagnetic shielding, lights for toys and microwaveovens, among others. Perhaps mundane, such applications are nonethelesspromising enough that universities are collaborating with corporations,and scientists have initiated the pace of technological innovation has been impressivelybrisk, whether the materials will have an effect on commerce remains are unlikely to invest in new equipment if the devices performonly marginally better than existing instruments. Polymer-based batteries,for instance, have a longer shelf life than do conventional ones, but theyhave penetrated the market in only a limited way. Flat-panel displays andLEDs made of organic substances face entrenched competition from existinginorganic liquid crystals and , optimism pervades the field. Because plastic and electrical deviceshave become integral parts of the modern world, researchers are confidentthat at least some profitable uses will emerge. Conducting polymers constitutea radically novel market area, points out Ray H. Baughman of Allied-Signal in Morristown, ., who predicts confidently, “Fortunes aregoing to be made.”Polymers, the constituents of familiar plastic materials and syntheticfibers, are large organic molecules built out of smaller ones linked togetherin a long chain. Generally, they are insulators, because their moleculeshave no free electrons for carrying current. To make these substances conductive,workers exploit a technique familiar to the semiconducting industry:doping, or adding atoms with interesting electronic properties. Theadded atoms either give up some of their spare electrons to the polymerbonds or grab some electrons from the bonds (and thereby contribute positivecharges called holes). In either case, the chain becomes electrically a voltage can then send electrons scampering over thelength of the polymer.《MICROPROCESSORS IN 2020》Unlike many other technologies that fed our imaginationsand then faded away, the computer hastransformed our society. There can be little doubtthat it will continue to do so for many decades to come. Theengine driving this ongoing revolution is the microprocessor,the sliver of silicon that has led to countless inventions, suchas portable computers and fax machines, and has added intelligenceto modern automobiles and wristwatches. Astonishingly,the performance of microprocessors has improved25,000 times over since their invention only 27 years have been asked to describe the microprocessor of predictions in my opinion tend to overstate the worthof radical, new computing technologies. Hence, I boldly predictthat changes will be evolutionary in nature, and not so, if the microprocessor continues to improveat its current rate, I cannot help but suggest that 25 yearsfrom now these chips will empower revolutionary software tocompute wonderful things.《HOW THE SUPERTRANSISTORWORKS》Although it is rarely acknowledged,not one but two distinctelectronic revolutionswere set in motion by the invention ofthe transistor 50 years ago at Bell TelephoneLaboratories. The better knownof the two has as its hallmark the trendtoward miniaturization. This revolutionwas fundamentally transformed in thelate 1950s, when Robert N. Noyce andJack Kilby separately invented the integratedcircuit, in which multiple transistorsare fabricated within a single chipmade up of layers of a semiconductormaterial. Years of this miniaturizationtrend have led to fingernail-size sliversof silicon containing millions of transistors,each measuring a few microns andconsuming perhaps a millionth of a wattin operation. 如果需要更多跟我联系，我有pdf版的资料。
第一篇Not long ago, many people believed that babies only wanted food and to be kept warm and dry. Some people thought babies were not able to learn things until they were five or six months doctors in the United States say babies begin learning on their first day of life. The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development is a federal government agency. Its goal is to identify which experiences can influence healthy development in human scientists at the institute note that babies are strongly influenced by their environment. They say a baby will smile if her mother does something the baby likes. A baby learns to get the best care possible by smiling to please her mother or other caregiver. This is how babies learn to connect and communicate with other human beings.第二篇Not long ago, many people believed that babies only wanted food and to be kept warm and dry. Some people thought babies were not able to learn things until they were five or six months doctors in the United States say babies begin learning on their first day of life. The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development is a federal government agency. Its goal is to identify which experiences can influence healthy development in human scientists at the institute note that babies are strongly influenced by their environment. They say a baby will smile if her mother does something the baby likes. A baby learns to get the best care possible by smiling to please her mother or other caregiver. This is how babies learn to connect and communicate with other human beings.第三篇The authors develop and test a multiclassifier-based near-real-time face detection system based on the premise that a three-part strategy is necessary for designing real-time face detection systems that provide high detection rates. The critical factors for real-time face detection are based on a framework of multiple classification functions: (1) a skin classification function is used as the preliminary stage in order to prune the search, localize the computation, and therefore improve performance time; (2) subsequently, three coarse-to-fine statistical model based classifiers are used to scan the windows and discard most non-face windows; and (3) finally, faces and non-faces are verified from images. The bagging ensemble algorithm (bootstrap aggregating) is also applied to improve the performance of detection rates. 第四篇Want a glance of the future of health care? Take a look at the way the various networks of people about patient care are being connected to one another, and how this new connectivity is being exploited to deliver medicine to the patient —no matter where he or she may be. Online doctors offering advice based on normal symptoms(症状) are the most obvious example. Increasingly, however, remote diagnosis(远程诊断) will be based on real physiological data(生理数据) from the actual patient. A group from the University of Kentucky has shown that by using personal data assistance plus a mobile phone, it is perfectly practical to send a patient’s important signs over the telephone. With this kind of equipment, the cry asking whether there was a doctor in the house could well be a thing of the past. Other medical technology groups are working on applying telemedicine to rural(countryside) care. And at least one team wants to use telemedicine as a tool for disaster need—especially after earthquakes. On the whole, the trend is towards providing global access to medical data and experts’ opinions. But there is one problem. Bandwidth(宽带) is the limiting factor for sending complex(复杂的) medical pictures around the world — CT photos being one of the biggest bandwidth users. Communication satellites may be able to deal with the short-term needs during disasters such as earthquakes or wars. But medicine is looking towards both the second-generation Internet and third-generation mobile phones for the future of remote medical service. Doctors have met to discuss computer-based tools for medical diagnosis, training and telemedicine. With the falling price of broadband communications, the new technologies should start a new time when telemedicine and the sharing of medical information, experts’ opinions and diagnosis are common.（这片有点长） 第五篇High-Tech Expo will be quietly into the footsteps of our campus, the annual "scientific and technological Month" activities started! We look forward to the most interesting is the High-Tech Expo will be it! Day after day passed, and finally to Saturdays! It is with emotion sitting in their seats, Hao teacher "order", we will quickly pick up the experimental equipment in high spirits to start the experiment. "We have to do is this group of 'interesting siphon' welcome to visit!" I cried loudly, Sun Xuhui only curiosity left over, we looked suspicious, I did not miss a good opportunity for each, said: " , Take a look at our test! "You do not want to see the glass reversed, changing the water will be able to go to it? "I like the" bombard "like to introduce a non-stop," Oh, look carefully! First of all, the pipe filled with water, followed after a glass of water, access to water 1 cup on the table, the empty 2 cup lightly boosting, and low point, "Bai Baishou I let Yan Kai-day 2 cups hold air at the same time Fanlianniejin the end of the tube, I gently hose and hold the other end, went on to say: "I have to do a good job of this process, and then look! Now, we were put on both ends of the glass are No. 1 and No. 2 empty cup, there have been wonderful scene, 1 cup of water flow on a 2 cup. Gradually, you will find that 1 cup of the air, on the contrary, the 2 cups filled with 1 cup of water. You want to know why? "Sun Xuhui see Huale Yan, Siyousiwu nodded, as if a child's desire for knowledge, taking advantage of this time, I had to step up the" attack ":" The principle is to siphon hose in the liquid, and the two ends are Niejin So Guanzi have a negative pressure, and then put them into two cups, to promote access to the water hose, which is siphon! "I nod after presentation, Sun Xuhui nodded, satisfied to leave our team. High-Tech Expo will, "visit" the group more and more people, this could be really popular science projects ah! High-Tech Expo will be the end, I think wistfully: Qin minds, our life is full of interesting, original, primary and secondary school students which we can hold our own, "Cobo" Yes!
写作思路：根据为科技主题，以为发展基调来展开描写，紧扣叙述与描写的内容，力求做到不突兀、不生硬，不长篇大论或肆意抒情，有情真意切之感。
范文：
It can be expected that there will be a breakthrough in life sceience and space science in the 21st century First， scientists will conquer incurable diseases through the transformation of genes
可以预见，21世纪生命科学和空间科学将取得突破性进展。首先，科学家将通过基因转化来战胜不治之症。
With the same technology they can breed new species of animals and even human life in the laboratory Most important of all， they can decelerate aging and prolong life
用同样的技术，他们可以在实验室培育出新的动物物种，甚至人类的生命。最重要的是，它们能延缓衰老，延长寿命。
Besides， permanent stations will be set up in the moon or other planets or stars so that scientists can make a thorough study of the moon and other planets or star
此外，还将在月球或其他行星或恒星上建立永久观测站，以便科学家对月球和其他行星或恒星进行深入研究。
扩展资料
英语想写好作文，必须具备扎实的基本功，作文的基本功主要体现在词、句、段三个方面。
单词方面，积累单词，扩大词汇量，弄清词的确切用法及相似词的用法区别，以及很多固定短语、习语的用法，要准确地表达想要表达的意思。
句子方面，注意一些常用的句式，平时看到比较好用的句式要记下来，多模仿，还要在写文章时注意长短句的结合。
段落方面，注意整篇文章的整体布局，要从整体上把握每段的中心思想，避免偏题、走题。
提高写作水平不是一朝一夕所能完成的，最重要的是养成好的学习习惯，平时注意多积累，勤动笔、多思考，潜移默化中写作水平便会不断提高。
I'm wangNan,a student of Middle School. I have a gooa friend,' an USA are both in Class Two,Grade is 15 years old,one year older than me. We both study 'm good at physices,but she's good at often help each other with of us like helping others. We both like sports very enjoy playing Ilike palying soccer. She likes green but Ilike red. Tough we are different in my ways,we are good friends
1、作文： Modern technology makes life more convenient;tools are the milestores of the technology as well as human beings progress. Men used to cut trees with hand now,by using electronic saw they can cut down a tree in only a few example is more vivid:You have something urgent which has to be informed to your friend whose house is two hours ride probably want to make a phone no telephone is installed in your friends could you do?Nowadays,with modern technology advanting,using internet is popular with years ago,people had to get what they wanted through looking into a lot of information;at last people could become tired and spent too much you use Internet,all becomes a piece of by clucking,you will gain what you expect. We all hope that modern technology will reach a higher level,because modern technology makes life more convenient indeed. 2、翻译： 现代科技使生活更加便捷；工具是科技进步和人类进步的里程碑。人类过去用手锯锯树，但是现在，用电锯可在几分钟内锯倒一棵树。另外一个例子更加生动形象：如果你有急事通知你的朋友，而他家距你家有2小时的路程，你可能想打个电话。但是你的朋友家又没安电话，你该怎么办？如今，随着现代科技的进步，使用网络已很流行。若干年前，人们不得不查找大量资料来搜集需要的信息，最后人累得疲惫不堪，还浪费了大量时间。现在，如果使用网络科技，一切就都是小菜一碟了。只要轻敲键盘，就会有求必应。 我们都期待着现代科技能达到一个更高的水平，因为现代科技确实使生活变得更便捷。
In the future ,there will be computers in each will help us know more about the world ,We will be able to talk won`t go to school and study at home on computers .Scientists will make lots of can help us do some homework .For example,cooking , I think there will be more cars and we should grow more trees and find other useful solutions to protect our aword ,the life in the world will be wonderful.翻译：在未来,我们会在每个家庭电脑.他们将帮助我们更多的了解这个世界,我们将能够在线交谈.孩子们将`不去上学,在家里的电脑上学习.科学家们将大量的机器人.它们可以帮助我们做一些功课.例如,烹饪,时我想,就会有更多的车和污染.所以我们应该种更多的树来保护我们的环境,找到其他有用的解决方案.总之,在世界上的生活会很精彩.
Not long ago, many people believed that babies only wanted food and to be kept warm and dry. Some people thought babies were not able to learn things until they were five or six months old.不久之前,许多人认为婴儿的基本需求是食物和保持温暖干燥.人们以为婴儿只有到了五六个月大的时候才会开始学东西.Yet doctors in the United States say babies begin learning on their first day of life. The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development is a federal government agency. Its goal is to identify which experiences can influence healthy development in human beings.然而,美国的医生声称婴儿在他们出生的头几天便开始学习.肯尼迪施莱佛国立儿童健康和人类发展机构是联邦政府代理机构,他的目标是鉴别那些能影响人类健康发展的经验.Research scientists at the institute note that babies are strongly influenced by their environment. They say a baby will smile if her mother does something the baby likes. A baby learns to get the best care possible by smiling to please her mother or other caregiver. This is how babies learn to connect and communicate with other human beings该机构的调查科学家们注意到婴儿很大程度上受环境的影响,如果婴儿的母亲做了什么他们喜欢的事情,这个婴儿就会笑.婴儿学着通过微笑来愉悦母亲或者监护人来达到得到最好的照料的目的.这就是婴儿如何学习与他人联系交流的方式.
如何有效阅读英语文章
现在社会发展快速，对于一门外语的学习和阅读有着不同一般的重视。接下来我整理了如何有效阅读英语文章的相关内容，文章希望大家喜欢！
第一、单词的分类记忆。
单词可以说是文章的重点。但是这些与汉语文字没有任何联系的单词的确是不太容易记忆。可以按照类别记忆单词，如饮食类、服饰类、情感类。
第二、句子成分的分析。
英语很多文章尤其是自然科学、历史、文化类别都很喜欢使用很复杂的句子，这本来就是欧美国家的习惯。要理清一个句子的'主语、卫谓语、宾语（双宾语）、定语、补语的关系。
第三、可以去用笔来记忆单词和句子。
语言的基本单位由词语构成。但是孤立的记忆单词很容易忘记。可以在学习时候用笔记下所学的单词和句子，这样可以加深印象。
第四、了解文章的特殊性。
英语文章的特点是“同义定义”的情况很多。为了说明某个现象往往使用同义词，上下文之间是互相联系的。此外语序倒装、谓语提前的现象也是不少的。
第五、泛读和精读相结合。
在阅读英语文章的时候可以先大致泛读一遍，了解文章的主旨和大意。然后，可以精读内容，加深对文章的理解。在遇到不认识的单词可以通过阅读上下文来解决。
导语：从阅读理解本身角度来讲，单词、短语、句式、语法等是文章的要素，但文章是这些要素组合起来表达的信息和内容。换句话说，文章总是要表达点什么，或是能表达点什么，或是时事的，或是故事的，或是哲理的。
第一步：通读全文，把握文章大意
拿到阅读篇章，第一步就是要求通读全文，力争把握文章体裁和脉络，做到能够回答when(故事发生的时间)、where(故事发生的地点)、who(文章的主人公)和what(文章讲述了什么事情)等问题。
第二步：细读题干，查寻转换内容
把握文章大意后，必须把注意力集中到文章题目上来，对于题干内容，必须要提炼出最能够说明问题的词、词组或者句型，然后再在这个基础上从文章中找出同义词、词组或者句型，这一遍带着目的读文章必须是字斟句酌、非常仔细。
第三步：扫读语块，搜索有效信息
刚才我们已经在文章中找到了与题干吻合的单词、词组或者句型，在这个吻合单词、词组或者句型周围扫描，力争找到能够说明问题，帮助选择正确答案的信息。
第四步：查读题项，定位正确答案
在第三步搜索到有效信息的基础上，进入了最后的攻坚阶段。
1.获取段落的主旨和大意。 最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章(或一段文章)通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此，理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。
主题句一般具有三个特点：
1)表述的意思比较概括，相对其主句来看，这种概括性更为明显。
2)句子结构较简单，多数都不采用长、难句的形式。
3)段落中其它的句子必定是用来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表述的主题思想的。
2.根据上下文猜测词义。 猜测词义也是一种英语阅读能力。英语阅读理解试题中有不少这样的题目。任何一个实词，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。上下文的作用就是帮助确定上下文中的词、短语或句子的意义。据此，我们可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义，即从已知推求未知，也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来猜测我们不熟悉的词的.词义。
猜测词义时，我们可以从三个方面来考虑：
1)根据上下文已知部分进行逻辑上的推理。根据上下文猜测词义的方法有下列几种：根据定义或解释猜测词义;根据并列、同位关系猜测词义;根据同义、反义、因果关系猜测词义。
2)运用语法知识进行语法分析。
3)依靠常识和经验做出判断。
3、确定细节和事实。在阅读理解题目中，有相当一部分是考查细节和事实的题目。这类题目相对容易一些。这些题目有两个共同特点：
(1)凡属针对特定细节的考题，其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个词或短语，也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子，但句式、用词和表达方式不同。
(2)干扰项往往是主体思想与细节混杂，正确答案细节和非正确答案的细节混杂，甚至真假混杂。因此，要做好阅读理解中的确定细节和事实的题目，一要在文章中找出相应的信息点，二要排除干扰项。
4.进行合理推断。 所谓推断，就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息，推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。需要推断的有关文字可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。
注意事项：
1、一定要有成就感，没有成就感就无法坚持。
2、材料要适合自己，不然只有挫折感。
3、选择大脑清醒时读，感觉不适就放下采集者退散
4、时不时奖励自己，比如一个冰激凌或者情人的吻，建立良性循环。
问题总结为四种类型：
(一)直接题目：这种题目比较简单，只要通读全文，了解文中所叙述的重要事实或细节，就可以解答出来，有的甚至可以从文章的原句中直接找到答案。此类考查事实和细节的题目大多数是针对文章的细节设计的。
(二)理解性问题：要求对文中个别难词、关键词、词组或句子做出解释。解答这类题目时需要对有关的上下文，甚至整篇文章的内容建立准确、立体的理解才能做出正确答案。此类猜测词义的题目，要求考生根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。
(三)推理性题目：这种题目考生往往不能直接从文中找到答案，而需要根据上下文及其相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后，才能找到答案。有时甚至还得考虑作者的主旨、倾向等因素加以推理，才能获得正确答案。此类题目主要考查的是句与句之间，段与段之间的逻辑关系。
(四)概括性题目：要求考生在阅读和理解全文的基础上对文章做出归纳、概括或评价。此类考查主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落(或短文)的主题思想，标题或目的。解这种题目时，不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义，比如涉及文章的标题、主题、结论、结局等有关问题，都需要在细读全文的基础上，结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常识、专业知识进行逻辑思维推理判断，从而获取文章中内含的信息。
英语考试阅读理解解题技巧：1、通读全文，掌握文章大意。2、快速浏览全文，找出关键词。3、读懂问题，选择正确答案。
1.抓住文章的首段与末段及段落的首句和末句： 文章的首段与末段、段落的首句和末句，一般表达文章的主题和段落中心思想，其它段落及句子只起补...2.进行合理推断： 对文章有了详细而全面的理解之后，就要按照文章内容、上下文的逻辑关系，作出推理判断。 阅读理解涉及词汇、语法、句型...3.猜测推敲生词： 阅读短文时，常常会遇到一些生词。 这时，考生要沉着，冷静，细心思考。
导语：有很多关于励志的英语小文章都是很值得我们抽空去看看的，我整理了励志的大学英语文章带翻译，欢迎阅读。
守自己的优势
Stick to your special talents
You were born with a special talent. It may be to sing, write, teach, paint, mentor, preach, defend or befriend. You have something special to offer the world, something you can do better than 10,000 others. You must keep learning and trying new things to find your special talent. The world needs your gift. Be aware that even a special talent can go stale if you don’t keep using and honing it. Endeavor to keep your talents and all your skills up to date.
An advantage isn’t an advantage unless you use it. Find ways to use your advantages to set and reach your goals. Likewise, you should recognize and then try to minimize the impact of your limitations. Remember that not all advantages are transferable. Just because you are talented in one area doesn’t mean that you will be talented at everything you try. The successful real estate investor can easily lose her money opening a restaurant. Stick to your advantages and don’t stray from them without reasoned justification.
[参考译文]
固守自己的优势
你生而有自己的特殊天赋。你的特长可能是唱歌，写作，教书，绘画，劝导，步道，辩护或交友。你总有些特殊之处可以贡献给这个世界，有些事你可以做的比另外一万个人做的都好。你必须不断学习和尝试新的事物从而发现自己的特殊才能。时间需要你的贡献馈赠。要明白即使是特殊才能如果不经常使用而且磨练的话也会失效。因此要尽力使自己的天赋与所有的技能跟上时代。
任何优势如果不用的话也就不称其为优势了。找到办法运用你的优势来确定并实现你的目标。同样的你应该意识到自己的不足之处并尽力将其不利影响限制在最小程度。切记并不是所有的优势都能够相互转换的：你在某一方面有天赋并不意味着你在自己所尝试的一切事情上都有天赋。一个成功的房地产投资商很可能因为开餐馆而亏本。因此要固守自己的优势，在没有理性的确定判断之前不要轻易离开自己擅长的领域。
爱能够创造奇迹的力量
Love: The One Creative Force
A college professor had his sociology class go into the Baltimore slums to get case histories of 200 young boys. They were asked to write an evaluation of each boy's future. In every case the students wrote," He hasn't got a chance." Twenty-five years later another sociology professor came across the earlier study. He had his students follow up on the project to see what had happened to these boys.
With the exception of 20 boys who had moved away or died, the students learned that 176 of the remaining 180 had achieved more than ordinary success as lawyers, doctors and businessmen.
The professor was astounded and decided to pursue the matter further. Fortunately, all men were in the area and he was able to ask each one," How do you account for your success?" In each case the reply came with feeling," There was a teacher."
The teacher was still alive, so he sought her out and asked the old but still alert lady what magic formula she had used to pull these boys out of the slums into successful achievement.
The teacher's eyes sparkled and her lips broke into a gentle smile. "It's really very simple," she said. "I loved those boys."
一个大学教授在上社会学课的时候，让他的学生去巴尔的摩贫民窟找200个男孩的历史记录，并且要求写出对每个男孩未来的评估。对每个孩子，学生都这样评价着：“他这辈子完了。”25年以后另外一个社会学教授发现了这个早期的研究，并让他的学生继续探究这个研究，看看这些男孩到底怎么样了。这些男孩中除了已经去世或者迁居的20位以外，学生发现，剩下的180人中有176人都获得了比普通人更大的成就，他们中有律师，医生，还有商人。
教授大吃一惊并决定进一步地探究下去。幸运的是，这些长成人的.孩子还都在这个地区，因此教授有机会挨个去问他们：“你是如何获得你的这些成就的?”很让人感动的是，他们的回答如出一辙：“因为我有一位好老师。”
这个老师还健在。当教授找到这位年迈但仍不失机警的妇人，问她到底有什么魔法能让这些贫民窟的孩子都获得如此成就的时候，这位老师眼里闪耀着光芒，她的嘴唇露出一抹温柔微笑，“很简单，”她说，“因为我爱这些孩子。”
什么是你攀升的方向标
What is your direction indicator of ascended
One windy spring day, I observed young people having fun using the wind to fly their kites. Multicolored creations of varying shapes and sizes filled the skies like beautiful birds darting and dancing. As the strong winds gusted against the kites, a string kept them in check.
Instead of blowing away with the wind, they arose against it to achieve great heights. They shook and pulled, but the restraining string and the cumbersome tail kept them in tow, facing upward and against the wind. As the kites struggled and trembled against the string, they seemed to say, “Let me go! Let me go! I want to be free!” They soared beautifully even as they fought the restriction of the string. Finally, one of the kites succeeded in breaking loose. “Free at last,” it seemed to say. “Free to fly with the wind.”
Yet freedom from restraint simply put it at the mercy of an unsympathetic breeze. It fluttered ungracefully to the ground and landed in a tangled mass of weeds and string against a dead bush. “Free at last” free to lie powerless in the dirt, to be blown helplessly along the ground, and to lodge lifeless against the first obstruction.
How much like kites we sometimes are. The Heaven gives us adversity and restrictions, rules to follow from which we can grow and gain strength. Restraint is a necessary counterpart to the winds of opposition. Some of us tug at the rules so hard that we never soar to reach the heights we might have obtained. We keep part of the commandment and never rise high enough to get our tails off the ground.
Let us each rise to the great heights, recognizing that some of the restraints that we may chafe under are actually the steadying force that helps us ascend and achieve.
[参考译文]
什么是你攀升的方向标
在一个有风的春日，我看到一群年轻人正在迎风放风筝玩乐，各种颜色、各种形状和大小的风筝就好像美丽的鸟儿在空中飞舞。当强风把风筝吹起，牵引线就能够控制它们。
风筝迎风飘向更高的地方，而不是随风而去。它们摇摆着、拉扯着，但牵引线以及笨重的尾巴使它们处于控制之中，并且迎风而上。它们挣扎着、抖动着想要挣脱线的束缚，仿佛在说：“放开我!放开我!我想要自由!”即使与牵引线奋争着，它们依然在美丽地飞翔。终于，一只风筝成功挣脱了。“终于自由了，”它好像在说，“终于可以随风自由飞翔了!”
然而，脱离束缚的自由使它完全处于无情微风的摆布下。它毫无风度地震颤着向地面坠落，落在一堆乱草之中，线缠绕在一颗死灌木上。“终于自由”使它自由到无力地躺在尘土中，无助地任风沿着地面将其吹走，碰到第一个障碍物便毫无生命地滞留在那里了。
有时我们真像这风筝啊!上苍赋予我们困境和约束，赋予我们成长和增强实力所要遵从的规则。约束是逆风的必要匹配物。我们中有些人是如此强硬地抵制规则，以至我们从来无法飞到本来能够达到的高度。我们只遵从部分戒律，因此永远不会飞得足够高，使尾巴远离地面。
让我们每个人都飞到高处吧，并且认识到这一点：有些可能会令我们生气的约束，实际上是帮助我们攀升和实现愿望的平衡力。
励志学，不仅仅是要激活一个人的'财富欲望，更要激活一个人的生命能量，唤醒一个民族的创造热情。以下是我整理的关于大学生英语励志文章，欢迎阅读参考。
The significant inscription found on an old key - "If I rest, I rust." - would be an excellent motto for those who are afflicted with slightest bit of idleness. Even the most industrious person might adopt it with advantage to serve as a reminder that, if one allows his faculties to rest, like the iron in the unused key, they will soon show signs of rust and, ultimately, cannot do the work required of them.
Those who would attain the heights reached and kept by great men must keep their faculties polished by constant use, so that they may unlock the doors of knowledge, the gates that guard entrances to the professions, to science, art, literature, agriculture-every department of human endeavor.
Industry keeps bright the key that opens the treasury of achievement. If Hugh Miller, after toiling all day in quarry had devoted his evenings to rest and recreation, he would never have become a famous geologist. The celebrated mathematician, Edmund Stone would never have published a mathematical dictionary, never have found the key to science of mathematics, if he had given his " moments to idleness. Had the little Scotch lad, Ferguson, had allowed the busy brain to go to sleep while he tended sheep on the hillside, instead of calculating the position of the stars by a string of beads, he would never become a famous,astronomer.
Labor vanquish all-not inconstant, spasmodic or ill-directed labor; but faithful, unremitting daily effort toward a well-directed purpose. Just as truly as eternal vigilance is the price of liberty, So is eternal industry the price of noble and enduring success.
We are a symbol of too much, and too much. But I believe that my image is not "the gentlest hands, skin, such as Diorskin" Lin Daiyu, nor is the modern "unkempt and shabby", "Su Qier". We are a symbol of hope and vitality. So we show in front of others should be ed without pleats, face without scale, modest and polite gestures exudes a stream of heroic spirit, the image of the vigor and vitality of the modern new youth, a into the embodiment of the spirit of nature.
Someone once said, life is a kind of hardness, integrity and dignity of life is propped up the hardness of bone. "Better life" and "the Kui back in the day, and not ashamed on the ground", which is always the traditional virtue of the China. Li Bai's "the eyebrow nengcui Zheyaoshan powerful thing, so that I may not be happy Yan" this awe inspiring atmosphere of the verse and whether it will make those no self-esteem people to shame? Loss of self-esteem is a worthless person, and we as the vanguard of the times, if drown in the darkness forever, or to do a dauntless hero, a flower in the wind and rain sonorous rose. The answer is self-evident.
Desert desolate also has the monument stands, Castle Peak again proud, but also have the great wall around, the river again quiet, also there is a dragon in the recumbent. But the time can be changed, our image, our glory remains the same. Because we pride, because we are confident, because we have a fresh life. And because of this, it is a vast desert riparian long, Qingshan was evergreen, the hardness of life is forever.
The ancients cloud: "where there is a will, there is a way." The so-called, is refers to & mda sh; Individual for themselves to establish "ambition", establish the goal of life. Goal in life, is the guide and light of life, the source of power, if lost it, would have lost the way forward. Determine the goal in life, can choose the road of life, and was able to grasp and control their own life.
Had a target, life becomes full of meaning, - cut seem clear, clear in front of you. What to do, be what is should to do, why to do, for who, all of the elements are less obvious and clear. So life will add more vitality and passion. So that we fully burst their hidden potential, in order to realize high quality life to lay a solid foundation.
Reminiscing about history, any age, any country, the social structure are close - kind of pyramid. A lot of people at the bottom of the pyramid, only - a small number of people at the top of the pyramid. At the bottom of the people can only do ordinary work, there are ordinary income, not achieve their ideal and baggage, and at the top of the tower is a thriving, enjoy substantial wealth, development prospects. But people often ignores, these people who are in the top of the tower, ever also at the bottom, is an obscure, ordinary people, steps - - to climb to the top of the pyramid.
Under careful observation - the vast majority of people in society - born in mediocrity, although they also in hard work, a lifelong struggle, but only minor minor role, its basic reason lies in their lack of real power. Social demands, the restriction of others, that they treat life, work is responsible, but seldom to think how to let oneself have a sea change in life. In other words, most people in the bottom of the pyramid and at the top of the pyramid, compared to a few people the height of the gap lies in the eye, is the goal of life.
What kind of goal, there will be what kind of life. Maybe you think you now is how humble, or engaged in the work is so insignificant, but as long as you strongly desire to climb the peak of success, will himself in the great world of the whole society, the life earnestly positioning, clear goals, and is willing to pay the arduous efforts, so there you'll get it - day, to be successful.
Hope our every personal goal for life from now on, start from the intravenous drip, implement the goal in life. Drop the repeating yourself a mediocre life, try to explore their inner potential, inspire their sparkle, believe that the gold no matter where is the light of truth sooner or later, no matter what difficulties and obstacles encountered, will eventually succeed. New life is start from the date of target.
导语：青春不是一段生命流程，而是一种精神状态，下面是大学生青春励志英语文章，欢迎欣赏。
Whether sixty or sixteen, there is in every human being’s heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing childlike appetite of what’s next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long are you young.
无论是60岁还是16岁，你需要保持永不衰竭的好奇心、永不熄灭的孩提般求知的渴望和追求事业成功的欢乐与热情。在你我的心底，有一座无线电台，它能在多长时间里接收到人间万物传递来的美好、希望、欢乐、鼓舞和力量的信息，你就会年轻多长时间。
An individual human existence should be like a river—small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being.
人的生命应当像河流，开始是涓涓细流，受两岸的限制而十分狭窄，尔后奔腾咆哮，翻过危岩，飞越瀑布，河面渐渐开阔，河岸也随之向两边隐去，最后水流平缓，森森无际，汇入大海之中，个人就这样毫无痛苦地消失了。
Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of sixty more than a boy of twenty. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals.
青春意味着战胜懦弱的那股大丈夫气概和摈弃安逸的那种冒险精神。往往一个60岁的老者比一个20岁的青年更多一点这种劲头。人老不仅仅是岁月流逝所致，更主要的是不思进取的结果。
Years may wrinkle the skin,but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.
光阴可以在颜面上留下印记，而热情之火的熄灭则在心灵上刻下皱纹。烦恼、恐惧、缺乏自信会扭曲人的灵魂，并将青春化为灰烬!
Youth is not a time of life, it is a state of mind, it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees, it is a matter of will ,a quality of imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep spring of life.
青春不是一段生命流程，而是一种精神状态;不是红润的脸庞、嫣红的双唇和柔韧的膝盖，而是不拔的意志、超凡的想象和澎湃的激情。青春，是从生命之泉深处洋溢出来的鲜活与清凉。
Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. This often exits in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. No body grows old merely by a number of years, We grow old by deserting our ideas.
青春意味着战胜怯懦的豪迈气概和摒弃安逸、崇尚冒险的大无畏精神。(所以)一个60岁的老者往往也可能比一个20岁的小伙儿更富有青春。人们渐长渐老不仅因为岁月的流失，更多的是因为我们对自己理想的背弃。
Years may wrinkle the skin but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.
岁月可以在皮肤上留下痕迹，而激情之火的熄灭则在心灵上刻下烙印。担忧、恐惧、缺乏自信等扭曲了人的心灵，也将青春化为灰烬。Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being’s heart, the lure of wonders, the unfailing childlike appetite of what’s next and the job of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: So long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long as you are young.
无论是60岁还是16岁，每个人都要保有强烈的好奇心、永不褪色的孩童般的求知欲和用人生赌明天的冒险精神。在你我的心底，都有一座无线电台：只要它能接收人类和万物传递来的美好、希望、欢乐、鼓舞和力量的.信息，你就会青春永驻。
When the aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you are grown old, even at 20; but as long as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimism, there’s hope you may die young at 80.
当这根天线倒毁时，你的灵魂就会被玩世不恭和悲观厌世的冰雪覆盖——这时即使你只有20岁，也会未老先衰;而只要你的天线巍然矗立，鼓起自信乐观的风帆，你就可以在80岁去世时依旧青春不逝
“We are reading the first verse of the first chapter of a book whose pages are infinite...”
I do not know who wrote those words, but I have always liked them as a reminder that the future can be anything we want to make it. We can take the mysterious, hazy future and carve out of it anything that we can imagine, just as a sculptor carves a statue from a shapeless stone.
We are all in the position of the farmer. If we plant a good seed, we reap a good harvest. If our seed is poor and full of weeds, we reap a useless crop. If we plant nothing at all, we harvest nothing at all.
I want the future to be better than the past. I don’t want it contaminated by the mistakes and errors with which history is filled. We should all be concerned about the future because that is where we will spend the remainder of our lives.
The past is gone and static. Nothing we can do will change it. The future is before us and dynamic. Everything we do will affect it. Each day brings with it new frontiers, in our homes and in our business, if we only recognize them. We are just at the beginning of the progress in every field of human endeavor.
[参考译文]
“我们正在读一本书的第一章第一行，这本书的页数是无限的……”
我不知道是谁写的，可我很喜欢这句话，它提醒我们未来是由自己创造的。我们可以把神秘、不可知的未来塑造成我们想象中的任何模样，犹如雕刻家将未成形的石头刻成雕像。
我们每个人都像是农夫。洒下良种将有丰收，播下劣种或生满野草便将毁去收成。没有耕耘则会一无所获。
我希望未来比过去更加美好，希望未来不会沾染历史的错误与过失。我们都应举目向前，因我们的余生要用未来书写。
往昔已逝，静如止水;我们无法再作改变。而前方的未来正生机勃勃;我们所做的每一件事都将会影响着它。只要我们认识到这些，无论是在家中还是在工作上，每天我们的面前都会展现出新的天地。
在人类致力开拓的每一片领域上，我们正站在进步的起跑点。
写作思路：根据为科技主题，以为发展基调来展开描写，紧扣叙述与描写的内容，力求做到不突兀、不生硬，不长篇大论或肆意抒情，有情真意切之感。
范文：
It can be expected that there will be a breakthrough in life sceience and space science in the 21st century First， scientists will conquer incurable diseases through the transformation of genes
可以预见，21世纪生命科学和空间科学将取得突破性进展。首先，科学家将通过基因转化来战胜不治之症。
With the same technology they can breed new species of animals and even human life in the laboratory Most important of all， they can decelerate aging and prolong life
用同样的技术，他们可以在实验室培育出新的动物物种，甚至人类的生命。最重要的是，它们能延缓衰老，延长寿命。
Besides， permanent stations will be set up in the moon or other planets or stars so that scientists can make a thorough study of the moon and other planets or star
此外，还将在月球或其他行星或恒星上建立永久观测站，以便科学家对月球和其他行星或恒星进行深入研究。
Most probably life will be found in other stars in universe or the planets or stars suitable for the human existence will be discovered However， the scientific development will also bring about some social problems
很可能在宇宙中的其他恒星中发现生命，或者发现适合人类生存的行星或恒星。但是，科学发展也会带来一些社会问题。
How should we regard from an ethical perspective the one who is bred through the gene technology in the laboratory
我们应该如何从伦理的角度看待实验室里通过基因技术培育出来的人。
How can the police identify the criminal from a group of people with the same DNA？ It is quite natural that we will meet problems in the scientific and social development Therefore， we should be prepared to meet new challenges
警察怎么能从一群DNA相同的人中认出罪犯？我们在科学和社会发展中遇到问题是很自然的。因此，我们应该准备迎接新的挑战。
写作思路：根据为科技主题，以为发展基调来展开描写，紧扣叙述与描写的内容，力求做到不突兀、不生硬，不长篇大论或肆意抒情，有情真意切之感。
范文：
It can be expected that there will be a breakthrough in life sceience and space science in the 21st century First， scientists will conquer incurable diseases through the transformation of genes
可以预见，21世纪生命科学和空间科学将取得突破性进展。首先，科学家将通过基因转化来战胜不治之症。
With the same technology they can breed new species of animals and even human life in the laboratory Most important of all， they can decelerate aging and prolong life
用同样的技术，他们可以在实验室培育出新的动物物种，甚至人类的生命。最重要的是，它们能延缓衰老，延长寿命。
Besides， permanent stations will be set up in the moon or other planets or stars so that scientists can make a thorough study of the moon and other planets or star
此外，还将在月球或其他行星或恒星上建立永久观测站，以便科学家对月球和其他行星或恒星进行深入研究。
扩展资料
英语想写好作文，必须具备扎实的基本功，作文的基本功主要体现在词、句、段三个方面。
单词方面，积累单词，扩大词汇量，弄清词的确切用法及相似词的用法区别，以及很多固定短语、习语的用法，要准确地表达想要表达的意思。
句子方面，注意一些常用的句式，平时看到比较好用的句式要记下来，多模仿，还要在写文章时注意长短句的结合。
段落方面，注意整篇文章的整体布局，要从整体上把握每段的中心思想，避免偏题、走题。
提高写作水平不是一朝一夕所能完成的，最重要的是养成好的学习习惯，平时注意多积累，勤动笔、多思考，潜移默化中写作水平便会不断提高。
想要写一篇优秀的英文科研论文，就要先知道什么是优秀的论文什么不是。 编辑不喜欢看到的文章类型： （1）逻辑混乱的文章 （2）用语不当夸大其词或表述有误 （3）语法和其他错误百出
通常而言一篇科研论文包含以下部分： Title Abstract Introduction Results Discussion Materials and Methods Acknowledgements
标题是编辑或者阅读者首先看到的，因此取一个好标题至关重要。 我们要用最少的单词概括出文章的主题，对标题有以下三点要求： 1.简洁，完整，易懂 2.避免出现化学式或特殊符号 3.通常采取以下三种形式：短语式、句子式和主副式，比如： 短语式： Cyro-EM structure of human DNA-PK holoenzyme A vital sugar code for ricin toxicity 句子式： Suppression of MAPK11 or HIPK3 reduces mutant Huntingtin level in Huntington's disease models Intermittent fasting promotes adipose thermogenesis and metabolic homeostasis via VEGF-mediated alternative activation of macrophage 主副式： Class I histone deacetylases are major histone decrotonylases: evidecnce for critical and broad function of histone crotonylation in transcription
Abstract的目的是为了帮助读者快速了解文章的内容。 有以下几个要求： 1.独立性和完整性 可以单独存在并能够传达全文核心思想 2.简洁、准确、逻辑性强 因为Abstract有字数限制，我们必须用短短几句话说明全文的核心思想，因此每一个单词和句子都要仔细斟酌 3.形式符合期刊的规范 以发表在Cell Research 的‘5-Hydroxymethylcytosine signatures in cell-free DNA provide information about tumor types and stages’为例：
Green：课题背景 高亮：结果（可以简单提实验方法） 红线：总结（可以适当展望提升）
1.介绍本文研究领域的发展状况（mini-review） 介绍内容一定是与本文主线最相关的研究背景。重要的点一定要涉及到。细节处可以在文中提及时再介绍。 2.通过讨论本研究领域为解决的问题（包括自己之前发表论文未解决的问题），自然过渡到介绍你的实验目的和重要性。 3.在结尾简单介绍本研究所做的内容和结论。 注意： 一定要在有限的篇幅内全面介绍已知科学背景，但是不要过度铺开，只要围绕文章主线着重介绍相关的背景即可。
相对而言这是一篇文章最轻松的部分，但是此部分也是最容易犯错的部分。通常方法材料部分的语法检查最不仔细，常见问题包括：时态、单复数、主动被动语态
1.逻辑很重要，有条理的叙述故事。注意段与段间的逻辑。可以在每一部分的小结果的开篇写一些承上启下的句子以连接段落。
讨论是相对难写的部分，讨论不是对结果简单的罗列，而是对结果进行更为深入的讨论： 你的研究解决了领域中哪些问题和疑惑 你的研究提出了哪些新的可能 以后应该怎样去进一步研究等 一般，还可以在结尾处再总结一下自己的研究成果
1976年，William Zinsser在《On Writing Well》提出优秀写作的三原则：
被动态包括：宾语+谓语+主语，或宾语+谓语 eg： Upon the chemical treatment, the activation of XX signaling pathway could be observed. 可以修改为： We could observe the activation of XX signaling pathway upon the chemical treatment.
General dysfunction of the immune system has been suggested in both mouse and human studies. 可以修改为： Both mouse and human studies suggested that XX (disease) cause general dysfunction of the immune system.
1.不需要介绍性短语。例如：as it is published; as it is known
2.去掉没有意义的词。例如: important
3.啰嗦的词简化，把精力花在主要的句子上 a majority of ->most a number of ->many all four of the ->the four due to the fact that ->because give rise to ->cause
4.重复意义的词或句子用一个 limit condition, output performance
5.剪掉一些副词：very, really, quite
6.用肯定语气 not harmful ->safe does not have ->lacks not correct ->wrong be not the result of A but B ->reflect B rather than A
7.不要常用there is/are There are many ways in which we can handle this case. ->We can handle this case in many ways.
The data suggest there is an association between temperature and crop diseases. ->The data suggest an association between temperature and crop diseases.
It is likely that there exists functional redundancy among XX proteins. ->It is likely that functional redundancy among XX proteins exists.
8.用标点符号来改变句式，精简语言 分号(semicolon): 连接两个独立的从句。 圆括号(parenthesis): 加入解释或一些想法，即使没有这部分句子也应该是独立的。 冒号(Colon): 分隔能力弱于分号，比破折号要正式。用于列举，引用，举例，第二个从句是第一个从句的延伸。 破折号(dash): 表示强调，解释或定义。留给重要的用处。
在英文写作中我们常犯的问题： 1.科学用语的准确性 2.时态错误（描述实验过程结果时用过去式，总结实验结果时用现在时） 3.单复数错误 4.'a','an','the'的使用错误 5.比较不对等： The root length of XX mutant is shorter than wild type rice. The root length of XXmutant is shorter than that of wild type rice. 6.用词或句式单一 7.语序问题 8.句子过长 9.使用口语化用词
文体是指一部分具有共同职业或兴趣的人为了实现一定的交际目的而使用的语言变体,科技文体就是自然科学和技术人员从事专业活动时使用的一种文体｡ 科学著作､学术论文､实验报告､产品说明书都属于科技文体｡此类文体不同于文学类或其他类型的文体,它不以语言的艺术美为追求目标,而是讲究逻辑的条理清楚和叙述的准确严密｡ 了解和掌握科技文体的特点和规律对于翻译实践非常有益｡ 1.大量使用专业术语 科技文章要求概念准确清楚,避免含糊不清和一词多义,因此使用较多的科技词汇｡科技词汇来源分三类｡ 第一类科技词来源于英语中的普通词,但被赋予了新的词义,如:Work is the transfer of energy expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which its point of application moves in the direction of the force. 在这里,work､energy､product､force都是从普通词汇中借来的物理学术语｡“work”的意思不是“工作”,而是“功”;“energy”的意思不是“活力”而是“能”;“product”的意思不是“产品”而是“乘积”;“force”的意思不是“力量”而是“力”｡ 第二类科技词是从希腊或拉丁语中吸收过来的,如therm热(希腊语)､thesis论文(希腊语)､parameter参数(拉丁语)以及radius半径(拉丁语)｡ 第三类是新造词｡每当出现新的科学技术现象时,人们都要通过词汇把它表示出来,这就需要构成新的词汇｡ 2.多采用一般现在时､一般将来时和现在完成时 英语动词的16个时态中最常用的有5个,即一般现在时､现在进行时､一般过去时､一般将来时和现在完成时｡在科技文章中一般现在时､一般将来时和现在完成时要比另外两种更常用些,它们的用法也不如普通英语那样丰富多彩｡一般现在时是科技文章中最常见的时态,主要用于叙述过程､叙述客观事实或科学定理以及叙述通常或习惯发生的行为,如:A scientist observes carefully,applies logical thought to his observations and tries to find relationships in data,etc. Sound travels through the air in waves. A complete rotation of the earth to the pole star takes for minutes short of twenty-four hours. Work is equal to the product of force and the distance through which the force moves. Alternating current is usually supplied to people’s houses at 50 cycles per second. 一般将来时表示将来发生的行为或情况,口语中常用的be+going to infinitive形式很少用,如: In time,many things now unknown will become known. 现在完成时表示到现在为止发生的行为或已经发生但对现在有影响的行为,如: During the past few years,several countries have pooled their resources in order to carry out certain types of scientific investigation more efficiently. 3.被动句多 科技文章在讨论事物的发展过程和阐述科学原理时,往往着眼于演绎论证的结果,而不大考虑动作的执行者｡这就需要使事物､过程和结果处于句子的中心地位,而被动结构正好能突出要论证和说明的对象｡如: when the radiant energy of the sun falls on the earth,it is changed into heat energy,and the earth is warmed. 在这个句子中,谓语动词有三处,两处采用被动结构,从而使整个句子结构紧凑简短,客观地说明了这一科学现象｡ 4.非谓语动词多 动词的非谓语形式包括分词､动名词､动词不定式及其复合结构｡在科技文体中,它们广泛使用,尤其是分词短语用作后置定语的现象更是层见叠出｡这主要是因为在科技文体中,人们往往要说明各个事物之间的关系､事物的位置和状态变化,如机器､产品､原料等的运动､来源､形式､加工手段､工艺流程和操作方法,这些都要求叙述严谨､准确｡ 动词的非谓语形式容易实现这些要求,而且能用扩展的成分对所修饰的词进行严格的说明和限定(每一个分词定语都能代替一个从句)｡科技文体的作者为了完整､准确地表达某一概念和事物,常需对某些词句进行多方面的修饰和限定｡为了使很长的句子显得匀称,避免复杂的主从复合结构并省略动词时态的配合,使句子既不累赘又语意明确,往往使用这种语法手段｡如: The color sensation produced by light depends simply up on the length of the wave producing the light.(两处分词短语作后置定语) Today surgery is more concerned with repairing and restoring functions than with the removal of organs.(两处动名词作介词宾语) Emitting infrared rays is animportant way for the human body to give out surplus heat.(一处动名词短语作主语,一处不定式复合结构作定语) 5.多重复句 多重复句是指句子中套句子,形成多个层次｡英文科技文体常常使用这种句型,以便能严谨地表达复杂的思想｡如果把一句话分成几个独立的句子,就有可能影响到句子之间的密切联系｡所以说,多重复句是很能体现英语科技文体的一种句型｡文章的论述性越强,多重复句用得越多,句子也越长｡ A gas may be defined as asubstance which remains homogeneous,and the volume of which increases without limit,when the pressure on it continuously reduced,the temperature being maintained constant. 这个句子虽然不长,但包含两个定语从句,一个状语从句｡科技文体中有的句子可能很长｡遇到这种句子时,必须要进行语法分析｡首先找出谓语,然后找出它的主语｡英语句子不像汉语那样经常省略主语,而是由主语和谓语一起构成句子的核心｡其次是要找出连接词｡ 英语和汉语的另一个不同是汉语句子的分句之间常常没有连接词,而英语句子的分句之间一般都有连接词连接｡确定了连接词,就能确定分词间的界限和它们之间的关系｡ 6.逻辑联系语多 文章是由句子､句群或段落组成,在文章的各个组成部分之间存在一定的逻辑关系｡这些逻辑关系有时用一定的语言手段表示出来,用来表示逻辑关系的语言手段叫逻辑联系语｡它们可以表示列举､增补､转折或对比､原因或结果､解释､总结等关系｡逻辑联系语的形式比较多样,有副词､介词短语､不定式短语､句子等｡它们在句子里多出现在句首,有时出现在句中,极少出现在句尾｡如: To start with,mathematicians become valued members of the industrial community,and are no longer destined merely to teach or lecture. A person viewing the backlit film could see the three-dimensional image of the addition,the image changed as the viewe rmoved to an other position,just as if the real object were being older methods of curing,smoking and drying reduced the number of micro-organisms,or else stopped them from the seolder methods almost always changed the food itself,so that it often looked and tasted different. These divisions hardly suggest the complexity of modern physics,but do hint at the opportunities for applying instance,the design of musical instruments now requires a detailed knowledge of sound. 7.倒装､省略和割裂句多 科技文体中,残缺不全､词序颠例､成分割裂的句子很普遍｡这一方面是由于语法上的要求,另一方面是出于行文修辞的需要｡例如,省略句常可节省篇幅,使表述更为简洁和紧凑;倒装常能使某一事理更为醒目和突出､使上下文的联系更为紧密或使描写更为生动;而割裂则往往能使句子的整体结构更为匀称和平衡｡科技作者为了增强文章的修辞效果,常常采用这些手段｡如: All bodies consist of molecules and molecules of atoms.(省略句,第二个molecules后省略了consist) All these forces the fuze must be able to with stand without changing its operating characteristics.(倒装句,all…forces为withstand的宾语) Thus,it would be correct to say that the distance to the sun,from where we are on the earth,is about one million walking days.(割裂,from…earth与distance割裂)