环境影响评价Environmental impact assessmentHuman health and wellbeing in environmental impact assessment in New South Wales, Australia: Auditing health impacts within environmental assessments of major projects作 者：Patrick J. Harris；Elizabeth Harris；Susan Thompson；Ben Harris-Roxas；Lynn Kemp期 刊：Environmental impact assessment review 年，卷(期)：2009, 29(5) 关键词：health environmental impact assessment major projects正文语种：eng Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Audit in Large-Scale Public Infrastructure Construction: The Case of the Qieghai-Tibet Railway作 者：Guizhen He；Lei Zhang；Yonglong Lu期 刊：Environmental Management 年，卷(期)：2009, 44(3) 关键词：Environmental performance Construction project Large-scale construction program Environmental audit Environmental Impact Assessment Qinghai-Tibet Railway正文语种：eng Linking environmental impact assessment, environmental management systems and green procurement in construction projects: lessons from the City Tunnel Project in Malmo, Sweden作 者：Annika Varnas；Charlotta Faith-Ell；Berit Balfors期 刊：Impact assessment and project appraisal 年，卷(期)：2009, 27(1) 关键词：Environmental impact assessment Environmental management system Green procurement Construction industry正文语种：eng Environmental information system for visualizing environmental impact assessment information作 者：Angelika Cserny；Zsofia Kovacs；Endre Domokos期 刊：Environmental Science and Pollution Research 年，卷(期)：2009, 16(1) 关键词：Data visualisation Environmental impact assessment Environmental monitoring GIS Surface water正文语种：eng The screening and scoping of Environmental Impact Assessment and Strategic Environmental Assessment of Carbon Capture and Storage in the Netherlands作 者：Joris Koomneef；Andre Faaij；Wim Turkenburg期 刊：Environmental Impact Assesment Review 年，卷(期)：2008, 28(6) 关键词：carbon capture and storage spatial policy strategic environmental impact assessment regulation implementation正文语种：eng 还有很多，要是上面都不好，你再HI我哈~记得给分噢。
英文环境污染论文参考文献有：1、中国环境保护网英文版的建设.安彤，20012001年全国环境信息与应用交流大会。2、我国环境影响评价制度相关问题分析及完善途径.权斌，2006年中国法学会环境资源法学研究会年会。3、三北防护林一词的英文表达.朱教君.闫巧玲.宋立宁.周华，20082008三北防护林体系建设研究学术讨论会。
环境会计的创立与研究的实证分析环境会计体现了当前我国及世界许多国家和地区所倡导的科学发展观，即不单纯以GDP来衡量社会发展绩效，而是强调经济与社会的协调发展，在发展经济的同时，人类的生存环境和福利也应得到改善和提高。环境会计又称绿色会计，它是指把与经济活动有关的环境与自然资源问题纳入经济核算体系，进行相关的确认、计量和报告，并对环境资源的耗费提供有效的补偿[1]。环境会计和研究是随着全球环境自然资源问题日益恶化以及公众的环境意识不断增强而兴起的。笔者将回顾新兴的环境会计研究现状，指出今后的重要研究方向。一、环境会计产生的历史背景1972年在斯德哥尔摩召开的“人类环境会议”可以算作是国际范围内对环境问题反思的正式开始，此后环境问题受到前所未有的关注。1987年世界环境与发展委员会发表了长篇报告《我们共同的未来》（又称“布伦特兰报告”），该报告首次提出可持续发展的定义，在报告的第二章“走向可持续发展”的起首就提出：“可持续发展是既满足当代人的需要，又不对后代人满足其需要的能力构成危害的发展”[2]，可以说，可持续发展是人类发展战略的根本变革。到1992年6月联合国历史上空前的一次“地球首脑会议”—联合国环境与发展大会在巴西的里约热内卢召开，《里约宣言》、《21世纪议程》以及《森林问题原则声明》三个框架文件在会上得到一致通过。《21世纪议程》要求各国制定并组织实施相应的可持续发展战略、计划和政策，迎接人类社会面临的共同挑战。可以说，1992年环境与发展高峰会议标志全球环境运动时代的到来。而环境运动的高涨则使环境会计作为一个学科分支应运而生。二、环境会计建立的标志任何一个学科或研究领域都会经历其萌芽、建立、发展和稳定这一系列过程。作为一个学科或研究领域，目前坏境会计处于创始阶段，但其萌芽阶段可以说是从20世纪70年代起。以1971年比蒙斯()在《会计学杂志》(Journal of Accounting)上发表的文章《控制污染的社会成本转换研究》，及1973年马林()的文章《污染的会计问题》为代表，开创环境会计研究的先河[3]。然而，环境会计学的思想根源可以追溯到福利经济学的创始人庇古()，他在1920年出版的《福利经济学》(The Economics of Welfare)一书中，提出应当根据污染所造成的危害对排污者征税，用税收来弥补个人成本和社会成本之间的差距，使两者相等，这种税被称为“庇古税”[4]。可以说这种税是首次提出的管理环境的经济手段。一个学科或研究领域的创立总是有一定的标志的。考虑到环境会计的特点，其创立既要有代表性的理论突破，又应有实务应用方面的进展，而且环境会计应是贯通宏观与微观两个领域的。它的创立应在这两方面或至少其中一方面有所突破。笔者通过对最近10余年环境会计及相关学科的文献检索及文献分析，提出环境会计作为一个学科或研究领域在20世纪90年代逐渐形成，其标志在以下3个方面：编著的Environmental Accounting于1996年出版。这部著作的内容是环境核算和计量[5]。在这部著作中，首次提出用能值(emergy)作为衡量环境资源价值的标准，并对各种环境资源的计量提出了一系列的数学模型。由于会计计量是会计的核心，研究和实施坏境会计最大的难点，解决的最重要的问题就是非市场价值的环境资源计量和核算问题，但这涉及到复杂的理论、模型和核算。而则以专著形式首次系统地对此作了探讨，尽管其理论性强，没有论及微观会计实务问题，但具有超前性，毕竟是首部环境核算方面的里程碑式著作，可以作为环境会计建立的一个标志。2.环境会计的第一份国际指南正式发布。1998年2月召开的联合国国际会计和报告标准政府间专家工作组第15次会计讨论通过了《环境会计和报告的立场公告》，这是一份关于环境会计和报告的系统完整的国际指南[6]。可以说，是环境会计在微观层次上的一个重要进展，使企业处理环境和自然资源的会计问题有了基本的指引。故笔者把它作为环境会计创立的一个标志。3.联合国“环境与经济综合核算体系”(System of integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting,SEEA)的提出及新国民经济核算体系(’93SNA)的颁布。联合国“环境与经济综合核算体系”于1992年提出[7]，它代表了目前经济核算与环境核算一体化方面的最高水平。而1993年颁布的联合国《国民经济核算体系》则增加了环境核算的附属框架—即该书的第21章：附属分析和附属账户，这样，’93SNA就形成了一个“国民经济核算的核心账户＋卫星（附属）账户”的格局[8]。这是目前环境核算宏观领域的最大进展，其提出的一整套概念和方法将推动微观领域环境会计的研究和实施。可以说，SEEA和’93SNA建立了环境会计的初步理论体系，是环境会计于20世纪90年代建立的一个重要标志。三、环境会计的研究现状分析目前环境会计研究包含了相关的学科内容，其中关系特别密切的是宏观社会会计、社会责任会计、环境经济学以及作为理论基础的可持续发展理论。笔者仅就环境会计及其相关方面的研究状况进行实证分析。利用中国期刊网， 以“环境会计”为关键词搜索，从1994年起截至2004年4月8日，共检出论文492篇，涉及刊物134种。文章探讨的内容包括多方面，其中，环境会计的内涵、实施意义等一般性论述文章307篇；国外环境会计介绍42篇；环境会计计量23篇；环境会计信息披露19篇；环境管理33篇；环境审计31篇；其他37篇。利用Elsevler SDOS英文电子期刊数据库，同样以environmental accounting（环境会计）为关键词检索，共检索出符合条件论文679篇，涉及刊物95种，包括会计类刊物《国际会计学杂志》(the International JournaI of Accounting)，《会计、组织与社会》(Accounting,Organization and Society)，《会计学与公共政策杂志》(JournaI of Accounting and Public Policy)，《国际会计、审计与税务杂志》(JournaI of International Accounting,Auditing and Taxation)，《管理会计研究》(Management Accounting Research)，《英国会计评论》(British Accounting Review)等；环境管理生态、环境经济方面的刊物如：《生态经济学》(Ecological Economics)，《环境影响评价述评》(Environmental Impact Assessment Review)，等等。论文研究探讨的内容则非常广泛，且论文一般较长，对研究的主体一般都有深刻和透彻的论述。比较国内外环境会计研究文献可以看出，国外环境会计研究既有理论方面的研究也有实务方面的研究，而且研究的范围非常广泛，包括环境会计计量和核算、可持续发展理论及福利的衡量、公司环境绩效及环境会计信息披露的案例研究、资源产品价值量化的理论和方法、环境会计报告等；而国内大多数环境会计论文主要集中于论证环境会计的基本概念及其在我国实施的必要性和重要性，极少案例研究，处于跟踪国外研究的阶段。国外环境会计研究不仅题材广泛，而且多为实证分析研究；而国内环境会计研究普遍为规范性研究。目前环境会计方面的热点研究领域，如非市场价值的生态环境计量，环境资源纳入国民经济核算体系（宏观社会会计）以及可持续发展理论，其主要研究者或作者集中于环境生态学工作者、环境经济学者、政策制订者。这一方面，表明了环境会计作为一个学科还不成熟，其研究还未广泛地向会计实务界扩展。另一方面，则对传统会计工作者和研究者提出了新的要求，他们不仅要关注经济增长，更要关注经济与环境协调和可持续发展，这也印证了前面作者关于环境会计处于创始阶段的判断。四、环境会计热点问题及今后的研究方向建立坏境会计有效反馈的环境资源管理信息系统，对于整个社会资源的合理配置，实现经济、社会和环境的可持续发展将起着保证作用。理论和实务的研究将为环境会计的实施提供条件。成熟的理论研究将会降低环境会计的实施成本。根据环境会计的研究现状和趋势及我国的特点，以下4个方面的研究，将成为环境会计的研究热点：1.微观环境会计核算的研究。微观会计体系中包括对环境事项的确认、计量和报告等会计程序的理论和技术问题。这方面的研究工作，目前进行得很少，但它却是关系到环境会计能否在微观主体中实现的核心问题，因此，它将成为今后的一个热点研究领域。2.环境资源现状和动态的环境会计规范体系研究。环境会计规范是关系到环境会计实施的制度性保证。包括了法律规范体系，准则规范体系和道德规范体系三个方面。3.特定资源产品环境成本内在化研究。环境成本内在化是环境会计的根本特征，通过环境成本内在化，消除外部不经济性，资源的耗费得到有效的补偿，可持续的发展才会成为可能。但环境成本内在化涉及到整个国家众多资源产品及服务价格体系的改变，关系到诸多行业及干家万户，如水资源的环境成本内在化，将使价格体系发生重大的变动。目前不少地区已适度上调水价把超定额用水的部分环境成本纳入水价中。由于人们的收入水平也在稳步上升，故对民生的冲击并不太大。但总的来说，环境成本内在化应稳妥地进行，宜选择一些资源产品进行试验，取得经验再推广，这就需要研究先行。目前这方面的研究正方兴未艾，今后仍将是一个热点研究领域。4.各国环境会计的比较研究。不同国家环境会计研究现状、会计核算和报告中对环境事项的要求等方面的比较、公司环境报告(corporate environmental reporting)、环境审计等方面的理论和实务做法，对于我国研究和实施环境会计将有重要的借鉴作用，故这方面的研究亦将成为一个热点。[参考文献][1] 何少娟.宋献中.环境会计核算及相关问题探讨[J].重庆工商大学学报（西部经济论坛），2003,(5):84-87.[2] 世界环境与发展委员会／王之佳.柯全良译.我们共同的未来[M].长春：吉林人民出版社，1997.[3] 朱彤.略论绿色会计[J].会计之友.1997,(4):6-7[4] 张帆.环境与自然资源经济学[M].上海：上海人民出版社，1998.[5] ODUM Accounting-Energy and Environmental Decision York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc 1996[6] 陈毓圭.环境会计和报告的第一份国际指南—联合国国际会计和报告标准政府间专家工作组第15次会议记述[J].会计研究.1998,(5):1-8.[7] United Nations Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting. In: Handbook of National Accounting, Interim Version(Draft). New York: United Nations Publications. 1992.[8] 联合国／国家统计局国民经济核算司译.国民经济核算体系—1993[M].北京：中国统计出版社，1995.
根据学术堂的了解，参考文献是英语论文的重要组成部分，也是编辑加工和重要内容。接下来就为大家介绍英语论文参考文献格式要求，欢迎阅读。I.文内引用(一)直接引用1.引用中的省略原始资料的引用：在正文中直接引用时，应给出作者、年份，并用带括号的数字标出页码。若有任何资料省略，使用英文时，应用3个省略号在句中标出(…)，中文用6个(……);若两句间的资料省略，英文应用4个省略号标出(‥‥)，中文用6个(……)。若要在直接引用插入自己的解释，应使用方括号[ ]。若在资料中有什么错误拼写、错误语法或标点错误会使读者糊涂，应在引用后立即插入[sic]，中文用[原文如此]。下面是一些示例：例一：The DSM IV defines the disorder [dysthymic] as being in a chronically depressed mood that occurs for "most of the day more days than not for at least two years (Criterion A) .... In children, the mood may be irritable rather than depressed, and the required minimum duration is only one year" (APA, 1994, p. 345).例二：Issac (1995) states that bipolar disorder "is not only uncommon but may be the most diagnostic entity in children and adolescents in similar settings .... and may be the most common diagnosis in adolescents who are court-remanded to such settings" ().2.大段落引用当中文引用超过160字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式(引用起于新的一行，首行缩进4个空格，两端对齐，之后每行都缩进)。当英文引用超过40字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式(引用起于新的一行，首行缩进5个空格，左对齐，之后每行都缩进)。Elkind (1978) states:In general, our findings support Piaget's view that perceptionsas well as intelligence are neither entirely inborn nor entirely innate but are rather progressively constructed through the gradual development of perceptual regulations. The chapter has also attempted to demonstrate the applicability of Piaget's theory to practical issues by summarizing some research growing out of an analysis of beginning reading. ()(二)间接引用1.基本格式同作者在同一段中重复被引用时，第一次必须写出日期，第二次以后则日期可省略。a.英文文献：In a recent study of reaction times, Walker (2000) described the method…Walker also found…。b.中文文献：李福印(2004)提出概念隐喻的重要性，…;李福印同时建议…。2. 单一作者a. 英文文献：姓氏(出版或发表年代)或(姓氏，出版或发表年代)。例如：Porter (2001)…或…(Porter, 2001)。b. 中文文献：姓名(出版或发表年代)或(姓名，出版或发表年代)。例如：杨惠中(2011)…或…(杨惠中，2011)。3.两个作者英文引用时，在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓氏，并使用“&”来连接，在正文中，使用“and”连接两名作者。中文引用时，在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓名，并用顿号“、”来连接，在正文中，使用 “和”、“与”、“及”等字连接两名作者。例如：(Smith & Jones, 1994), or Smith and Jones (1994) found....In 1994 Smith and Jones researched.... Always cite both names in text.陈国华和田兵(2008)认为…或…(陈国华、田兵，2008)4.三至五个作者英文第一次引用参考资料时，列出所有的作者的姓氏，除最后一名作者之前在正文中使用逗号加“and”、在圆括号内使用逗号加“&”连接外，之前的其他作者之间使用逗号“，”;之后引用时，英文用第一个作者的姓随之以“et al.”。中文第一次引用参考资料时，列出所有作者的姓名，除最后两名作者之间用“和”连接外，之前的其他作者之间使用顿号“、”;之后引用时，用第一名作者加“等”字。例如：Strasburger, Jorgensen, and Randles (1996) found differences.... (第一次使用).Strasburger et al. (1996) also created tests.... (在段落中第二次使用).Starsburger et al. found discrepancies.... (在同一段落中再次使用，此时省略年份).卫乃兴、李文中与濮建忠(2005)指出…或…(卫乃兴、李文中、濮建忠，2005)。(第一次使用)卫乃兴等(2005)指出…或…(卫乃兴等，2005)。(第二次使用)5.六个作者及以上使用英文时，只用第一个人的姓氏加“et al.”;使用中文时，只列出第一名作者的姓名，再加上“等”。例如：Pouliquen et al. (2003)……或……(Pouliquen et al., 2003)王洪俊等(2007)…或…(王洪俊等,2007)6.团体作者使用中文时，第一次用全称，比如，(首都师范大学教育科学学院[首师大教科院]，2001);之后可以用简称，比如，首师大教科院(2001)的调查表明……。使用英文时，第一次引用时，拼出团体，比如, (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1996);以后用团体缩写加年份表示，比如，The NIMH (1996) examined....。7.没有作者的文献当一部作品没有作者时，在文中引用参考文献目录单中的前几个字(通常是标题)和年份。比如，一项关于成年人抑郁症的调查(“Study Finds”, 1997)报告……。当某作品的作者列为“Anonymous”、中文使用“匿名”或“无名氏”时，英文引用时用“Anonymous”加逗号及年份，即(Anonymous, 1997)，中文用“匿名”加逗号及年份，即(匿名，1997)。8.英文文献作者姓氏相同英文文献作者姓氏相同时，相同姓氏之作者于论文中引用时均引用全名，以避免混淆。例如：R. D. Luce (1995) and G. E. Luce (1988)…。9.多篇文献a. 多篇文献，同一作者若一作者有多篇你想引用的文献，只需用逗号“，”来区隔作品的发表年份(最早到最晚依序排列)。若多篇文献在同一年内发表，请在年份后面加上a、b、c……等标注。(按：abc的使用需与参考文献部分有所对应，而这些文献的编排以标题名称的字母来决定。)例如：1)A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2004, 2005a, 2005b).2)Pauling (2004, 2005a, 2005b) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholismb.多篇文献，多位作者文献依姓氏字母(笔画)、出版年代等顺序排列，不同作者之间用分号“;”分开，相同作者不同年代之文献用逗号“，” 分开。例如：…(Pautler, 1992; Razik & Swanson, 1993a, 1993b)。例如：…(董伟，2010;周音，2011a，2011b)。
What Environmental Disaster? We have developed a huge and thriving society; and in the process we deforest huge sections of land for living and livestock grazing. This decreases oxygen and increases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; possibly adding to global warming though the greenhouse effect. This mass population produces mass amounts of waste, so to deal with that we just throw it into the ground, which in turn contaminates our water supply and contributes to further deforestation. We develop motorized transportation; and then burn non-renewable fossil fuels that put lead, carbon monoxide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, ozone, excess carbon dioxide, and other harmful particulates into the atmosphere (Skjel & Whorton 95-108). This produces dangers like smog and cancer and contributes to global warming. In the production of fuel we exhaust oil reserves and pollute the oceans through spills from tankers. This endangers wilderness and wildlife. We produce an inert, easily producible propellant for aerosols; and then realize it's only inert on the ground. Once it's bombarded by UV ray in the upper atmosphere it releases a highly destructive ion that wreaks havoc on the protective ozone layer shielding us from those same deadly UV rays, creating a hole in the layer allowing the radiation through, increasing cancer and other genetic defects. We build rockets capable of going into space and breaking the earth's gravitational pull; and then immediately start to pollute this new environment with spent rockets and boosters along with other miscellaneous particles of debris (Curran and Haw 3). Michael Crichton writes, "What we call nature is a complex system of far greater subtlety than we are willing to accept. We make a simplified view of nature and then botch it all up. ...You have to understand what you don't understand. How many times must the point be made? How many times must we see the evidence? We build the Aswan Dam and claim it is going to revitalize the country. Instead, it destroys the fertile Nile Delta, produces parasitic infestation, and wrecks the Egyptian economy" (Jurassic Park 91). To the common person our current situation contains little hope. All the advancement and improvements have done little to further our species. With each one has come a new environmental issue. You almost need to evaluate each situation in terms of positives and negatives. However, at the root of all this chaos you'll find anthropocentrism, a human centered way of thinking. This way of thinking as an attitude, and moral theory, centers on humans as the highest of the significant beings. The theory views nature and the environment in terms of their use value for humans only (Michaels 7). So all of the above developments with costs can be justified through their usefulness for humans. The human centered ethic is deeply rooted in the past through the ancient Greek and Roman societies. To pursue further development based on this ethic would be disastrous. With our current numbers of population and rate of growth we're just asking for an environmental catastrophe of the highest magnitude to act as a wake up call. Granted that a great deal of the population realizes that unless action is taken today then we'll have to face that disaster tomorrow. The principle question is how to go about alleviating and repairing the damage we've already caused. We also need to address how to prevent doing further damage for the sake of future generations. The only problem with this view is that it is still a human centered ethic. It still sees the environment as a thing to be utilized by humans for their own pleasure. It doesn't do enough. The problems aren't getting fixed. Better ways of doing things are being researched, but the underlying problem is not receiving any attention. So the environmental downward spiral is only slowed down and is not fixed. We've still got the same problems. To take the conservationist attitude further you would see all sentient beings as holding moral standing and due consideration. This includes most of the animals in the world; any animal capable of experiencing pleasure and pain. Through these experiences you form the basis for the extended moral theory. If the animals perish through their habitat's destruction or outside influences, then their future pleasures will no longer be. When you take into account whole societies and communities of animals then the added value to the environment increases exponentially as you combine their happiness with the happiness never experienced by their future generations (Singer 275-276). So by taking this viewpoint you place even more intrinsic value on the environment through the experiences of all sentient animals involved. But at a time when our behavior may well lead us to extinction, I see no reason to assume that we have any awareness at all. We are stubborn, self-destructive conformists. Any other view of our species is just a self-congratulatory delusion" (The Lost World 7-8). Granted this does not present a case for sentience on the basis of pain vs. pleasure, but it does present an interesting way to think about classifying sentience. So you can see drawing the cut off line for even lower animals could present considerable challenges. You have trouble reaching an adequate definition of "sentient." You are now facing how much awareness a creature has to perceive pain and pleasure along with joy from anticipation of future events to consider it morally significant. If a cat is significant, but not a fish, what makes the cat a moral patient while the fish is not? Where is there a difference? There is a problem of arbitrarily assigning moral value when actual feelings and emotions are beyond description. To go a step further away from human sentience you would hold all living thing to be of moral value. This would then bring plants and non-sentient animals into the picture. This view holds life as the ultimate intrinsic value. Beings have moral value in just being alive. So life is viewed as an intrinsic good, and no verifying pleasures or pains being experienced are needed to allot this worth. Anything living is held with a reverence for that life (Singer 277-278). 2】The Environmental Revolution - We Can Make a Difference! Since the first time having blown bubbles in my Open Water class, I've logged over 100 dives. This love for diving has evolved into an intense passion towards protecting the ocean, and all of its inhabitants. I've chosen to put my love for the ocean into action, as an environmentalist. Actually, this passion extends out towards efforts that look to help all the planetary domains gain protection. As such, I appreciate when others take the time educate me on those other realms for which I know less about. To be an environmentalist, one must choose the cause which resonates within ones sole, and run with it. One must be willing to educate people about the environment while being open to education from those people who support other causes. Together we can help each other towards learning how to become a true "Environmentalist". We must all encourage positive collaboration and education as opposed to being against something. For example, sharks are being decimated to near extinction simply for their fins. The fins are used to make Shark Fin soup, a delicacy popular particularly in Taiwan and Singapore. It would be easy to blame these communities for creating the demand. However, in conversing with Asian environmentalists, they liken the culture around eating Shark Fin soup to the culture surrounding Americans eating turkey for Thanksgiving dinner. There are ongoing efforts to educate these people, by members of their own community, on just how dangerous this cultural practice is and the devastating impact this could have on their (our) world if all the sharks were to disappear as a result. Environmentalists everywhere are making a difference! Famous restaurants have taken endangered Swordfish off their menus, these same restaurants are buying wild-caught salmon (and boosting the economy of local fisheries in the process), laundromats have started selling green detergent, this just to name a few of these enlightened changes. This is how the "Environmentalist" can begin the revolution. Just find something you believe in and make a stand. One by one, we can make our planet a cleaner place to live, steeped in healthy bio-diversity for generations to come. 3Giving 1% to Protect Our Environment Though most of the world's surface is covered by water, since the Earth is so large relative to human horizons, there doesn't appear to be a shortage of land. However, when one begins to think of land in terms of a human resource, ., a producer of food, a provider of wood, an expanse for passage, one realizes that many portions are either too lacking in nutrients, too high in elevation, too prone to flooding, or too cold or ice-ridden for extensive use. Furthermore, habitable lands are becoming less abundant due to desertification (the expansion of deserts due to the misuse of land), agricultural expansions and rising sea levels. Since humans aren't the only species that need land, it isn't surprising that this resource is becoming limited for other forms of life too. In part as a result of this added stress on living things, we are also witnessing extinctions of grand proportions-at a rate of many thousands species per year. Since these losses are largely due to human actions, such as deforestation and non-native species introduction, many are beginning to pay attention to how we use and protect land. Recent ecological research has also recently provided a message of hope concerning the future well-being of life on this planet. In the world today, scientists estimate that the Earth is losing at least 1 percent of species every ten years, and the percentage loss may be close to 5 percent. Even if only the lower rate persists, the Earth will have lost near half of its biological diversity by 2070. Can this be possible? Many esteemed scientists think so. While the future appears bleak, several recent insights tell us that we have the potential to significantly reduce what amounts to a biotic holocaust, one not witnessed on Earth for over 60,000,000 years. While there are hopeful signs in the area of human activities (such as increased acreage of nature preserves and national parks), the hope of which I speak of here stems from specific characteristics of the other forms of life which may enable us to mutually coexist in the long term. The Earth's organisms are wonderfully varied in size, shape, function, behavior, and genetic code. One only need to consider that there are ~ 15,000 species of butterflies and ~50,000 species of mushrooms worldwide to begin to fathom the immensity of variety that this planet has. Yet, as different as the species come, the bulk of living things are also similar in a couple of very important ways. Most living things live in relatively small regions and do not travel far from where they or their parents were born. In fact, recent biological and ecological work has determined that most land species are very particular about where they live. As opposed to humans whose choice of home is largely driven by economic and political forces (mobility driven by availability of wealth or forced relocation), flora and fauna find themselves in locations for which they are adapted. We now know that many species of insects and plants have a very restricted range in which they found. Very few organisms are ubiquitous like we are. It goes without saying that you aren't going to find a Great Blue Heron or a Grizzly visiting Antarctica or climbing Mt. Everest; yet you might find the snow bear (recently discovered and previously known as the Abominable Snowman) doing the latter. Recognizing that most living things are rather localized during their lifetimes has profound implications, both hopeful and cautious. On the one hand, it suggests that we can learn a lot about species by parking our scientific minds in specific locations. On the other hand, it means that if we destroy even small areas of the globe we are likely causing great and even irreversible destruction to the species that are found there. We have also determined that there are specific locations on our planet where a disproportionate number of species live. For our species, Asia serves as the homeland for most. In fact more than 60 percent of humans lives on this largest of continents (which only makes up 24 percent of the land surface on the planet). With other life forms, geographic concentrations sometimes defy description. We only recently became aware that the vast majority of terrestrial (as distinguished from oceanic or riparian) species collectively live on just 1 percent of the Earth's land surface. (If humans lived at a comparable concentration level, we'd all have to cluster together in an area roughly the size of Antarctica or twice that of Australia.) This mind-blowing realization has prompted those that have been struggling to protect organisms a new way of thinking about such protection. They have concluded that if we humans could somehow find a way to avoid disturbing just 1-2 percent of the land surface, nearly 70 percent of the world's terrestrial species might be able to survive. Recently some conservationists have refocused their attention on these unique locations. The regions of the globe that contain such a splendid array of biological diversity have been named "hot spots," a name that communicates their critical status. In what has to be the most beautiful books I have seen, Hotspots represents the collective work of scientists Russ and Cristina Mittermeier and Norman Myers as well as photographer Patricio Robles Gil. In this oversized volume, these four scholars have assembled more than three hundred vivid photographs of some of the world's endangered species and threatened ecosystems. These absolutely breath-taking images come from the what they refer to as "the 25 most critically important regions" in the world. These regions originally constituted almost 12 percent of the world's land surface but now, due to human pressure at many levels, only a little more than 1 percent remains intact. What makes these locations, which are found on all continents except Antarctica, so "hot" is that they are home to hordes of the Earth's plants and animals and they face imminent danger from a variety of human activities. The Hotshot authors and others strongly believe that the global community can do wonders if these areas move to the top of our priority list. But what will have to happen for these spots to be protected? There are no simple answers to this central question. Unfortunately, those of us in the United States who have the luxury of time to even ponder such questions, face many obvious difficulties. First, nearly all of the hotspots are located outside of our territorial boundaries, exceptions being the forests of Oregon and California as well as portions of Southern Florida (namely the Keys and the Everglades). Key hotspots are found in New Zealand, Madagascar, and Indonesia as well as the continental parts of south-east Asia. Obviously we cannot expect that we will be able to force other countries to enact and enforce laws that will greatly reduce biological degradation. Yet, while many other countries have ratified the Biodiversity Treaty that was drafted at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, it has never reached the floors of the . Congress for a vote; Canada, Japan, and the European Union are among those to ratify it. By this inaction our nation apparently lacks the wherewithal to support global conservation efforts as a matter of principle. However, given that the wealthy nations in concert with international banks promote unsustainable extraction of resources in the world's developing countries, it would appear that we have an obligation to do so. If our national policy makers are unwilling to commit themselves to the protection of global ecosystems and species, we still have ourselves to look to for sources of positive change. All of us have tremendous purchasing power, especially in comparison to the majority of the other human residents on this planet; Barry Bearak, a Pulitzer Prize-winner journalist who recently spoke at Knox College's convocation, referred to the residents of the United States as "filthy rich," a conclusion he came to after spending a great deal of time in the poorer regions of the world, particularly Afghanistan and India. What we buy makes a difference. The environmental campaign to support shade coffee rather than sun coffee is just one of many attempts for the consumer to support sustainable practices in regions of great ecological diversity. According to the Northwest Shad Coffee Campaign, shade coffee agricultural allows for the extraction of a desired resource but at the same time allows between 3-8 times as many birds species to persist not to mention many more mid-size mammals as well as amphibians and beetles. Coffee is also a particularly important commodity in terms of the health of ecological systems because the countries that produce the bulk of it are precisely the same countries that are home to the majority of the world's species; the countries of Brazil, Bolivia, Indonesia, Vietnam collectively produce ~40 percent of the 17 billion pounds of coffee that are harvested each year (folks, that's more than 3 pounds per person!). Burdensome debts also force many developing countries to endlessly delay infrastructure investment. Debt-for-nature swaps, an idea proposed by Dr. Thomas Lovejoy of the World Wildlife Federation in the mid-1980s, have enabled poor countries to relieve foreign debt and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to increase commitment to conservation programs both at the same time. In these swaps, NGOs pay off a poor country's debt to a bank or well-to-do country at greatly reduced costs in order to establish agreements for investment in national parks, for example. While not a cure-all, these efforts have begun the paradigm shift from unabated expansion and unhealthy extraction to one supportive of saving natural ecosystems and securing the health and welfare of all human populations. Threats to these locations represent massive scale intrusions taken by societies found on every continent. Unfortunately, there is so much that will be lost if these "special" places aren't quickly protected from future degradation. On the bright side though, so much of the world's genetic diversity lives in just a couple handfuls of "hotspots" that if these locations were saved hordes of species would be able to persist into the next millennium. The time is now to respond to this fairly recent observation and insight. It is time for the world to begin to act like a civilized 21st Century society. It is incumbent upon us, those with time and wealth, to maintain the momentum that others have started. The masses of life forms are relying on us to make the best attempt at this daunting yet critical task. Hopefully our species will be sensible enough to leave at least 1 percent of land alone, so that other life forms may continue to exist. Do we need all 100 percent? 都是老外写的
There are still many problems of environmental protection in recent years. One of the most serious problems is the serious pollution of air, water and soil. the polluted air does great harm to people’s health. The polluted water causes diseases and death. What is more, vegetation had been greatly reduced with the rapid growth of modern cities. To protect the environment, governments of many countries have done a lot. Legislative steps have been introduced to control air pollution, to protect the forest and sea resources and to stop any environmental pollution. Therefore, governments are playing the most important role in the environmental protection today. In my opinion, to protect environment, the government must take even more concrete measures. First, it should let people fully realize the importance of environmental protection through education. Second, much more efforts should be made to put the population planning policy into practice, because more people means more people means more pollution. Finally, those who destroy the environment intentionally should be severely punished. We should let them know that destroying environment means destroying mankind themselves. 保护环境 目前环保还存在着许多问题。最严重的问题就是空气、水和土壤的严重污染。污染的空气对人类的健康十分有害。污染的水引起疼病，造成死亡。更有甚者，随着现代社会的迅速扩建，植被大大的减少。 为了保护环境，各国政府做了大量的工作。采用了立法措施控制大气污染，保护森林资源和海洋资源，制止任何环境污染。因此，在当今的环保中政府起着最重要的作用。 我的看法是，为了保护环境，政府应当采取更具体的措施。首先，应当通过教育的方法使人们充分謒到环境保护的重要性。第二，应更加努力把计划生育政策付诸实施，因为人口多就意味着污染严重。最后，要严惩那些故意破坏环境者。使他们破坏环境就是毁灭人类自己。
环境影响评价的过程包括一系列的步骤，这些步骤按顺序进行。在实际工作中，环境影响评价的工作过程可以不同，而且各步骤的顺序也可变化。一种理想的环境影响评价过程，应该能够满足以下条件：(1)基本上适应所有可能对环境造成显著影响的项目，并能够对所有可能的显著影响做出识别和评估，(2)对各种替代方案(包括项目不建设或地区不开发的情况)、管理技术、减缓措施进行比较；(3)生成清楚的环境影响报告书(EIS)，以使专家和非专家都能了解可能影响的特征及其重要性；(4)包括广泛的公众参与和严格的行政审查程序；(5)及时、清晰的结论，以便为决策提供信息。环境影响评价分：环境质量评价、环境影响预测与评价、环境影响后评价环境影响评价的功能:判断功能、预测功能、选择功能与导向功能编辑本段分类按照对象分为：建设项目环境影响评价，规划环境影响评价，战略环境影响评价；按照环境要素分为：大气环境影响评价，水环境影响评价，噪声环境影响评价，固体废物环境影响评价等；按照时间分为：环境质量现状评价，环境影响预测评价，环境影响后评价。中华人民共和国环境影响评价法（2002年10月28日第九届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第三十次会议通过）跟则这个来
环境影响评价Environmental impact assessmentHuman health and wellbeing in environmental impact assessment in New South Wales, Australia: Auditing health impacts within environmental assessments of major projects作 者：Patrick J. Harris；Elizabeth Harris；Susan Thompson；Ben Harris-Roxas；Lynn Kemp期 刊：Environmental impact assessment review 年，卷(期)：2009, 29(5) 关键词：health environmental impact assessment major projects正文语种：eng Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Audit in Large-Scale Public Infrastructure Construction: The Case of the Qieghai-Tibet Railway作 者：Guizhen He；Lei Zhang；Yonglong Lu期 刊：Environmental Management 年，卷(期)：2009, 44(3) 关键词：Environmental performance Construction project Large-scale construction program Environmental audit Environmental Impact Assessment Qinghai-Tibet Railway正文语种：eng Linking environmental impact assessment, environmental management systems and green procurement in construction projects: lessons from the City Tunnel Project in Malmo, Sweden作 者：Annika Varnas；Charlotta Faith-Ell；Berit Balfors期 刊：Impact assessment and project appraisal 年，卷(期)：2009, 27(1) 关键词：Environmental impact assessment Environmental management system Green procurement Construction industry正文语种：eng Environmental information system for visualizing environmental impact assessment information作 者：Angelika Cserny；Zsofia Kovacs；Endre Domokos期 刊：Environmental Science and Pollution Research 年，卷(期)：2009, 16(1) 关键词：Data visualisation Environmental impact assessment Environmental monitoring GIS Surface water正文语种：eng The screening and scoping of Environmental Impact Assessment and Strategic Environmental Assessment of Carbon Capture and Storage in the Netherlands作 者：Joris Koomneef；Andre Faaij；Wim Turkenburg期 刊：Environmental Impact Assesment Review 年，卷(期)：2008, 28(6) 关键词：carbon capture and storage spatial policy strategic environmental impact assessment regulation implementation正文语种：eng 还有很多，要是上面都不好，你再HI我哈~记得给分噢。
We have to protect the environment As the 21st century, we must make the protection of the environment to prevent damage to human again. Because of the destruction of mankind, so that the Earth's biological, endangered plants facing extinction. A tree, the establishment of eco-homes. Yes, this is true. Protection of the environment is everyone's responsibility. Greentree said it, he can enjoy, he can....... Therefore, we must protect the ecological environment, let us change the survival of the planet even better! 我们要保护环境作为21世纪的人，我们就要好好保护环境，不让人类再次破坏。因为人类的破坏，使地球的生物、植物面临濒危灭绝。一棵绿树，建立生态家园。对，事实如此。保护环境人人有责。就说绿树吧，他可以乘凉，也可以遮风挡雨.......所以，我们要保护生态自然环境，让我们赖以生存的地球变的更加好！
就是稍微有点长了: Protect EnvironmentMany people are active in fighting against unfair treatment to colored people, women , animals and so on. Right now I am talking about fighting for respect to our the environment doesn’t have a mouth to deprecate what humans have done to her, she retaliates through action. In the early years the Chinese cut down large quantities of trees, at the source of the yellow river, which led to the disappearance of big forests and terrible floods. As a result,the Huangtu plateau which was once covered with grass and forests was turned into barrens that supported fewer plants. Another example was in several developed countries. Because many chemical factories discharged poisonous gas without filtering it, cities were covered with so much poisonous gas that people were killed by the air they breathed in. What horrible scene! 字串5What we are suffering is only a small part of what the nature once suffered. If we don’t take action to show respect to the environment, we will have to face an increasingly awful should be taken to protect the environment on which we are relying. First governments should forbid destroying vegetation, rivers and lakes, oceans, as and the atmosphere as well. Second voices should be made to announce the public of the importance of protecting the environment. Third enterprises should pay special attention to the effect they have on the environment and work out solutions for the by changing the way we treat the environment can we get along well with it. Only by saving the environment can we save ourselves
环境影响评价Environmental impact assessmentHuman health and wellbeing in environmental impact assessment in New South Wales, Australia: Auditing health impacts within environmental assessments of major projects作 者：Patrick J. Harris；Elizabeth Harris；Susan Thompson；Ben Harris-Roxas；Lynn Kemp期 刊：Environmental impact assessment review 年，卷(期)：2009, 29(5) 关键词：health environmental impact assessment major projects正文语种：eng Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Audit in Large-Scale Public Infrastructure Construction: The Case of the Qieghai-Tibet Railway作 者：Guizhen He；Lei Zhang；Yonglong Lu期 刊：Environmental Management 年，卷(期)：2009, 44(3) 关键词：Environmental performance Construction project Large-scale construction program Environmental audit Environmental Impact Assessment Qinghai-Tibet Railway正文语种：eng Linking environmental impact assessment, environmental management systems and green procurement in construction projects: lessons from the City Tunnel Project in Malmo, Sweden作 者：Annika Varnas；Charlotta Faith-Ell；Berit Balfors期 刊：Impact assessment and project appraisal 年，卷(期)：2009, 27(1) 关键词：Environmental impact assessment Environmental management system Green procurement Construction industry正文语种：eng Environmental information system for visualizing environmental impact assessment information作 者：Angelika Cserny；Zsofia Kovacs；Endre Domokos期 刊：Environmental Science and Pollution Research 年，卷(期)：2009, 16(1) 关键词：Data visualisation Environmental impact assessment Environmental monitoring GIS Surface water正文语种：eng The screening and scoping of Environmental Impact Assessment and Strategic Environmental Assessment of Carbon Capture and Storage in the Netherlands作 者：Joris Koomneef；Andre Faaij；Wim Turkenburg期 刊：Environmental Impact Assesment Review 年，卷(期)：2008, 28(6) 关键词：carbon capture and storage spatial policy strategic environmental impact assessment regulation implementation正文语种：eng 还有很多，要是上面都不好，你再HI我哈~记得给分噢。
Westlaw（法律全文数据库） 是法律出版集团Thomson Legal and Regulator’s于1975年开发的，为国际法律专业人员提供的互联网的搜索工具。Westlaw International其丰富的资源来自法律、法规、税务和会计信息出版商。可以通过Westlaw International迅速地存取案例、法令法规、表格、条约、商业资料和更多的资源。通过布尔逻辑搜索引擎，可以检索数百万的法律文档。
Kluwer Law Online Journals是世界三大信息出版集团之一的威科集团（Wolters Kluwer）旗下的Kluwer Law International出版社的旗舰产品，该数据库包含23种全文法律学术期刊(Journals)的全文信息，其中包含数十万篇期刊全文，涉及商法、经济法、欧共体法、国际（贸易）法、竞争法(反垄断法)、交通运输法、环境法、税法、商业仲裁等各个领域。
HeinOnline法学期刊全文数据库是美国著名的以法律为核心，涉及政治、国际关系、外交等领域的全文数据库。现有近1700种法学期刊，675卷国际法领域权威巨著，100000多个案例，1400多部精品法学学术专著。美国所有法学院均已订购。该数据库是法学教学、研究和学习的必备资料库。
文献党下载器（）中外文献数据库资源整合，覆盖全部学科，包括众多法律文献数据库资源。
建筑毕业论文参考文献
难忘的大学生活即将结束，我们都知道毕业前要通过毕业论文，毕业论文是一种有计划的、比较正规的检验学生学习成果的形式，那么问题来了，毕业论文应该怎么写？下面是我帮大家整理的建筑毕业论文参考文献，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
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建筑专业论文的参考文献
导语：作中征引过的文献须在文中注明出处，并列于文后参考文献中。是我带来的建筑专业论文的参考文献，欢迎大家阅读参考。
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[8]李芳.作为海上风机基础的筒型基础土体液化研究.硕士学位论文.天津大学.2010
[9]林峰.黄润秋.边坡稳定性极限平衡条分法的探讨.地质灾害与环境保护.1997.(4).9~13
[10]沈玉光.海上风电筒型基础风机结构体系动力响应分析.硕士学位论文.天津大学.2012
[11]陈有顺.场地的地震效应及砂土地基的液化.高原地震.(1).35~39
[12]任金刚.王玉芳.饱和砂土地震液化研究方法概述.海河水利.2006(3)：51~53
[13]李敬梅.地震作用下坝基土体液化的判别及有限元分析.硕士学位论文.天津大学.2004
[14]王大伟.赵艳.初始地应力场分析方法探讨.水电站设计.(4).38~41
[1]高珊珊.基于三维激光扫描仪的点云配准[D].南京：南京理工大学，2008
[2]李宝瑞.地面三维激光扫描技术在古建筑测绘中的应用研究[D].西安：长安大学，2012
[3]刘洋.基于编码结构光的三维扫描仪原型系统研发[D].杭州：浙江大学，2005
[4]杨永.古建筑数字化保护关键技术研究[D].开封：河南大学，2010
[5]林源.古建筑测绘学[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2003
[6]王其亨.古建筑测绘[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2006
[7]沙黛诺.古建筑测绘方法和技术的适用性和可靠性[D].天津：天津大学，2009
[8]毛方儒，王磊.三维激光扫描测量技术[J].宇航计测技术，2005，25(2)：1-6
[9]代世威.地面三维激光点云数据质量分析与评价[D].西安：长安大学，2013
[10]刘涛.三维激光扫描技术及其误差分析[J].工业工程与技术，2014，(1)：40-43
[11]李刚.基于逆向工程的自由曲面重构技术研究[D].济南：山东大学，2009
英文环境污染论文参考文献有：1、中国环境保护网英文版的建设.安彤，20012001年全国环境信息与应用交流大会。2、我国环境影响评价制度相关问题分析及完善途径.权斌，2006年中国法学会环境资源法学研究会年会。3、三北防护林一词的英文表达.朱教君.闫巧玲.宋立宁.周华，20082008三北防护林体系建设研究学术讨论会。
China's Environmental , et 4 January 2008: 37-38. DOI: Error Leads to Funding DroughtDay Science 24 May 2002:1383. DOI: Partitioning Among Prochlorococcus Ecotypes Along Ocean-Scale Environmental GradientsJohnson, et 24 March 2006:
根据学术堂的了解，参考文献是英语论文的重要组成部分，也是编辑加工和重要内容。接下来就为大家介绍英语论文参考文献格式要求，欢迎阅读。I.文内引用(一)直接引用1.引用中的省略原始资料的引用：在正文中直接引用时，应给出作者、年份，并用带括号的数字标出页码。若有任何资料省略，使用英文时，应用3个省略号在句中标出(…)，中文用6个(……);若两句间的资料省略，英文应用4个省略号标出(‥‥)，中文用6个(……)。若要在直接引用插入自己的解释，应使用方括号[ ]。若在资料中有什么错误拼写、错误语法或标点错误会使读者糊涂，应在引用后立即插入[sic]，中文用[原文如此]。下面是一些示例：例一：The DSM IV defines the disorder [dysthymic] as being in a chronically depressed mood that occurs for "most of the day more days than not for at least two years (Criterion A) .... In children, the mood may be irritable rather than depressed, and the required minimum duration is only one year" (APA, 1994, p. 345).例二：Issac (1995) states that bipolar disorder "is not only uncommon but may be the most diagnostic entity in children and adolescents in similar settings .... and may be the most common diagnosis in adolescents who are court-remanded to such settings" ().2.大段落引用当中文引用超过160字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式(引用起于新的一行，首行缩进4个空格，两端对齐，之后每行都缩进)。当英文引用超过40字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式(引用起于新的一行，首行缩进5个空格，左对齐，之后每行都缩进)。Elkind (1978) states:In general, our findings support Piaget's view that perceptionsas well as intelligence are neither entirely inborn nor entirely innate but are rather progressively constructed through the gradual development of perceptual regulations. The chapter has also attempted to demonstrate the applicability of Piaget's theory to practical issues by summarizing some research growing out of an analysis of beginning reading. ()(二)间接引用1.基本格式同作者在同一段中重复被引用时，第一次必须写出日期，第二次以后则日期可省略。a.英文文献：In a recent study of reaction times, Walker (2000) described the method…Walker also found…。b.中文文献：李福印(2004)提出概念隐喻的重要性，…;李福印同时建议…。2. 单一作者a. 英文文献：姓氏(出版或发表年代)或(姓氏，出版或发表年代)。例如：Porter (2001)…或…(Porter, 2001)。b. 中文文献：姓名(出版或发表年代)或(姓名，出版或发表年代)。例如：杨惠中(2011)…或…(杨惠中，2011)。3.两个作者英文引用时，在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓氏，并使用“&”来连接，在正文中，使用“and”连接两名作者。中文引用时，在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓名，并用顿号“、”来连接，在正文中，使用 “和”、“与”、“及”等字连接两名作者。例如：(Smith & Jones, 1994), or Smith and Jones (1994) found....In 1994 Smith and Jones researched.... Always cite both names in text.陈国华和田兵(2008)认为…或…(陈国华、田兵，2008)4.三至五个作者英文第一次引用参考资料时，列出所有的作者的姓氏，除最后一名作者之前在正文中使用逗号加“and”、在圆括号内使用逗号加“&”连接外，之前的其他作者之间使用逗号“，”;之后引用时，英文用第一个作者的姓随之以“et al.”。中文第一次引用参考资料时，列出所有作者的姓名，除最后两名作者之间用“和”连接外，之前的其他作者之间使用顿号“、”;之后引用时，用第一名作者加“等”字。例如：Strasburger, Jorgensen, and Randles (1996) found differences.... (第一次使用).Strasburger et al. (1996) also created tests.... (在段落中第二次使用).Starsburger et al. found discrepancies.... (在同一段落中再次使用，此时省略年份).卫乃兴、李文中与濮建忠(2005)指出…或…(卫乃兴、李文中、濮建忠，2005)。(第一次使用)卫乃兴等(2005)指出…或…(卫乃兴等，2005)。(第二次使用)5.六个作者及以上使用英文时，只用第一个人的姓氏加“et al.”;使用中文时，只列出第一名作者的姓名，再加上“等”。例如：Pouliquen et al. (2003)……或……(Pouliquen et al., 2003)王洪俊等(2007)…或…(王洪俊等,2007)6.团体作者使用中文时，第一次用全称，比如，(首都师范大学教育科学学院[首师大教科院]，2001);之后可以用简称，比如，首师大教科院(2001)的调查表明……。使用英文时，第一次引用时，拼出团体，比如, (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1996);以后用团体缩写加年份表示，比如，The NIMH (1996) examined....。7.没有作者的文献当一部作品没有作者时，在文中引用参考文献目录单中的前几个字(通常是标题)和年份。比如，一项关于成年人抑郁症的调查(“Study Finds”, 1997)报告……。当某作品的作者列为“Anonymous”、中文使用“匿名”或“无名氏”时，英文引用时用“Anonymous”加逗号及年份，即(Anonymous, 1997)，中文用“匿名”加逗号及年份，即(匿名，1997)。8.英文文献作者姓氏相同英文文献作者姓氏相同时，相同姓氏之作者于论文中引用时均引用全名，以避免混淆。例如：R. D. Luce (1995) and G. E. Luce (1988)…。9.多篇文献a. 多篇文献，同一作者若一作者有多篇你想引用的文献，只需用逗号“，”来区隔作品的发表年份(最早到最晚依序排列)。若多篇文献在同一年内发表，请在年份后面加上a、b、c……等标注。(按：abc的使用需与参考文献部分有所对应，而这些文献的编排以标题名称的字母来决定。)例如：1)A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2004, 2005a, 2005b).2)Pauling (2004, 2005a, 2005b) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholismb.多篇文献，多位作者文献依姓氏字母(笔画)、出版年代等顺序排列，不同作者之间用分号“;”分开，相同作者不同年代之文献用逗号“，” 分开。例如：…(Pautler, 1992; Razik & Swanson, 1993a, 1993b)。例如：…(董伟，2010;周音，2011a，2011b)。
英文论文参考文献示例
无论在学习或是工作中，大家肯定对论文都不陌生吧，通过论文写作可以提高我们综合运用所学知识的能力。你写论文时总是无从下笔？以下是我收集整理的英文论文参考文献示例，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
英语论文参考文献格式范本
用Times New Roman。每一条目顶格,如某一条目超过一行，从第二行起“悬挂缩进”2字符。参考文献中所有标点与符号均在英文状态下输入，标点符号后空一格。
参考文献条目排列顺序：英文文献、中文文献、网络文献。分别按作者姓氏字母顺序排列。文献前不用序号。
1)英文参考文献
(1)专著与编著
排列顺序为：作者姓、名、专著名、出版地、出版社、出版年。
例如：
Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation. New York: Knopf, 1993.
专著名中如果还包含其他著作或作品名，后者用斜体。
例如：
Dunn, Richard J ed. Charlotte Bront: Jane Eyre. New York: Norton, 1971.
A.两个至三个作者
第一作者的姓在前，名在后，中间用逗号隔开;其余作者名在前，姓在后，中间无逗号;每个作者之间用逗号隔开，最后一个作者的姓名前用“and”，后用句号。
例如：
Rowe, Richard, and Larry Jeffus. The Essential Welder: Gas Metal Arc Welding Classroom Manual. Albany: Delmar, 2000.
B. 三个以上作者
第一作者姓名(姓在前，名在后，中间加逗号)后接“et al.”，其他作者姓名省略。
例如：
Randall, John et al. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997.
C. 同一作者同一年出版的不同文献，参照下例：
Widdowson, Henry G. EIL: Squaring the Circles. A Reply. London: Lomgman, 1998a.
Widdowson, Henry G. Communication and Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998b.
(2)论文集
参照下例：
Thompson, Pett. “Modal Verbs in Academic Writing”. In Ben Kettlemann & Marko, Henry ed. Teaching and Learning by Doing Corpus Analysis. New York: Rodopi, 2002: 305-323.
(3)百科全书等参考文献
参照下例：
Fagan, Jeffrey. “Gangs and Drugs”. Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol and Addictive Behavior. New York: Macmillan, 2001.
(4)学术期刊论文
参照下例：
Murphy, Karen. “Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms”. Young Children. 2003, (6): 12-18.
(5)网络文献
参照下例：
----“Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL” .
2)中文参考文献
(1)专著
参照下例：
皮亚杰.结构主义[M].北京：商务印书馆，1984.
(2)期刊文章
参照下例：
杨忠，张韶杰.认知语音学中的类典型论[J].外语教学与研究，1999，(2)：1-3.
(3)学位论文
参照下例：
梁佳.大学英语四、六级测试试题现状的理论分析与问题研究[D].湖南大学，2002.
(4)论文集
参照下例：
许小纯.含义和话语结构[A].李红儒.外国语言与文学研究[C].哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，1999：5-7.
(5)附录本
翻译学论文参考文献范例
参考文献：
奥马利 第二语言习得的学习策略上海：上海外语出版社，2001
陈保亚 20 世纪中国语言学方法论 济南：山东教育出版社，1999
丁言仁 英语语言学纲要 上海：上海外语出版社，2001
费尔迪南 德 索绪尔 普通语言学教程 长沙：湖南教育出版社，2001
冯翠华 英语修辞大全 北京：商务印书馆，1996
桂诗春，宁春言主编 语言学方法论 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1998
桂诗春 应用语言学长沙：湖南教育出版社，1998
何兆熊 新编语用学概要 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000
何自然 语用学与英语学习 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997
侯维瑞 英语语体 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1988
胡壮麟 语言学教程(修订版)北京：北京大学出版社，2001
黄国文 语篇与语言的功能 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002
黄国文 语篇分析概要长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988
李延富主编 英语语言学基本读本 济南：山东大学出版社，1999
李运兴 语篇翻译引论 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2000
刘润清 西方语言学流派北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999
刘润清等 现代语言学名著选读(上下册)北京：测绘出版社，1988
刘润清等 语言学入门 北京：人民教育出版社，1990
陆国强 现代英语词汇学(新版)上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999
拓展内容：
书写格式
1.参考文献标注的位置
2. 参考文献标标注方法和规则
3. 参考文献标标注的格式
2007年8月20日在清华大学召开的“综合性人文社会科学学术期刊编排规范研讨会”决定，2008年起开始部分刊物开始执行新的规范“综合性期刊文献引证技术规范”。该技术规范概括了文献引证的“注释”体例和“著者—出版年”体例。不再使用“参考文献”的说法。这两类文献著录或引证规范在中国影响较大，后者主要在层次较高的人文社会科学学术期刊中得到了应用。
⑴文后参考文献的著录规则为GB/T 7714-2005《文后参考文献著录规则》，适用于“著者和编辑编录的文后参考文献，而不能作为图书馆员、文献目录编制者以及索引编辑者使用的文献著录规则”。
⑵顺序编码制的具体编排方式。参考文献按照其在正文中出现的先后以阿拉伯数字连续编码，序号置于方括号内。一种文献被反复引用者，在正文中用同一序号标示。一般来说，引用一次的文献的页码（或页码范围）在文后参考文献中列出。格式为著作的“出版年”或期刊的“年，卷（期）”等+“：页码（或页码范围）.”。多次引用的文献，每处的页码或页码范围（有的刊物也将能指示引用文献位置的信息视为页码）分别列于每处参考文献的序号标注处，置于方括号后（仅列数字，不加“p”或“页”等前后文字、字符；页码范围中间的连线为半字线）并作上标。作为正文出现的参考文献序号后需加页码或页码范围的，该页码或页码范围也要作上标。作者和编辑需要仔细核对顺序编码制下的参考文献序号，做到序号与其所指示的文献同文后参考文献列表一致。另外，参考文献页码或页码范围也要准确无误。
⑶参考文献类型及文献类型，根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母方式标识：
专著M ； 报纸N ；期刊J ；专利文献P；汇编G ；古籍O；技术标准S ；
学位论文D ；科技报告R；参考工具K ；检索工具W；档案B ；录音带A ；
图表Q；唱片L；产品样本X；录相带V；会议录C；中译文T；
乐谱I； 电影片Y；手稿H；微缩胶卷U ；幻灯片Z；微缩平片F；其他E。
书写技巧
把光标放在引用参考文献的地方，在菜单栏上选“插入|脚注和尾注”，弹出的对话框中选择“尾注”，点击“选项”按钮修改编号格式为阿拉伯数字，位置为“文档结尾”，确定后Word就在光标的地方插入了参考文献的`编号，并自动跳到文档尾部相应编号处请你键入参考文献的说明，在这里按参考文献著录表的格式添加相应文献。参考文献标注要求用中括号把编号括起来，以word2007为例，可以在插入尾注时先把光标移至需要插入尾注的地方，然后点击 引用-脚注下面的一个小箭头，在出现的对话框中有个自定义，然后输入中括号及数字，然后点插入，然后自动跳转到本节/本文档末端，此时再输入参考文献内容即可。
在文档中需要多次引用同一文献时，在第一次引用此文献时需要制作尾注，再次引用此文献时点“插入|交叉引用”，“引用类型”选“尾注”，引用内容为“尾注编号（带格式）”，然后选择相应的文献，插入即可。
不要以为已经搞定了，我们离成功还差一步。论文格式要求参考文献在正文之后，参考文献后还有发表论文情况说明、附录和致谢，而Word的尾注要么在文档的结尾，要么在“节”的结尾，这两种都不符合我们的要求。解决的方法似乎有点笨拙。首先删除尾注文本中所有的编号（我们不需要它，因为它的格式不对），然后选中所有尾注文本（参考文献说明文本），点“插入|书签”，命名为“参考文献文本”，添加到书签中。这样就把所有的参考文献文本做成了书签。在正文后新建一页，标题为“参考文献”，并设置好格式。光标移到标题下，选“插入|交叉引用”，“引用类型”为“书签”，点“参考文献文本”后插入，这样就把参考文献文本复制了一份。选中刚刚插入的文本，按格式要求修改字体字号等，并用项目编号进行自动编号。
打印文档时，尾注页同样会打印出来，而这几页是我们不需要的。当然，可以通过设置打印页码范围的方法不打印最后几页。这里有另外一种方法，如果你想多学一点东西，请接着往下看。
选中所有的尾注文本，点“格式|字体”，改为“隐藏文字”，切换到普通视图，选择“视图|脚注”，此时所有的尾注出现于窗口的下端，在“尾注”下拉列表框中选择“尾注分割符”，将默认的横线删除。同样的方法删除“尾注延续分割符”和“尾注延续标记”。删除页眉和页脚（包括分隔线），选择“视图|页眉和页脚”，首先删除文字，然后点击页眉页脚工具栏的“页面设置”按钮，在弹出的对话框上点“边框”，在“页面边框”选项卡，边框设置为“无”，应用范围为“本节”；“边框”选项卡的边框设置为“无”，应用范围为“段落”。切换到“页脚”，删除页码。选择“工具|选项”，在“打印”选项卡里确认不打印隐藏文字（Word默认）。
注：以上在word中的处理是比较常用的做法，不过作者需要了解，投稿稿件是word格式或pdf格式或wps格式，但是很多期刊是用方正排版系统排版的，二者不“兼容”。因此，作者的word投稿只是编辑部排版的原稿，排版问题作者无需太过担心；而作者如想要编辑部出刊前最后的电子稿（有些作者着急要清样或已经排版的电子稿）其实也没有太大意义，因为没有方正的软件就无法打开这个电子稿。