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英文论文中国文献综述

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英文论文中国文献综述

世界经济一体化、文化多元化的快速发展,英语作为世界通用语地位的确立,为我国大学英语教学提出培养具有跨文化交际能力的高素质人才的新要求。而我国大学英语教学实际却是长期延袭传统的以语言知识体系为中心的教学模式,注重培养学生的语言能力,没有给予文化教学、文化学习以足够的重视,严重影响了学生跨文化交际能力的培养,致使学了多年英语的学生不知如何用英语进行交流,更谈不上进行跨文化交际。为了真实再现大学英语跨文化教学现状,摸清大学英语跨文化教学中存在的具体问题及其根源,以便有针对性地分析研究、采取策略,改革大学英语教学,提高学生的跨文化交际能力,本研究综合跨文化交际、外语教学、应用语言文化学等理论的研究成果,以跨文化交际能力三分模式为统领理论框架,采取定性与定量研究相结合的方法进行了实证研究。研究阐述了语言、文化与交际三位一体的关系,明确指出大学英语教学应是以培养学生的跨文化交际能力为目标的跨文化教学,跨文化交际能力的培养只有通过跨文化教学才能得以实现。研究针对作者从教多年的黑龙江科技大学大学英语跨文化教学,采取问卷调查和教师访谈的形式,从认知、情感和行为三个层面调查了解、深入剖析跨文化外语教学中存在的问题及其成因。问卷数据统计结果表明,学生文化学习与运用情况不够理想,存在着严重的“中国文化失语”现象,学生的跨文化交际能力普遍很低。影响学生英语文化知识学习的主要因素有:学生对于文化的定义和认识、学生对语言学习与文化学习的观点和看法、英语课堂教学与学生文化信息来源情况、学生在英语学习中精力分配情况,其中学生对语言学习与文化学习的观点和看法对学生英语文化知识学习的影响最大。影响教师跨文化教学情况的主要因素有:教师对跨文化交际知识学习的态度、教师对跨文化教学内容的认识、跨文化教学方法的选择、教材中文化内容的含量、文化教学时间的分配、学生对文化学习的兴趣或态度,其中跨文化教学方法的选择对教师跨文化教学情况的影响最大。研究通过对问卷调查和访谈调查结果进行分析研究,进一步发现大学英语跨文化教学在教学理论、教学目标、教师自身跨文化综合素养、教师对跨文化教学的认识与教学实践、教材文化内容呈现等方面存在严重问题;学生作为学习的主体存在着学习目标不明,对文化学习看法模糊,自主学习能力不强等问题。针对存在的问题,本研究从外语教学和跨文化交际能力培养两个层面对问题的成因进行了深入剖析,发现教学理念模糊、教学目标不明确、文化内容欠缺失衡、教学环境不足、应试教育影响以及中西文化差异、中西思维方式的不同、中西方价值观差异的影响等是引发问题存在的的根本原因。本研究的创新之处在于在实证研究的基础上,针对存在的问题及其根源,对跨文化交际能力的培养策略进行了深入探讨,构建了包括认知、情感、行为三个层面内容的跨文化交际能力培养体系。体系明确阐述大学英语跨文化教学必须处理好本土文化与英语文化、英语功用性与人文性、语言教学与文化教学之间的关系;提出一系列有效策略帮助学生树立语言、文化平等观,消除“中国文化失语症”的影响,树立跨文化自觉意识,达到培养学生跨文化交际能力的目的,从而解决跨文化教学中的实际问题。本研究打破了以往为数不多,又以零落、散乱为内容特点的跨文化教学实证研究的格局,调查内容具有较强的系统性和可针对性。研究选取的学校是众多中国高校的一个缩影,具有一定的代表性,在一定程度上能够反映中国高校跨文化外语教学状况。研究结果是对跨文化交际能力培养研究的有益尝试和必要补充,具有一定的实践意义,可为跨文化外语教学的进一步研究提供实践基础和理论参考。[1] 贾冠杰. 中国英语再研究[J]. 当代外语研究. 2013(03)[2] 吴小丽. 大学英语文化教学的现状与对策[J]. 发展. 2013(02)[3] 陈俊. “中国英语”教学本土化现状及途径研究[J]. 英语广场(学术研究). 2012(06)[4] 贺子夜. 大学生跨文化交际能力现状及跨文化交际深层障碍解析[J]. 科技信息. 2011(11)[5] 王克非. 外语教育政策与社会经济发展[J]. 外语界. 2011(01)[6] 王东霞. 跨文化语言教学现状分析及对策研究[J]. 大连大学学报. 2010(04)[7] 彭世勇. 中国跨文化交际研究的现状与困境[J]. 汕头大学学报(人文社会科学版). 2010(04)[8] 李华,李政. 基于因子分析法评价期刊的学术影响力[J]. 南通职业大学学报. 2010(02)[9] 贾磊磊. 跨文化交流中的理解误差[J]. 学术探索. 2010(01)[10] 梁玉玲. 外语教师多元文化意识浅析[J]. 遵义师范学院学报. 2009(03)

文献综述是英文作业写作中的核心创作内容,在整个论文中占比非常的高,只有了解了文献综述的基本特征和性质功能,才能够更好的提高英文创作水平。下面小编将为大家讲解英文作业写作中文献综述的作用及特征。

一、文献综述的作用

写好一篇毕业论文需要了解写作课题研究的基础情况,并需要掌握与课题相关的基础理论知识。其中文献综述泛指通过系统地调查所选课题相关的国内外文献资料,进行比对、整理、加工然后撰写出综合性叙述和评价的文章,尤其是一些最新科研成果和事物的发展趋势,也需要指出该课题需要改进和未解决的问题。通过对国内外研究的成功案例或科研成果进行比较和评价,这样不仅可以进一步阐明选题的意义,还可以为此组织材料和形成观点奠定基础。

二、文献综述的基本特征

文献的分类的方法有很多种,其中英文作业写作中较为常用的有几种,按照顺序加工可分为

1.一次文献,一次文献包括文献著作本身或是学生自己做的调查研究;

2.二次文献,所谓二次文献指是的在第一次的加工基础上进行的二次加工;

3.三次文献,三次文献是选取二次文献中有实质性作用的内容,按照一定的需要和目的经过深度加工而成的。三次文献具有非常强的综合性,因为包含了分析、比对、鉴别、评价,是非常具有价值的文献资料。

三、文献综述的三条明显特征

1.具有综合性。因是针对某个时期的同一课题的研究成果的综合概括,故需要大家尽可能的把当初的同一课题的研究成果资料搜集出来并认真的揣摩、加工、整理和分析。

2.具有描述性。虽然文献综述是对于各种时期的课题或各种流派的观点所作的介绍,但我们在写作时也务必尽可能的让这些观点接近原文想要表达的立场,这就需要自身对于此原文进行客观的描述。

3.具有评价性。对于前人的研究成果包括但不限于研究报告进行非常简单的罗列,需要用自身的专业知识并结合所见所闻进行客观的评价,以此表达自己的观点和所处的立场。

下面是我为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述的 范文 ”的资料,供大家参阅。

英文文献综述范文

How to Write a Literature Review ?

I. The definition of Literature Review

文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研 论文 中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础,就某个专题的 历史 背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述,科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息,了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。

II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components

A. The Purposes

On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.

On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused

research question.

B. Its Components

There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.

标题与作者(title and author)

摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)

引言(introduction)

述评(review)

结论(conclusion)

参考文献(references)

III. Classification of Source Materials

How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.

A: Background sources:

Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and

encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.

B: Primary sources

Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,

biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too

many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.

C: Secondary sources

Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book

reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or

writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing

in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,

but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and

will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you

need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to

analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.

D: Web sources

The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent

resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web

sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You

may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a

good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its

own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the

authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use

information. The currency of website information should also be taken into

account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.

IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review

A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources

If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and

the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper

on a topic without reading the original source.

B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis

Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.

Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.

C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth

Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William

Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic

in depth. Choose those.

D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts

If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on

Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,

Choose the article by the expert.

E. Choosing the most current sources

If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a

scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the

books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in

periodicals.

V. Writing a literature Review

A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:

1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.

2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.

3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.

4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.

5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.

6. Criticism of the work in the area.

B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:

1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.

2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.

C. Some tips for writing the review:

1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.

2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most

related references last.

3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.

4. Start writing your review early.

VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和 注意事项

英文文献主要部分细节提示:

引言(Introduction)

引言是文献综述正文的开始部分,主要包括两个内容:一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围

和内容。提出问题时,作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和

分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时,作者应使用简明扼要

的语句加以概括。

引言的内容和结构具有以下特点:

(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和

范围;

(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识,使用现在完成时叙述他人成果,使用一般将来时或一

般现在时简介本文内容;

(3) 句子 结构力求简洁明了,多用简单句,并列成份较为常见;

(4)以第三人称主语为主,间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。

述评(Review)

述评是文献综述的核心所在,是对引言的展开和深入。根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围,

作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析,在此基础上列出与主题有关的

所有重要学术观点,然后分别加以论述,以便读者获得全面的了解。回顾前人研究,以时间

为序,由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能,叙前人研究,议其结果、探其原因、

究其不足。

分析评论,特别是表达作者自己的观点时,要客观、谨慎,因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测

的语言形式。

综述的结论(Conclusion)

结论不仅是作者对全文的总结,也是作者发表个人 意见 的部分,一般有标题Conclusion 或

Summary,较短的综述如果没有小标题,则往往有As mentioned above,To sum up,To

conclude,Inshort,In all 等 短语 引出结论。结论的内容包括:对述评的归纳、对各种问

题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。

二.注意事项

⒈搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提,否则,随便搜集一 点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的文献综述,甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。

⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同,有的 文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异,因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和 科学性较好的文献。

⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析,因此在撰写时应分清 作者的观点和文献的内容,不能篡改文献的内容。

⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略,但文献综述绝对不能省略,而 且应是文中引用过的,能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。

5.文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍,而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此,文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。

6.文献综述要文字简洁,尽量避免大量引用原文,要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚,从原始文献中得出一般性结论。

7. 文献综述不是资料库,要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”,确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关,其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起,既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势,又能反映研究内容的各个方面。

8. 文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观,用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献,尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。

VII. A Sample of Literature Review

A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations

Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92~94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Word s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ~ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102~105).

Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101~107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ~ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16~18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity

and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).

After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.

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2005,(11):108~112

[17]劲松.流行语新探.语文建设,1999,(3):22~26

[18]李娜. 近十年流行语研究述评. 鞍山师范学院学报,2007-06,9(3):35~[39]赵丽薇,袁

晓雪. 流行语的运用方式及使用规范探究——以春晚语言类节目

为例. 调查与研究,2010,(8): 15~16

References

李丽君. 英语 学术论文 及 留学 文书写作[M]. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2002. 田贵森, 段晓英.英语专业 毕业 论文写作 教程[M]. 北京: 北京理工大学出版社.

2006.

刘振聪. 英语学术论文写作[M]. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社. 2009

1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。

2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录) 3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。

字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。 4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。

关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。

主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。 5、论文正文: (1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。

引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。

〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容: a.提出-论点; b.分析问题-论据和论证; c.解决问题-论证与步骤; d.结论。

6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。

中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息 所列参考文献的要求是: (1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。 (2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

最低元开通文库会员,查看完整内容> 原发布者:王宏博818 HowtoWriteaLiteratureReview?.ThedefinitionofLiteratureReview文献综述(LiterautreReview)是科研论文中重要的文体之一。

它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础,就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述,科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息,了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。

..标题与作者(titleandauthor)摘要与关键词(abstractandkeywords)引言(introduction)述评(review)结论(conclusion)参考文献(references).ClassificationofSourceMaterialsHowcanwelocatethematerialsrelevanttoourtopic *** etterandfaster?Basically,allthesesourcematerial *** 。

英语毕业论文文献综述好写的,根据题目写相关学者的总结,开始我也不会,还是师姐介绍的莫文网,专业的就是不一样,很快就帮忙完成了对大学英语翻译教学若干问题的思考应用英语翻译呼唤理论指导大学英语翻译教学:现状与对策国内商务英语翻译研究综述商务英语翻译中存在的问题与对策顺应理论视角下科技英语翻译切雅实证分析经济一体化环境下的商务英语翻译教学新世纪十年来商务英语翻译研究:回顾与前瞻语用观视角下的中医英语翻译教学实证研究翻译——找到源语的所指——对规划教材《商务英语翻译》误译译例的批判研究从功能对等角度看商务英语翻译高校科技英语翻译课程设置探讨科技英语汉译的英语翻译技巧研究——以船舶英语文本中的汉译为例功能对等视角下的科技英语翻译论商务英语翻译的4Es标准大学英语翻译教学存在的问题与对策关联理论在科技英语翻译中的应用——以Climate Change and Peak Oil文本的翻译为例功能对等理论指导下的商务英语翻译大学英语翻译教学:问题与对策英语翻译专业本科生的笔译能力调查分析——以某师范大学英语翻译专业为例中国职业篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译人员现状及发展对策研究从目的论的角度下看商务英语翻译论高职商务英语翻译教学中学生跨文化交际意识的培养试论近代国人英语翻译任务型教学法在《商务英语翻译》教学中的运用商务英语翻译与文化信息等值研究大学英语翻译教学教材编写探讨——以《新时代交互英语(读写译1-4册)》为例东西方文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响顺序分析在科技英语翻译中的应用——以翻译项目《大气污染排放系数手册》为案例从关联理论分析法律英语翻译中的文化差异及其翻译补偿商务英语翻译原则探讨跨文化因素对商务英语翻译的影响及调整策略###世界经济一体化、文化多元化的快速发展,英语作为世界通用语地位的确立,为我国大学英语教学提出培养具有跨文化交际能力的高素质人才的新要求。

而我国大学英语教学实际却是长期延袭传统的以语言知识体系为中心的教学模式,注重培养学生的语言能力,没有给予文化教学、文化学习以足够的重视,严重影响了学生跨文化交际能力的培养,致使学了多年英语的学生不知如何用英语进行交流,更谈不上进行跨文化交际。 为了真实再现大学英语跨文化教学现状,摸清大学英语跨文化教学中存在的具体问题及其根源,以便有针对性地分析研究、采取策略,改革大学英语教学,提高学生的跨文化交际能力,本研究综合跨文化交际、外语教学、应用语言文化学等理论的研究成果,以跨文化交际能力三分模式为统领理论框架,采取定性与定量研究相结合的方法进行了实证研究。

研究阐述了语言、文化与交际三位一体的关系,明确指出大学英语教学应是以培养学生的跨文化交际能力为目标的跨文化教学,跨文化交际能力的培养只有通过跨文化教学才能得以实现。研究针对作者从教多年的黑龙江科技大学大学英语跨文化教学,采取问卷调查和教师访谈的形式,从认知、情感和行为三个层面调查了解、深入剖。

@@@ 世界经济一体化、文化多元化的快速发展,英语作为世界通用语地位的确立,为我国大学英语教学提出培养具有跨文化交际能力的高素质人才的新要求。而我国大学英语教学实际却是长期延袭传统的以语言知识体系为中心的教学模式,注重培养学生的语言能力,没有给予文化教学、文化学习以足够的重视,严重影响了学生跨文化交际能力的培养,致使学了多年英语的学生不知如何用英语进行交流,更谈不上进行跨文化交际。

为了真实再现大学英语跨文化教学现状,摸清大学英语跨文化教学中存在的具体问题及其根源,以便有针对性地分析研究、采取策略,改革大学英语教学,提高学生的跨文化交际能力,本研究综合跨文化交际、外语教学、应用语言文化学等理论的研究成果,以跨文化交际能力三分模式为统领理论框架,采取定性与定量研究相结合的方法进行了实证研究。 研究阐述了语言、文化与交际三位一体的关系,明确指出大学英语教学应是以培养学生的跨文化交际能力为目标的跨文化教学,跨文化交际能力的培养只有通过跨文化教学才能得以实现。

研究针对作者从教多年的黑龙江科技大学大学英语跨文化教学,采取问卷调查和教师访谈的形式,从认知、情感和行为三个层面调查了解、深入剖析跨文化外语教学中存在的问题及其成因。 问卷数据统计结果表明,学生文化学习与运用情况不够理想,存在着严重的“中国文化失语”现象,学生的跨文化交际能力普遍很低。

影响学生英语文化知识学习的主要因素有:学生对于文化的定义和认识、学生对语言学习与文化学习的观点和看法、英语课堂教学与学生文化信息来源情况、学生在英语学习中精力分配情况,其中学生对语言学习与文化学习的观点和看法对学生英语文化知识学习的影响最大。 影响教师跨文化教学情况的主要因素有:教师对跨文化交际知识学习的态度、教师对跨文化教学内容的认识、跨文化教学方法的选择、教材中文化内容的含量、文化教学时间的分配、学生对文化学习的兴趣或态度,其中跨文化教学方法的选择对教师跨文化。

英语毕业论文文献综述好写的,根据题目写相关学者的总结,开始我也不会,还是师姐介绍的莫文网,专业的就是不一样,很快就帮忙完成了 对大学英语翻译教学若干问题的思考 应用英语翻译呼唤理论指导 大学英语翻译教学:现状与对策 国内商务英语翻译研究综述 商务英语翻译中存在的问题与对策 顺应理论视角下科技英语翻译切雅实证分析 经济一体化环境下的商务英语翻译教学 新世纪十年来商务英语翻译研究:回顾与前瞻 语用观视角下的中医英语翻译教学实证研究 翻译——找到源语的所指——对规划教材《商务英语翻译》误译译例的批判研究 从功能对等角度看商务英语翻译 高校科技英语翻译课程设置探讨 科技英语汉译的英语翻译技巧研究——以船舶英语文本中的汉译为例 功能对等视角下的科技英语翻译 论商务英语翻译的4Es标准 大学英语翻译教学存在的问题与对策 关联理论在科技英语翻译中的应用——以Climate Change and Peak Oil文本的翻译为例 功能对等理论指导下的商务英语翻译 大学英语翻译教学:问题与对策 英语翻译专业本科生的笔译能力调查分析——以某师范大学英语翻译专业为例 中国职业篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译人员现状及发展对策研究 从目的论的角度下看商务英语翻译 论高职商务英语翻译教学中学生跨文化交际意识的培养 试论近代国人英语翻译 任务型教学法在《商务英语翻译》教学中的运用 商务英语翻译与文化信息等值研究 大学英语翻译教学教材编写探讨——以《新时代交互英语(读写译1-4册)》为例 东西方文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响 顺序分析在科技英语翻译中的应用——以翻译项目《大气污染排放系数手册》为案例 从关联理论分析法律英语翻译中的文化差异及其翻译补偿 商务英语翻译原则探讨 跨文化因素对商务英语翻译的影响及调整策略。

1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。

2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录)

3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。

4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。

主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。

5、论文正文:

(1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。

〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容:

a.提出-论点;

b.分析问题-论据和论证;

c.解决问题-论证与步骤;

d.结论。

6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。

中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息

所列参考文献的要求是:

(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。

(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

英语专业写起来比较麻烦,不可能有人给你白写的,还是自己动动脑筋写吧,如写作实在有困难可以找人帮忙,是我同学介绍我的,找的【天下文库】,她们帮我做的。

还不错,希望你也都能顺利通过。 论文的选题 撰写毕业论文,首先是选择课题。

选题是完成毕业论文撰写成败的关键。因为,选择题是完成毕业论文撰写的第一步,它实际上就是确定“写什么”的问题,亦即确定科学研究的方向。

要坚持选择有科学价值和现实意义的课题。 [详细内容] 论文的格式 (一)论文标题。

(二)作者姓名。 (三)内容摘要。

一般为中文摘要,如有英文要求则要附上英文摘要。摘要应该以研究目的、研究方法、研究结果和结论,围绕主题展开,明确介绍重点。

一般用200-300字高度概括全篇论文的精华。 (四)关键词。

又称主题词,从论文中选出用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。一般以3-8个词以显著的字体另起一行,排在摘要的左下方。

(五)正文:1、绪论;2、本论;3、结论。 (六)参考文献。

在论文主体的后面列出参考文献,目的在于表明作者的科学态度和对前人劳动成果的尊重,并方便读者去查阅参考文献之前专门列出一项“致谢”。 论文的撰写论文的正文一般包括三大部分:绪论、本论和结论。

绪论是论文的开头部分。主要讲清研究的动机、写作的理由、目的和意义、提出问题、概述内容、明确中心论点等。

一般要求语言简洁扼要,开门见山,引人注目。也可以简要交代确定选题的过程和有关背景材料,目的是为了使读者更好地了解全文的旨要。

论文的指导在与指导教师第一次见面后,考生将根据指导教师的要求,对已有的写作思路进行丰富或修正并形成论文写作提纲。对于写作者来说,提纲质量的高低,直接关系到论文写作的成效。

豪不夸张地说,写好了论文提纲,也就等于完成了论文写作任务的一半。

英语毕业论文的文献看你写什么方向,都是根据题目写文献综述。开始我也不懂,还是师姐给的莫文网,高手就是效率高啊

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论日语专业学生非语言交际能力的培养

从英语原声电影观赏看英语教学

论文综述英文文献综述

世界经济一体化、文化多元化的快速发展,英语作为世界通用语地位的确立,为我国大学英语教学提出培养具有跨文化交际能力的高素质人才的新要求。而我国大学英语教学实际却是长期延袭传统的以语言知识体系为中心的教学模式,注重培养学生的语言能力,没有给予文化教学、文化学习以足够的重视,严重影响了学生跨文化交际能力的培养,致使学了多年英语的学生不知如何用英语进行交流,更谈不上进行跨文化交际。为了真实再现大学英语跨文化教学现状,摸清大学英语跨文化教学中存在的具体问题及其根源,以便有针对性地分析研究、采取策略,改革大学英语教学,提高学生的跨文化交际能力,本研究综合跨文化交际、外语教学、应用语言文化学等理论的研究成果,以跨文化交际能力三分模式为统领理论框架,采取定性与定量研究相结合的方法进行了实证研究。研究阐述了语言、文化与交际三位一体的关系,明确指出大学英语教学应是以培养学生的跨文化交际能力为目标的跨文化教学,跨文化交际能力的培养只有通过跨文化教学才能得以实现。研究针对作者从教多年的黑龙江科技大学大学英语跨文化教学,采取问卷调查和教师访谈的形式,从认知、情感和行为三个层面调查了解、深入剖析跨文化外语教学中存在的问题及其成因。问卷数据统计结果表明,学生文化学习与运用情况不够理想,存在着严重的“中国文化失语”现象,学生的跨文化交际能力普遍很低。影响学生英语文化知识学习的主要因素有:学生对于文化的定义和认识、学生对语言学习与文化学习的观点和看法、英语课堂教学与学生文化信息来源情况、学生在英语学习中精力分配情况,其中学生对语言学习与文化学习的观点和看法对学生英语文化知识学习的影响最大。影响教师跨文化教学情况的主要因素有:教师对跨文化交际知识学习的态度、教师对跨文化教学内容的认识、跨文化教学方法的选择、教材中文化内容的含量、文化教学时间的分配、学生对文化学习的兴趣或态度,其中跨文化教学方法的选择对教师跨文化教学情况的影响最大。研究通过对问卷调查和访谈调查结果进行分析研究,进一步发现大学英语跨文化教学在教学理论、教学目标、教师自身跨文化综合素养、教师对跨文化教学的认识与教学实践、教材文化内容呈现等方面存在严重问题;学生作为学习的主体存在着学习目标不明,对文化学习看法模糊,自主学习能力不强等问题。针对存在的问题,本研究从外语教学和跨文化交际能力培养两个层面对问题的成因进行了深入剖析,发现教学理念模糊、教学目标不明确、文化内容欠缺失衡、教学环境不足、应试教育影响以及中西文化差异、中西思维方式的不同、中西方价值观差异的影响等是引发问题存在的的根本原因。本研究的创新之处在于在实证研究的基础上,针对存在的问题及其根源,对跨文化交际能力的培养策略进行了深入探讨,构建了包括认知、情感、行为三个层面内容的跨文化交际能力培养体系。体系明确阐述大学英语跨文化教学必须处理好本土文化与英语文化、英语功用性与人文性、语言教学与文化教学之间的关系;提出一系列有效策略帮助学生树立语言、文化平等观,消除“中国文化失语症”的影响,树立跨文化自觉意识,达到培养学生跨文化交际能力的目的,从而解决跨文化教学中的实际问题。本研究打破了以往为数不多,又以零落、散乱为内容特点的跨文化教学实证研究的格局,调查内容具有较强的系统性和可针对性。研究选取的学校是众多中国高校的一个缩影,具有一定的代表性,在一定程度上能够反映中国高校跨文化外语教学状况。研究结果是对跨文化交际能力培养研究的有益尝试和必要补充,具有一定的实践意义,可为跨文化外语教学的进一步研究提供实践基础和理论参考。[1] 贾冠杰. 中国英语再研究[J]. 当代外语研究. 2013(03)[2] 吴小丽. 大学英语文化教学的现状与对策[J]. 发展. 2013(02)[3] 陈俊. “中国英语”教学本土化现状及途径研究[J]. 英语广场(学术研究). 2012(06)[4] 贺子夜. 大学生跨文化交际能力现状及跨文化交际深层障碍解析[J]. 科技信息. 2011(11)[5] 王克非. 外语教育政策与社会经济发展[J]. 外语界. 2011(01)[6] 王东霞. 跨文化语言教学现状分析及对策研究[J]. 大连大学学报. 2010(04)[7] 彭世勇. 中国跨文化交际研究的现状与困境[J]. 汕头大学学报(人文社会科学版). 2010(04)[8] 李华,李政. 基于因子分析法评价期刊的学术影响力[J]. 南通职业大学学报. 2010(02)[9] 贾磊磊. 跨文化交流中的理解误差[J]. 学术探索. 2010(01)[10] 梁玉玲. 外语教师多元文化意识浅析[J]. 遵义师范学院学报. 2009(03)

问题一:论文综述 英语怎么说啊? summary of dissertation 问题二:"综述"用英文怎么说 Domestic literature review 国内文献综述。 问题三:文献综述 英语怎么说 Literature Review 刚写完毕业论文。。。 文献综述就是这么说的 问题四:“文献综述”用英语怎么说 summary of the literatures文献综述 问题五:国外文献综述 用英语怎么说 Domestic literature review 国内文献综述。 问题六:对・・・等方面进行了文献综述 英文怎么说 Yes. Other aspects of the review of the lit订rature 问题七:英语毕业论文文献综述怎么写? 英语毕业论文文献综述好写的,根据题目写相关学者的总结,开始我也不会,还是师姐介绍的莫文网,专业的就是不一样,很快就帮忙完成了 对大学英语翻译教学若干问题的思考 应用英语翻译呼唤理论指导 大学英语翻译教学:现状与对策 国内商务英语翻译研究综述 商务英语翻译中存在的问题与对策 顺应理论视角下科技英语翻译切雅实证分析 经济一体化环境下的商务英语翻译教学 新世纪十年来商务英语翻译研究:回顾与前瞻 语用观视角下的中医英语翻译教学实证研究 翻译――找到源语的所指――对规划教材《商务英语翻译》误译译例的批判研究 从功能对等角度看商务英语翻译 高校科技英语翻译课程设置探讨 科技英语汉译的英语翻译技巧研究――以船舶英语文本中的汉译为例 功能对等视角下的科技英语翻译 论商务英语翻译的4Es标准 大学英语翻译教学存在的问题与对策 关联理论在科技英语翻译中的应用――以Climate Change and Peak Oil文本的翻译为例 功能对等理论指导下的商务英语翻译 大学英语翻译教学:问题与对策 英语翻译专业本科生的笔译能力调查分析――以某师范大学英语翻译专业为例 中国职业篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译人员现状及发展对策研究 从目的论的角度下看商务英语翻译 论高职商务英语翻译教学中学生跨文化交际意识的培养 试论近代国人英语翻译 任务型教学法在《商务英语翻译》教学中的运用 商务英语翻译与文化信息等值研究 大学英语翻译教学教材编写探讨――以《新时代交互英语(读写译1-4册)》为例 东西方文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响 顺序分析在科技英语翻译中的应用――以翻译项目《大气污染排放系数手册》为案例 从关联理论分析法律英语翻译中的文化差异及其翻译补偿 商务英语翻译原则探讨 跨文化因素对商务英语翻译的影响及调整策略 问题八:英文文献综述怎么写? 文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文, 它是科学文献的一种。 格式与写法 文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果,特别是阳性结果,而文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样,但总的来说,一般都包含以下四部分:即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲,在根据提纲进行撰写工。 前言部分,主要是说明写作的目的,介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围,扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点,使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。 主题部分,是综述的主体,其写法多样,没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述,也可按不同的问题进行综述,还可按不同的观点进行比较综述,不管用那一种格式综述,都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较,阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向,以及对这些问题的评述,主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。 总结部分,与研究性论文的小结有些类似,将全文主题进行扼要总结,对所综述的主题有研究的作者,最好能提出自己的见解。 参考文献虽然放在文末,但却是文献综述的重要组成部分。因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据,而且为读者深入探讨有关问题提供了文献查找线索。因此,应认真对待。参考文献的编排应条目清楚,查找方便,内容准确无误。关于参考文献的使用方法,录著项目及格式与研究论文相同,不再重复。

文献综述英文是literature review。

文献综述是对某一领域,某一专业或某一方面的课题、问题或研究专题搜集大量相关资料,然后通过阅读、分析、归纳、整理当前课题、问题或研究专题的最新进展、学术见解或建议,对其做出综合性介绍和阐述的一种学术论文。

文献综述是在确定了选题后,在对选题所涉及的研究领域的文献进行广泛阅读和理解的基础上,对该研究领域的研究现状、新水平、新动态、新技术和新发现、发展前景等内容进行综合分析、归纳整理和评论,并提出自己的见解和研究思路而写成的一种不同于毕业论文的文体。

它要求作者既要对所查阅资料的主要观点进行综合整理、陈述,还要根据自己的理解和认识,对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论述和相应的评价,而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。

好的文献综述,不但可以为下一步的学位论文写作奠定一个坚实的理论基础和提供某种延伸的契机,而且能表明写本综述的作者对既有研究文献的归纳分析和梳理整合的综合能力,从而有助于提高对学位论文水平的总体评价。

ok ,俺棒吧。

英国文学论文文献综述

可以进行跨学科比较,如学习政治可用语文中的句子分析法来分析政治概念等等…… 三、问题学习法。带着问题去看书,有利于集中注意力,目的明确。它要求我们看书前,首先去看一下课文后的思考题,一边看书一边思考;同时,它还要求我们在预习时去寻找问题,以便在听课时在老师讲解该问题时集中注意力听讲

The term English literature refers to literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; Joseph Conrad was Polish, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, Salman Rushdie is Indian, . Naipaul was born in Trinidad, Vladimir Nabokov was Russian. In other words, English literature is as diverse as the varieties and dialects of English spoken around the world. In academia, the term often labels departments and programmes practising English studies in secondary and tertiary educational systems. Despite the variety of authors of English literature, the works of William Shakespeare remain paramount throughout the English-speaking article primarily deals with literature from Britain written in English. For literature from specific English-speaking regions, consult the see also section at the bottom of the [hide]1 Old English 2 Renaissance literature 3 Early Modern period Elizabethan Era Jacobean literature Caroline and Cromwellian literature Restoration literature Augustan literature 4 18th century 5 Romanticism 6 Victorian literature 7 Modernism 8 Post-modern literature 9 Views of English literature 10 See also 11 External links Old EnglishMain article: Anglo-Saxon literatureThe first works in English, written in Old English, appeared in the early Middle Ages (the oldest surviving text is Cædmon's Hymn). The oral tradition was very strong in early British culture and most literary works were written to be performed. Epic poems were thus very popular and many, including Beowulf, have survived to the present day in the rich corpus of Anglo-Saxon literature that closely resemble today's Norwegian or, better yet, Icelandic. Much Anglo-Saxon verse in the extant manuscripts is probably a "milder" adaptation of the earlier Viking and German war poems from the continent. When such poetry was brought to England it was still being handed down orally from one generation to another, and the constant presence of alliterative verse, or consonant rhyme (today's newspaper headlines and marketing abundantly use this technique such as in Big is Better) helped the Anglo-Saxon peoples remember it. Such rhyme is a feature of Germanic languages and is opposed to vocalic or end-rhyme of Romance languages. But the first written literature dates to the early Christian monasteries founded by St. Augustine of Canterbury and his disciples and it is reasonable to believe that it was somehow adapted to suit to needs of Christian readers. Even without their crudest lines, Viking war poems still smell of blood feuds and their consonant rhymes sound like the smashing of swords under the gloomy northern sky: there is always a sense of imminent danger in the narratives. Sooner or later, all things must come to an end, as Beowulf eventually dies at the hands of the monsters he spends the tale fighting. The feelings of Beowulf that nothing lasts, that youth and joy will turn to death and sorrow entered Christianity and were to dominate the future landscape of English literatureMain article: English RenaissanceFollowing the introduction of a printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, vernacular literature flourished. The Reformation inspired the production of vernacular liturgy which led to the Book of Common Prayer, a lasting influence on literary English language. The poetry, drama, and prose produced under both Queen Elizabeth I and King James I constitute what is today labelled as Early modern (or Renaissance).Early Modern periodFurther information: Early Modern English and Early Modern Britain Elizabethan EraMain article: Elizabethan literatureThe Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the field of drama. The Italian Renaissance had rediscovered the ancient Greek and Roman theatre, and this was instrumental in the development of the new drama, which was then beginning to evolve apart from the old mystery and miracle plays of the Middle Ages. The Italians were particularly inspired by Seneca (a major tragic playwright and philosopher, the tutor of Nero) and Plautus (its comic clichés, especially that of the boasting soldier had a powerful influence on the Renaissance and after). However, the Italian tragedies embraced a principle contrary to Seneca's ethics: showing blood and violence on the stage. In Seneca's plays such scenes were only acted by the characters. But the English playwrights were intrigued by Italian model: a conspicuous community of Italian actors had settled in London and Giovanni Florio had brought much of the Italian language and culture to England. It is also true that the Elizabethan Era was a very violent age and that the high incidence of political assassinations in Renaissance Italy (embodied by Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince) did little to calm fears of popish plots. As a result, representing that kind of violence on the stage was probably more cathartic for the Elizabethan spectator. Following earlier Elizabethan plays such as Gorboduc by Sackville & Norton and The Spanish Tragedy by Kyd that was to provide much material for Hamlet, William Shakespeare stands out in this period as a poet and playwright as yet unsurpassed. Shakespeare was not a man of letters by profession, and probably had only some grammar school education. He was neither a lawyer, nor an aristocrat as the "university wits" that had monopolised the English stage when he started writing. But he was very gifted and incredibly versatile, and he surpassed "professionals" as Robert Greene who mocked this "shake-scene" of low origins. Though most dramas met with great success, it is in his later years (marked by the early reign of James I) that he wrote what have been considered his greatest plays: Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, and The Tempest, a tragicomedy that inscribes within the main drama a brilliant pageant to the new king. This 'play within a play' takes the form of a masque, an interlude with music and dance coloured by the novel special effects of the new indoor theatres. Critics have shown that this masterpiece, which can be considered a dramatic work in its own right, was written for James's court, if not for the monarch himself. The magic arts of Prospero, on which depend the outcome of the plot, hint at the fine relationship between art and nature in poetry. Significantly for those times (the arrival of the first colonists in America), The Tempest is (though not apparently) set on a Bermudan island, as research on the Bermuda Pamphlets (1609) has shown, linking Shakespeare to the Virginia Company itself. The "News from the New World", as Frank Kermode points out, were already out and Shakespeare's interest in this respect is remarkable. Shakespeare also popularized the English sonnet which made significant changes to Petrarch's sonnet was introduced into English by Thomas Wyatt in the early 16th century. Poems intended to be set to music as songs, such as by Thomas Campion, became popular as printed literature was disseminated more widely in households. See English Madrigal School. Other important figures in Elizabethan theatre include Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Dekker, John Fletcher and Francis Beaumont. Had Marlowe (1564-1593) not been stabbed at twenty-nine in a tavern brawl, says Anthony Burgess, he might have rivalled, if not equalled Shakespeare himself for his poetic gifts. Remarkably, he was born only a few weeks before Shakespeare and must have known him well. Marlowe's subject matter, though, is different: it focuses more on the moral drama of the renaissance man than any other thing. Marlowe was fascinated and terrified by the new frontiers opened by modern science. Drawing on German lore, he introduced Dr. Faustus to England, a scientist and magician who is obsessed by the thirst of knowledge and the desire to push man's technological power to its limits. He acquires supernatural gifts that even allow him to go back in time and wed Helen of Troy, but at the end of his twenty-four years' covenant with the devil he has to surrender his soul to him. His dark heroes may have something of Marlowe himself, whose untimely death remains a mystery. He was known for being an atheist, leading a lawless life, keeping many mistresses, consorting with ruffians: living the 'high life' of London's underworld. But many suspect that this might have been a cover-up for his activities as a secret agent for Elizabeth I, hinting that the 'accidental stabbing' might have been a premeditated assassination by the enemies of The Crown. Beaumont and Fletcher are less-known, but it is almost sure that they helped Shakespeare write some of his best dramas, and were quite popular at the time. It is also at this time that the city comedy genre develops. In the later 16th century English poetry was characterised by elaboration of language and extensive allusion to classical myths. The most important poets of this era include Edmund Spenser and Sir Philip Sidney. Elizabeth herself, a product of Renaissance humanism, produced occasional poems such as On Monsieur’s of Renaissance poetryJacobean literatureAfter Shakespeare's death, the poet and dramatist Ben Jonson was the leading literary figure of the Jacobean era (The reign of James I). However, Jonson's aesthetics hark back to the Middle Ages rather than to the Tudor Era: his characters embody the theory of humours. According to this contemporary medical theory, behavioral differences result from a prevalence of one of the body's four "humours" (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) over the other three; these humours correspond with the four elements of the universe: air, water, fire, and earth. This leads Jonson to exemplify such differences to the point of creating types, or cliché is a master of style, and a brilliant satirist. His Volpone shows how a group of scammers are fooled by a top con-artist, vice being punished by vice, virtue meting out its who followed Jonson's style include Beaumont and Fletcher, who wrote the brilliant comedy, The Knight of the Burning Pestle, a mockery of the rising middle class and especially of those nouveaux riches who pretend to dictate literary taste without knowing much literature at all. In the story, a couple of grocers wrangle with professional actors to have their illiterate son play a leading role in a drama. He becomes a knight-errant wearing, appropriately, a burning pestle on his shield. Seeking to win a princess' heart, the young man is ridiculed much in the way Don Quixote was. One of Beaumont and Fletcher's chief merits was that of realising how feudalism and chivalry had turned into snobbery and make-believe and that new social classes were on the popular style of theatre during Jacobean times was the revenge play, popularized by John Webster and Thomas Kyd. George Chapman wrote a couple of subtle revenge tragedies, but must be remembered chiefly on account of his famous translation of Homer, one that had a profound influence on all future English literature, even inspiring John Keats to write one of his best King James Bible, one of the most massive translation projects in the history of English up to this time, was started in 1604 and completed in 1611. It represents the culmination of a tradition of Bible translation into English that began with the work of William Tyndale. It became the standard Bible of the Church of England, and some consider it one of the greatest literary works of all time. This project was headed by James I himself, who supervised the work of forty-seven scholars. Although many other translations into English have been made, some of which are widely considered more accurate, many aesthetically prefer the King James Bible, whose meter is made to mimic the original Hebrew Shakespeare, whose figure towers over the early 1600s, the major poets of the early 17th century included John Donne and the other Metaphysical poets. Influenced by continental Baroque, and taking as his subject matter both Christian mysticism and eroticism, metaphysical poetry uses unconventional or "unpoetic" figures, such as a compass or a mosquito, to reach surprise effects. For example, in "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning", one of Donne's Songs and Sonnets, the points of a compass represent two lovers, the woman who is home, waiting, being the centre, the farther point being her lover sailing away from her. But the larger the distance, the more the hands of the compass lean to each other: separation makes love grow fonder. The paradox or the oxymoron is a constant in this poetry whose fears and anxieties also speak of a world of spiritual certainties shaken by the modern discoveries of geography and science, one that is no longer the centre of the universe. Apart from the metaphysical poetry of Donne, the 17th century is also celebrated for its Baroque poetry. Baroque poetry served the same ends as the art of the period; the Baroque style is lofty, sweeping, epic, and religious. Many of these poets have an overtly Catholic sensibility (namely Richard Crashaw) and wrote poetry for the Catholic counter-Reformation in order to establish a feeling of supremacy and mysticism that would ideally persuade newly emerging Protestant groups back toward and Cromwellian literatureThe turbulent years of the mid-17th century, during the reign of Charles I and the subsequent Commonwealth and Protectorate, saw a flourishing of political literature in English. Pamphlets written by sympathisers of every faction in the English civil war ran from vicious personal attacks and polemics, through many forms of propaganda, to high-minded schemes to reform the nation. Of the latter type, Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes would prove to be one of the most important works of British political philosophy. Hobbes's writings are some of the few political works from the era which are still regularly published while John Bramhall, who was Hobbes's chief critic, is largely forgotten. The period also saw a flourishing of news books, the precursors to the British newspaper, with journalists such as Henry Muddiman, Marchamont Needham, and John Birkenhead representing the views and activities of the contending parties. The frequent arrests of authors and the suppression of their works, with the consequence of foreign or underground printing, led to the proposal of a licensing system. The Areopagitica, a political pamphlet by John Milton, was written in opposition to licensing and is regarded as one of the most eloquent defenses of press freedom ever in the reign of Charles I (1625 – 42), English Renaissance theatre experienced its concluding efflorescence. The last works of Ben Jonson appeared on stage and in print, along with the final generation of major voices in the drama of the age: John Ford, Philip Massinger, James Shirley, and Richard Brome. With the closure of the theatres at the start of the English Civil War in 1642, drama was suppressed for a generation, to resume only in the altered society of the English Restoration in forms of literature written during this period are usually ascribed political subtexts, or their authors are grouped along political lines. The cavalier poets, active mainly before the civil war, owed much to the earlier school of metaphysical poets. The forced retirement of royalist officials after the execution of Charles I was a good thing in the case of Izaak Walton, as it gave him time to work on his book The Compleat Angler. Published in 1653, the book, ostensibly a guide to fishing, is much more: a meditation on life, leisure, and contentment. The two most important poets of Oliver Cromwell's England were Andrew Marvell and John Milton, with both producing works praising the new government; such as Marvell's An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland. Despite their republican beliefs they escaped punishment upon the Restoration of Charles II, after which Milton wrote some of his greatest poetical works (with any possible political message hidden under allegory). Thomas Browne was another writer of the period; a learned man with an extensive library, he wrote prolifically on science, religion, medicine and the literatureMain article: Restoration LiteratureRestoration literature includes both Paradise Lost and the Earl of Rochester's Sodom, the high spirited sexual comedy of The Country Wife and the moral wisdom of Pilgrim's Progress. It saw Locke's Treatises on Government, the founding of the Royal Society, the experiments of Robert Boyle and the holy meditations of Boyle, the hysterical attacks on theatres from Jeremy Collier, the pioneering of literary criticism from Dryden, and the first newspapers. The official break in literary culture caused by censorship and radically moralist standards under Cromwell's Puritan regime created a gap in literary tradition, allowing a seemingly fresh start for all forms of literature after the Restoration. During the Interregnum, the royalist forces attached to the court of Charles I went into exile with the twenty-year old Charles II. The nobility who travelled with Charles II were therefore lodged for over a decade in the midst of the continent's literary scene. Charles spent his time attending plays in France, and he developed a taste for Spanish plays. Those nobles living in Holland began to learn about mercantile exchange as well as the tolerant, rationalist prose debates that circulated in that officially tolerant largest and most important poetic form of the era was satire. In general, publication of satire was done anonymously. There were great dangers in being associated with a satire. On the one hand, defamation law was a wide net, and it was difficult for a satirist to avoid prosecution if he were proven to have written a piece that seemed to criticize a noble. On the other hand, wealthy individuals would respond to satire as often as not by having the suspected poet physically attacked by ruffians. John Dryden was set upon for being merely suspected of having written the Satire on Mankind. A consequence of this anonymity is that a great many poems, some of them of merit, are unpublished and largely unknown.未完

英国论文的写作对于Literature Review这种关键地方是非常有讲究的,所以在写作的时候一定要注意,写好英国论文的文献综述的方法有:首先,你们要非常清楚回顾参考文献有哪些作用?其实很简单:就是证明你所选择的研究问题、理论或者概念框架和研究方法,换言之,它是你要完成论文的直接论据。第二,要明确主题的重要性.即让导师理解课题,以提供必须的背景信息和那些有意义的或者最近的研究是相似的。但不同的是需要通过这一系列的调查研究进而形成自己的结论。第三,要理解回顾参考文献的意义。回顾通常情况下都是对原有的理论的一种概述,文献回顾(Literature Review)是为了突出论文的主题,且它也能为论文的主题和论据提供支持通过引用一些官方或者专家的观点。文献回顾(Literature Review))是独立的、也可以穿插一论述里面、也可以据不同的论题分成不同的章节。文献回顾(Literature Review)应该是为你的研究提供一个理论框架,让你的读者看到你、清楚的理解与你主题相关的关键概念,研究的模型等等.第四,明确以上3点后,再可以了解文献的来源。总结下来一般来源于:期刊论文,专题论文,电脑资料,学位论文,实证研究,政府报告和其他部门的报告,历史记载,统计手册以及网上的一些资料,当然对于网上的资料要有选择性。最后,在开始设计和开始你的文献回顾(Literature Review)之前一定要问自己几个问题,从而达到文章的论据的可行性。1. 你在你所调查的课题都做了什么?你打算用哪些选择原则 2. 你怎么样安排你的讨论?按年代,主题,概念的顺序排列 3. 不同的研究是怎么样联系在一起的?他们都做了什么贡献?他们的局限性是什么? 4. 你自己的调研和参考的文献如何才能相一致?其实像英国这种热门的留学国家,很多留学生都有很多关于论文写作方面的问题,如果同学们在平时还有哪些疑问一颗咨询一些国内知名的留学平台,如51Due等等都是很不错的留学平台。

不给,自己写吧

英国论文写作文献综述

文献综述是什么?

文献综述,是指在您给定的主题或选定的主题区里搜索和评估现有的文献。它记录了关于你正在写的主题或主题的最先进的状态。

文献综述有四个主要目标:

①  调查你选择的研究领域的文献;

②  将该文献中的信息综合为总结;

③  在目前的知识中,批判性地分析所收集的信息,确定差距,通过显示理论和观点的局限性,并制定进一步研究和审查领域的争议;

④  以有组织的方式呈现文学。

文献综述的目的是什么?

l 解释你正在研究主题的主要问题

l 把你的研究纳入历史视角

l 避免不必要的重复

l 评估有价值的研究方法

l 确定哪些文献对你的主题的理解作出重大贡献

l 将你的发现与以前的知识联系起来并提出进一步的研究

因此,良好的文献综述对于撰写的内容至关重要,确定了争议领域,提出了问题并确定了需要进一步研究的领域。

可以进行跨学科比较,如学习政治可用语文中的句子分析法来分析政治概念等等…… 三、问题学习法。带着问题去看书,有利于集中注意力,目的明确。它要求我们看书前,首先去看一下课文后的思考题,一边看书一边思考;同时,它还要求我们在预习时去寻找问题,以便在听课时在老师讲解该问题时集中注意力听讲

撰写文献综述步骤:

1、搜索相关文献

2、评价来源

3、识别主题、辩论和差距

4、概述结构

5、写文献综述

中英翻译论文文献综述

主要就是中英文摘要吧,正文应该不用哦。文献综述如果引用的是国外的,自己在正文中是引用翻译成中文的内容。

外文翻译是你上网上查询一篇文章,和你的设计题目相似的英文文章,然后自己翻译过来,这就是外文翻译,篇幅必须长一点,因为一般毕业设计都要有字数限制。 文献综述一般就是把你所用到的资料都一一介绍一下,不要很具体,因为论文是文献综述的具体介绍,文献综述中还包括一些与设计题目有关的现实描述。

自然和科学两个免费的文学呢! !您的图书馆也可能是多啊,还有,你应该有一个专业的外国文学! ! 一些外文网站,但我一直没能降低我的老师说要免费的! ! MPMI,植物病理学,植物病害,PNAS,科学1,细胞的公共图书馆,

去中国知网看看

财系统的设计与实现的外文翻译和文献综 肯定知道

翻译 :老师出的? 很难的。要知道要写翻译程式,必须写一下几个子程式: 词法分析->语法分析->语言优化. 你必须深入理解 汉语和 英语的语法. 根本不用去做,应为这是专业人员写的

文献综述就是用资料,只不多有一个比较固定的格式。 主要是,关于你的论文主题,国内外学者提出多点看法和主张。某某学者在某某文章中,就你的论文主题,提出看法认为如何如何 都是这样的语句,写出来就ok了。需要大概七八篇文章的论述,最好是高阶的人物写的文章,发表在高阶期刊上的。 知网搜寻文章,搜出来的文章,看看摘要就能写进综述里了,不用下载,中国知网,自己搜寻 合适采纳啊 外文翻译,如果学校图书馆上网有购买国外资料库,例如springerlink或者sci的,可以资料库找 如果没在学校可以谷歌学术搜寻相关英文关键词

涉及论文上的翻译可以在相应的翻译机构中完成即可。例如翻译达人,也是不错的选择,涉及的业务广而语种多,适合每种需求的客户

既然叫做外文文献综述,那就是根据相关课题的研究进展的相关文献(包括中文,英文)进行英文书写综述,若果只是要求中文文献综述,那也可以找一篇相关外文综述进行翻译。 望采纳,谢谢楼主

推荐你到 三七毕业设计网看看 真的不错~他们那里有专门的文献综述专区,参考一下肯定能搞定

外文翻译是你上网上查询一篇文章,和你的设计题目相似的英文文章,然后自己翻译过来,这就是外文翻译,篇幅必须长一点,因为一般毕业设计都要有字数限制。文献综述一般就是把你所用到的资料都一一介绍一下,不要很具体,因为论文是文献综述的具体介绍,文献综述中还包括一些与设计题目有关的现实描述。

阅读翻译外文文献是毕业论文撰写过程中一个非常重要的环节。毕业论文外文文献翻译应采取的策略包括研读原文、提纲表达、修改润色等。毕业论文外文文献翻译的技巧主要包括词类转换技巧、结构调整技巧、被动句的翻译技巧等。一毕业论文外文文献翻译外文文献包括英文、俄文、德文、法文、日文等多语种文献,本文以最通用的英文作为叙述语种。从近几年毕业论文外文文献翻译情况来看,一些学生翻译出来的文献内容不自然、不流畅、难懂、费解,甚至不知所云。究其原因,主要是由于学生普遍使用了Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸和CNKI“翻译助手”等翻译软件所致,并没有掌握翻译的基本方法与技巧,严重影响了外文文献翻译的质量。随着科学技术的迅猛发展和信息时代的到来,电子翻译(EleetroniCTarnslation)系统被人们广泛应用,但目前的电子翻译软件尚不完善,在翻译的过程中仍存在一些问题。现存翻译软件只是停留在单词与单词的直接转换阶段,一旦遇到一词多义的情况,系统便无法自行做出正确选择,译文也就会出错。而人工翻译则是通过对上下文的理解及长期的文化知识积累,准确地选择词义的。翻译人员通常只是参考词汇译文的意义,对于句子的表达方式则根据具体情况进行灵活地处理。机译的工作原理决定了翻译软件充其量只能达到人脑翻译的科学性要求,根本无法达到高度的艺术性的要求。基于此,学生不应盲目使用翻译软件,而应掌握一些翻译的策略和技巧,加强翻译训练,不断提高自身的翻译水平。二毕业论文外文文献翻译的基本策略01研读原文毕业论文外文文献翻译首先应真正读懂原文。具体来说,就是要理解句子和文献的真正含义,明确原文的主旨,准确理解原文内容本身的含义及与之相关的外延和内涵,还应抓住原文的中心思想和寓意,根据上下文理顺逻辑关系,确保文理清晰、译文准确。02提纲表达其次,应在透彻理解原文的基础上,写出译文提纲。首先,要研究文献的语法内容,如语态、时态等;要研究句子的结构,如恰当的词汇和句型等;要研究遣词用句,如充实单词或句子等。其次,要依照逻辑思维和语篇层次理顺全文。03修改润色译文初稿形成后,应从语法上检查,从语篇上分析,从逻辑上推敲,与原文对照,查看是否有错译漏译现象,看看有没有不合适和不通顺的尚需要进行润色加工的地方。三毕业论文外文文献翻译的技巧翻译并非简单的文字词汇互换,它涉及语言结构、思维模式、风俗习惯、社会文化、传播媒介等方方面面的知识,需要运用恰当的翻译方法和技巧,准确通顺地将一种语言文字转换成另一种语言文字。毕业论文外文文献翻译的技巧主要包括词类转换技巧、结构调整技巧和被动句的翻译技巧等。

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