中英茶文化差异论文文献

中英茶文化差异论文文献

建议做一个中英的茶文化的对比。中国和英国的茶文化都可以提到。字数上好凑。会比较好写。在对比中突出英国茶文化的特点。可以具体找一些切入点写。具体东西可以找相关书籍啊。这类书非常多的。

历史悠久的英国构建起了有别于中国的英国茶文化,不仅改变了其本土的生活方式,也影响了其国民的精神生活。下面是我精心为你整理的，一起来看看。 中国哲学源于农耕文明。农时农耕尤不与大自然息息相关，因而中国人视大自然为母亲，对其有一种天然的崇敬、依赖之情，更极为推崇汉代的儒学人家蕈仲舒提倡的“天人之际，合而为一”的思想。茶生于山川河流之中，中国人在发现利用的基础上，自然结合自身的审美情趣赋予其天人合一的思想内涵。中国茶文化不可避免地带有浓郁的山林气息。绿茶在众多茶叶品种中最受人喜爱，原因就在于未发酵的绿茶一经冲泡，其形状、颜色、气味无不给人自然的气息，或看、或闻、或品，都令人仿佛置身于葱绿的自然一般心旷神恰。紫砂茶具也在种类繁多的茶具中获得最多宠爱，是因为紫砂这一陶土精灵给人以质朴的泥土芬芳和无限的天地灵气。中国历代的文人士大夫大都偏爱饮茶，雅兴来时，常邀三五好友，于松风竹林间煮茗论道。数千年的文化薰陶，赋予了茶“淡泊”“宁静”“返璞归真”等神韵。一方斗室，一豆青灯，一杯香茗，常常使人气定神闲、物我两忘，得以感受“天地与我并生，万物与我为一”的理想境界。 与中国“天人合一”的思想不同，西方文明主张“天人两分”，视自身为探索者和研究者，试图通过掌握自然的奥秘来主宰自然。具体而言，英国人喜好发酵过的红茶，还经常加入其他调料，制成奶茶方才饮用。在茶具的选择上，英国人也没有一直沿用中国瓷器，而是创造性地将动物的骨灰加入到瓷土中进行烧制，制造出了饮茶用的骨瓷。英国茶文化还集中体现了西方社会的核心价值观――个人主义。比如，邀请别人来喝下午茶时，女主人们势必要拿出家中最好的茶，费尽心思做出美味的茶点，还要换上最得体的服饰，从而向客人展示自己以及家中最完美的一面，获得自我精神的满足。此外，英国茶文化追求实用性。相较于中国茶文化随时随地皆可饮茶的传统，英国人将茶与一日三餐紧密地结合在一起，只会在固定的饮茶时间才悠闲地喝杯茶，如传统茶、下午茶以及晚餐茶，体现了其严谨考究的文化特色。英国人还根据自身的饮食习惯制作了很多既能满足口欲又能填饱肚子的茶点。 中国茶文化吸收了儒、道、释三家思想的精华，但其主导的思想还是儒家所提倡的“中庸”和“仁礼”，主张通过饮茶反躬自省，在和谐的氛围中交流思想、增进情谊。同时，中国茶文化强调自然，追求以简为德，心静如水，返璞归真，体会人与自然的和谐统一。与中国茶文化的谦和相比，英国茶文化就多了几许霸气。英国曾一度国力强盛，称霸海上，被誉为“日不落帝国”，因而英国人普遍有一种自傲排外的岛国心态。加之，英国文化中存在一股强大的向上的价值取向。因而，无论什么时间、什么场合，英国人总竭力展示自己的最佳状态，不敢有丝毫的怠慢和敷衍。喝下午茶自然也不例外――环境一定要优雅舒适，衣着一定到典雅得体，茶点一定要高档精致，待客一定要体贴周到。一顿真正的下午茶仿佛变成了一场时尚的社交盛宴，主人不敢有丝毫马虎，客人也是小心翼翼，一定要穿着时下最流行的服饰赴会，否则稍有差池，便会招来嘲讽。 随着工业文明的发展，现代生活的快节奏冲击着人们悠闲的传统饮茶方式，人们很少有时间能够静心品味茶的内涵或者精心准备下午茶的服饰。在这种时代大背景下，中英茶文化都在经历，深刻的变革。中国茶文化不再过分追求玄思静想，英国茶文化也简化了其过去花哨的形式和繁复的礼仪。中英茶文化逐渐出现交汇点，成为增进不同文化交流的助力。但不可忽视的是，中国传统茶文化如今日渐低迷，而作为后起之秀的英国茶文化却正风靡全球，如何保护和传承好中国的传统文化值得每个中国人深思。 浅析中英茶文化的内涵 中西茶文化既有共通之处，也有迥异之处。从茶名的起源到茶的多维意义分析，再到茶的多重词义分析，可以充分感知中国茶文化的深厚底蕴和文化内涵。中国茶文化始于神农，到唐宋时期达到鼎盛，一直延续至今。茶已经从最初单纯的饮品逐渐发展成为一种文化范畴。中国茶文化与儒家、道家和佛家相融合，形成了以哲学为基础的文化理念。中国人喜欢饮茶，清茶一杯，舒缓压力，释放情感。中国人饮茶更强调茶性，即从饮茶中体味茶之深刻意境和思想内涵，以获得精神的升华与审美的体验。西方人喜欢喝红茶，饮茶习惯也十分讲究，分为上午茶、下午茶等，饮茶时配以茶点，不仅可以休闲娱乐，而且也形成了一定的礼仪规范。西方人更追求茶的实用价值，注重茶的物质特性，以满足人们的多种需求。可以说，中国的茶文化蕴含着中国传统文化的思想内涵与精神意义，更追求一种茶文化的意境与韵味，这也是东方文化所特有的形态。西方的茶文化反映了西方文化中的礼仪与用途，更强调一种具体的实质特性，这也是西方文化所特有的系统性和结构性特点的体现。

其实我对英国的茶文化也是一知半解的，不过在英国生活的时间长了一些而已，而且我知道的那些估计还不够你写一千字的。如果你想收集一些关于茶的文献（尤其是英国方面的）我倒是可以帮你查一下的。如果有需要的话可以给我发消息

西方茶 文化 有着几百年的历史，也涌现很多的关于西方茶文化的论文。下面是我精心为你整理的西方茶文化论文参考文献，一起来看看。

参考文献

[1]朱亚夫.意义的七种类型和英语词汇教学[J].外语与外语教学，005(9):28-30,35

[2]马晓俐.茶的多维魅力———英国茶文化研究[D].浙江大学博士论文，2008.

[3]王霓.跨文化视野下的中英茶文化比较[J].人民论坛，2011(A12):142-143.

[4]柳菁.目的论指导下的茶名外宣翻译问题与对策研究[J].语文学刊，2014(4):51-54.

参考文献

[1] 徐先玲，李相状.中国茶饮文化[M].北京：中国戏剧出版社，2005.

[2] 关剑平.茶与中国文化[M].北京：人民出版社，2001.

[3] 徐永成.英伦的茶文化[M].上海：文化 教育 出版社，1990 (4).

参考文献

[1]白靖宇.文化与翻译.中国社会科学出版社.2000.

[2]葛传.陆谷孙等.新英汉词典(增补本).上海译文出版.

中英茶文化差异研究论文

对中西方茶文化的比较既是对茶的发展历史的记载和对茶文化的补充，也是中西方文化比较中的一个组成部分，丰富了中西方文化比较的内容。下面是我为你整理的，希望对您有用 中英两国之间的茶具 茶叶达到英国的同时，饮茶器具如瓷器茶壶、茶杯、茶叶罐子也随茶叶的船只来到英国。这些外观美丽且存在异国情趣的器具，很快就吸引了贵族人士的眼光，他们从茶叶贸易商和瓷器商人那里把这些东西买回家，但是却是当做装潢品来用。而其后英国也出现了本人烧制的陶瓷制品的茶壶，茶杯。有的用金线描制，茶壶，茶杯上绘有英国特点的图案，显得异样的高贵华美。用这种特制的茶壶泡上一杯茶，显得再文雅不外了。 而在同时期，我国的茶具多用紫砂制成的本质茶壶，是一种用朱泥货紫泥烧制而成，也有一种釉烧的陶器，呈褐色或黑褐色，状态各异，外形设计异常可人。同时在中国的皇宫贵族也有一些颜色亮丽的陶瓷茶壶，上面有花鸟禽兽以及人物等精美形象。而现在这些茶壶仍旧可以在各大博物馆，尤其是一些陶瓷博物馆内见到。每一件都异常精巧。 在现代的中英两国，茶具并不太多的变更，英式的茶具大多以陶瓷为主，依然都显得无比优美。而在中国既有陶瓷的茶具，同时也有玻璃，紫砂，等各式茶具。 茶叶的冲泡和口味 中国的茶叶品种繁多。绿茶，红茶，白茶，黑茶，花茶等等，如若要分类，又有毛尖，铁观音，普洱等各种口味的茶叶。自古代茶叶的冲泡方法，由原叶水煮泡茶，到茶叶中加各种调料，到当初干茶叶开水冲泡。中国人最后的偏好却是品味茶叶的原汁滋味，即不在茶汤里面加牛奶，糖，肉桂等调料在里面。而英国的茶叶固然最闻名的是英式红茶，然而英国却爱在泡的茶汤中加蜂蜜、肉桂、胡椒、威士忌、黄油、鸡蛋，以及所有他们想参加的货色，为所欲为的发明了很多口味。用佛手柑油调制的格雷伯爵茶、阿萨姆红茶等少数种类，成为经典而奇特的民族茶产品，享誉世界。 此外，英国人对茶叶自身也进行了改革。袋装的茶叶末取代了片片茶叶，称为速溶茶。连袋一起放进热水杯里，一小袋只泡一杯茶。家用茶壶还有过滤杯，用开水冲下，过滤而出。这与中国人将整片茶叶放在开水里，在氤氲的热气中观赏盛开的茶叶花，已是天壤之别。 英国的茶叶冲泡无非就是一种方式，开水冲泡。而在中国，有一种茶叫功夫茶。等于为了品到最好的茶汤，用繁琐的步骤，特定的茶具，开水的温度，冲茶的技能。中国人喝茶不仅须要好茶，也要好的泡茶工夫，与英国简略的喝茶方式完整不同，但正由于如斯，培养了中国与英国的茶文化如此的不同，各有魅力。 英式下午茶，广东早茶 茶经由多年发展，在英国有英式下午茶。中国由于地广人多，出现以各种饮茶文化为代表的景象，那么以广东早茶文化为代表，因茶带给两国茶文化的相同与不同之处。 广东早茶的起源，要追溯到咸丰同治年间。当时广州有一种名为"一厘馆"的馆子，门口挂著写有"茶话"二字的木牌，供给茶水糕点，设施简陋，仅以几把木桌木凳迎客，聊供路人歇脚谈话。后来出现了茶居，范围渐大，变成茶楼，尔后广东人上茶楼喝早茶蔚然成风。直到今天，广东早茶中茶水已经成为配角，茶点却愈发精细多样，这种传统文化随着广东经济的迅速发展不但没有消散的迹象，反而越来越成为广东人休闲生活中一道亮丽的景致线。 既名为"早茶"，茶水便天然是广东早茶中不可缺乏的一区域性。早茶的茶水以红茶为主，取其暖胃去腻，利于消化。常见的有乌龙茶、铁观音、普洱茶，有的人也爱好喝菊普茶，即在普洱茶中加入菊花，取其清凉祛火。红茶色深红，汤浓稠，味苦涩，虽在视觉和味觉上都不如绿茶，却与广东早茶中味道浓烈的茶点正是绝佳配，广东早茶的长盛不衰，与广东自古以来贸易昌盛，经济发展敏捷是分不开的。在广东，早茶时候可以倾谈生意、交流资讯，也可以会朋聚友、谈天说地。生意人把茶楼当作商谈重地，普通人则在此抒解压力，换得浮生半日闲。 而英式下昼茶则是在英国维多利亚时期，英国有一位伯爵夫人，天天到下战书时刻就百无聊赖，心想此时间隔衣着正式，礼仪繁复的晚餐还有段时光，有感到肚子饿了，就请女仆筹备几片烤面包、奶油跟茶。后来这位夫人就邀请多少位知心挚友跟着茶与精巧的点心，同时轻松享受惬意的午后时间，没想到一时之间，就在当时贵族社交圈内蔚为风气。成为无数名媛趋之若鹜，这就是所谓的"维多利亚下午茶"的由来。始终到今天，已经俨然构成一种优雅自由的下午茶文明，也成为正统的"英国红茶文化"。 来源有所不同，饮茶方式有所不同，点心不同，却在必定水平上表示了雷同之处。早茶文化与下午茶文化，却都是中英两国人们一种放松方式，享受空闲时光，也是人们的一种社交方式，已经融入到人们真逼真切的生涯之中。茶文化从实质上来说就是茶的发展历史，沿着茶的发展脉络，看到了茶的从前，与对茶文化将来的发展。 中英茶文化内涵 中西茶文化既有共通之处，也有迥异之处。从茶名的起源到茶的多维意义分析，再到茶的多重词义分析，可以充分感知中国茶文化的深厚底蕴和文化内涵。中国茶文化始于神农，到唐宋时期达到鼎盛，一直延续至今。茶已经从最初单纯的饮品逐渐发展成为一种文化范畴。中国茶文化与儒家、道家和佛家相融合，形成了以哲学为基础的文化理念。中国人喜欢饮茶，清茶一杯，舒缓压力，释放情感。 中国人饮茶更强调茶性，即从饮茶中体味茶之深刻意境和思想内涵，以获得精神的升华与审美的体验。西方人喜欢喝红茶，饮茶习惯也十分讲究，分为上午茶、下午茶等，饮茶时配以茶点，不仅可以休闲娱乐，而且也形成了一定的礼仪规范。西方人更追求茶的实用价值，注重茶的物质特性，以满足人们的多种需求。可以说，中国的茶文化蕴含着中国传统文化的思想内涵与精神意义，更追求一种茶文化的意境与韵味，这也是东方文化所特有的形态。西方的茶文化反映了西方文化中的礼仪与用途，更强调一种具体的实质特性，这也是西方文化所特有的系统性和结构性特点的体现。

西方茶 文化 有着几百年的历史，也涌现很多的关于西方茶文化的论文。下面是我精心为你整理的西方茶文化论文参考文献，一起来看看。

参考文献

[1]朱亚夫.意义的七种类型和英语词汇教学[J].外语与外语教学，005(9):28-30,35

[2]马晓俐.茶的多维魅力———英国茶文化研究[D].浙江大学博士论文，2008.

[3]王霓.跨文化视野下的中英茶文化比较[J].人民论坛，2011(A12):142-143.

[4]柳菁.目的论指导下的茶名外宣翻译问题与对策研究[J].语文学刊，2014(4):51-54.

参考文献

[1] 徐先玲，李相状.中国茶饮文化[M].北京：中国戏剧出版社，2005.

[2] 关剑平.茶与中国文化[M].北京：人民出版社，2001.

[3] 徐永成.英伦的茶文化[M].上海：文化 教育 出版社，1990 (4).

参考文献

[1]白靖宇.文化与翻译.中国社会科学出版社.2000.

[2]葛传.陆谷孙等.新英汉词典(增补本).上海译文出版.

源远流长的茶文化是华夏文明的重要组成部分，对世界各地的文化也产生了影响。那中西方茶文化有什么不同呢?下面是我为你整理的中西方茶文化论文，希望对您有用。

中西方茶文化比较

【摘 要】在饮茶之风日益盛行的21世纪，茶文化在世界各地得到了空前的发展和进步。茶文化是人类社会历史实践过程中创造的与茶有关物质财富和精神财富的总和。世界上有160多个国家和地区，30多亿人饮用茶叶。中国茶传到西方之后，经过西方茶人的发扬，形成其独特的西方开放式茶文化。文章通过对东西方茶文化进行比较分析，旨在探索东西方茶文化的精髓。

【关键词】中西方;茶文化;比较

一、中国茶文化溯源

常言道：“开门七件事，柴米油盐酱醋茶。”由此可见，茶与人们日常生活中须臾不离。茶之于中国，不仅仅是一杯饮料，更是一种悠久璀璨的文化。中国是茶的故乡，是茶叶的发源地。在茶文化发展过程中，它已深深融入中国传统文化中，受中国传统文化中儒、道、佛三教的浸染，形成了独特的中国茶道精神。

从魏晋时期开始，茶文化中，首先融合了儒家“中庸和谐”的思想观念，主张以茶协调人际关系，实现互爱、互敬、互助的“大同”，并期望以茶的清廉、高洁之精神磨炼自己的意志。其次，茶文化融合了道家“天人合一”的思想。茶产自山野之林，正蕴含道家“淡泊”、“宁静”、“返璞归真”的神韵，即“人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然”。而佛家茶文化具有“苦寂”，以茶助禅，明心见性。佛学家认为，茶能使人心静，有节制，与禅宗规诫相适应。各家茶文化精神有着内在契合点和相通之处，即和谐、平静的精神。而在明清以后，茶文化出现了一种返朴归真的现象，茶人更追求的是茶的本身至味的内在意味，并寻求一种物我合一的境界。

二、西渐

茶及其衍生的茶文化均发源于中国，流传千年，影响深远。千百年来，茶叶在全球广泛传播，中国的饮茶器具、制茶工艺连同中国传统的茶道文化和独特的东方哲学一起播撒四方。

古中国与其他国家、地区的茶叶贸易往来主要通过以下路线：(1)茶马古道――向西南，传播至西藏和印度。在高寒地区，人们需要摄入含热量高的脂肪，但没有蔬菜，过多的脂肪在人体内不容易分解，而茶叶既能够分解脂肪，又防止燥热。(2)丝绸之路――向西由我国的新疆传播至中亚。在通过这条漫漫长路进行贸易的货物中，对外输出的商品以丝绸、瓷器、茶叶为大宗。茶叶作为古中国的特产，也随着丝绸之路走向了世界各国。(3)草原之路――向北传播至今天的蒙古、俄罗斯及广大的欧洲地区。(4)海上之路――东传播至日本和朝鲜，南传播至中南半岛，以明朝郑和下西洋为肇始，向非洲、欧洲和美洲传播。海上丝绸之路形成于秦汉时期，是古代海道交通大动脉，自中国出发之货物主要以丝绸、茶、瓷器为主。

三、西方茶文化理念

由于人文历史和环境条件的差异，表现在饮茶时间、品茶文化行为等方面。不管是在品茶的对象上还是方式上，不同国家不同地域的人都保持着不同的风俗和习惯。

美国被称为咖啡王国，却有大约一半人喝茶，也创造了自己的饮茶文化。崇尚快节奏的美国人大多数喜欢饮冰茶，这茶以饮、以凉为主，大都是不带任何茶叶痕迹的速溶茶。

德国人喜欢饮花茶，但不是我国用茉莉花、玉兰花等制作的茶叶，而是用各种花瓣加上苹果、山楂等果干制成的，里面一片茶叶也没有，真正是“有花无茶”。德国人居家饮茶是用沸水将放在金属筛子上的茶叶不断地冲，冲下的茶水流到茶壶内，再将茶叶倒掉，所以茶水颜色很淡，这也成了德国人独特的“冲茶”习惯。

在下午5点钟喝下午茶成为许多英国家庭约定俗成的习惯。下午茶时间可以说是一天当中充满温馨、其乐融融和传情达意的美好时光。英国人是世界上最大的茶客，世界上茶叶销售量最大的国家之一，平均一年一人约需2公斤茶叶，英国人均饮茶量是中国和印度的3倍，年均饮茶2公斤。

西方这种开放性饮茶法，虽未能如中国之茶道般上升到天地自然一体的哲学高度，但有饮茶的新生命、新传统作基础，普遍又活跃。

四、比较中西茶文化异同

纵观中西方饮茶历史的演变，虽相隔千年，但两者都是先认识到茶的药用价值，开始饮用，继而发展成为一种普通的饮品;茶同样都渗入到政治经济、文学艺术、社会生活等方方面面。但二者品茶方式、饮茶礼仪、茶道精神等各有不同。

(一)品饮方式的不同。中国饮茶分为两类，一类是“清饮”，不加入任何有损茶的本味真香的配料，单用开水泡喝。另一类是“混饮”，即在茶中根据个人的口味嗜好加盐、糖、奶等，目前这种方式主要集中在少数民族地区。

英国人在茶里加入牛奶和糖以去掉茶碱，把苦涩的茶水变成适合自己口味的甜饮料。此外，英国人对茶叶本身也进行了改造。袋装的速溶茶叶末代替了片片茶叶，而中国人习惯将整片茶叶放在开水里。

(二)饮茶礼仪的不同。在多数中国人眼里，饮茶随时可以进行。相比起来英国人嗜茶、尊茶的风气要浓厚得多。一个典型的英国家庭一天至少喝五次茶。早晨醒来，主人会靠在床上喝一杯醒早茶，提神醒脑，如果有客人，早茶就是问候客人的最好方式;上午11点钟左右，是红茶佐茶点;中午午餐时要喝奶茶;下午5点钟左右是著名的下午茶;晚上睡觉前要喝告别茶。此外，还有名目繁多的茶宴、花园茶会等。

(三)茶道精神的不同。“和、静、怡、真”是中国茶道的“四谛”。“和”是中国茶文化哲学思想的核心，是茶道的灵魂。“静”是中国茶道修习的不二法门。“恰”是中国茶道修习实践中的心灵感受。“真”是中国茶道终极追求。中国人饮茶常把它作为精神的激励与情感的寄托。与中国茶道不一样，英国人品茶更活泼和更重社交，强调一种优雅的格调。

参考文献

[1] 徐先玲，李相状.中国茶饮文化[M].北京：中国戏剧出版社，2005.

[2] 关剑平.茶与中国文化[M].北京：人民出版社，2001.

[3] 徐永成.英伦的茶文化[M].上海：文化教育出版社，1990 (4).

浪漫国度的茶文化

【摘要】中国和法国虽地处欧亚两端，隔着千山万水，但自古以来就有着源远流长的文化传播与交流。本文主要以中国传统茶文化的传播与交流为主题，分析茶文化在法国的传播与交流历程，以及这种文化交流给两国带来的巨大影响。此外，由茶文化的交流深入至中法两国传统文化的交流与融合，指出在当今文化多元化的世界，文化这个不可或缺的交流主题在国与国对外交往中的重要地位。

【关键词】茶文化;法国;文化传播;文化交流

谈到茶，让我们为之自豪的是我国不仅作为茶的原产地，而且拥有丰富的茶种类、多处的茶产地、异彩纷呈的茶文化。此外，茶无疑作为中华民族的举国之饮，并成了风靡世界的三大无酒精饮料之一。目前，随着我国的茶文化在世界范围内的传播与交流，饮茶风俗已遍及全球，全世界已有50多个国家种茶。追根溯源，世界各国最初所饮之茶，所种之茶，以及饮茶方法、栽培技术、加工工艺等，都是直接或间接地由我国传播去的。在传播茶的同时，茶文化的传播与交流也就显得顺应时事、理所当然。茶文化的传播与交流是以茶作为载体，并通过这个载体来传播各种文化，是茶与文化的有机结合，包含和体现了不同时期下与众不同的物质文明和精神文明。同时，由于各国不同的风俗习惯和文化差异，茶文化在世界各国的交流中也就必定绽放出不同的耀眼光芒。

提起文化，提起我国，毫无疑问，我国自古以礼仪之邦著称，深厚的文化积淀更是为世界文化的传播做出了不可忽视的贡献。提到法国，无需思考，这是个极其浪漫的国度，社会生活、文化艺术各方面都弥漫着唯美、浪漫的气息。也正是由于法国这种文化氛围使这个浪漫的国度在接受外来文化，注重外来文化交流时，无论是现实生活，还是精神层面，都或多或少覆盖了浪漫气息，与众不同地阐释了文化的接受、交流与融合。因而，中国茶文化在法国的传播与交流，则更以一种清新、淡雅、浪漫的姿态丰富了茶文化自身的广阔内涵。

茶文化的传播与交流，在国内，自云贵高原传播到全国各地，即从西南地区的产茶区辐射到东南、东北地区;在国际方面，茶最早开始对外传播的时代虽仍存在争议，但目前大多数学者认为是在汉代。此后，茶及茶文化在全世界开始广泛传播至亚洲、欧洲、非洲等，可谓是遍及世界各地。

目前，在欧洲，法国这个浪漫国度已经成为欧洲的第四大饮茶国家，人均茶叶消费量仅次于爱尔兰和英国，和德国相差无几。在这样一个茶叶的消费大国，我国的茶文化传入经历了一个与众不同的过程，茶文化交流与融合不可避免地被赋予浪漫的文化气息。

中国茶传入法国有近四百年的历史。茶文化在法国的传播与交流主要可以分为三个大阶段来认识，即茶文化在法国的早期传入阶段、茶文化在法国的交流融合阶段、近五十年来茶文化热在法国的兴起阶段。

首先，从茶在法国的早期传入阶段来认识：1636年，荷兰商人把中国的茶叶转运至法国巴黎，自此，法国人开始接触茶叶。法语中，也开始有了“茶”一词。1700年，一艘名为阿穆芙莱特的法国船只，从中国运回丝绸、瓷器和茶叶等，正式拉开了中法茶叶直接贸易的序幕。但这一时期法国的茶进口贸易尚未独立，多是和其他货物一起输入法国的。1728年，法国首次在广州建立商业据点以方便从中国收购茶叶。这样一来，就更加方便了茶文化在法国的传播与交流。

茶传入法国初期，医药界曾认为茶叶中可能含有一些医药成份而反对饮茶。随后又因饮茶有利于健康的观点取得最终胜利，茶的饮用便开始被接受。但由于茶的价格昂贵，最初的饮用仅为皇室贵族所接受。随后，由于皇室的倡导，饮茶逐渐在法国巴黎的上层社会流行开来。与此同时，茶文化在法国的形成，与欧洲其他国家相比，较早。原因在于，浪漫的法国人在接受茶的同时，能够从精神层面去体验茶文化的品味和情调。法国上流社会把茶视为贵族饮料，有文化的人一起喝茶，并试图从茶本身发掘出一种深厚悠远的文化。在饮茶方式上，这一时期的贵族，除清饮茶汤外，逐渐开始尝试其他的饮茶方式，如在茶中加入牛奶等。此外，法国的文人也开始了以茶为对象的文学创作，如蒙忒所作的《茶颂》等。总而言之，早期的茶传入和文化的形成，只局限于法国的贵族阶层，并没有渗透到法国各阶层人民中。

其次，茶文化在法国的交流融合阶段：即在法国大革命后，伴随着贵族阶级的消失，茶不再仅仅作为贵族饮料饮用，饮茶之风在广大民众中开始流行。这个时期，我国茶的品种传入法国的越来越多，专营茶叶进口的茶商开始在法国出现，后来在巴黎等地又出现了一些专营茶叶或以茶为主的商号。这都为中法两国的茶贸易提供了更为便利的条件，为中法茶文化的交流提供了更为广阔的空间。此时的法国在经营茶贸易的同时，开始了茶树的试种，但最终以失败告终。随着老舍《茶馆》的上演进军法国，带来了法国的茶馆热。在浪漫的法国人眼中，他们尤其喜欢和家人朋友一起到外面的茶馆饮茶，他们认为饮茶体现了一种团结和睦的精神。这一饮茶喜好，也直接推动了法国茶馆业的发展。

此外，这一时期茶文化在法国的发展，还表现在法国兴起了喝下午茶之风。随着法国工业化的进步，人们生活节奏的加快，供应点心的下午茶的出现正好适应了法国人民这种生活节奏，逐渐在法国流行开来。这些都可展现出，这一时期，茶文化在法国的传播已经扎稳了一定的根基，法国人民根据自己的生活节奏，根据自己的文化氛围与需求，发展了茶文化的内涵，也为品茶类型与饮茶方式的丰富做出了积极的贡献。

再次，近五十年来，茶文化热在法国逐渐兴起。这一时期，法国茶叶的进口与销售都达到了历史上最新水平。法国的中国式茶馆雨后春笋般涌现出来，几乎遍布于各个城市的大街小巷。这时的饮茶群体已经扩展到社会各个阶层，他们经常出入茶馆，品茗小憩。很多法国人认为，茶给他们带来了新的味觉享受，茶文化给他们的生活注入了鲜活的内容。在法国人眼里，茶已经成为最浪漫、最富有诗意饮品的代名词。在众多法国文人的创作中，有关茶，茶文化的描写和涉及开始频繁出现。在法国，大多数法国人和中国人一样，他们同样不仅把茶看作是一种东方传入的饮品，更是把茶看作是净化自身心灵的佳品。这样一来，茶的自身定性，茶文化的淡然、净化的内涵，通过茶文化在法国的传播与发展，得到了良好的补充和诠释。

伴着时间的推移，随着茶文化传播在法国的逐步深入，法国人民接受了来自古老悠久民族的茶文化，传播着并丰富着。时代的发展，贸易的往来，交流的密切，茶文化在法国的交流方面更展现出丰富多彩的种类和异彩纷呈的样式。自2000年以来，中法茶文化交流更是以前所未有的深度和广度展示在世人面前，呈现出兴盛场面。其中，最主要的交流形式则是通过茶展、茶文化周、茶文化节来淋漓尽致地诠释茶文化的悠久魅力。在这些文化展示融合中，法国人民根据自身对中国茶文化的了解，更加领略到中国茶道的崇高艺术魅力;领略到中国茶艺的精湛技艺;领略到中国茶文化悠远深刻的内涵;领略到中国这个文化深厚国家的文化宗旨。

当然，以上所提到的茶文化在法国的传播也好，在法国的交流也罢，都是以我国占茶文化输出的主导地位而言的。当然，法国在接受和发展我国茶文化的同时，对我国茶文化的丰富和发展也是我们应该关注的问题。在资料记载中，位居上海的法国人开的茶馆中，客人不仅可以品尝到正宗的中国茶，也可以品尝到正宗的法国茶，此外，还有很多法国的奶茶，法国的下午茶的品种供客人品尝和享用。这样看来，无疑，茶文化的交流，乃至整个国家文化的交流，都是极具开放性，兼容并包的。

时代是前进的，世界时发展的，文化是融合的。我们都有理由相信，在经济全球化，文化多元化的今天，随着中法茶文化交流的进一步深入和开展，中法两国的茶文化在相互借鉴、相互吸收的过程中，会发展地更加美好;此外，中法两国各自的传统文化在求同存异、日渐密切的国际交往中，必定也会拥有更加和谐美好的发展前景。

【参考文献】

[1] 刘朴兵. 略论法国茶文化的演变[J]. 安阳师范学院学报, 2006,5.

[2] 刘建生. 中法文化差异与共识[J]. 深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2008,6:10-15.

[3] 汊汉. 西欧观众为东方茶艺喝彩―南昌女子职业学校茶艺团出访法国里昂侧记[J]. 农业考古, 2003,6.

中英饮食文化差异论文

略谈中西方饮食文化差异 餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。 这里简要从下面三个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 对比注重“味”的中国饮食，西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配；但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式羊排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。 中国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平，人们总是吃不饱，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，我想，这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事，那么就会出现两种现象：一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致，不仅维持生存，也利用它维持健康，这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础；另一方面，对吃的过份重视，会使人推崇对美味的追求。 在中国的烹调术中，对美味追求几乎达到极致，以至中国人到海外谋生，都以开餐馆为业，成了我们在全世界安身立命的根本！遗憾的是，当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时，我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值，我们的很多传统食品都要经过热油炸和长时间的文火饨煮，使菜肴的营养成分受到破坏，许多营养成分都损失在加工过程中了。因而一说到营养问题，实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。民间有句俗话：“民以食为天，食以味为先”。就是这种对美味的追求，倒使我们忽略了吃饭的真正意义。 中国人在品尝菜肴时，往往会说这盘菜“好吃”，那道菜“不好吃”；然而若要进一步问一下什么叫“好吃”，为什么“好吃”，“好吃”在哪里，恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明，中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”，即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化，恐怕仍然是很难涵盖得了的。 中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力，关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生，在于调和，要使食物的本味，加热以后的熟味，加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味，交织融合协调在一起，使之互相补充，互助渗透，水乳交融，你中有我，我中有你。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美，是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西，而味却是内在的东西，重内在而不刻意修饰外表，重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色，这正是中国美性饮食观的最重要的表现。 在中国，饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性，这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学，其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。中国菜的制作方法是调和鼎鼐，最终是要调和出一种美好的滋味。这一讲究的就是分寸，就是整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想，一切以菜的味的美好、谐调为度，度以内的千变万化就决定了中国菜的丰富和富于变化，决定了中国菜菜系的特点乃至每位厨师的特点。 二、中西饮食对象的差异 西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的，所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。 据西方的植物学者的调查，中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种，比西方多六倍。实际上，在中国人的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时，才进入平常的饮食结构，所以自古便有“菜食”之说，菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜，与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千缕万丝的联系。他们视动物为“生灵”，而植物则“无灵”，所以，主张素食主义。 西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时，觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配，有较为发达的食品工业，如罐头、快餐等，虽口味千篇一律，但节省时间，且营养良好，故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮：高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉；而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点，把中国人称为植物性格，西方人称为动物性格。 三、饮食方式的不同 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以，归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是，这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味，而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有，人们因为越来越繁忙的工作，觉得中餐做起来太麻烦，不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。

中西饮食文化差异论文

在社会的各个领域，大家总免不了要接触或使用论文吧，借助论文可以达到探讨问题进行学术研究的目的。怎么写论文才能避免踩雷呢？以下是我收集整理的中西饮食文化差异论文，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。

摘要：

本文通过阐述中西餐饮文化差异，分析中西餐饮文化在在哲学体系、价值观念、思维方式等方面的差异，从而促进中西方文化的融合，让更多的人通过饮食了解饮食背后的文化。

关键词：

中西文化；饮食文化；差异比较

提到饮食文化，人们总是会不约而同地首先想到“吃”，不错，饮食的确是人类生存和发展的第一需要，是社会生活的基本形式之一。然而加上了“文化”二字以后，饮食就不仅仅是“吃”这么简单了，它包括饮食文化的整体，是人类在饮食方面的创造行为及其成果，凡涉及人类饮食方面的思想、意识、观念、哲学、宗教、艺术等都在饮食文化的范围之内。

一、中西餐饮文化差异

中西方饮食文化最显而易见的不同就是使用的饮食器具。西方人以刀叉为食器，并且规定显明，不同规格的刀叉所使用的方式及场合不同，而且是不可以混用的。

中国人的餐桌上却不如西方人那么复杂，虽然是简简单单的一双筷子，但它在饮食文化中担任着十分重要的角色：筷子可以是我们的烹饪的工具，也是每家每户的搅拌器，打个鸡蛋，冲个饮料，无疑都需要筷子的帮忙。与西方如此严谨的规范相比，中国的筷子的确随意得多。

受科学导向的影响，西方烹饪的全过程必须严格按照科学规范行事，每道菜肴每次烹饪的过程、方法几乎完全一致，并且其所用的调料会精确到克，烹饪时间会精确到秒。

西方人对食物的选材极具规范，他们多以荤食为主，烹饪时往往以一整块肉或是一整只的禽类为主要食物，并且不吃内脏，认为内脏是弃料；对于蔬菜的选择上也比较单一，而且在饮食中以蔬菜为装点辅助之用，所以在西方人的饮食中蔬菜多为装饰工具。

相较于西方人而言，中国人在食物的选择与烹饪方式上就要随意得多。在中国厨师的手上也能变成一道味美的佳肴，这样的菜例比比皆是，如爆炒猪腰、糟猪肚、韭菜炒猪肝，等等。说到烹饪方式，更是层出不穷。不同于西方人的“精确到克”、“精确到秒”，中国人历来都是“随心所欲”，强调凭经验对结果进行把握。中国人喜素食，蔬菜的种类远多过于西方，这样，食材的相互搭配就变化多端，就以炒猪肝为例，可以是大葱炒猪肝，也可以是青椒炒猪肝，更可以是韭菜炒猪肝，每一道菜都各有风味。

西方人的饮食文化中注重食物的营养价值，因此，他们提倡吃生食，他们认为高温烹调会破坏了食物本身的营养，唯有生食才能最大限度地保存食物的天然属性和原汁原味，那么他们所追求的营养价值也可以被很好地保留。

中国饮食文化更重食物的味道，“美味”是中国饮食文化的第一要义，因此，中国人会借助一切技术手段、烹饪方式、调味方法使自己的食物变得鲜美无比，在中国，炒、煮、炖、烩、烧、烤、蒸、煎、炸、焖、熘等都是十分常见的熟食性烹调技术。

二、差异背后的文化根源

（一）哲学体系：形而上学与适度原则

西方哲学体系以形而上学为主要特点，也就是用孤立、静止、片面的观点看世界，认为一切事物都是孤立的，永远不变的；如果说有变化的话，那么只是数量的增减和场所的变更，这种增减或变更的原因不在事物内部而在于事物外部。反映到饮食文化就是所闻即所见，无论是菜单还是对食物的装点、摆盘，都是以一种最直接的方式呈现给人看，追求真实性，没有华丽的点缀，只体现食物的本源属性，这点与西方人的处事原则不谋而合，这样的哲学背景下就促成了西方人视“营养价值”为饮食的第一要义的观念，不在乎饮食的艺术性、创造性，目标性明确，即食物就是用来补充人对于营养需求的工具。

与西方人不同，中国传统哲学思想中最显著的特点之一是模糊、不可捉摸。它不像西方的形而上学那样追求事物的客观性、真实性，强调所闻即所见，而是凡是讲求分寸、讲求整体配合、讲求一个“度”。反映在饮食文化上的就是中国人将“美味”作为饮食的第一要义。在烹饪上，中国人讲究整体融合，没有西方人的精确，讲究的是凭经验将一道菜的各个部分相协调进而形成一道美味的佳肴。其中的经验又是模糊的，同一道菜，同一个师傅，每次做可能也会做出不同的味道，凭借经验对菜肴进行整体的把握，追求烹饪技术的随意性与艺术性，这便是中国人的传统哲学观念――模糊而完美。

（二）价值观：个人主义与集体主义

西方人推崇个人主义价值观念，个人目标高于对群体的忠诚。也就是说每一个只需要对自己负责即可，不需要服从其他任何一个集体，可以根据自己的喜好、需要选择自己喜欢的群体，但这样的选择并不是永久的，可以随时因为自己需求的改变而重新进行选择。如改变祈祷的教堂，更换雇主，等等。反映在饮食文化中最显著的就是西方人实行分餐制。

与之相对的，中国人崇尚集体主义价值观。在中国文化中，人们推崇谦虚知礼，不喜欢争强好胜，社会风气往往封杀过于突出的个人，正所谓“行高于众，人必非之”。在饮食文化中，这样的集体主义观念的确是受到了中国传统思想的影响，中国人的宴席多喜用圆桌，从形式上体现了团结、礼貌、共享的氛围。美味佳肴摆在桌子的中心，既是欣赏品尝的对象，又是交流感情的媒介。在这样的宴会气氛下，饮食已经不是宴会的主要目的，情感的交流才是宴会的中心。与西方人直截了当的交际方式不同，中国人的饮食目的依仗于一大群人的情感触碰、交流和共鸣。

（三）思维方式：个性与整体

西方人注重个性的发展，强调在集体中个性的最大限度发挥。他们追求差异性，凡事求异，认为每一个人都是独一无二的，强调天下万物都是独立的个体，彼此间没有联系，认为个性与个体的独立自主是人类社会发展的动力之一，因此对事物的看法与考虑往往从个性出发，西方人将独特的个性发展放置于一切行为活动的大前提之下。这无疑体现在了他们的饮食文化中，泾渭分明的摆盘和装点，虽同在一个盘子中，确是个性突出的各自为政，没有任何调和，肉即是肉，菜即是菜，土豆即是土豆，个性鲜明，味道明确，不会相互影响、相互混合。在烹饪上，同一个盘子中的不同食材也是被分开进行加工的，不会将它们放在一起烹煮，处处彰显西方人对于个体与个性的尊重和重视。中国人注重整体的发展，强调圆满、整合的思维方式和思想观念。不喜欢过于鲜明的个性张扬，反映在烹饪上更显见，无论是什么样的食材全部倒入锅中，再配以各种佐料进行烹调，即使原本个性鲜明，味道独特的食材在这样的磨合之下不会再显得如此锋芒。因此，中国菜尝起来滋味丰富，层次感强烈。再回过头看每一道菜，红不是那样鲜艳的红，绿也不是那样扎眼的绿，而是一种经过调和以后产生的和合之美。

（四）生活方式与生活节奏

在西方，流水线上的重复作业，实行计件工资制，生活节奏急促，人们有意无意地受到机械的两分法影响，将游戏与工作分得很清楚，即工作时工作，游戏时游戏，这样的生活方式十分单调、刻板，机械的工作生活模式逐步影响到了西方人对饮食的需求，导致饮食本身的单一性和简单性。

中国人则不然，中国人的随意性在这里体现无遗，不喜欢单纯的、机械的工作生活模式，推崇一种经验性的工作方式或者喜欢在工作中加入自己喜欢的元素或方法，就像中国的饮食烹饪一样，存在不稳定性，这样的不稳定性既指工作模式、工作方法的不稳定，又指工作结果的不稳定。就好像一道菜如果想要让它尝起来不那么咸，南方人可能会选择放糖冲淡咸味，如南方人的糖醋风味，就是用糖的甜与醋的酸中和酱油的咸味；而北方人则可能会把这道菜加水烹制食材，让食材变淡的同时改变了菜的性质，可能从一道炒菜变成了一道靓汤，因为生活经验、生活环境的不同而不同。这样并不稳定的经验性的改变方式，使原来单纯的一道菜变成了现在的三道菜而非两道菜，其中创造性与艺术性油然而生。

三、当前的餐饮文化发展与中西文化之间的融合

然而如今的中西方餐饮文化已不再像以前那样泾渭分明了，中餐中也融入了西式元素，西餐中处处彰显中国风，这是一种新型的饮食文化模式，中西合璧的饮食文化队伍将会越来越壮大，人们也可以通过了解饮食文化了解这个世界。

参考文献：

[1]郭鲁芳,金慧君.中、西方餐饮文化差异所带来的思索[A].商业经济文荟,2005(5):13-15.

[2]刘岩松.中西方饮食在文化理念上的差异性[J].经济研究导刊,2010(36):258-259.

[3]赵奇志.中西饮食文化的差异[J].食品工程,(4):14-15.

[4]冯勇,何欢欢.从饮食文化角度浅析中西思维方式的差异[J].消费导刊,

摘要：

本文主要介绍中西文化及其差异，从文化和差异两方面叙述。中西饮食文化的发展历史分别叙述美国和中国不同的文化历程，由于两方面不同的文化底蕴，在饮食上出现了差异。本文主要从观念上的差异、宴会礼仪的差异，中西饮食文化的融合等方面展开论述。最后介绍了西方饮食对中国产生的影响，从正反两方面论述。了解中西饮食文化差异的同时，接受可以接受的部分并与中国饮食相融合，使我们日常生活中的饮食更加丰富，但又不乏自身特色。这才是我们正确对待中西饮食文化的态度。

关键词：

中西差异；饮食文化；餐饮礼节

不同的民族和国家存在着各具特色的饮食文化。具有浓郁的民族性和多样性的特点。饮食文化的差异也是跨文化交际中影响交际结果的因素之一。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。中西饮食文化的碰撞和交流丰富了全球的饮食文化。

一、从筷子与刀叉文化看中西饮食观念的差异

刀叉因为适应欧洲人饮食习惯而出现，它和筷子影响了东西方不同的生活观念。中华饮食刀叉的出现比筷子要晚很多。据游修龄教授的研究，刀叉的最初起源和欧洲古代游牧民族的生活习惯有关，他们马上生活随身带刀，往往将肉烧熟，割下来就吃。后来走向定居生活后，欧洲以畜牧业为主，面包之类是副食，直接用手拿。主食是牛羊肉，用刀切割肉，送进口里。到了城市定居以后，刀叉进入家庭厨房，才不必随身带。由此不难看出今天作为西方主要餐具的刀和筷子身份很是不同，它功能多样，既可用来宰杀、解剖、切割牛羊的肉，到了烧熟可食时，又兼作餐具。

大约15世纪前后，为了改进进餐的姿势，欧洲人才使用了双尖的叉。用刀把食物送进口里不雅观，改用叉叉住肉块，送进口里显得优雅些。叉子才是严格意义上的餐具，但叉子的弱点是离不开用刀切割在前，所以二者缺一不可。直到17世纪末，英国上流社会开始使用三尖的叉，到18世纪才有了四个叉尖的叉子。所以西方人刀叉并用只不过四五百年的历史。

刀叉和筷子，不仅带来了进食习惯的差异，进而影响了东西方人生活观念。游修龄教授认为，刀叉必然带来分食制，而筷子肯定与家庭成员围坐桌边共同进餐相配。西方一开始就分吃，由此衍生出西方人讲究独立，子女长大后就独立闯世界的想法和习惯。而筷子带来的合餐制，突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭单元，从而让东方人拥有了比较牢固的家庭观念。

虽然不能将不同传统的形成和餐具差异简单对应，但是它们适应和促成了这种分化则是毫无疑问的。筷子是一种文化传统的象征。华人去了美国、欧洲，还是用筷子，文化根深蒂固，而老外们在中国学会了用筷子，回到自己的国家依然要重拾刀叉。

二、烹饪方法的差异

在中国，烹调是一种艺术，与其他艺术一样，体现着严密性与即兴性的统一，所以烹调在中国一直以极强烈的趣味性，甚至还带有一定的游戏性，吸引着以饮食为人生之至乐的中国人。由于发展十分成熟，已经脱离了完全根据菜谱操作的方法，发展到较高级的阶段，每一道菜的都可以在原有的基础上加以发展变化，以适应地区、季节、对象、作用、等级的不同，比如蘑菇炒牛肉，冬天的色宜深些，口味宜重些，夏天的色和味宜清淡些；对于江苏一带的人来说，调味中可加糖，但是面对川湘顾客，则应多放辣。中国的烹饪的方式多种多样，有炒、炸、焖、爆、煎、烩、煮、蒸、烤、腌、冻、拔丝、糖醋等，做出的菜肴让人眼花缭乱。在烹饪大师的眼中，做菜和制作工艺品一样有着高深的学问，即使是同一道菜，不同的厨师会做出不同的口味来。而西方则不同，可以说是相当的理性，他们的烹饪相应的变化较少，同一道菜从洛杉矶到纽约口味不会有太大的变化。虽然显得单调，但是简单的工艺却使得他们能够在大规模的商业化中取得惊人的成功。西餐菜肴烹饪的方法主要是烧、煎、烤、炸、焖，各种原料很少集合烹调，正菜中鱼就是鱼，鸡就是鸡，即使是调味料也是现吃现加。烹饪的全过程比较规范，调料的添加量精确到克，烹调的时间精确到秒，厨师好像化学实验室的实验员。由于西方菜肴制作的规范化，烹调成为一种机械的工作。肯德基炸鸡只要按方配料，油的温度，炸鸡的时间，依规范行事即可，因而厨师的工作就成为一种极其单调的机械性工作。再者，西方人进食的目的首在摄取营养，只要营养够标准，其他尽可宽容，因而今日土豆牛排，明日牛排土豆。美国的食品广告铺天盖地，但万变不离其宗，炸鸡、炸薯条、炸鱼块，其菜肴加工方法简单，基本是机械的混合，所以菜肴的种类极少。

三、餐饮礼节

在餐饮氛围方面，中国人在吃饭的时候都喜欢热闹，很多人围在一起吃吃喝喝，说说笑笑，大家在一起营造一种热闹温暖的用餐氛围。除非是在很正式的宴会上，中国人在餐桌上并没有什么很特别的礼仪。而西方人在用餐时，都喜欢幽雅、安静的环境，他们认为在餐桌上的时候一定要注意自己的礼仪，不可以失去礼节，比如在进餐时不能发出很难听的声音。

中西方宴请礼仪也各具特色。在中国，从古至今大多都以左为尊，在宴请客人时，要将地位很尊贵的客人安排在左边的上座，然后依次安排。在西方则是以右为尊，男女间隔而座，夫妇也分开而座，女宾客的席位比男宾客的席位稍高，男士要替位于自己右边的女宾客拉开椅子，以示对女士的尊重。另外，西方人用餐时要坐正，认为弯腰，低头，用嘴凑上去吃很不礼貌，但是这恰恰是中国人通常吃饭的方式。吃西餐的时候，主人不提倡大肆的饮酒，中国的餐桌上酒是必备之物，以酒助兴，有时为了表示对对方的尊重，喝酒的时候都是一杯一杯的喝。

综上所述，饮食文化的交流存在于我们的日常生活中，并不断充当全球经济文化整合过程中，不同文化之间的“传递带”。它已经成为了一种日益增强的`文化影响力，正发挥着比其他任何全球化单一力量大得多的作用，也在悄悄地改变着全世界。中西饮食文化的碰撞、交流以及融化为全人类文明起到填补和着彩的作用。中西餐饮文化将在交流中共同发展！

参考文献：

[1]胡文仲．中英(英语国家)文化习俗比较[M]．外语教学与研究出版社,1999．

[2]林语堂．生活的艺术[M]．外语教学与研究出版社,1998．

[3]萨姆瓦．跨文化传通[M]．三联书店,1988．

摘要：饮食文化是跨文化交际中非语言文化的重要组成部分之一。了解中西方饮食文化的差异，对于外语学习者来讲，不仅能加深对所学语言文化的理解，更能提高跨文化交际的成功率。本文从中西方饮食文化用餐形式和礼仪的差异、饮食观念的差异、饮食结构的差异、烹饪的差异等方面入手，对中西方饮食文化进行了比较，目的在于明确中西方饮食文化差异，消除界限，增进了解，促进交流。

关键词：中西方饮食文化、文化差异、形式和礼仪、观念结构

一、引言

饮食文化是跨文化交际中非语言文化的重要组成部分之一。饮食与文化紧密相关，不同的民族因其生活地域、气候环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，而创造出不同的饮食文化。传统的西方文化是畜牧文化和海洋文化，而中国是农耕文化和陆地文化，两种不同的文化反映出人们生活方式的差异，而饮食的差异则深刻透露自身的文化背景。

二、中西用餐形式和礼仪的差异

中国自古以来的礼仪就有以和为贵的思想观念，以和为贵的思想体现在从古至今中国人在开席时都有一家人在一起就餐的观念，体现了中国传统的饮食礼仪。中国人的聚食制延续千年。在中国，任何一个宴席，都是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，从形式上营造团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。这就是聚食制，聚食制的起源很早，从许多地下文化遗存的发掘可见，古代炊间和聚食的地方是统一的，炊间在住宅的中央，上有天窗出烟，下有篝火，火上安放陶釜、陶鼎，在火上做炊，就食者围火聚食。这种聚食古俗一直延续至后世。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。这符合中华民族大团圆的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中和的思想。此外，聚食制的长期流传，也是中国重视血缘亲属关系和家族家庭观念在饮食方式上的反映。

三、中西饮食观念的差异

在中国的饮食文化中，对味的追求往往大于对营养的追求，人们在品尝菜肴时，往往会说这盘菜好吃，那道菜不好吃。然而若要进一步问什么叫好吃，为什么好吃，好吃在哪里，恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的意境，即使用人们通常所说的色、香、味、形、器把这种境界具体化，恐怕仍很难涵盖其所有意味。在中国，饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性。这种价值理念的差别构成了中餐过于注重饭菜色、香、味的特点。这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学，其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。中国菜的制作方法是调和，最终要调和出一种美好的滋味。这一切讲究的就是分寸，就是整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想。西方人对待饮食的态度主要坚持其实用性特征，从营养角度出发，重视食物对人体的健康，不追求花样和饭菜的其他功能。他们认为“吃”只是为一个生物的机器加入燃料，保证其正常的工作、生活的运行，只要吃了以后能保持身体健康，抵御病菌的攻击，则其他方面并不讲究。由此可见，饮食在他们心中只是一种维持生命的活动。尤其是在西方国家享有美食之称誉的大国法国，更是追求高质量的营养。法国烹调虽追求美味，但总不忘“营养”这一大前提。在现代西方社会，除了营养的需求外，还十分重视养生，真正做到了以人为本。

四、饮食结构的差异

据西方统计，中国人吃的蔬菜有600多种，是西方的六倍还多。在中国的日常饮食结构中，素菜占据主导位置，而荤菜只有在节假日或者生活水平较高时才进入平常饮食结构中，所以在中国自古就有“菜食”的说法。这种饮食传统，主要与佛教徒的鼓吹有千丝万缕的联系，他们视动物为“生灵”，而认为植物为“无灵”，所以，中国传统文化主张素食主义。西方国家秉承游牧民族、航海民族的文化血统，以渔猎、养殖为生，传统饮食习俗以动物性食料为主，由于西方大多数国家地理位置处于高纬度，有些国家甚至终年积雪，这就造成了西方国家大多数人喜食肉类食物，而且西方人注重营养采取了生熟结合的方式，蔬菜很多时候以前菜沙拉方式出现，饮食结构的不同有时也反映出了各个民族在生活方式和饮食文化方面的不同态度。

五、中西方饮食文化中烹饪的差异

西方烹调遵循的是规范与科学，西方人强调科学与营养，烹饪中处处显示规范与科学。在西方菜谱中，计量都以克计算。这种菜谱似乎是科学的，实际上，这种科学性，也有其弊端，缺乏特色。另外，规范化的烹调甚至要求配料的准备都精确到秒。此外，在西方，一道菜在不同的地区，不同的季节，面对不同的食者，皆为同一味道，毫无变化。中国烹调推崇的是随意与特色，西方人不能理解中国烹调不追求精确的规范化，反而推崇随意性。翻开中国菜谱，常常发现原料的准备量、调料的添加量都是模糊概念。一汤匙、半碗、少许比比皆是，可究竟汤匙、碗有多大，少许是多少，没有具体标准。中国饮食倾向于艺术性。它的特点就是随意性。比如同样一道菜肴，由于地区、作用、等级等不同，可以在操作上做不同的处理。以红烧鱼为例，冬天的色宜深些，口味宜重些，夏天则色和味均清淡些。对于江浙一带的人来说，红烧鱼的调味中可加糖，如面对川湘顾客，则应多放辣。

六、结语

研究跨文化交际中的饮食文化差异将使人们增进相互间的了解，享受不同饮食带来的不同感受，增进文化间的交流、互补与融合，促进人们之间的相互理解和欣赏。笔者相信对中西方国家饮食文化礼仪进行比较，可以增强跨文化交际的意识，从而认识到宽容、理解及尊重文化差异对提高文化交际能力至关重要。

参考文献：

[1]胡文仲.中英文化习俗比较[M].外语教学与研究出版社，1999.

[2][德]马·茨克.跨文化交流[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2001.

[3]姜守明，洪霞.西方文化史[M].北京：科学出版社，2004.

[4]徐文苑.中国饮食文化概论[M].北京：清华大学出版社，2006.

对中西文化进行了深入的探源分析，通过对比研究，剖析其不同的自然观、世界观，寻求不同意识形态的表征语言。下文是我为大家整理的关于中西文化对比论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!

中西禁忌文化对比研究

摘 要：禁忌是世界各民族共有的文化现象，是跨文化交际中的一大障碍，本文通过对中西文化禁忌的对比研究，提高人们的文化意识，避免交际冲突和失败，以此提高跨文化交际能力。

关键词：禁忌;文化差异;跨文化交际能力

禁忌(taboo) 源于太平洋汤加群岛的Togan(汤加语)，是一种普遍的文化现象，指通过禁止人们实施某种行为或者回避某些话语表达对神灵的敬畏或达到消灾避祸目的的规范。由于文化不同，各国间的禁忌习俗也不尽相同。

禁忌是世界各国共有的文化现象，只是禁忌的内容和形式有所不同。禁忌几乎无处不在，按照禁忌的范畴来分，可分为宗教禁忌和生活禁忌，其中生活禁忌包含其中生活禁忌包含饮食禁忌、服饰禁忌、婚姻禁忌、丧葬禁忌等方面，本文主要从宗教和生活禁忌两个方面探讨各国文化的异同。

一、宗教禁忌

世界各国人民都有不同的信仰，英语国家的人主要信仰基督教，另外还有天主教、新教和东正教。中国的宗教的有佛教、道教和伊斯兰教。宗教不同，禁忌也有很大差异。

1.基督教禁忌

基督教忌讳拜除上帝以外的偶像，进入教堂要严肃，保持安静，以表达对神的敬意。忌食带血的食物，忌衣冠不整和在聚会或礼拜中吸烟等。同时， 在西方信奉基督教的国家里，人们都记得耶稣被叛徒出卖，钉死在十字架上的故事。因此在耶稣受难日的当天，绝对不能从事与耶稣在十字架上受难有象征性联系的事情，如：理发、钉马蹄，钉钉子等。

2.天主教禁忌

天主教是基督教的三大教派之一，除基督教的某些禁忌外，天主教还有自身独特的禁忌。如：天主教的主教、修女和神父是不能结婚的，因此他们的相关隐私如子女问题是不能问及的。参加丧礼忌穿色泽艳丽的衣服，忌说笑;丧礼后两三星期死者亲属忌见客人，一年内忌参加大型宴会或舞会等。

3.佛教禁忌

佛教禁忌包含身体行为方面的禁忌如不杀生，不偷盗，不淫邪;语言方面的禁忌如不妄语，不恶口;意识方面的禁忌如不贪欲等。因此，信奉佛教的人忌吃荤食、不结婚、不蓄财。僧侣和教徒非常注重头部，忌讳别人提着物品从头部经过，忌随便抚摸小孩子的头部。忌当着僧侣的面杀生，喝酒，吃肉。女士面对僧侣忌穿着暴露;对于女信徒，在生理期间不得进入寺院朝拜，以免亵渎神像。

4.伊斯兰教禁忌

伊斯兰教是世界三大宗教之一，信奉者遍布世界各个国家和地区，在饮食方面，信仰者忌吃自死和非正常死亡的动物，忌饮酒。妇女忌外出工作，忌与男子相互观看，妇女在陌生人面前要带面纱。(《中国实用禁忌大全》，1991)①他们认为妇女除双手、双足和面部外，其余身体部位，不能显露给丈夫以外的男子观看。在卫生方面，禁止用右手处理污秽事物，如大小便均需用左，忌讳用左手给人传递物品尤其是事物。

二、生活禁忌

生活中禁忌很多，比如在英国，避免问他人私事，不能插队，忌购物时讨价还价等。下面着重谈一下饮食和饮酒方面的禁忌。

1.饮食禁忌

饮食是生活的重要组成部分，饮食禁忌包含饮食内容和饮食方式两个方面。中国人的饮食禁忌主要表现在饮食规矩而不是饮食内容上。中国人几乎什么都吃，包括动物的头脚和内脏。英语国家的人忌吃肥肉、粘骨，忌食动物的头脚或内脏制成的食品。忌食狗肉、蛇肉等特殊动物制成的食品。忌食大蒜等有酸辣味道的食品。在饮食规矩方面他们也有一些禁忌，如喝汤时忌出声，进餐时忌狼吞虎咽，用刀叉进菜时忌叮当作响。餐毕，刀叉忌乱放。忌当众挑牙，口中有食物时讲话。

2.饮酒禁忌

中国和英语国家在饮酒禁忌方面有较大差异。西方酒类繁多，讲究不同场合，不同饭菜配不同的酒。比如，饭前喝开胃酒，饭中喝佐餐酒，饭后喝鸡尾酒或威士忌酒等。隆重的宴会上，他们会一道菜换一种酒，有时会把几种酒参在一起混饮。而中国人主张隆重场合喝一种酒，混饮现象更是少见。西方人喝酒忌畅饮，一醉方休，而中国人忌牛饮或急饮。主人给客人斟酒宜勤，但忌浅、忌溢。

三、社交禁忌

在英语国家里，拜访某人需提前预约，否则会打乱别人的安排，造成不便。突然造访被视为粗鲁无礼的表现。以前中国人除了大事没有预约访客的习惯，但随着社会节奏的较快，预约访客逐渐开始实行，但没有那么严格。在预约到达时间上，中西方也存在差异。在西方晚到十分钟被视为正常现象，美国人习惯晚到3-5分钟，因为一般情况下女主人忙于饭菜，饭前5分钟才有时间换衣服，早到会使主人感到尴尬。在中国，人们习惯于提前4-5分钟到达以示尊敬。

在西方国家，隐私是最大的禁忌。与西方人交谈时切忌谈论涉及个人隐私的问题如年龄、收入、婚姻等。而在中国上述问题则被作为关注的话题加以讨论。中国人也有忌谈的东西如涉及个人尊严、缺点、短处等方面的事情。

在英语国家，有一火不点三支烟的忌讳。也就是说点一次火只能连续给两个人点烟，如果给第三个人点烟时需重新点火，否则会给其中一个人带来不便。

英语国家的人们在传统的节日互送小礼品是常有的事儿，但忌送重礼，重礼被认为是一种行贿行为。在美国，忌讳在公共场合或者业务交往过程中送礼，忌讳送有公司标志的东西(好像是在为公司做广告)。在英语国家，毫无缘由的送礼会使受礼者感到莫名其妙，这和中国相似。

四、其他禁忌

关于颜色的忌讳。在欧美国家，尽量少用黑色，比利时人忌讳蓝色，巴西人忌讳黄色。在中国，忌用红笔写自己的名字和写信。

关于数字的忌讳。西方人把“十三”视为不吉利的数字，公共场合尽量避免使用这个数字。“星期五”在西方被视为黑色星期五。据说耶稣是在这一天被钉在十字架上的，亚当夏娃是在这一天偷吃禁果的，大洪水也是在这一天爆发的。

中国人忌讳使用“四”和“三”(散的谐音)，在喜庆场合避免使用这些数字。

由此可见，不同的国家和民族有不同的禁忌，不了解对方国家的禁忌就会导致友谊破裂，交际失败，种族冲突等严重问题。在跨文化交际的过程中，要想达到交际成功，避免文化冲突，必须了解对方的文化禁忌。通过深入的对比研究，提高文化意识，减少文化冲突，促进跨文化交际的顺利进行。

参考文献：

[1] 杨宗、聂嘉恩、郭全胜，《中国实用禁忌大全》，1991，上海：上海文化出版社

[2] 胡文中、杜学增，《中英文化习俗比较》，1998，北京：北京外语教学与研究出版社

[3] 李建军、李贵苍，《跨文化交际》，2011，武汉：武汉大学出版社

中西餐桌礼仪文化禁忌的对比

摘 要：随着各国之间的交流日益密切，了解西方的餐桌礼仪文化对于了解西方文化至关重要。本文主要从餐具摆放及使用方面介绍中西餐桌礼仪文化的差异，来比较中西文方餐桌礼仪禁忌的差异，并剖析这些差异背景，加深我们的了解。

关键词：禁忌;餐桌;礼仪;中西方

一、引言

餐桌礼仪在日常生活中扮演着重要的角色，在中西方文化交流中的作用自然也不可小觑。中西方餐桌礼仪文化主要由入席离席、餐具使用与摆放、上菜顺序及品酒四个方面组成。本文旨在介绍中西餐桌礼仪文化禁忌的差异，主要从餐具摆放及使用这一方面来比较中西文方餐桌礼仪禁忌的差异，并剖析这些差异背景，加深对西方文化的了解。

二、问卷的数据分析

通过对问卷进行发放，采访被调查者，我们了解到大家对中西方餐桌礼仪禁忌的认识很局限，并且极少数人对其后的文化背景进行过探析，下面是我们分析问卷的详细情况。下面是我们分析问卷的详细情况，通过分析问卷，我们可以得出被调查者中大二的较多，占有效百分比为;大一占，大三占，而大四的最少，占有效百分比为。被调查者中英语类所占比例为，非英语类占，英语类和非英语类所占比例几乎相当。通过这些问卷的结果显示被调查者对中西餐桌礼仪文化的禁忌了解程度一般，而相当一部分人对此不了解。

具体分析问卷得出，大家对于极少数禁忌了解比较深，但是却很少有几个人了解到其中的文化渊源，对于其它中西文化餐桌礼仪禁忌的了解有限，有待加强。因此，我们将主要从中西文化餐桌的餐具使用及摆放这方面的对比和背景进行分析，系统的分析中西文化餐桌礼仪并究其根源。

三、正 文

餐桌礼仪在日常生活中扮演着重要的角色，也体现了中西方文化的差异。

餐具的摆放及使用

(1)筷子的摆放、使用及禁忌(忌讳、讲究)

通常就餐之前，在中国筷子的摆放应该放在饭碗的右侧，并且一定要两端对齐的整齐地摆放。如果是就餐期间使用筷子夹完菜之后，但是并没有连续进食，筷子则应整齐地竖向饭碗的正中间。

在中国餐桌上会看到一些这样的场景，客人拿起筷子夹菜时会举棋不定，不知道夹什么好，这种现象被称为“疑筷”，在正式的场合中疑这是较为忌讳的，在非正式的场合中则不是很严格。在夹菜时一些客人用筷子在菜盘里来来回回扒拉到底要夹什么菜，这种现象被称为“脏筷”。脏筷从浅层意义上来讲是不礼貌的。有时候大家会在中国的餐桌上看到两个人同时夹同一道菜时，不小心筷子撞在一起的情形，这一现象被称之为“抢筷”。为避免尴尬，人们在遇到这种情况时会巧妙地半开玩笑地说一句：“让我来帮你夹怎么样?”或者一方表示谦让地让对方来先夹。一般在连续就进餐时，筷子上仍然留着吃上一道菜留下的残迹就去夹菜的情况被称之为“粘筷”，这是忌讳的，所以在打算夹菜时要轻轻小嘬筷子，来避免夹别的菜时筷子上还粘着东西。

在吃放间隙聊天的时候，筷子的一大禁忌就是“指筷”，及用筷子指人。在用餐之时，最为忌讳的是“供筷”，就是将筷子插在饭菜上或者自己的饭碗中央。在中国的传统当中，一般在祭奠去世的人会上香叩拜，如果将筷子插在饭菜中央就与这一情形及其相似，因此，供筷不论在正式的还是非正式的中国餐桌上都是最大的禁忌之一。

除了以上描述的之外，中餐当中使用筷子的禁忌还有忌“刺筷”，即在夹不起菜的时候将筷子当叉子用，扎着夹;忌“别筷”，就是拿筷子当刀使用，用筷子撕扯肉类菜;忌“泪筷”，即在夹菜的时候使菜上有的汤汁淋了一桌;忌“敲筷子”。在等待就餐时，不能坐在桌边一手拿一根筷子随意敲打或用筷子敲打碗盏或茶杯。忌“叉筷”。 筷子不能一横一竖交叉摆放，不能一根大头，一根小头。用餐完毕，筷子应整齐地搁在靠碗右边的桌上。

(2)西方餐具的摆放、使用以及禁忌

相对于中餐，西餐的餐具则更为复杂。狭义上的西餐餐具有：刀、叉、匙三大件。刀子分为食用刀、鱼刀、肉刀(刀口有锯齿，用以切牛排、猪排等)、黄油刀和水果刀。叉子分为食用叉、鱼叉、肉叉和虾叉。匙子则有汤匙、甜食匙、茶匙。公用刀、叉、匙的规格明显大于餐用刀叉。而广义上的西餐餐具则包含：刀、叉、匙、盘、杯、餐巾等。其中盘又有菜盘、布丁盘、奶盘、白脱盘等。

在餐具摆放中，各个西方国家摆放西餐餐具遵循的共同规则是：“垫盘居中，左叉右刀，刀尖向上，刀口向内”。具体的规则有：“盘前横匙，主食靠左，餐具靠右”，其余用具酌情摆放;酒杯的数量与酒的种类相等，摆法是从左到右，依次摆烈性酒杯，葡萄酒杯，香槟酒杯，啤酒杯;西餐中餐巾放在盘子里，如果在宾客尚未落坐前需要往盘子里放某些物品，餐巾就放在盘子旁边。

西餐用餐餐具摆放为八字形，如果在用餐中途暂时休息片刻，可将刀叉分话盘中，刀头与叉尖相对成”一”字形或”八”字形，刀叉朝向自己，表示还是继续吃。用餐结束的摆置方式有两种：用餐结束后中，可将叉子的下面向上，刀子的刀刃侧向内与叉子并拢，平行放置于餐盘上。在宴会中，每吃一道菜用一副刀叉，对摆在面前的刀叉，是从外侧依次向内取用，因为刀叉摆放的顺序正是每道菜上桌的顺序。刀叉用完了，上菜也结束了。刀与叉除了将料理切开送入口中之外，还有另一项非常重要的功用：刀叉的摆置方式传达出“用餐中”或是“结束用餐”之讯息，而服务生是利用这种方式判断客人的用餐情形，刀叉柄朝向自己并列放在盘子里，则表示这一道菜已经用好，服务员就会把盘子撤去。

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中西方文化差异论文英语

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

My dream is to study abroad in the future. I amalways that kind of life can come true soon.

我的梦想是以后可以去留学。我总是希望那样的生活能早日成真。

But, before I realize my dream, I have to do somepreparation.

但是，在实现梦想之前，我得做一些准备工作。

I think the most important thing I need to do first is to adapt the life there.

我想我首先需要做的是适应那里的生活。

It is said that there is a big difference between the eastern and western culture.

据说东西方文化是有差异的。

If I know nothing, it is easy for me to have culture conflict.

如果我什么都不知道，很容易发生文化冲突。

It will put me into an embarrass place.

这会置我于一个尴尬的地方。

For example, dragon is the leader for all animals and it has holy good meaning in china.

例如，龙是在中国是万兽之王，有着无比神圣的意义。

But it means violence in the western country.

但是在西方国家则是暴力的象征。

I need to learn as much the cultural conflicts as possible to make my oversea life become easier.

我要尽量了解更多的文化冲突，这样我的留学生活才会变得更简单。

Traditional Chinese culture is beginning to capture the attention of the world. This is true even as popular culture that has traditionally been considered Western begins to spread throughout China. Kung Fu, especially, has had a great impact on the millions of people who first learned about China through it. From that, they may come to China and learn about other aspects of this culture, such as traditional operas like the Beijing and Sichuan ones. Asian nations have long known about the greatness of ancient Chinese culture. Their own cultures are a mix of native ones and those Chinese characteristics. Korea and Japan long ago adopted ideas such as Confucianism is something that continues today even as it is challenged by Pop Culture. This strength comes from the ideas given in the Four Books of Confucianism (The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius, and The Book of Mencius). These books built upon the ideas of an even more ancient period codified in the Five Classics. From them, the West learns such things as Fengshui and other concepts that are uniquely Chinese. China has taken steps to further this spread of its culture by establishing Chinese Cultural Centers in such places as the United States and Europe.

The passage mainly tells us the importance of protecting traditional Chinese culture, which is challenged or facing extinction because of the developing society and changing lifestyle. Besides, China is nationwide sparing no efforts to do it.

The protection of national and folk culture is of great significance to Chinese cultural diversity and also to the harmonious development between local economic and social development. It is reported that the Guangdong government pays special attention to protecting Chaoju(潮剧)， a local drama born in Chaozhou in the eastern Guangdong province.

In my opinion, some measures should be taken to protect traditional culture effectively. To start with, we should make a law to regulate the society’s performance. Besides, we should draw more people’s attention to it, for the more they know about the importance of culture protection, the stronger the support we can get from the public.

In a word, it is high time for us to treasure and develop our own valuable culture.

这段主要告诉我们保护中国传统文化的重要性,这是挑战或面临灭绝,因为发展中社会和改变生活方式。此外,中国全国全力以赴去做。

保护国家和民间文化是中国文化的多样性具有十分重要的意义,也是地方经济和社会发展之间的和谐发展。据报道,广东省政府支付特别注意保护Chaoju(潮剧),一个当地的戏剧在潮州出生在广东省东部。

在我看来,应该采取一些措施来有效地保护传统文化。首先,我们应该做一个法律调节社会的表现。除此之外,我们应该吸引更多的人的关注,因为他们知道关于文化保护的重要性,更强的我们可以从公众的支持。

总之,是时候让我们珍惜和发展我们自己的有价值的文化。

Through I am a Chinese,I have some west country lived in China for many years, from their tone ,I know that there are many cultural difference between West and as difference of dinner manners……In west countries ,when people are having dinner ,if one of them want to go to a or she shoud say”Excuse me ,I want to go to the toilets…”Only in such a way can others think you are of good in the bathroom,you can relieve the bowels, wash you faces, refine the make-up ,pick your teeth and so you finished yourself,you can return to you wonderful dinner can be in China,there are some different of you want to have a bath,you shoud only say”I want to go to washroom”.That just means:I want to go out for a you finished you dinner ,you can also say:”Im full”That means:I am full ,help then ,you can go out to have a rest or just some of the difference of dinner manners in west and in we face it in the future ,don`t forget that!

Long history in China in 5000, western social process of world 56 a hundred is brilliant abundant, great and deep food culture;The western nation then has delicately and particularly , from become the food civilization of the west food cultural collision, exchanges and melted into whole mankinds civilization to fill up with wear colourful the Spanish turn of the difference of educated medium west food culture of difference, but this kind of difference come from medium the west different mode of thinking with conducting philosophy.

This text introduced a medium Spanish to turn in the difference of food from the food idea, food object, food method, food ownership and property etc. carry on the comparison of the culture.

There are many difference between China and America such as in the field of geography ,culture, language ,politics ,economy and education with the development of science and technology .The word get even more smaller ,the communication between them is more frequent . Our country, China absorbs the essence and doesn’t eliminate the bad thing . Because a proverb ever since said when the fresh air come in ,the flies will also accompany it . At times we may not determine our countries’ geography and culture . But the system of politics economy , especially family education can be decided by the individuals . As the main body of the education is parents’ child . Though each parent tries their best and strives to teach their children very well, there are still some problems in it . In order to tackle them, I’ll give some detailed analysis of the difference of family education between China and American.

Long history in China in 5000, western social process of world 56 a hundred is brilliant abundant, great and deep food culture;The western nation then has delicately and particularly , from become the food civilization of the west food cultural collision, exchanges and melted into whole mankinds civilization to fill up with wear colourful the Spanish turn of the difference of educated medium west food culture of difference, but this kind of difference come from medium the west different mode of thinking with conducting philosophy.

This text introduced a medium Spanish to turn in the difference of food from the food idea, food object, food method, food ownership and property etc. carry on the comparison of the culture.

Today, I visited the temple of yue temple with my father, mother, two uncle, two aunt and sister. Many people ah, this is our original traditional dengfeng temple fair, people dare to come here near the temple fair, I with the crowded traffic into the zhongyue temple, I see theres four iron man, tai mountain, west of huashan, mount hengshan, hen, the songshan, there are many buildings, buildings can be spectacular! I was playing with my sister. Zhongyue temple there are lots of little temple, the temple has a monk, in tapping the holding it with a wooden stick or iron bowl, in the way of walking, I said to himself: "great! This is something to write diary finally!" We walked for a long time of the YueMiao unknowingly came to end, I remember zhong miao seems to be at the end of a long, long small channel, where the gods look like grow can be strange! Some even wear tiger leather shoes and tiger skin towel, the appearance is really funny! My sister and I will be laughed and silly! Its a joy. Finally, we came to a very high, very large building, and my sister and I immediately ran up, and we played there for a while, and my parents shouted, "lets go!" "Play again!" We played a while, they waited impatiently, my father came up to urge us to go, we did not go, and also played hide-and-seek with him! Finally, were ready to go! When we got in the car, we went back to our respective homes.

Today, we have fun! Not only play very happy, but also I also know the traditional culture of the temple, I am so happy!

Feng Jicai, born in Tianjin in 1942, is a highly accomplished writer, known for his depictions of intellectuals lives and the historical stories of Tianjin, where he has been living for more than 40 years. In recent years, while serving as executive chairman of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, and chairman of the Tianjin Writers Association, Feng has dedicated most of his time and energy to the preservation of China’s ethnic and folk culture, trying to save the countrys vanishing cultural memories.

Feng frequently published articles in newspapers, explaining his aims and beliefs to the local residents. He wrote, "Cultural relics are dead, but culture is living in the historical buildings. A city without culture is a city without root."

In December 1999, Guyi Street, one of the oldest streets in Tianjin, was in the process of being demolished. On this street, built during the Yuan Dynasty, there were many famous shops, such as Qianxiangyi, Ruifuxiang, Shanxi Guild House, and the General Chamber of Commerce of Tianjin. Again, Feng called for volunteers to record the street on videotapes, and collect oral history from local residents. In February 2000, a set of postcards was published with Guyi Street as the theme, attracting long lines of purchasers. With Fengs efforts, the destruction plan for the street was finally changed, saving some of the buildings there.

Acting on Fengs proposal, a nationwide heritage rescue program launched a general survey of Chinas folk cultures in 2003, aiming to catalog village-level art, songs, legends, dress and folk customs before they die off with their practitioners. A wide range of methods were adopted, including text, audio and video recording as well as photography.

Two severe problems in the rescue program were the lack of cultural workers and funds. Feng sold his own paintings twice to raise funds for the foundation to support the investigation of fine arts folk legacies in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. Besides, he also calls for help from NGOs (非政府组织，非营利性组织) everywhere.

Feng was hired as a consultant of the State Council in 2008 for his outstanding contributions to the work of protecting cultural relics.

China is a cultural ancient country with a long history of more than 5,000 years. Chinas traditional culture is profound and profound, and we can see it everywhere in our life. The four treasures we use, the Chinese medicine we eat, the tea we drink; And the erhu, the flute that we played; The tang suit we wear, the porcelain we use, and so on. Our countrys traditional culture is numerous, can be seen everywhere.

Our country has a variety of traditional festivals, many things have various manners and customs, each place also has local and ethnic characteristics. And I like the traditional Chinese festivals best,

The Spring Festival can be a symbol of the blessings of peace and peace. We can worship relatives who have died in qingming festival. The Dragon Boat Festival can eat sweet and soft glutinous rice dumplings; The Mid-Autumn festival is the day when the whole family is reunited to eat moon cakes and enjoy the moon. The double ninth festival is a good day for climbing high and wearing dogwood... Of all the traditional festivals, I remember the Dragon Boat Festival most.

The Dragon Boat Festival is to commemorate the great patriotic poet qu yuan, the legend qu yuan was insulted by the emperor, who was so sad that he was so sad that he threw himself into the river that night. When the news came, people rushed to the river, and the boat was ready to bring back the body of qu yuan, but it could not be recovered. People are afraid that the body of qu yuan was eaten by fish and shrimp, and they dropped zongzi and made them eat zongzi. From now on, people will call this day Dragon Boat Festival, on this day, every family will make zongzi to eat, to commemorate this great patriotic poet!

Every traditional culture in our country has a historical background or a classic story. The traditional culture in China is very profound and profound.

中西文化差异论文参考文献英文

The dining product as a result of factor and so on region characteristic, climatic environment, manners and customs influences, will appear in raw material, the taste, the cooking method, the food habit varying degree difference. Was precisely because of these differences, the dining product had the intense localization. Between China and the West culture's difference has accomplished China and the West diet culture difference, but this kind of difference and gets along with people the philosophy from the West different thinking mode. The Chinese pays great attention “the beauty to unite”, the westerner pays great attention “humanist”. here chats the Western diet culture difference briefly from the following three aspects.

摘 要]本文从思维方式、价值观念、审美情趣、传统风俗文化心理及民族禁忌等层面探讨了广告翻译策略。广告翻译质量的关键在于能否使译入语文化背景下的受众产生原文在源语文化背景中的相应效果在于能否准确把握两种文化异同。本文拟从中西思维方式差异、文化背景与价值观念差异、审美情趣差异、从传统风俗文化心理及民族禁忌层面等层面阐述广告翻译策略。[关键词]广告文化心理翻译一、文化与广告语言语言是文化的载体它反映一个民族的特征不仅包含着该民族的历史和文化背景而且蕴藏着该民族对人生的看法及其生活方式和思维方式。广告是一门艺术广告作品要有艺术感染力不仅要吸引观众还要触动其情感使其对企业及商品产生好感进而引导购买行为(胡屹1999)。为达到攻心目的国际广告中语言文字的翻译一定要精心求善求美。广告本身也蕴含着丰富的文化内涵它从一个侧面揭示了一个民族的心理特征、信仰和价值观念。因此译者对广告的理解也不能只限于字面还要了解其引申意义及丰富的文化蕴涵。所以商品的译名应该是好读、好听、好看做到音、形、义的完美统一。在翻译英语广告文字时，无论是英译汉还是汉译英，绝不能满足于字面上的翻译，做“表面文章”。必须要使语言翻译得既准确又地道，尤其是要把原文中的“潜台词”(message)或言外之意传达出来，做到达意、传神和表形，收到意似、神似和形似三统一的效果。二、广告翻译策略分析王佐良先生曾指出“翻译中最大的困难就是两种文化的不同……翻译者必须是一个真正意义上的文化人。”作为跨文化交际的重要组成部分，广告翻译也同样受到文化因素的制约。广告文化具有明显的大众性、商业性、民族性和时代性的特点所以文化传统、信仰、价值观念在很大程度上影响广告活动。本文拟从中西思维方式差异、文化背景与价值观念差异、审美情趣差异、从传统风俗文化心理及民族禁忌层面等层面阐述广告翻译策略。1.从中西思维方式差异层面审视广告翻译策略语言是思维的工具，而文化的构成又离不开思维(心理文化就是思维的直接产物)人的语言表达是受思维方式支配的思维又影响和制约着语言。东、西方文化的思维方式有着很大的差异。东方人主张“天人合一”、“物我交融”追求和谐与对称平衡重综合、重归纳、重暗示。西方人则主张“人天分立”、“物我分明”崇尚个体思维、个性展示重形式论证重分析、细微、曲折挖掘惟恐不尽描写惟恐不周。例如在西方国家里妇女解放是人们关注的一个焦点。在一则题为“Why can't a woman be like a woman”的香水广告中列举了妇女形象、地位变化以及这些变化带来的矛盾和困惑广告最后写道:Cabriole is full of delicuous like the woman who'clever enough to rnjoy being awoman.香水作为一种女性化的商品在这里成为妇女“To befeminist and feminine”的中介。这则广告的创意充分利用了妇女对自身形象的关注细致地分析了妇女解放带给人们的心理困惑强调女性思维博得了广大女性对商品的好感达到了很好的广告效果。译者如果不了解受众的思维方式，广告商所做的广告不仅难以达到促销的目的反而会带来一些意想不到的麻烦。如在英语广告中unique是一个使用频率很高的词汇这在一定程度上反映了西方社会强调个性的思维方式。然而由于中华民族特有的文化心理对于unique的强调难以在汉语广告中达到相应的效果。与之相反在汉语广告中“大宝”牌化妆品的广告语:“儿子一瓶，我一瓶，再给老爸来一瓶，我给老婆买一瓶”迎合了注重家庭亲情的大众心理。可见不同的民族有着不同的思维方式。迎合人们的思维方式以唤起认同感准确生动地传达商品信息刺激广告受众的购买欲对于成功的广告翻译是十分重要的。2.从文化背景与价值观念差异层面审视广告翻译策略美国人类学家爱德华·泰勒在《原始文化》一书中把“文化”作为一个中心概念提出来提出文化是一个复合的整体其中包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、风俗以及人作为社会成员而获得的任何其他的能力和习惯文化的内容如此丰富，是一个民族经过几千年的沉淀、发展和承袭而形成一定社会和社会群体的共同意识和共同规范。不同的民族文化深受其背景的影响，形成其不同的价值观念。语言反映文化文化的核心是传统的价值观念。广告商正是利用这一点竭力迎合人们的价值观念以谋求最大的商业利益。同样是航空广告由于价值观念不同美国航空公司的广告是“Bigthrillsmall bills”(大刺激小价钱)强调刺激、新奇价格便宜这是美国人所崇尚的价值观。又如在美国的主流文化中追求成功是压倒一切的主旋律而成功与否乃至成功的大小往往是用金钱来衡量的。基于此一家证券公司打出这样的广告标语: Want To Succeed Not Just Survive;2 The Will ToSucceed Is Part Of Americans Spirit最后的点睛之笔为The SuccessYou Want We Help You不难想象这则广告将会给成功欲极强的美国人留下深刻的印象。又如“:Carefour”是外商投资的超市译为“家乐福”取“家家都快乐和幸福”之意。的确它为都市人提供了衣、食、用等方面的商品成了人们喜爱的购物场所。无独有偶“安而乐”卫生巾同样迎合了国人“平安幸福”的人生价值观让女性感到安全、快乐。又如“可口可乐”和百事可乐”译文和中文谐音而且具有美好的含义。如“乐凯”彩色胶卷的商标音译为“Luck”为“幸福”之意“;Stone”寓意是“坚如磐石”作为“四通”电脑的英文商标充分体现了“四通人”甘做中国电脑的铺路石创世界名牌坚韧不拔的精神。类似的译名还有上海补品来福(Life)果奶“乐百士”(Robust)等等。而法国某公司在中国某地区曾推出“鸦片”牌男用香水本想用鸦片的诱惑力使中国的男人使用“鸦片”牌香水像鸦片一样上瘾。但由于该公司不了解中国人对鸦片二字的感觉不是诱人而是痛恨此广告严重挫伤了我国民众的民族自尊心。结果此品牌香水上市后受到消费者的猛烈抨击。鉴于此广告的翻译工作最好由广告受众国的译者去做因为只有受众国的译者才能熟知本国的价值观念才能译出符合本国受众思维方式和文化习惯因而为他们所喜欢的广告语。3.从审美情趣差异层面审视广告翻译策略大众的审美心理与广告的翻译之间存在着非常密切的关系。审美心理是一种综合的文化意识涉及到政治观点、宗教观念、生活方式和风俗习惯等各个方面。中国国民稳固的心里结构以“仁”、“务实”、“忍耐”为基本内容。形成特有的审美取向这里有很大成分是受儒家的“中庸”之道思想方法影响。审美要求“内敛”且有美善统一的自觉要求与西方审美观中的张扬的唯心主义片段性的思维相比更客观一些。西方的审美心理强调主体感情、想象、直觉产生的美、美感受康德美学思想中人的主体能力的影响形成全力张扬的现代主义的审美观这种审美观是非理性的具有意志、直觉、潜意识等方面把握美之本身的唯美化倾向。这种审美心理差异形成了中西广告文化的不同心理。中国人在文化上表现为大一统观念例如重权威、轻事实还有从众心理；有小农意识重实惠轻意念且人格至上。西方人的文化心理结构较为复杂以“人本”、“认知”、“行为”为基本内容。审美情趣是一种综合的文化意识涉及生活方式、风俗习惯等方面。而广告又是面对大众的一种重要的商品宣传手段它要迎合大众的审美心理。广告的翻译没有固定的模式应采用灵活多变的方法最大限度地再现原广告的神韵和风格提倡吸引力、诱惑力和表达方式的大众化同时要尊重普通人的审美情趣。因此广告商要深入了解商品出口国的文化背景了解异域广告受众的审美情趣这一点在出口商品的名称翻译中尤为重要。如我国有种叫“芳芳”的口红国人看到“芳芳”二字心中会产生美好的联想仿佛看到一位美丽善良的少女又好像闻到了她周身袭来的香气。而此商标音译成“Fang Fang”英语国家的消费者听了心中不禁生起一种恐怖之情因为Fang恰好是一个英文单词其义是a snake'spoison tooth(蛇的毒牙)。因此他们联想到的并不是一位涂口红的美丽少女而是毒汁四溅的毒蛇。翻译出现了这一败笔口红的销路便可想而知了。Whisper卫生巾音译为“护舒宝”。Whisper的英文意思是耳语、密谈富含女性用品的形象性和女性味。而翻译为中文时则传达给中国女性消费者的是该产品的功能和优良的品质给人以舒爽、安全、美妙的感觉从而达到了名牌效应。再如宝洁公司的洗发用品Head＆Shoulder如果仅根据原文直译为“头和肩”或像我国台湾地区一样翻译为“海伦仙杜丝”消费者会感到茫然不知所云而译为“海飞丝”高雅的词义迎合了广告受众的审美情趣使人联想到怡人的大海以及青春美少女飘逸柔顺的秀发随风飞扬的画面自然会激发消费者强烈的购买欲望。优雅的名称对商品来说是一种“包装”对消费者而言是一种“诱惑”。翻译广告时要符合大众的审美情趣只有当一个译名在人的心目中产生与本国消费者相似的美感时该产品才会被接受。4.从传统风俗文化心理及民族禁忌层面审视广告翻译策略一个国家、民族都有千百年来形成的风俗文化及审美习惯。因此译者应充分考虑到商品所销国家和地区的文化、历史和风俗尽量避免带有文化禁忌色彩的词语和形象这样才不会影响商品的销路。例如:中国有一种电扇商标为“蝙蝠”是因为“蝠”和“福”同音蝙蝠被认为是吉祥的动物。在日本韩国蝙蝠也象征幸福。但是如果翻译为Bat会引起西方人反感。类似的还有Dragon(龙)在我国历史上龙是一个图腾形象而在西方文化中;Dragon却代表罪恶、邪恶。英国人不喜欢Magpie(喜鹊)、大象。伊斯兰教国家对Panda(熊猫)很反感。数字在中西方喜好也有区别。日本不喜欢“4”认为与“死”同音。“7”在欧美国家有积极意义。“13”则象征不幸。出口英国的商标最好不用“666”因为它在圣经里象征魔鬼。还有对花类的青睐禁忌也有区别。如日本人忌讳荷花喜欢樱花意大利人偏爱玫瑰讨厌菊花。翻译时颜色的广告词也不可忽视。如:美国人大都不喜欢紫色;法国人讨厌墨绿色而偏爱蓝色;比利时人最忌蓝色;西方国家以白色象征纯洁把黑色当作死亡。总之各种禁忌无奇不有广告翻译者应大力研究。广告语言承载丰富的文化蕴涵。如MercedesBenz的中译“平治”这两个字马上使人联想到《大学》里所说的“齐家、治国、平天下”。平治汽车是身份的象征车主非富则贵即使不是国家、天下的领导者至少在治、平两方面有些参与。与平治同为名车的BMW译为“宝马”是取B与M的发音。现代的名车就是古代的宝马这两种汽车的翻译就很体现中国的文化内涵迎合了消费者的心理。不熟悉外族文化不了解异域人民的审美心理就会在商标翻译中出现败笔。还有一种出口干电池的商标叫“白象”英译成“WhiteElephant”应该是百分之百的正确。殊不知awhiteelephant这条固定的英文短语意为“沉重的负担”或“无用而累赘的东西”。由于翻译中的这一败笔商品的销路可想而知。为了向译者忠实地转达原文的信息和实现广告语的艺术性有时要做适当的文化转换。如“玉兔”这一商标英译成“MoonRabbit”而不译成“JadeRabbit”。原因是“玉兔”乃是我国神话中陪伴吴刚生活在月宫桂花树下的兔子因此它又成为月的代称。将它译成MoonRabbit体现了我国东方文化的风采使英文不易产生异解不会误以为是玉做成的兔子。三、结束语广告语言本身充满着丰富的想象力和极大的创造性。促销是它惟一的目的而把一国的广告语译成另一国广告语时由于社会文化、语言、民族心理等多方面的原因这种翻译绝非只是一种一一对应的语码转换。要求译者要具备语言、社会文化、民俗、心理学等、经济市场学、广告原理等方面的知识。二、参考文献：三、[1]王秉钦:文化翻译学[M].天津:南开大学出版社1995四、[2][美]萨丕尔:语言论[M].北京:商务印书馆1985五、[3]王佐良:翻译:思考与试笔[M]．北京:外语教学与研究出版社1989

建议你先找找案例。而且你给你内容也太宽泛了， 西方国家之间的文化也有很大的差异，建议你给出一个特定的国家和地区 再搜索结果。 而且作为毕业论文，引文要20篇以上才够说话。如果你有特定需要，可以留言联系我， 本人在美国读MBA

Brief Discussion of cultural differences in the Western diet food products as geographical features, climate environment, customs and other factors, will appear in the raw materials, flavors, cooking methods, eating habits, the different degrees of difference. It is because of these differences, food products have a strong regional. Cultural differences between Chinese and Western food culture creates differences, but this difference different from the Western way of thinking and philosophy of life. Chinese people pay attention to "Heaven", Westerners focus on "people-oriented." Here we briefly turn from the following three differences between Chinese and Western food culture. First, the concept of comparing two different diets focus on "taste" of the Chinese diet, the West is a rational eating. Regardless of food color, aroma, taste, how to shape and nutrition must be assured that one day pay attention to intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on. Even the same taste, also must eat - because nutritious. The food concepts to the whole of Western philosophy is compatible. Metaphysics is the main features of Western philosophy. The object of study of Western philosophy for the reason of things, things and objects often metaphysical grounds, consistent with each other metaphysical reason, they form a metaphysical philosophy. This philosophy has brought vitality to Western culture, so that in the natural sciences, psychology and methodology to achieve a rapid development. But in other respects, this philosophy advocates greatly impeded the role, such as food culture. In the banquet, you can pay attention to tableware, attention to materials, pay attention to service, attention to vegetables, raw materials, shape and color with respect; but no matter how high-end luxury, from Los Angeles to New York steak is only one flavor, no arts to speak of. As a dish, chicken is chicken, steak is steak, even with matching, that is conducted in the session, a "French-style rack of lamb" while up mashed potatoes, side lean lamb chops, cooked green beans with the other side, plus a few pieces tomato and serve. The color contrast, but the taste of the variety of materials independent of each other, reconcile, each is different in flavor, simple and clear. Chinese people attach great importance "to eat", and "Food" proverb speaks with the day we see as important eating. As our nation for thousands of years the low level of productivity, people are always hungry, why we have a unique all else to eat the food culture, I think this is probably out of a survival need it. If as a culture to eat first thing, then there will be two phenomena: on the one hand this will eat into full play to the extreme, not only survive, but also use it to maintain health, which is "drug tonic as "the cultural basis; the other hand, eating too much attention, will make people praise of the delicious pursuit. Chinese cooking technique in pursuit of delicious almost perfection, and the Chinese people living overseas have to open a restaurant for the industry in the world we want to settle down into the root! Unfortunately, when we consider the pursuit of delicious as the first request, we have neglected the most basic food of nutritional value, many of our traditional food to go through the long slow fire hot ravioli fried and boiled, so the nutritional content of dishes destruction, many nutrients are lost during processing of the.。Hence the mention of the nutritional problems, in effect, goes to the biggest weakness of Chinese food culture. Folk saying goes: "Food, food to taste first." It is this pursuit of the delicious, down so that we ignore the true meaning of eating. Chinese cuisine in the tasting, they tend to say that this dish "delicious" dishes that "taste bad"; However, to further ask what "delicious," why "delicious," "delicious" Where, I am afraid that is not easy to clear. 。 This shows that Chinese people eating is a kind of hard to explain in words the pursuit of the "mood", that use of commonly called "color, smell, taste, shape, device," to put this "state" specific, probably still difficult to cover all his. The reason why Chinese food has its unique charm, the key lies in its taste. And delicious produce, is to reconcile, to make the food taste, cooked taste after heating, plus ingredients and excipients, flavor and seasoning to reconcile the flavor, mixed with the integration of coordination, so that complement each other, mutual penetration, perfect harmony You have me, I have you. China cuisine stresses the harmony of the United States, is the essence of Chinese culinary art of office. Dishes point the shape and color is something external, while the taste is something inherent, intrinsic rather than deliberate modification of re-appearance, flavor and not too heavy dishes expose dishes the shape and color, this is China and the United States concept of food The most important performance. In China, the diet has suppressed . pursuit of rationality, this concept with the traditional Chinese diet philosophy is consistent. As a representative of the Chinese philosophy Eastern philosophy, its distinguishing feature is the macro, intuitive, vague and elusive. Chinese food production is to reconcile Ding Nai, ultimate goal is to reconcile a kind of good taste. The stress is measured, is the overall co-ordination. It contains a wealth of dialectical thought of Chinese philosophy, all to the good taste of food, as the degree of harmonization, within the ever-changing degree of the decision of the Chinese food on the rich and richly varied, determine the characteristics of China's Cai Cai system and even every cook characteristics. Second, differences between Chinese and Western food object that the dishes are Westerners eat, it eats a large piece of meat, whole chickens and other "hard food." China's cuisine is "taste", so the Chinese cooking at the selected materials also show great randomness: many Westerners as discarded things in China are excellent raw materials, foreign chefs can not handle things, the hands of a chef in China, we can achieve the impossible. Indicates the Chinese food in the materials used for the extensive arbitrary. According to a survey of Western botanists, Chinese food has more than 600 kinds of vegetables, six times more than in the West. In fact, in Chinese cuisine, the vegetarian is a common food, meat dishes only on holidays or the standard of living is high, before entering the normal diet, so ancient it will have "fresh vegetables", which eat vegetables in the diet in the usual dominant. Chinese plant-based dishes, and Buddhist advocacy of thread 10000 wire with 1000 links. They see animals as "lives", while the plant is "no soul", therefore, advocated vegetarianism. Western diet, introducing features of their own country, I felt more than in China with emphasis on the rational nutrition, there are more developed food industries, such as canned food, fast food, etc., although the same taste, but to save time, and good nutrition, it is their country than the Chinese people generally robust body: tall, long legs, broad shoulders, muscular development; the Chinese people will look tall and skinny, short legs, narrow shoulders, weak quality color yellow. According to the Western diet was significant difference in the characteristics of the object, called the plant the Chinese character, Westerners called the animal character. In the diet, the different ways in the Western diet is very different, these differences also have an impact on the national character. In China, a banquet, no matter what purpose, there will be only one form, is everyone sitting round and round, sharing a seat. Use round-table banquet, which created a unity in form, courtesy of Fun atmosphere. Delicious food on the table's center, It is the table of people appreciate the object of taste, but also a table of people exchange feelings vehicle. People to toast each other for food and advised food, in the face of good things, reflects the mutual respect between people, courtesy of the United States and Germany. Although from the health point of view, this diet has obvious shortcomings, but it is consistent with our nation, "happy," the general state of mind, reflecting the classical Chinese philosophy "and" this area thinking of future generations, to facilitate collective emotional communication, and therefore difficult to reform so far. Western-style banquets, the food and wine, although very important, but in fact it is as a foil. Friendship is the core of the banquet, with guests sitting next to the conversation between the purpose of friendship. If the friendship of the banquet and dance analogy, it can be said that Chinese banquet is like a dance, and Western-style banquet is like a dance of men and women. Thus, Chinese style banquet dinner and the purpose of friendship is very obvious, but more Chinese banquet of friendship reflected in the All seats, while the Western-style dinner and more reflected in the friendship between the neighboring guests. 。 And Chinese food more obvious differences in the way of Western popular buffet. This method is: all the food 11 are listed, all what they want, not fixed to the seat to eat, walk free, this way to facilitate communication between individuals, the emotional, if not all of the table also reflects the the Westerners on the personality of the self-respect. 但 However, eat all of, each disturbance, the lack of a number of Chinese people celebrating together, the mood of talking. So, after all, or the difference between emotional and rational. However, this difference seems to change with the development of science and the fuzzy. More and more Chinese people to no longer focus only on food color, aroma, taste, and more emphasis on its health and nutrition of the. Also, because more people are busy working, that Chinese food can not be bothered to do than to a hamburger and convenient. As a difference in the diet also not clear when. 。 But the saying goes, "there are disadvantages also be conducive to the sword", that is, in the scientific era, Chinese and Western restaurants are still there can not be ignored on the shortcomings and disadvantages. So how to avoid and eliminate the shortcomings of both, to improve both diet and how to combine the two, how the Western diet and make greater contributions to human health. We are a group of subjects especially after careful investigation and careful comparison, here a brief talk from the following four differences between Chinese and Western food culture. !