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英文教育论文答辩稿模板初中

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英文教育论文答辩稿模板初中

英语毕业论文答辩稿范文(精选8篇)

一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束,我们毕业前都要通过最后的`毕业论文,毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式,快来参考毕业论文是怎么写的吧!下面是我帮大家整理的英语毕业论文答辩稿范文,希望对大家有所帮助。

Good morning, all appraises committee members. I am XXX and my supervisor is XXX.

With his constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper.

Now it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is Comparative Study between English and Chinese idioms.

With the developing globalization, communication demand precise language.

Idioms are not a separate part of the language, we cannot omit. Studying the similarities and differences between English and Chinese idioms would be helpful to cross-cultural understanding and it’s also a good advance to our future if we can learn well.

For the above facts, I select the subject of “comparative study between English and Chinese idioms” as the title of my paper.

In the main part of this paper, I divide it four parts.

Part one presents general introduction to the basic concept and the studying purpose.

Part two presents overview of the Chinese and English idioms; it concludes similar origins and similar functions. Part three emphasize differences between English and Chinese idioms.

Through contrast analysis of well-known Chinese and English language, found the differences cultural discrepancy and the translation of animal words. Part four draws some conclusions that characteristics of English and Chinese idioms. And it is helpful to cross-culture .It’s necessary for a better understanding of international promotional communication. OK, that’s all. Thank you.

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense.

I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. I’m Zhang Da and my supervisor is Professor Zhang Jingcai. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. First of all, I really want to be a teacher, so during the four years, I have read many books about how to become a good teacher. Secondly, when I was a freshman in the summer of 2008, I was chosen as a teaching assistant of the summer camp which was organized by the New Oriental English School in Shijiazhuang. In the summer camp, I rewrote a script of an English drama to be one of the programs of the open ceremony. It was very popular among those students. They thought it was very interesting. In 2010, I was practiced as an English teacher at Chenguantun Middle School in Qinhuangdao, I found that the students have little interest towards English learning, so I hoped I could help them. So I use the Drama Method as my teaching method. Almost all of the students were highly motivated by the interesting teaching method and they have made great progress in the exam one month later. So the research proved that the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. For the above facts, I select the subject of On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this topic we can find an effective teaching method to help all the students’ English learning in junior high school.

Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

Part one presents an introduction to identify the major problem of junior high school students’ English learning problems

Part two overviews all relevant researches in drama application in teaching oral English.

Part three is the research design, the research hypothesis, the subjects of the research, the research methods and the research procedures are conducted.

Part four is the findings from research data. After analyzing the data with Excel 2007, pedagogical findings and implications are delivered before the conclusion of the thesis.

Part five draws some conclusions about the research. As what has been shown in the research, there are a lot of benefits from drama performance; the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. In addition, there are some suggestions for forthcoming researches.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style

in from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!

I will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!

Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m *** and come from class *. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.

Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.

Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.

Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.

For the above facts, I select this title.

Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.

The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.

The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.

The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.

The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.

The last part is the conclusion.

I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.

When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.

That’s all. Thank you.

毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版(通用6篇)

转眼间充满意义的大学生活就即将结束,我们都知道毕业生要通过最后的毕业论文,毕业论文是一种、有准备的检验大学学习成果的'形式,那么什么样的毕业论文才是好的呢?下面是我整理的毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版,仅供参考,欢迎大家阅读。

Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction. The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation.

I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators.

So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.

The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.

So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.

Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.

Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.

Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.

Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.

Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices. OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions。

Good morning,

Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) : I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere grat-itude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.

My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts.

The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies.

In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.

Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Thank you!

good evening, all the appraiser committee members. i come from hust, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. i am and my supervisor is prof.***. with her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year"s hard work, i have finished my paper. finally, it is the show time. this evening i will present my efforts to you all and i gratefully welcome any correction.

the title of my paper is a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. firstly, i am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. secondly, i am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and i have taught this text for more than 3 times . last but not the least ,as a female , i am keen on the study of feminism. for the above facts, i select the subject of a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective as the title of my paper.

i hope by studying this short story we can know more about american southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

next , i will present it to you. here is an outline of my presentation. they are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

this paper consists of six parts. part one presents an introduction to the author william faulkner and a rose for emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and emily s attitude towards love. finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

ok, that"s all. now you may raise your questions ! i am ready! thank you !

today, the title of my paper is on the network novels. in recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. network novel is one of the fast of them. in the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels" addicts. for the above facts, i select the subject of on the network novels as the title of my paper.

the last part, the forecast. looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. if each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.

not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.

good morning, all appraiser committee members. i am **** and my supervisor is ***. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of on transformation of parts of speech as the title of my paper.

i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.

part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.

part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.

stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.

The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.

Angela Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.

With the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.

Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.

Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.

Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.

Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.

Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.

Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

英语专业毕业论文答辩陈述稿范文

时间过得真快,大学生活即将结束,毕业论文是大学生都必须通过的,毕业论文是一种有准备的检验大学学习成果的`形式,毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢?以下是我整理的英语专业毕业论文答辩陈述稿范文,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。

Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am xx and my supervisor is xx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.

The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.

So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.

Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.

Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.

Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.

Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.

Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. Im xxand come from class xx. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.

The title of my paper is choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.

Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.

Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.

Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.

For the above facts, I select this title.

Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.

The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.

The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholarss main views.

The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.

The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.

The last part is the conclusion.

I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.

When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.

Thats all. Thank you.

教育毕业论文答辩稿模板

答辩前的准备,最重要的是答辩者的准备。要保证论文答辩的质量和效果,关键在答辩者一边。论文作者要顺序通过答辩,在提交了论文之后,不要有松一口气的思想,而应抓紧时间积极准备论文答辩。首先,要写好毕业论文的简介,主要内容应包括论文的题目,指导教师姓名,选择该题目的动机,论文的主要论点、论据和写作体会以及本议题的理论意义和实践意义。其次,要熟悉自己所写论文的全文,尤其是要熟悉主体部分和结论部分的内容,明确论文的基本观点和主论的基本依据;弄懂弄通论文中所使用的主要概念的确切涵义,所运用的基本原理的主要内容;同时还要仔细审查、反复推敲文章中有无自相矛盾、谬误、片面或模糊不清的地方,有无与党的政策方针相冲突之处等等。如发现有上述问题,就要作好充分准备——补充、修正、解说等。只要认真设防,堵死一切漏洞,这样在答辩过程中,就可以做列心中有数、临阵不慌、沉着应战。第三,要了解和掌握与自己所写论文相关联的知识和材料。如自己所研究的这个论题学术界的研究已经达到了什么程度?目前,存在着哪些争议?有几种代表性观点?各有哪些代表性著作和文章?自己倾向哪种观点及理由;重要引文的出处和版本;论证材料的来源渠道等等。这些方面的知识和材料都要在答辩前做到有比较好的了解和掌握。第四,论文还有哪些应该涉及或解决,但因力所不及而未能接触的问题,还有哪些在论文中未涉及到或涉及到很少,而研究过程中确已接触到了并有一定的见解,只是由于觉得与论文表述的中心关联不大而没有写入等等。第五,对于优秀论文的作者来说,还要搞清楚哪些观点是继承或借鉴了他人的研究成果,哪些是自己的创新观点,这些新观点、新见解是怎么形成的等等。

我叫×××,XXXX级社会学专业学生。我的毕业论文题目是《社会学视野下金庸小说中的婚恋观》。我的指导老师是张红老师。从确定选题、拟定提纲、完成初稿,到最后定稿,我得到了张老师的精心细致指导,使我很快掌握了论文的写作方法,并在较短的时间里完成了论文的写作。不管今天答辩的结果如何,我都会由衷的感谢指导老师的辛勤劳动,感谢各位评委老师的批评指正。截至目前,在学术界有关金庸武侠小说的论著非常多,但尚无从社会学视野下对金庸小说中婚恋观的研究。选择金庸小说作为毕业论文的写作题材,一方面是因为我对金庸小说比较喜欢,包括由金庸小说改编而成的电视剧。的确,金庸小说不仅向我们展现了侠客的快意恩仇,还借用江湖这个社会,使人物摆脱传统社会的束缚或少受社会制度的束缚。男女侠客不问出身,不讲家庭地位、社会背景,只讲两性相悦、以情相许,能实现真正意义上的男女平等、恋爱自由。另一方面结合当今社会现实,许多现象与金庸小说中的情节有一些相似,揭示其中的联系,警示世人,以倡导和谐的、理想的婚姻。在这篇论文中,主要采用了内容分析和现实对比的写作手法,各部分安排按照先典型分析,具体对照现象,理论分析,再阐明现代性特征的层次进行。具体结构如下:第一部分为所归纳的金庸小说中的五种爱情类型;第二部分为金庸小说中与现实相对应的婚姻类型;第三部分为关于金庸小说中择偶的社会学分析,分为宏观和和微观两个方面分析。宏观方面的主要理论有:对于择偶的个人主义解释;择偶的社会文化解释;择偶梯度理论;同类匹配理论。微观方面的理论有:1、相似性理论;2、需求互补理论。从以上这些择偶理论我们可以做出如下推论:相似性原则是择偶的基本规律。无论从哪个理论角度这个结论总是成立的,虽做出如下推论:相似性原则是择偶的基本规律。无论从哪个理论角度这个结论总是成立的,虽然对具体是什么“相似”有些争议。在外在社会条件上符合“同类匹配”,内在条件上又符合“需求互补”,这似乎就是最完满的理想婚姻模式。

毕业论文答辩稿写法:

1、自己为什么选择这个课题。

2、研究这个课题的意义和目的是什么。

3、全文的基本框架、基本结构是如何安排的。

4、全文的各部分之间逻辑关系如何。

5、在研究本课题的过程中,发现了那些不同见解。对这些不同的意见,自己是怎样逐步认识的。又是如何处理的。

6、论文虽未论及,但与其较密切相关的问题还有哪些。

7、还有哪些问题自己还没有搞清楚,在论文中论述得不够透彻。

8、写作论文时立论的主要依据是什么。

论文答辩稿范文:

尊敬的各位评委老师:

大家好!我是经济管理学院农林经济管理专业一班的XXXX。我的毕业论文题目是《广西三江侗族自治县茶叶营销状况调查研究》。

三江侗族自治县位于广西北部,处于黔湘桂三省交界地区。近年来,该县的茶叶产业进入了一个快速发展的阶段,茶叶成为该县唯一成范围种植的农作物品种。

作为一个农业欠发达的地区,该县在整体经济水平处于劣势的情况下,发展具有地方特色和县域比较优势的特色农业,对于提高该县农业的整体竞争力、推动农村地区的经济发展和小城镇建设,加快农村城市化进程至关重要。因此对三江侗族自治县的茶业市场营销研究具有十分重要的现实意义和研究价值。

通过在该县农业局实习期间,我收集到了大量关于该县茶叶产业的数据,同时结合相关的参考文献,并在导师的指导下,拟定提纲,写开题报告初稿,毕业论文初稿,修改等一系列程序,于XXXX年6月正式定稿。

具体来说,我的论文分为以下四个部分:

第一部分,通过翔实的数据,概述了广西三江侗族自治县基本情况,三江侗族自治县茶叶产业状况,让读者能够在宏观上一目了然的看到广西三江侗族自治县基本情况及茶叶产业的现状。

第二部分,主要阐述了三江侗族自治县茶叶生产和茶叶营销存在的主要问题。如叶生产企业实力弱小,生产条件落后,产品竞争力不强,茶叶品种单一,服务体系不健全,生产者的市场营销认识不高,营销方法同质化等问题。

第三部分,运用SWOT分析法对三江侗族自治县茶叶生产营销状况进行了优势、劣势、机会和威胁四个方面的基本的分析和判断,既是对该县茶叶产业的深入挖掘,也是对文章理论体系的完善。

第四部分,提出了茶叶差异化营销策略,树立全员营销观念,创建原生态茶叶区域品牌等策略,并在品牌传播上提出文化营销、精确营销、低成本以营销、网络营销、植入式营销等理念。对全文进行收尾。使得论文整体结构完整,论述合理。

经过本次论文写作,我学到了许多有用的东西,也积累了不少经验。

但由于学生能力不足,加上时间和精力有限以及论文篇幅和结构的限制,论文没有像企业营销策划方案那么详细,许多问题还有待于进一步思考和研究,借此答辩的机会,我希望各位老师能够提出宝贵的意见,多指出本篇论文的不足之处,学生将虚心接受,从而使该论文得到完善和提高。

论文答辩稿子怎么写:PPT1:各位老师上午好!我叫XXX,是什么级XX学院XX专业的学生,我的论文题目是XXX。论文是在XXX导师的悉心指点下完成的,(在这里我向我的导师表示深深的谢意,同时也向各位老师不辞辛苦参加我的论文答辩表示衷心的感谢。若时间紧迫,不用说。)下面我将本论文设计的目的和主要内容向各位老师作一汇报。PPT2:我将从以下四个方面介绍我的论文,分别是背景及意义、研究对象与方法、论文概述、结论与分析。PPT3:首先是第一部分,背景及意义。主要介绍了本论文的研究背景、研究目的和研究意义。(根据时间自决定如何展开说。)PPT4:近年来,由于XXX而XX,因此本文将视角选定在XX行业,展开研究,探究XXX。但是由于目前适用于XXX的模型尚少,因此在目前较为理想的XXX模型的基础上,构建更加适用于XXX行业的XXX模型,进行深入分析并得出结论。PPT5:接下来是研究目的和意义。研究目的主要由以下四点,分别从两方信息使用者的角度来谈。主要目的是给管理者和投资者建议及参考价值。PPT6:研究意义有以下两点,分别是理论意义和实践意义理论意义:XXX理论在我国发展不久,目前尚未研究出一个适用于XXX行业的XXX模型,因此理论上急需研究。实践意义:为管理者和投资者具有较强的实践意义,同时也给同行业的其他企业以参考。

英文论文初稿模板

英语翻译教学在高校英语教学中起着重要作用,它直接影响了学生的英语使用能力。尤其在经济全球化不断发展的当今社会,加强英语翻译教学不仅关系着大学生的就业前景,更与我国经济发展密切相连。下面是我为大家整理的英语翻译论文,供大家参考。

英语翻译论文 范文 一:中西方 文化 在英语翻译方面的差异性

一、中西方文化在英语翻译方面的差异性

(一)地理环境因素

“一方山水养一方人”,不同的地域和环境必然造就不同的民族文化。中国是一个幅员辽阔、地大物博、物产丰富的农业大国,这就使我国形成了一种典型的农耕文化。中国人注重人与自然、人与人之间的和谐与统一,故在许多 成语 中都与土地有关,如“土豪劣绅”“、土生土长”和“土崩瓦解”等。而英国则是一个典型的岛国,其四面被海水环绕,故其航海技术一直处于世界领先地位,这也促使其所形成的文化中都与水或航海有一定的联系,如在比喻一个人挥霍金钱的时候,会用“Spendmoneylikewa-ter”(挥金如土)来加以描述;在形容一个人的形体单薄、虚弱的时候则用“asweakaswater”(弱不禁风)来加以描述;而在告别友人的时候则会用“haveagoodsailing”(一路顺风)来加以描述等。因此,只有掌握了中西民族文化之间的差异性,才能够正确对语句进行理解和翻译。

(二)宗教信仰因素

宗教文化也是众多文化中的一种表现形式,其也会因信仰的不同而产生一定的差异。中国的宗教门派众多,但是主要的可以分为道家、佛家和儒家这三个主要的流派。不同的教派具有不同的教义,如中国道家主张人和神仙是可以相互转化的;佛教则主张佛祖则是至高无上的神,其法力无边,这也可以从我国古代语言中明显看出。汉语中有“天命不可违”、“借花献佛”和“不看僧面看佛面”等的语言表达。而西方则主要以基督教为主,他们只承认上帝是万事万物的主宰,其无所不能,这在西方语言中也可以明显的看出来。如“Manproposes,Goddisposes”(谋事在人,成事在天)、“GodiswhereHewas”(上帝无所不在)和“Heavenisaboveall”(上帝高于一切)等。因此,为了达到翻译忠实原意的目的,我们必须要充分了解中西宗教文化的差异性。

二、提高高校英语翻译质量的策略

(一)导入异国文化

中西翻译的差异性。因此,为了提高学生对于英语翻译的认识度和理解度,教师需要在英语翻译教学的过程中为学生们导入到量的异国文化。通过将英语翻译与文化学习二者进行有机地结合来提高学生们英语翻译的水平。但是特别需要注意一点就是,教师在导入异国文化的过程中要始终本着由易到难、由浅入深的原则。此外,教师除了要为学生们普及一些西方文化知识外,还需要为学生们普及一些西方文化习俗的来源。例如,英语中有“raincatsanddogs”的习语,这句话用汉语可以表述为“倾盆大雨”,但是如果按照直白的翻译就会理解为“下猫跟狗”,这样就明显偏离了翻译的本意。这句习语主要来源于北欧的神话 传说 ,传说猫跟狗对于风和雨等天气具有很强的预测能力。又如“asstrongasahorse”(壮如牛),但是如果单纯的按照意思来理解则成了“壮如马”了等。如果学生对于这个文化背景不了解,则会出现上述可笑的误译现象。

(二)介绍英汉语言结构上的差异性

英语结构区别于汉语结构,其重视主题句和主体结构的构成以及 句子 结构连接过渡词的作用,并且侧重用介词和连词来表示句子和词组之间的逻辑关系,这种现象在汉语中则很少用或几乎不用。另外,英语表述中特别忌讳重复,如果出现重复的问题,通常用省略、替换或代词的形式来加以表示,但是我们汉语中常用重复来表示强调。

(三)讲解一些常用的翻译技巧

在学生掌握了上述英语翻译的基本知识之后,教师需要为学生讲解一些常用的翻译技巧,从而让学生们学会如何通过删减或增加词语来使语句变得更加通顺。常用的翻译技巧主要包括词类转换、增删词语以及拆分语句等手段。首先,词类转换作为一种有效的翻译手段,其主要是将那些由动词转化来的名词或具有动作意义类型的名词后接of的形式按照汉语中动宾 短语 来进行翻译即可。其次,英语和汉语之间的结构表述有所不同,只有通过增加或删减词汇才能够使意思更加忠实原文的含义。

三、结语

总之,中西文化差异性对于英语翻译具有重要的影响。为了提高学生英语翻译能力,教师必须要在教学实践中让学生充分地了解西方的文化传统,从而使学生做到“知己知彼”,然后并要在基础上教授给学生英语翻译的一些技巧,从而达到提高高校翻译教学质量的目的。

英语翻译论文范文二:生物 医学英语 翻译得体性原则

1得体性原则及在翻译中的适用性

“得体”一词在《现代汉语词典》中的释义如下:“(言语、行动等)得当;恰当;恰如其分。”其他词典的解释与此大体相类。这是一种宽泛意义上的解释。难以确切理解其内涵,不大好把握,运用起来常常带有不同程度的盲目性、随意性。从修辞学理论的高度来衡量,离规范性、科学性相距甚远。王希杰先生在《修辞学通论》中则指出:语言的“得体性指的是语言材料对语言环境的适应程度。脱离了特定的语言环境,就没有得体不得体的问题。”他说:“修辞的原则只有一条,那就是得体性原则。一切其他的原则都从属于这个原则,都是这个最高原则的派生物。这个最高原则制约着和控制着一切其他的原则。”[1]王先生的定义简洁、明确,认为得体是语用的最高原则。聂炎[2]在《得体性原则两题》一文中对语言表达如何适应语体进行了 总结 :“每一种语体一般来说都有表现自己本身特点的不同的语料和表达手段,即常常有自己的专用词语、专用句法结构和篇章结构、语言风格等等,这是该语体区别于彼语体的重要之点。言语思维主体在选词 造句 时只有同语体和谐一致,即得语体之“体”,才可能有良好的表达效果。”翻译是一种跨文化、跨语言的交际活动,翻译过程可以定义为理解原文并创造性地运用另一种语言再现原文的过程,即语言使用的过程。[3]而得体又是语用的最高原则。因此,得体性语用原则在翻译中的适用性不言而喻。翻译的语用问题,归根到底,强调的是语言信息所采取的形式,必须由使用该语言的环境来决定,其根本是语言表达切合语境的得体性。[4]

2生物医学英语的特征及得体性翻译原则的具体内涵

从广义上来说,得体性语用原则适用于一切译作,但是,根据原作的文体不同,在具体要求上就各有侧重。生物医学英语属于科技文体的范畴。典型的科技英语是“专家与专家”交流的涉及学科的研究和发展的书面性英语。[5]其功能主要是述说事理、描写现象、推导公式、论证规律,其特点是结构严谨、逻辑严密、行文规范、用词准确,技术术语正确,修辞手段较少。[6]针对这些特点,科技英语翻译中的得体表现为忠实和通顺。所谓忠实,就是要完整地、准确地表达原作的思想内容,同时还需保持原文风格。这是对科技翻译的首要的、也是最起码的要求。原作的内容和风格是客观存在的。译者的任务,就是要把这种客观存在原封不动地传达给非原文读者。翻译虽然是语言的一种再创作,但毕竟和纯粹的创作有着本质的区别。译者必须忠实于原作,决不可自作主张,对原作进行随意的篡改、增删。所谓通顺,对科技翻译来说,虽然不像翻译文学小说那样要求雅致优美、姿态横生,也不像翻译诗歌那样要求抑扬顿挫、押韵合辙,但至少应保证译文语言符合汉语的语言规范和修辞习惯,文从字顺、明白流畅,而不能生造一些不伦不类的词句,或对原作拘泥太过,以致译文出现文理不通、结构混乱和拖泥带水的现象。在翻译实践中,若“忠实”和“通顺”二者不可兼得的情况下首先要考虑前者,即忠实、准确、规范地传达原作的意思,因为科学的灵魂是“真”,科技翻译的灵魂是“准确”。在医学文献翻译中,一字之差就可能断送病人性命;在工程技术翻译中,一个数据之误可能导致重大的技术事故。因此,“忠实”是科技翻译的根本和前提,而“通顺”是实施科技翻译达到完美的一种手段和途径。[7]

3得体性翻译原则在生物医学英语翻译中的具体运用

要实现生物医学英语翻译的篇章译文得体,就必须在词、词组、句子、段落等各语言平面上对译入语可能有的几个同义而结构不尽相同的语言形式精心选择,选择除了涉及语言结构因素(如词性、词语搭配、上下文)之外,还与文体有关。选择的目的是使译文得体,得语言和文体之体。以下通过辨析不同译文以具体说明如何实现生物医学英语各语言平面翻译的得体。

词的得体

表达规范

《现代汉语》指出:科技语体讲究论证的逻辑性,要求语言规范。[8]例1Electroporationisusedtomakesmall,temporaryholesinthemembranesoDNAcanpassin.译1:电穿孔用来在细胞膜上形成小的獉獉、暂时的孔洞獉獉獉獉獉从而使DNA通过。译2:电穿孔用来在细胞膜上形成瞬时微獉獉獉孔獉从而使DNA通过。例2Thesefindingssuggestthatoralim-munemodulationmayrepresentanattractivether-apeuticapproachtoatherosclerosis.译1:这些结果表明口服免疫调节剂代表了一种诱人的獉獉獉治疗动脉粥样硬化的新 方法 。译2:这些结果表明口服免疫调节剂代表了一种引人注目的獉獉獉獉獉治疗动脉粥样硬化的新方法。以上两例中的“小的、暂时的孔洞”以及“诱人的”用语不正式,且读来疲软。而译2中的“瞬时微孔”及“引人注目的”用语平稳、凝重、冷穆,符合科技英语的特征。

用词准确

例3PolymeraseChainReaction(PCR)isamolecularbiologicalmethodforamplifyingDNAwithoutusingalivingorganism,.译1:聚合酶链式反应是一种无需在活体(如大肠杆菌或酵母)内扩大獉獉DNA的分子生物学方法。译2:聚合酶链式反应是一种无需在活体(如大肠杆菌或酵母)内扩增獉獉DNA的分子生物学方法。译文1把amplify译成“扩大”,但根据生物学知识判断,这里的amplify是“creatingmultiplecopies(产生多个克隆)”的意思,所以译成“扩增”更准确。

词组得体

精炼、符合汉语表达习惯

例4Theabilityofmonoclonalantibody(mAb),treatmentwithmAba-lonehasonlyachievedverylimitedsuccessintheclinic.译1:体外实验中单克隆抗体(mAb)特异定位于肿瘤组织的能力为癌症治疗提供了一种引人注目的治疗方法。然而单独使用mAb治疗在临床上取得了非常有限的成功獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉。译2:体外实验中单克隆抗体(mAb)特异定位于肿瘤组织的能力为癌症治疗提供了一种引人注目的治疗方法。然而单独使用mAb治疗在临床上收效甚微獉獉獉獉。例5Asimmunologybecomesbettercharac-terized,immunomodulatorhasprovenasoneofthemostprevalentareasinthedevelopmentofnewpharmaceuticals.译1:随着免疫学变得更富特征獉獉獉獉獉獉,免疫调节剂已成为药学研究中的一个最流行的领域獉獉獉獉獉獉。译2:随着免疫学的进一步发展獉獉獉獉獉,免疫调节剂已成为药学研究中的一个 热点 獉獉。以上两例中译2优于译1之处在于:译2表达正式规范有力,且更符合汉语习惯。由于英汉词组的构成和功能差异较大,所以总的要求是在“信”的前提下,既要充分表达原意,又要符合译入语语言形式上和修辞的和谐。科技英语中存在大量惯用和非惯用的四字词组,如asshowninfigure(如图所示),withoutlossoftime(不失时机),convertwastesintousefulmaterials(废物利用)等。合理使用这些四字词组,能起到精确紧凑,简洁明晰的效果,为译文增色不少。

专业规范

例6Thespleenmayaddbloodtothegen-eralcirculationtomakeupforwhathasbeenlostinthebody.译1:脾脏能给总循环獉獉獉增加血液,以补偿獉獉獉身体的损失獉獉獉獉獉。译2:脾脏能给周身循环獉獉獉獉增加血液,以补獉獉偿身体所失去的血獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉。在医学中,“总循环”不如“周身循环”专业规范,而且“补偿身体的损失”过于笼统,所指不明。所以译2更得体。

句子得体

句子是语言平面中上下运转的轴心,也是翻译过程的主要着力点。句子同义手段的选择应该做到对应题旨要求,适应行文递接,切合语体特点以及依从声韵协调。[9]具体到生物医学英语的句子翻译,应该做到:

体现信息中心

每一句话、每一句群和每一语段都有一个最核心最关键的内容或意旨需要得到强调突出,以利于接受主体准确地把握其语意焦点,了解其着意传输的信息,此语意焦点成为信息中心。[9]应尽量把原语的信息中心译成汉语的信息中心,使两者相对应。例7Nucleicacid,originallyisolatedbyJohannMiescherin1871,wasidentifiedasaprimeconstituentofchromosomesthroughtheuseofthered-stainingmethoddevelopedbyFeulgenintheearly1900s.译1:核酸最初是由JohannMiescher在1871年分离成功,并被证实为是染色体组最基本的组成,这是由Feulgen在20世纪初通过使用红染色方法证实的。译2:核酸最初是由JohannMiescher在1871年分离成功,并在20世纪初由Feulgen通过使用红染色方法证实为染色体组最基本的组成。译1采取直译的方法,虽然把原文的意思表述清楚了,但是把信息中心置于句中,未予突出。而原文中的isolated和identified为本句的信息中心,译成“分离”和“证实”。译2通过语序颠倒使信息中心突出,自然流畅,符合汉语表达习惯。英汉表达方式不同,许多汉语句子往往把信息中心置于句尾,来突出重点;而多数英语句子则经常将信息中心置于句首,以突出主题。这就形成了“信息中心首位”(beginningfocus),其他信息后置的句式结构。汉译英时要注意把英语句法结构的这个规律运用到翻译中去。而出于汉语表达的需要,译者要反复推敲,甚至可以跳出原文的框框,合理使用翻译技巧,对原文句子成分、结构形式进行必要的调整,按照汉语的习惯组织译文。

体现逻辑关系

例8Lamivudine(Epivir-HBV)isapotentantiviralagentwithminimalimmunemodulatorca-pacity.译1:拉米夫定是有效的抗病毒药物,有獉着最低獉獉獉的免疫调节能力。译2:拉米夫定是有效的抗病毒药物,却獉很少有獉獉獉免疫调节能力。译1中没有反映前后两句内含的转折关系,读来有句子堆砌之感,而译2通过“却”一词使语段内含的转折关系得以彰显。

语段得体

语段是比句子高一级的语法单位,通常是由两个或两个以上的句子构成的语义整体。衔接是语段的重要特征,衔接的优劣,关系到话语题旨或信息是否被接受者理解和接受[10],译文若不能正确反映原文中的衔接关系,就反映不出生物医学英语的逻辑性和条理性。例9ThebiosynthesisofRNA,calledtran-scription,proceedsinmuchthesamefashionasthereplicationofDNAandalsofollowsthebasepairingprinciple.(5)Again,asectionofDNAdoublehelixisuncoiledandonlyoneoftheDNAstrandsservesasatemplateforRNApolymeraseenzymetoguidethesynthesisofRNA.(6)Afterthesynthesisiscomplete,theRNAseparatesfromtheDNAandtheDNArecoilsintoitshelix.译1:RNA的生物合成,也称为转录,以獉和獉DNA复制的相同的模式进行獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉,同样也遵循碱基 配对 原理。DNA双螺旋的一段解螺旋,只有一条链作为RNA聚合酶引导RNA合成的模板。在合成完成后,RNA从DNA上分离,DNA再次形成双螺旋结构。译2:RNA的生物合成,也称为转录,和獉DNA复制的模式大致相同獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉,同样也遵循碱基配对原理。同上所述獉獉獉獉,首先獉獉,DNA双螺旋的一段解螺旋,其中一条链作为RNA聚合酶引导RNA合成的模板。在合成完成后,RNA从DNA上分离,同时獉獉,DNA重新形成双螺旋结构。译2通过许多连接词(如同上所述、首先、同时)清晰流畅地讲述了DNA转录的过程,较之译1更富有条理性和整体感。

4结束语

生物医学英语翻译与文学翻译在语言的运用上,在修辞手段的选择上,是有区别的。文学作品个人风格明显,感情色彩较强,翻译时多注重形象思维,讲究语言上的形象和表达上的生动;而生物医学英语个人风格较少,感情色彩罕见,翻译上注重 逻辑思维 ,讲究语言上的规范和表达上的准确,在选择译文语言时,译者的游刃余地是不大的。得体是语用的最高原则,但在不同文体中侧重不同,生物医学英语翻译的得体性表现为忠实于源语的内容和风格,同时符合汉语的表达习惯。同时生物医学英语翻译也同 其它 文体的翻译一样,是一种既具艺术性,又具创造性的艰苦的脑力劳动。它要求创造性地运用中外文两种语言知识和专业知识。而要达到这一点,只能靠大量的实践和不断的探索,别无捷径可走。

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当英语论文,或其他重要的英文文书的初稿撰写完成后,在提交给相关读者阅读之前,必须要经过润色才比较保险。找北京译顶科技,性价比高,我就是在那边做的。你可以加速去知道了解下

一、引出开头1:It is well-known to us that……(我们都知道……)==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …( 就我所知…)2:Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……(最近……问题引起了关注)3:Nowadays(overpopulation)has become a problem we have to face.(现今,人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题)4:Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.(互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色,它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题)5:With the rapid development of science and technology,more and more people believe that……(随着科技的迅速发展,越来越多的人认为……)6:It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……(人们一般认为……)7:A lot of people seem to think that……(很多人似乎认为……)8:It is universally acknowledged that + 句子(全世界都知道...)二、表达不同观点1:People's views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believe that……(人们对……的观点因人而异,有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……)2:People may have different opinions on……(人们对……可能会持有不同见解)3:Attitudes towards (drugs)vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards(failure)(人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异)4:There are different opinions among people as to……(对于……人们的观点大不相同)三、表示结尾1:In short, it can be said that……(总之,他的意思是……)2:From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……(从上面提到的,我们可以得出结论……)3:Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……(把所有的这些因素加以考虑,我们自然可以得出结论……)4:Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that……(因此,我们最好的出这样的结论……)5:There is no doubt that (job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as merits.(毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点)6:All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.(总之,我们没有……无法生活,但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题)四、提出建议1:It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).(该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了)2:There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……(毫无疑问,对……问题应予以足够重视)3:Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……(显然,如果我们想要做么事,很重要的是……)4:Only in this way can we ……(只有这样,我们才能……)5:Sparenoeffortto+V(不遗余力的)五、预示后果1:Obviously,if we don't control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.(很明显,如果我们不能控制这一问题,很有可能我们会陷入危险)2:No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……(毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施,否则我们很可能会……)3:It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation(很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展)六、表示论证1:From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.(在我看来,支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理)2:I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……(我无法完全同意这一观点)3:As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……(就我来说……)4:I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句.(我真诚地相信……)5:Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……(最后,坦率地说,还有另外一个实际的原因……)七、给出原因1:The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的原因是...) 2:This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First,…….Second,…….Third,……。这一现象存在有很多原因的,第一……第二……第三……3:For one thing,…… For another thing,…… ==On the one hand,……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面……4:I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述,即……。其主要原因如下。八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法1:The best way to solve the troubles is……解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……2:As far as something is concerned,……就某事而言,……3;It is obvious that……很显然……4:It may be true that……but it doesn't mean that……可能……是对的,但这并不意味着……5;It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn't ignore that……认为……是自然的,但我们不应忽视……6:There is no evidence to suggest that……没有证据表明……九、表示好处和坏处1:It has the following advantages.它有如下优势2:It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它对我们有益处3:It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之处十、表示重要、方便、可能1:It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do sth.对于某人做……是……2:It plays an important role in our life.十一、采取措施1:We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取有效措施2:We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难3:We should do our utmost in doing sth.我们应该尽力去做……4:We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的困难十二、显示变化1:Some changes have taken place in the past five years.过去五年发生了很多变化2:Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化3:It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从…增加/减少到…4:The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15%十三、表明事实现状1;We cannot ignore the fact that……我们不能忽略这个事实……2:No one can deny the fact that……没人能否认这个事实……3:This is a phenomenon that many people are interested (与...息息相关)十四、进行比较1:Compared with A,B……与A比较,B……2;I prefer to read rather than watch TV.十五、常用英语谚语1:Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩2:All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子3:All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马4:A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半5:Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊6:A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘,差之千里7:Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母8:Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母9:It is never too old to learn.活到老,学到老10:Knowledge is power.知识就是力量11:Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事,只怕有心人

写作准备:

1、熟悉写作要求。首先建议买本带讲解的真题作文集,浏览范文。熟悉常考话题、惯常写法、用词用句组段的特点。另外,结合官方评分标准,熟悉作文的各个得分档次,为以后自评自改作文做个铺垫。

2、积累写作素材。准备个笔记本,通读细读范文来积累常用词汇及替换词、词伙、句型、语法、话题、观点、案例、甚至写作样本等素材。

除过阅读真题作文集,还注意在平时的阅读和听力训练中收集话题写作相关素材。我个人喜欢的一档电台节目是中国国际广播电台(CRI)的“圆桌会议(Round Table)”,里面有当下非常接地气的话题讨论,比如拼车、快递、青少年犯罪等。

另外,TED演讲里也有非常好的原创观点,话题涉及教育、文化、科技、社会等不同领域。看演讲不但可以开拓视野,锻炼思考能力,有兴趣的话也可以研究其演讲词的写作技巧,对写作能力的提高也大有裨益。

3、打好写作基本功。英文底子不够扎实的同学可以从历年优秀范文中选取若干篇进行翻译-回译、背诵-默写等练习,在语法书、词典、写作老师的帮助下,锻炼遣词造句的能力。

组词造句这一关过了之后,就可以研究写作技巧了。写作技巧包括如何开头、如何展开话题、如何结束作文、如何让文章更有说服力等方面。写作技巧可以参照作文书里的技巧介绍,也可以自己通过分析范文来研究总结。

4、玩中写(可选)。应试作文写作模式比较单一,常常被同学戏谑为“八股文”,练习一段时间一般会产生厌倦感。这时候可以结合自己的兴趣,选择非常喜欢的看图说话类、故事类、时尚类、抒情类好句好文进行仿写、改写、续写、扩写、缩写、口头写等练习;

也可以任意发挥进行自由写、创意写、记日记,这些看似“无用”的练习都可以提升写作兴趣和写作基础。综合使用各种练习方法,可以全面提升写作和口语表达水平。写作水平提高了,口语也无疑会有长足的进步。

写作格式:

1、审题:拿到题目后先读题,标出关键信息。这一步注意弄清题意,知道通过写作要解决什么问题。

2、明确立场:作为当代大学生,需要以国际化的视野,科学、批判性地看待问题和分析问题。因此,注意我们的观点最好符合社会发展的大趋势,同时又能辩证地分析大趋势下的部分逆流并加以诊断性分析。

3、头脑风暴收集素材、并简单分类:这一步把自己的话题观点、案例、相关词汇等列出来,备忘。基于读题信息和收集的素材,形成论点,根据题意选择适当的素材,形成一个两百多字能说清楚的论点。

4、打好框架:一般来讲,250字儿的作文可以分为四至五段。第一段先给出论点,主体段结合审题阶段的观点类素材进行分类,草拟出每段的主题句(可以是短语),即分论点。然后把细节、事实、案例等素材与主题句对应,以便进行解释、举例、或补充。最后一段可以是对论点的情境化深入,也可以是分论点的整体性解析。

5、修改:写完后,用官方评分标准来分析自己的作文,给自己评分。然后与范文对比优缺点,再修订或重写。经得起推敲的好文是一遍遍修改出来的。

扩展资料:

英语议论文的注意事项:要坚持积累和训练,要写就写得整齐。应试中短文写作部分通常叫essay writing,其实只是要求考生表达对某事的立场或观点加之简要的分析和解释而已,因此除非有明确要求,通常不需要写题目。因为在国外所谓有题目的essay要正式的多,通常为上千字到几千字,有些甚至包括文献综述及分析。

如果要求写题目,那也是为了提醒考生在写作过程中时刻保持focus不至于跑题。作文题目一般有名字短语(如My View on Learning with APPs)、问句(如Is Learning with APPs a Good thing?)等形式。

其实质上是对审题阶段所提问题discussion question的陈述或回答,而正文其实就是对问题的分析和解答。 如果正文不能回答题目中蕴含的问题,那就是“文不对题”了。

英语教育教学方向论文答辩模板

各位老师,上午好!我叫……,是……级……班的学生,我的论文题目是……。论文是在……导师的悉心指点下完成的,在这里我向我的导师表示深深的谢意,向各位老师不辞辛苦参加我的论文答辩表示衷心的感谢,并对三年来我有机会聆听教诲的各位老师表示由衷的敬意。下面我将本论文设计的目的和主要内容向各位老师作一汇报,恳请各位老师批评指导。首先,我想谈谈这个毕业论文设计的目的及意义。……其次,我想谈谈这篇论文的结构和主要内容。本文分成……个部分.第一部分是……。这部分主要论述……第二部分是……。这部分分析……第三部分是……最后,我想谈谈这篇论文和系统存在的不足。这篇论文的写作以及修改的过程,也是我越来越认识到自己知识与经验缺乏的过程。虽然,我尽可能地收集材料,竭尽所能运用自己所学的知识进行论文写作,但论文还是存在许多不足之处,有待改进。请各位评委老师多批评指正,让我在今后的学习中学到更多。谢谢!

其实,论文答辩的目的只有一个,检查学生对所写论文题目的掌握程度和理解程度。下面是我整理的论文答辩陈述稿,欢迎参考!

各位老师同学,大家好:

我叫xx,我的论文题目是《人文关怀:马克思哲学的价值取向》。

论文的选题与研究是在杨老师和周老师的指导下进行的,在此对杨老师和周老师表示深深的感谢!

现在我就论文选题的原因、研究意义、主要内容、研究背景、方法与结论等做一个简单介绍。

一、论文选题的原因:

马克思哲学人文关怀论题是在两种动力下提出的。一种是理论的思考,另一种是现实的呼吁。处于现代化过程中的中国在大力发展科学技术和确立科学理性权威的同时,同样需要高扬人文关怀的旗帜,需要人文精神的普照。于是我就想到从价值论的角度来探讨马克思哲学的人文精神。之所以选此课题研究,主要原因如下:

社会转型期人们生存的“孤离”需要人文关怀。这是我选此论题的主要原因。

目前中国正处于新一轮现代化的起步和发展阶段,传统的制度和体制、社会权威和规范系统、社会生活方式和思维方式、道德、理想信仰等精神文化价值系统被打破,新的系统尚在建设之中。这必然导致社会成员思想和行为呈现一种进退失据、以及社会规范的紊乱与异化,乃至“潜规则”的横行无忌与显规则的疲软无力。这种规范的缺失,造成人们内心的危机感,以及人际关系的疏离感。

人们生存的疏离主要表现为四重疏离化状态:人与自然、人与社会、人与人以至人与自我之间,都已经出现了无可置疑的疏离感。

人们四重疏离化的状态急切呼吁人文关怀的普照。

二、论文研究的意义:

理论意义:深入挖掘马克思哲学的人文关怀思想,有利于全面把握马克思哲学的本质内容,有利于全面理解马克思哲学的本真精神,彻底克服由于理论和现实的因素造成的对马克思哲学人文关怀维度的遮蔽现象,为当代马克思哲学的发展提供新的路向。

现实意义:转型期中国的社会发展,正在历经一场极其深刻的社会变革,这必然会触动人们原有的社会地位和利益关系;在这种社会变革面前,难免会出现各种各样的疑虑和困惑,这样的社会更需要真正能够贴近实际生活的人文关怀,而马克思哲学的人文精神就能够发挥出其潜在的理论价值和实践指导。

当今社会,伴随着物欲的急剧膨胀,人们的精神随之日益匮乏;生活的节奏日益加快,生活的真谛却日渐丧失;人们外在的生活日益丰富,而内在的生活却严重的日益虚无。人也不可避免地会陷入空虚、焦虑、冷漠、孤独和无家可依可归的状态中。

与之相伴而生的是人们内心的躁动、紧张和潜在的风险感、冷漠感,人之为人的本质就在于人的精神的超越性,那么人失去了其精神的维度,何其为人?尤其是在当下急功近利和物质崇拜风尚的影响下,关照人的精神欲求和价值指向是一项极为迫要的工作。

马克思哲学沉思人类的命运,思考现实的个人的价值,探求人生的意义和生命的终极关怀,建立每个人安身立命的精神家园。马克思哲学是“我”一个精神家园的价值支点。

作为千年思想家之首的卡尔·马克思,他担负着人类尤其是无产阶级的苦难,在这一使命下,唤醒了人们沉睡的心智,激发了苦难人们的斗志,给一个民族一种理念,一种信仰支撑。

马克思哲学人文关怀在现实关怀与终极关怀的张力中始终保持着对人的现实生存的关注,对人的自由尊严的解蔽,对人的价值、人的精神的追求,在现代性的境遇中,人文关怀问题已经远远超出理论的层面,中国目前正处在社会转型期,马克思哲学人文关怀思想对于提高人的生存能力、促进人的全面发展、推动社会不断进步、构建社会主义和谐社会、解决弱势群体和当代人精神困境等问题都具有重要的启示意义。

三、论文主要内容:

本文包括引论和5章内容:

第1章引论:以当下人们为什么需要人文关怀为发问点,在批判学术界研究不足的基础上,引出本文的中心论点,阐明本文的主要内容、研究方法和研究意义诸类问题。

第2章:探究马克思哲学人文关怀之源,辨析“人文”、“人文关怀”、“人本主义”等相关概念内涵的细微差异,厘定马克思哲学的“人文关怀”范畴之真义。洞悉人文关怀在不同语境中的真切内涵,凸显马克思哲学人文关怀的精神旨趣,马克思哲学人文关怀是建立在西方人文精神基础之上的,而超越了狭隘的西方视角,从全人类的角度,从事自己的哲学思考。

第3章:这是本文重点篇章。

本章重点阐释马克思哲学人文关怀的科学内涵:马克思哲学实践观的确立,是马克思哲学人文关怀的理论底座;现实的个人的生存境况,是马克思哲学人文关怀关照的对象;人文关怀实现的途径:马克思哲学对现实生活的改造;对宗教、政治、哲学等彻底的批判及“异化”理论批判;三大经典社会形态理论与人的自我实现是马克思哲学人文关怀实现的现实路径;人类解放与人的自由全面发展是马克思哲学人文关怀的价值归宿。

第4章:基于第3章对马克思人文关怀价值内涵的解读,本章提出了马克思哲学人文关怀的价值旨归。

马克思哲学的人文关怀在现实关怀与终极关怀的张力中始终保持着对人自由尊严的解蔽,对人现实生存的关切,对人的精神,人的价值的理想追求,是马克思哲学人文关怀的永恒旨归。

第5章:阐释马克思哲学人文关怀的当代意义。通过前4章深入研究挖掘马克思哲学人文关怀的价值内涵,能够为当代中国人指引道路。

人文关怀在中国转型期的实践,是构建和谐社会的价值导向;是当代中国弱势群体生活的精神支撑;是当代中国人文精神提升的理论资源,为当代中国人文精神的构建提供价值导向和意义支撑。

第6章:结语:强调人文关怀:马克思哲学的价值取向这一主题内涵,总结论文研究中存在的欠缺。

四、研究背景:国内外研究现状及动态:

对于马克思主义哲学中“人的问题”的探询伊始于《1844年经济学—哲学手稿》的公开发表。由于立场、视角、出发点的差异,东西方各有相当一批学者认为马克思主义是一种人道主义或者是反人道主义的理论。尽管论说方式、思维路径、批判理论各异,这些研究上的探索,一定程度上对马克思主义哲学的发展开辟了新的`道路。但这些把马克思主义哲学人本化、科学化的思维方式,既不符合马克思哲学之真义,更不符合马克思的价值旨趣。

(1) 国外研究动态:

西方马克思主义关于人的问题的研究,有三次重要的思想转折,并以此可划分为三个阶段:

第一阶段:反科学的人本主义思想,以卢卡奇、葛兰西、柯尔施为代表人物。

第二阶段:人学发展的最高层以存在主义的马克思主义、结构主义的马克思主义、实证主义的马克思主义和法兰克福学派为表征。

马克思的人道主义精神的全面拓开以《1844年哲学经济学手稿》为思想泉源。

第三阶段:这一阶段的主要变化就是马克思主义人学思想的研究从对人的关怀渐进入对资本主义社会经济、政治、文化以及革命前景的关注上来,尤其是与发展了的人学理论的自觉结合是一大显征。这一转变不仅是研究视域的横向转换,更颠覆了传统研究方式的困囿,从而在研究方式和研究视域的双重意蕴上跨越至马克思人学研究的新视界。

(2) 国内研究动态:

中国哲学界对于人的问题的研究,是从20世纪80年代初开始的。关于人道主义和异化问题的大讨论,标志了“人道主义”探索在中国的正式发端。王若水、张奎良、周扬、汝信、朱光潜、曹天予等人,都赞同马克思主义是人道主义。

学界对马克思哲学人文关怀理论的研究,主要从下面几个维度入手:

第一,把人文关怀作为马克思哲学的一种内在的理论维度去显认。俞吾金在《人文关怀:马克思哲学的另一个维度》里明确指认人文关怀是马克思哲学的基本维度之一,人在马克思哲学中的地位也由此被提到一个新的高度。

第二,从实践观的角度理解马克思哲学的人文关怀。这一问题的提出始于本世纪初。黄克剑在他的论文《论马克思的“实践”范畴》中明认,马克思的实践范畴内具丰富意蕴,实践范畴内蕴着认知理性和价值理性的统一。徐长福的《马克思的实践首先是一个价值本体概念》一文中提出了马克思实践观首先应是一种价值本体论的观点,也就是说人归根到底应该把人的自由自觉的生命活动和全面发展也即是把实践作为人的价值上的阿基米德点。贺来在《论实践观点的人文精神》一文中揭示了人的实践活动的价值创生性的特点。

以上的研究可以说都是把实践与人的联系作为研究的切入点,分别从不同视角揭示了马克思实践观与人的关系,他们的共同点都触及到了马克思实践观的人文关怀内涵。不过,上述的任何一种解读都无法回避一个核心问题马克思哲学内蕴的人文关怀问题,而这一核心问题正是马克思实践观的人文关怀意蕴的根本所在。

此外,值得一提的是,本世纪初,围绕“马克思哲学的人文关怀”这一主题,俞吾金和杨学功之间展开了一场激烈的争论,杨学功的《也谈马克思的人文关怀——兼与俞吾金先生商榷》,讨论了实践的观点与人文关怀维度之间的关系,提出:“人:只有作为结果才能成为前提。

由于实践论的哲学视界的确立,人文关怀的维度在马克思哲学中得到合理而现实的内在肯定性确认。”后来,徐长福、陆剑杰也加入到这场激烈的讨论之中。这场讨论虽然是起源于“马克思哲学的人文关怀”问题,但最后讨论的焦点和落脚点却回到了“如何理解马克思实践观”的问题上来。这场讨论说明了对于马克思实践的理解,的确是理解马克思哲学人文关怀的关键。

第三,从唯物史观、社会发展理论等角度探讨了马克思的人文关怀。李万鹏的《历史唯物主义社会发展理论中的人文关怀取向》论述了马克思哲学的人文关怀向度。

第四,对马克思人文关怀思想及其现实意义研究的成果相当丰富。概括言之,人文关怀问题已经越来越成为哲学讨论的热门话题。尽管人们在一些具体问题上有种种不同理解,然而,人们正在形成一个基本共识,即“人文关怀”也是马克思主义哲学的重要维度。同时在探讨中也发现一个缺憾,这种探讨还没有拓展深入到马克思哲学人文关怀价值内涵的逻辑架构上而仅仅中止于马克思哲学人文关怀被遮蔽实践观的辨析。

笔者的思路正是源自于这样的追问:既然“人文关怀”是马克思哲学的重要维度,那么马克思哲学的人文关怀的思想宗旨是什么?马克思哲学人文关怀维度的逻辑架构又是什么?在马克思的哲学中是怎样蕴涵着人文关怀思想的?马克思哲学的人文关怀价值取向在当下人们的生活境遇中是如何体现的?

笔者认为,马克思的哲学关注的焦点是人。这个“人”不是指传统哲学中的“抽象的人”,而是活生生的、有血有肉的“现实人”;哲学所关注的方式是对现实的批判,而不是“形而上的沉思”。可以说,马克思哲学的人文关怀是基于“现实的个人”之上的现实关怀和设定“实现人的全面而自由的发展”为目标的终极关怀的有机统一。

马克思哲学人文关怀的逻辑起点是“现实的个人”,解放无产阶级,最终在实现共产主义的基础上实现人的全面而自由的发展是马克思哲学人文关怀的真正指向。

五、研究方法与结论:

本人怀着对人类深刻的眷注和深深的人文关怀的情感,在前人研究的基础上,以历史唯物主义社会基本原理为主要理论方法,同时结合哲学、伦理学、社会学等学科理论进行综合分析。具体运用历史与逻辑相统一的方法、辩证分析的方法和文献学方法等。围绕“人文关怀:马克思哲学的价值取向”这一主题进行拓展论述。

本文对马克思哲学人文关怀价值取向的研究,尚属初步和探索性的研究,距离付诸实践还有一定的距离。对其他思想家人文关怀观点的分析会着墨较少,从而会影响对比视域下思想特色的突显。笔者以后将着力于马克思哲学人文思想的分析比较,着力探索何以能与现实相契合。今后,本人将继续关注社会转型期人文关怀发展中的问题,为促进我国人民的全面发展尽一份力!

请各位老师批评指正,谢谢!

尊敬的各位老师、同学:

大家早上好!

我来自外语系xxxx级(2)班,我叫杨函祥,我的论文题目是《李阳疯狂英语与中学英语口语教学》,本篇论文是在凌红波讲师的指导完成的。在此,我十分感谢她长期以来对我的精心指导和大力帮助,同时也感谢各位评审老师从百忙之中抽出宝贵的时间事一同参与对我这篇论文的审阅并出席本次答辩,以下是本篇论文的选题缘由、目的,资料收集准备工作以及文章结构。

一、选题缘由、目的

爱好英语的人都知道,李阳,疯狂英语的创始人,以自己不懈的追求和不断努力奋斗,演绎了精彩的人生传奇。十多年来,他凭着自己成功的经验和一口地道的美式英语,在全国各地近百所高校进行疯狂讲学,掀起一股股疯狂英语的学习热潮,把中国人学习英语的激情推向了最高潮。通过自己对李阳疯狂英语的学习,的确发觉有许多有助于英语学习的优点值得借鉴,再结合自己的成长经历和实际考察,我发现贵州少数民族偏远山区中学生英语基础普遍偏差,尤其是口语表达能力比较差。基于这一情况,进行分析,我大胆地推崇李阳疯狂英语的优势,有效地进行中学英语教学辅助,并以此列提纲,进行展开。

二、资料收集准备工作

自 xxx年下旬选定题目后,为了完成论文,本人进行了大量的资料收集,有来自网上的论文期刊,图书馆的书目,最主要是来自于李阳疯狂英语的学习教材。在凌红波老师的指导下,经过阅读资料,拟定提纲,调研,写开题报告初稿、定稿,毕业论文初稿、修改等一系列程序,于xxx年3月正式定稿。

三、论文的结构

第一部分是引言,该部分主要结合了贵州少数民族偏远山区中学生英语基础普遍偏差,尤其是口语表达能力相对较差这一情况,提出自己的看法,主张推崇李阳英语,把李阳疯狂英语的特点和优势与中学英语口语教学有效地结合起来,从而全面提高贵州偏远山区中学生的整体英语水平

第二部分重点介绍了李阳疯狂英语的特点及优势。其中特点包括以下几个方面:

1、办班灵活,注重课堂互动;

2、学习过程由简单到复杂,由短句到长句,由句子到篇章,朗读速度由慢到快,同时训练方式也叫为独特;

3、各种场合讲话善于借助身体语言,使语言与动作相结合,更形象化;

4、训练句型非正规性(Damn it! Watch your month)、幽默性、中成英表、鼓励性(No pain, no gain)等。而优势则包含六个方面:

1、大声读,在读中克服羞怯;

2、大声拼,在拼中学会记忆;

3、大声唱,在唱中找到乐趣;

4、大声说,在说中找到自信;

5、重视非智力因素的培养。也就是指注重对学生学习激情的激发,而把学习英语与人生奋斗相联系起来。如:“一分耕耘,一分收获”“学习英语没有什么了不起!攻克英语,小菜一碟!”“打击我吧!迫害我吧!主我成为真正的人!”等;

6、教材更符合生活实际。教学内容多取自欧美国家的实际生活的情景,而且口语强调地道,实用(如:Is everything under control?一切都在掌握之中吗? Give me a favor!帮我一把吧!)。

第三部分介绍了贵州地区中学生英语水平普遍偏差的原因。总共概括为以下六个方面:

1、缺乏有利于外语教学的社会大环境;

2、教育体制的弊端;

3、现代化教学设备不齐全;

4、学生自身的内在因素;

5、教师自身素质的影响和教学传统观念的干扰;

6、地方方言的干扰等。也正是以上一系列不利因素的存在,使得贵州落后山区中学英语教学成效较低。

第四部分,也就是全文的核心部分,讲了李阳疯狂英语教学法在中学英语口语教学中的运用,共八个方面。

1、教师示范作用,课堂推广疯狂口语训练教学。这一小点主要讲了“一口气训练法”(指尽量在一口气内读完尽量多的段落,在一段时间训练之后,原来需要换三、四口气才能读完的短文,可以一口气读完)和“三最口腔肌肉训练法”(最大声、最清晰、最快速);

2、组建疯狂英语角或疯狂英语俱乐部,营造语言氛围;

3、中学英语口语结合疯狂英语神奇的句子中心论。即以句子结构为中心,将口语变成说句子(如:What’s your favorite…?)这一句型,后面可以变接(food, pastime, holiday)等,由一个句型演变成十几个甚至上百个句子,也就是所谓的:“以一顶十,以一顶百的核裂变超级句型”;

4、开展多种疯狂式英语演讲活动,激发学生的能动性;

5、帮助学生树立疯狂的情感意识。情感是指制约行为的感情、感觉、心情、态度等方面;

6、多媒体辅助,输入疯狂信息资料;

7、在疯狂口语中培养学生的英语思维能力,巧妙地借助身体语言;

8、用疯狂英语手势法和五大发音秘诀,帮助学生纠正发音,突破发音难关。手势法:指用不同的手势扮演不同的发音部位,尽情地跟随手势,张嘴进行模仿、练习,直到真正做到位;五大发音秘诀即为:长元音和双元音饱满、短元音急促有力、干净利落、连音和省略、咬舌音、绕口令训练等,真正帮助学生纠正发音,突破发音难关。结合实际,说明了推崇李阳疯狂的必要性!

经过本次论文写作,本人学到了许多有用的东西,也积累了不少经验,但由于本人才疏学浅,能力不足,加之时间和精力有限,在许多内容表述、论证上存在着不当之处,与老师的期望还相差甚远,许多问题还有待进行一步思考和探究,借此答辩机会,万分肯切的希望各位老师能够提出宝贵的意见,多指出我的错误和不足之处,本人将虚心接受,从而不断进一步深入学习研究,使该论文得到完善和提高。

以上是我对自己的论文简单介绍,请各位老师提问,谢谢大家。

先问好,再说一下今天pre的具体结构(比方说今天的pre会介绍下XXX,然后XX方面会具体讨论,最后会给个结论。。。)。接下来就可以正文了。开头不要太长啊。

把你QQ给我吧,我把自己的给你!虽然没有读过这部小说,改但可以关键信息嘛!

基础教育论文初稿模板范文

教育过程开始于一个人的出生并持续终身已被广泛接受。有些人甚至认为教育可以开始得更早,一些父母通过外部的言语和音乐来影响子宫里成长着的胎儿,进行胎教,希望给孩子以积极的健康的发展。“教育”一词来源于拉丁语educare,意思是 “引出”。社会根据受教育程度选拔人才。人通过受教育实现社会地位的变迁。教育伴随着人类社会的产生而产生,随着社会的发展而发展,与人类社会共始终。 一、研究或设计的目的和意义: 目的: 通过一些心理学知识和实践意义,阐述教师的个人特长对小学生存在的影响,增强教师提高个人特长素质的意识。让家长了解到个人特长对小学生的全面发展及性格塑造有正面影响,打破家长只重视孩子考试成绩的旧观念,让学生更健康的学习、成长。 意义: 在教师个人特长的熏陶下,给小学生提供一个展现自我的平台,有利于激发小学生各方面的学习兴趣、表现欲望和不断进取的精神。在特长学习过程中,磨练小学生的意志,培养小学生吃苦耐劳的精神和交际能力。学以致用的过程中,让小学生理论联系实践,融入到校园之外的生活圈,体验生活,开拓小学生的眼界,让他们的思维更加敏捷,促使小学生的身心更健全的成长,充分实现教师有价值的“教”和学生有价值的“学”。 二、研究或设计的国内外现状和发展趋势: 现状: 目前,国内外开设了许多特长培训班,但这些班级几乎都是一些在校外开办的私立班级,没有把特长学习和学校里的书面学习有机结合起来,无法实现小学生真正意义上的德、智、体、美、劳全面发展。学校里有特长的教师很少,而且具有的特长比较单一,或者大多数有特长的教师只注重按时授予关于特长的基础知识,不能充分利用课堂资源来发现和激发小学生的兴趣爱好,导致一些小学生对特长所具有的天赋被抹杀,或者一些小学生的家长不了解自己孩子的兴趣爱好,盲目地把家长自己的意愿强加给孩子,让他们去学习自己并不感兴趣的东西,不利于学生的健康成长。 小学生特长的兴趣激发和培养不能与学校课本知识的教学有机结合,忽视了教师的个人特长对小学生的影响,一个身心健康、活泼的孩子才能够更好的接纳和理解教师授予的课本知识,促进其发展,而国内外对这一问题的研究还是比较少,不够全面,不够成熟。 发展趋势: 当今社会,各类特长文化已经发展到相对沿海城市较落后的小城市,并且得到逐步的完善,特长文化的大量普及将会从生活中影响到家长只注重孩子分数的看法,从而又进一步推动特长文化的大量普及。当今学生的特长学习更加丰富、高质量、多元化,改变了以往单一枯燥乏味的学习模式。每个学生都有可能成为小学教师,后一代的小学教师将会是多才多艺全面发展的新一代教师,对这一领域的研究也将会越来越多,越来越全面。 三、主要研究或设计内容,需要解决的关键问题和思路: 主要的研究内容有: 1、从教学过程中发现小学生的兴趣爱好。 2、特长培养对小学生的身体和心理健康发展的影响。 3、身体和心理的健康发展有利于小学生各方面的学习。 需要解决的关键问题和思路: 1、如何发现小学生的兴趣爱好: a.利用课余时间和学生进行交流。 b.利用课堂提问、课堂交流。 2、怎样让小学生感受到学习特长的价值: a.学校可以多组织一些有意义的活动,让学生积极参与。 b.教师带领学生去校外参加比较大型的比赛。 c.给一些特长比较突出的学生给予鼓励和奖励,激励每个学生不断进取。 3、为什么特长学习会有利于其他学习: a.特长学习磨练人的意志,让学生养成做事不半途而废的良好习惯。 b.特长学习在潜意识中,能让学生塑造一个活泼开朗的性格,增强交际能力。 c.在长期的演出、比赛中,培养良好的心理素质。 四、完成毕业论文(设计)所必须具备的工作条件及解决的办法: 具备的工作条件: 有:图书馆(书籍、学报)、网络(中国知网)、与论文相关的文献等等。 解决的办法: 1、本课题研究的方法主要有:文献查阅法、观察法、问卷调查法等; 2、积累与该课题相关的知识,借鉴别人成功的经验,对查阅文献资料和知识进行整合等,并在老师的精心指导下完成本研究。 五、工作的主要阶段、进度与时间安排: 第一阶段:XX年6月—XX年8月 选定论文写作方向、收集相关资料、阅读 文献、拟定论文题目 第二阶段:XX年9月1日—XX年10月8日 确定论文题目,拟定写作提纲、撰写论文开题报告 第三阶段:XX年10月9日—XX年11月28日 整理分析资料,撰写论文初稿 第四阶段:XX年12月1日—1月30日 修改定稿 六、阅读的主要参考文献及资料名称: [1] 郭成,陈红. 试论小学数学课堂教学中创设问题情境的有效策略[j]. 课程.教材.教法,1999,(09). [2] 林雄. 从建构主义看当前小学数学情境教学的误区[j]. 新课程(小学), XX,(z1). [3] 魏永丽. 浅谈小学数学教学中的情景创设[j]. 中小学电教(下半月),XX,(05). [4] 单清水. 小学数学教学中情景创设的现象与思考[j]. 科教文汇(下半月),XX,(05). [5] 叶婷. 创设学习情景:小学数学课堂教学的有效方法[j]. 浙江教育科学,XX,(03). [6] 王贞平. 浅谈小学数学课堂中创设教学情境的策略[j].新课程学习(基础教育),XX,(04). [7] 叶连国. 探究小学数学创设情境教学的策略[j].小学教学参考,XX,(05). 七、指导教师意见和建议: 指导教师(签字): 年 月 日

开题 报告 作为 毕业 论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一,是论文写作或研究能否按计划实施和开展的重要保证。下面是我为大家整理的毕业论文开题报告模板以及 范文 ,希望你们喜欢。 毕业论文开题报告模板 第一步、论文拟研究解决的问题 内容要求: 明确提出论文所要解决的具体学术问题,也就是论文拟定的创新点。 明确指 出国 内外文献就这一问题已经提出的观点、结论、解决 方法 、阶段性成果…… 评述上述文献研究成果的不足。 提出你的论文准备论证的观点或解决方法,简述初步理由。 撰写方法: 你的观点或方法正是需要通过论文研究撰写所要论证的核心内容,提出和论证它是论文的目的和任务,因而并不是定论,研究中可能推翻,也可能得不出结果。开题报告的目的就是要请专家帮助判断你所提出的问题是否值得研究,你准备论证的观点方法是否能够研究出来。 一般提出3或4个问题,可以是一个大问题下的几个子问题,也可以是几个并行的相关问题。 第二步、国内外研究现状 内容要求:列举与论文拟研究解决的问题密切相关的前沿文献。基于“论文拟研究解决的问题”提出,允许有部分内容重复。 撰写方法:只简单评述与论文拟研究解决的问题密切相关的前沿文献,其他相关文献评述则在文献综述中评述。 第三步、论文研究的目的与意义 内容要求: 简介论文所研究问题的基本概念和背景。 简单明了地指出论文所要研究解决的具体问题。 简单阐述如果解决上述问题在学术上的推进或作用。 基于“论文拟研究解决的问题”提出,允许有所重复。 第四步、论文研究主要内容 容要求:初步提出整个论文的写作大纲或内容结构。由此更能理解“论文拟研究解决的问题”不同于论文主要内容,而是论文的目的与核心。 关于格式的论文范文 现代汉语“X什么X”格式的语义分析 摘要:“X什么X”格式是现代汉语口语中常见的一种句式,如我们常说和常听到的“看什么看”“笑什么笑”“挤什么挤”等等。能够进入该格式的“X”可以是动词、形容词、名词等等。本文拟从语义来源及构式义等角度来进行探讨。 关键词:“X什么X”格式 语义 分析 “X什么X”格式是现代汉语口语中常见的一种句式,对其进行语义分析具有重要意义。 一、“X什么X”格式的语义来源 关于“X什么X”格式的基本语义特征,一般认为是表否定,具体 句子 有一些具体的语义特点,如不满、责骂等。但是对该语义的来源,主要有两种说法:一是由疑问代词“什么”的非疑问用法(否定用法)带来的,其中的“什么”前指X,后一个X主要强调主观抒发,突出感情色彩;二是由整个结构表达。但本文认为: (1)如果说该格式意义是由疑问代词“什么”的否定用法带来的话,那么,当X为V时,动词重叠式的意义主要用来“表现时量小、动量短或委婉态或尝试态”,而“V什么V”格式表示的显然不是对“时量小、动量短或委婉态或尝试态”的否定。 (2)“什么”本身是没有否定意义的,它的这种用法是一种语用否定形式,而非句法层面上的否定,是人们在言语交谈中为表现主观性而采取的一种语法化形式。(肖任飞、张芳,2006)并且用“什么”进行否定的意义并不单一,在一定的情况下,这种否定意义的表达需要语境的帮助。如: a、“不是告诉你了吗……;挤什么挤,要买快说……” b、挤什么挤?” a、b中的“挤什么挤”分别表示的是不耐烦和愤怒的情绪。 (3)表否定的“X什么X”格式具有泛形化的特点,除了本文讨论情况外,还有以下形式: a、“光杆的‘什么’”表否定,如“什么呀!我才不生气呢!” b、“什么+Y(Y可以是一个词或一个 短语 )”如“什么他真能干!” c、“X+什么”,如“怕什么,我还能吃了你!” d、“X什么Y”形式,其中的Y可以是NP、VP或AP形式,如“担什么心”“有什么依不得”“发什么呆呀”等。这些格式都是带上疑问代词“什么”表示否定的格式,但是它们的内部解释机制不同。 (4)“X什么X”格式还可以受状语修饰,如“还装什么装、还等什么等”,这里的“还”是修饰“X什么X”整个格式的,并不是修饰其中的某个组成成分。 因此,本文认为“X什X” 格式的否定意义是由整个格式带来的。以下本文将以构式语法理论为基础,对“X什么X”格式的构式义进行相关的分析。 根据以上论述,我们可以认为判断构式的标准为:一是构式的语义不可从其组成成分推导出来;二是构式的语义也不能从已有的句式中推导出来。而上面我们已经解释了用“疑问代词的非疑问用法或否定用法”来解释“X什么X”格式的否定意义是行不通的。另外我们都知道,在语言系统中,语法意义和语法功能完全相同的语法结构最终难以共存,一种语法形式能够在语言系统中存在,在言语交际中传承,必然有其独特的价值。而“X什么X”格式是现代汉语口语中常见的一种句式,是一种在言语交际中成熟和发展起来的语法化形式。因此本文认为,“X什么X”格式是一种构式,其否定用法是由整个格式来表达的。 二、“X什么X”格式的构式义 在“X什么X”格式的句法分析中,我们已经分析了,该格式中的“X”可以是动词、形容词、名词等语法类别,下面本文将分析该格式的构式义。 “X什么X”格式的基本语义是表否定,但是具体的句子又有自己的一些语义。先看以下例子: (1)胖胖大大的钱康从车上喝道而下:“挤什么挤?先下后上!”(北大CCL 语料库) (2)李文彬却不识眼色,梗着脖子说:“老窦,你也太心虚了,你怕什么怕?……”(同上) (3)甲:这次这事真是太谢谢你了! 乙:谢什么谢!举手之劳。(生活实例) (4)“好什么好?都是‘鸿门宴’,不是那么好吃的。”(北大CCL语料库) (5)窦夫人:“我又不是吃你,你急什么急!”(白先勇《游园惊梦》) 通过观察,我们不难发现,当X性质不同时,该格式的具体意义是不同的。 A、“X什么X”格式在句式上相当于一个否定陈述句。 1)当X为动词时,该格式表示否定X所表示的动作或行为。如(1)中听话人认为说话人不知道原因,是对说话人所表示的指导这种行为的否定,并试图劝导说话人不要多管闲事。这类动词多为“懂、了解、明白”等心理感官动词。 (2)(4)表示的也是这样一种语义,是对说活人所说的否定。 2)当X为形容词时,该句式否定性质状态,在句式上也相当于一个否定陈述,如(5)(8)中听话人对说话人所说的“好”“年轻”的状态的否定,在意义上是“不好”“不年轻”。 B、“X什么X”格式在句式上相当于一个祈使句。 1)当X为动词(V)时,否定动作行为,该格式在句式上相当于一个表示禁止或拒绝的祈使句。如(2)(5)中的“挤什么挤”“谢什么谢”表示的就是“不要挤”“不用谢”的意思,表示的都是说话者对“挤”和“谢”这一动作行为的阻止,只是在语用意义上,后者表示了一种谦逊、客气的情感。 2)当X为形容词(A)时,也是否定性质或状态,只是在句式上相当于一个表示禁止或拒绝的祈使句。如(7)中是窦夫人对听话人所表示出来的状态的否定,在语义上相当于“别急”。 3)当X为名词、副词或叹词时,该格式在语义上或相当于否定陈述句,或相当于否定祈使句,如“酒什么酒”“你什么你”“都什么都”“啊什么啊”在语义上表示的都是对说话人所发出的动作行为的否定。 通过以上分析,我们可以概括出“X什么X”格式的构式义:在一定的语境中,说话者对某种动作、行为或性质状态的主观否定。 参考文献: [1]高宁.V什么V格式研究[D].吉林大学,2009(4). [2]黄喜宏.“什么”的否定用法研究[J].上海师范大学,2008(4). [3]孙蕾.论“什么”反诘句的表达形式及其深层语义特征[J].语文学刊,2009(10). [4]朱锡明.口语中的“X什么”与“X什么X”句式[J].广西社会科学,2005(9). 看了“毕业论文开题报告模板以及范文”的人还看: 1. 本科毕业开题报告范文 2. 本科毕业论文开题报告范文 3. 毕业论文开题报告格式及论文格式 4. 大学毕业论文开题报告范文 5. 毕业论文的开题报告初稿范文

问题一:大学生毕业论文初稿是什么?怎么写? 初稿应该算是毕业论文的大体完成版本了。如果后期还有二稿、三稿,也是在初稿的基础上进行的修改。还有初稿中,论文的大纲肯定是已经敲定或成型了,如果后期修改的话,涉及到改大纲什么的比较麻烦,一般都是先出论文提纲,在做论文的。之前您说过交过开题报告,如果开题中有论文提纲,导师也通过的话,那么后期做论文应该好一些。 问题二:毕业论文初稿的格式怎么写,都要写哪些内容 1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。 2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录) 3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。 4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。 主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。 5、论文正文: (1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。 〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容: a.提出-论点; b.分析问题-论据和论证; c.解决问题-论证与步骤; d.结论。 6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。 中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是: (1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。 (2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。 问题三:毕业论文初稿怎么写 初稿实际上就是全部完成的论文 因为还没给老师审核 后期可能需要修改 才叫初稿 参考文献 图书、期刊、报纸等都可以参考 这个没有硬性规则必需参考那类 问题四:毕业论文的初稿该如何写? 10分 可以帮你做个框架。论文应能表明作者确已在本门学科上掌握了坚实宽广的基础理论和系统深入的专门知识,并具有独立从事科学研究工作的能力,在科学或专门技术上做出了创造性的成果。 问题五:论文初稿和二稿是什么意思? 初稿就是你写的论文的一稿,一般是手写稿,但也根据要求不同而有所差异;二稿就是指导教师经过第一次评阅后,做好修改的稿子了。希望能够帮到你。 问题六:论文的初稿怎么写 在整个毕业论文写作过程中,草拟初稿是一项最重要的工作,也是最需要花费心思的工作。初稿虽然只是文章的一个坯子,但却是下步进行加工的基础。不能因为它是初稿,写作时就可以草率行事。 起草初稿应注意些什么问题呢? 1 、周密思考,慎重落笔 毕业论文是一项“系统工程”,在正式动笔之前,要对文章进行通盘思考,检查一下各项准备工作是否已完全就绪。首先,要明确主题。主题是文章的统帅,动笔之前必须想得到十分清楚。清人刘熙载说:“凡作一篇文,其用意俱可以一言蔽之。扩之则为千万言,约之则为一言,所谓主脑者是也。”(《艺概》)作者要想一想,自己文章的主题能否用一句话来概括。主题不明,是绝对不能动手写文的。其次,是理清思路。思路是人订]思想前进的脉络、轨道,是结构的内在依据。动笔之前,对怎样提出问题,怎样分析问题,怎样解决问题,以及使用哪些材料等,都要想清楚。第三,立定格局。所谓“格局”,就是全文的间架、大纲、轮廓。在动笔之前先把它想好“立定”,如全文分几部分,各有哪些层次,先说什么,后说什么,哪里该详,哪里该略,从头至尾都应有个大致的设想。第四,把需要的材料准备好,将各种事实、数据、引文等找来放在手头,以免到用时再去寻找,打断思路。 问题七:论文初稿是什么? 论文初稿简单说起来就是未定稿的论文,或者仅仅是提纲,它还需要进一步完善补充,如有些观点值得再推敲,一些数据有待调查获得,一些论据有待补充,一些引语有待查证等。尽管如此,它已具备论文要素,只要稍加修改,就会成为一篇好的论文。 问题八:论文的初稿通过啦。但是终稿怎么写,有区别吗? 什么类型的论文? 毕业论文的话,导师会告诉你修改意见的啊,然后你根据意见进行修改 如果是发表的论文,一般情况下,编辑那边也会有一个修改意见的反馈,如果没有修改意见的话,就不用修改啦,等着二审结果就是了 问题九:论文初稿格式是怎么样的啊? 代写 我这有’‘ Q我 问题十:论文的初稿、修改稿、定稿怎么写这三份啊?有什么不同 关键词 关键词是标示文献关键主题内容,但未经规范处理的主题词。它是为了文献标引工作,从论文中选取出来,用以表示全文主要内容信息款目的单词或术语。一篇论文可选取3~8个词作为关键词。 正文 一般来说,学术论文主题的内容应包括以下三个方面:1.事实根据(通过本人实际考察所得到的语言、文化、文学、教育、社会、思想等事例或现象)。提出的事实根据要客观、真实,必要时要注明出处;2.前人的相关论述(包括前人的考察方法、考察过程、所得结论等)。理论分析中,应将他人的意见、观点与本人的意见、观点明确区分。无论是直接引用还是间接引用他人的成果,都应该注明出处;3.本人的分析、论述和结论等。做到使事实根据、前人的成果和本人的分析论述有机地结合,注意其间的逻辑关系。 结论 结论应是毕业论文的最终的、总体的结论,换句话说,结论应是整篇论文的结局、是整篇论文的归宿,而不是某一局部问题或某一分支问题的结论,也不是正文中各段的小结的简单重复。结论是该论文结论应当体现作者更深层的认识,且是从全篇论文的全部材料出发,经过推理、判断、归纳等逻辑分析过程而得到的新的学术总观念、总见解。结论可采“结论”等字样,要求精炼、准确地阐述自己的创造性工作或新的见解及其意义和作用,还可提出需要进一步讨论的问题和建议。结论应该准确、完整、明确、精练。

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