Core competitiveness of enterprises is unique, can bring economic benefits, corporate sustainabilityThe core competence of competitive advantage, once owned enterprise core competitive ability, can make the enterprise form long-term advantage, promote the development of the enterprise. Since the 1990s, western strategic theorists are very concerned that core competitiveness of enterprises, the core competitiveness of enterprises is the driving force, is growing enterprise obtains a sustainable competitive small and medium-sized enterprise core competitiveness. To analyze the current situationSince the reform and opening up, China's small and medium-sized enterprise development of small and medium-sized enterprises in economic development, and played an important role, the survival and development of small and medium-sized enterprises more and more attention, and its status and known by people. The future belongs to the era of small and medium-sized enterprises, vigor of small and medium-sized enterprises will continue to play its flexible, salesConvenient and flexible liquidity advantages in the fierce competition in the market economy in his place, and to inject new vitality into the economic the development of small and medium-sized enterprises has its own advantages, but also faced a series of small and medium-sized enterprises, the current problems facing an outstanding problem is lack of competitiveness, especially the lack of core competitiveness, embodied in the following aspects:1 enterprise strategic consciousness, strategic intent is not clearSustained competitive advantage to play with the development strategy of enterprise strategic intention that match the future direction of the enterprise, business development plan, the position. From now on, the small and medium-sized enterprises widespread light strategy, tactics, and on the decision thinking formulary experience. With no clear strategic intent, caused many small and medium-sized enterprise management, business field direction, lost the blindness of management and speculative, optional limited resources scattered into the diversified trapMany small and medium-sized enterprise diversification is enterprise profit growth for expansion, and dispersive risk strategy. Many small and medium-sized enterprises in the main business still does not have strong competitive situation, diversification, due to the implementation of blind in multiple domain of business resources, scattered in the specific areas of business enterprise resources, especially the impact strength of the core areas that need resources or main business field of competitiveness, damage to cultivating the core competitiveness of enterprises, and some even lost the original ) research and development and innovation ability is poor investmentAssess, small and medium-sized enterprises in China r&d funds for the proportion of sales revenue, and average less than international businesses generally think of funds for research, sales of more than 5%, the enterprise has competitiveness, Just enough to maintain 2%, Less than 1% of the enterprise is hard to survive. Technological innovation is the power of the enterprise research and development ability, to small and medium-sized enterprises in China, the serious shortage of r&d input hindered enterprise technology improvement and innovation, severely weakened the enterprise sustainable competitive capacity of enterprises, the further organizational structure, management confusion. BackwardWith the development of knowledge economy, the information management play a more and more important role in time, the information, the communication of information, to traditional organizational structure adjustment, organization structure should be flexible to flat, the development direction. While the majority of small and medium-sized enterprises at present in our country executes or traditional linear organization structure, due to the lagging organization structure adjustment, and the domestic large enterprises and foreign enterprises, management of small and medium-sized enterprises, especially behind the enterprise's strategic management, cost and quality management, human resources management, sales management, etc., it is hard to adapt to the fierce market competition. Enterprise organization structure unreasonable, operation mechanism is not alive, the radical . Cultivate core competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprisesEnterprise core competitive ability is enterprise, can create economic benefits and difficult to competitors mimic the unique ability of the enterprise, it is necessary to establish and maintain the advantage conditions, is the enterprise from the technology products, from management to the comprehensive quality of small and medium-sized enterprises core embodiment. Cultivate the core competitive force of important realistic our economy has from the economic surplus to economic shortageIn short, although economic times of small and medium-sized enterprises in the production of products, product technical content is low, but due to the low product demand, small and medium-sized enterprises producing products can still sell in the market and has certain advantages. In the market economy is increasingly perfect today, products, and the buyer's market for products glut has gradually formed, and with the progress of science and technology, the Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises in market competition in the original advantage is gradually disappear, cultivate their own unique advantages of small and medium-sized enterprises is the key to enhance its both domestic and international market competition becomes increasingly fierceAfter joining the wto, foreign goods can proceed in China, which makes the consumer market is very small and medium-sized enterprises. At the same time, domestic market competition will be more intense. In recent years, China's small and medium-sized enterprises can rapid development, largely thanks to the government and tariff barriers to adjust the macro-control. But after the wto entry, tariffs and canceling gradually, foreign products with high quality and low price to win the domestic consumer, it is undoubtedly to small and medium-sized enterprises more challenges. Facing economic globalization and the entry of wto, the core competitiveness of the small and medium-sized enterprises will sooner or later in the fierce competition in the for sustainable development of the enterpriseThe small and medium-sized enterprises in China, many enterprises can why some people, develop, and some of the enterprise is just a flash in the pan. Investigate its reason, the key lies in whether the enterprise with long-term competitive advantages. In certain period of small and medium-sized enterprises to gain a competitive advantage is not difficult, difficult is long-term competitive advantage. Economic globalization, due to the product life cycle is shortened, competition is critical to the success of the enterprise owns continuously develops new products and market competition ability of special. The long-term competitive advantages of enterprises from the core competitiveness of superior rivals. Only the cultivation of small and medium-sized enterprises core competitiveness, to drive the development of enterprise, the enterprise limited manpower, 核心竞争力是企业独具的、能为企业带来经济效益的、支撑企业可持续性 竞争优势的核心能力,企业一旦拥有核心竞争能力,就会使企业形成长期优势,推动企业的长久发展。20世纪90年代以来,西方战略理论家们就十分关注企业核心竞争力,认为核心竞争力是企业成长的驱动力,是企业获取持续竞争优势的基础。一.我国中小企业核心竞争力现状分析改革开放以来，我国中小企业得到了不断的发展，中小企业在经济发展中发挥了重要的作用，中小企业的生存和发展越来越受到人们的关注，它的地位也越来越为人们所认识。未来时代是属于中小企业的时代，充满活力的中小企业必将继续发挥其经营灵活自如、销售快捷 方便、资金周转灵活等优势，在竞争激烈的市场经济中取得自己的立足之地，并为经济发展注入新的活力。中小企业在发展中有自身的优势，但也面临一系列问题，当前中小企业面临的一个突出问题就是缺乏竞争力，特别是普遍缺乏核心竞争力，具体表现在以下几个方面：1.企业战略意识淡薄，战略意图不明确持续竞争优势的发挥需要与发展战略相匹配企业战略意图表明了企业未来的前进方向、自己的业务定位、计划发展的能力。从目前来看，中小企业普遍存在着重战术、轻战略，依赖经验决策的思维定式。由于没有明确的战略意图，导致了许多中小企业经营方向迷失，经营领域模糊，经营的盲目性、投机性、随意性特点突出。2.有限的资源分散，跌入多元化陷阱多元化经营被很多中小企业认为是企业寻求规模扩张、利润增长、分散风险的策略。目前很多中小企业在主营业务尚不具备较强的竞争力的状况下，盲目实施多元化经营，由于资源分散在多个业务领域，分散了企业在具体业务领域的资源实力，尤其是影响了需要资源保证的核心领域或主营业务领域的竞争力，损害了对核心竞争力的培养，一些企业甚至丧失了原有的优势。3.研究发展投入不足，创新能力差椐调查，我国中小企业研发经费占销售收入的比例平均水平不到，而国际企业界普遍认为，研发经费占销售额的5%以上，企业才有竞争力；占2%仅够维持；不足1%的企业则难以生存。技术创新的动力在于企业的研发能力，对我国中小企业而言，研发投入的严重不足阻碍了企业进行技术改进和创新，严重削弱了企业的持续竞争能力，制约了企业的进一步发展壮大。4.组织结构调整滞后，管理混乱随着知识经济的发展，信息在管理中发挥了越来越重要的作用，为了及时的传递信息，沟通信息，必须对传统的组织结构进行调整，组织结构应向扁平化、柔性化方向发展。而目前我国大多数中小企业实行的还是传统的直线型组织结构，由于组织结构调整滞后，与国内大型企业及国外企业相比，我国中小企业的管理落后，尤其是企业的战略管理、成本理、质量管理、人力资源管理、销管理等方面，很难适应激烈的市场竞争。企业组织结构不合理，经营机制不活，是影响企业竞争力的带有根本性的深层次原因。二. 培育中小企业核心竞争力的必要性企业核心竞争力是企业所拥有的,能够创造经济效益并难以被竞争对手模仿的独特能力,它是企业建立和保持优势的必要条件，是企业从技术到产品，从管理到战略综合素质的核心体现.培育中小企业的核心竞争力具有重要的现实意义。1.我国经济已从短缺经济走向过剩经济在短缺经济时代，尽管中小企业生产的产品技术含量低,产品档次低,但由于产品供不应求,中小企业生产的产品仍然能销售出去并在市场中具有一定的优势。在市场经济体制日益完善的今天，产品往往供过于求,产品的买方市场已逐步形成,而且随着科学技术的进步，我国中小企业在市场竞争中的原有优势正在逐步消失,培育自己的独特优势是中小企业增强其竞争力的关键。2.国内外市场竞争日趋激烈加入wto后，国外的商品可以长驱直入我国的消费市场,这使得中小企业受到很大的冲击。同时，国内市场的竞争将更加激烈。近几年来，我国的中小企业之所以能较快发展，很大程度上得益于关税壁垒的调节和政府的宏观调控能力。而入世后，关税降低以至逐步取消，外国产品将以质优价廉赢得国内的消费者，这无疑是给中小企业更多的挑战.面对经济全球化和加入wto的挑战，没有核心竞争力的中小企业迟早会在激烈的市场竞争中被淘汰。3.企业可持续发展的需要在我国众多的中小企业中，为什么有些企业能长盛不衰,发展壮大,而有些企业只是昙花一现?究其原因，关键在于企业是否拥有长期的竞争优势.中小企业在某个特定时期取得竞争优势并不是很难，难的是长期保持竞争优势.经济全球化时代，由于产品寿命周期的日渐缩短，竞争成功的关键在于企业是否拥有不断开发新产品和开拓市场的特殊竞争能力。企业的长期竞争优势来源于优于竞争对手的核心竞争力.只有培育中小企业的核心竞争力,才能带动企业各方面的发展，把企业有限的人力、 希望采纳 谢谢
Starting a small businessAccounting - Small BusinessVCE AccountingWhat is a service business? List three examples of small service businesses that you a small small business is a usually owned by one or two owner, these owner manage and controls the business. The business usually consists of 20 or less is the difference between a sole trader and a partnership? What are two advantages and two disadvantages of a sole trader and a partnership?Sole trader is a business owned by the one owner whereas a partnership is where two or more owners own the business and the share is spread among the owners. The advantages of a partnership includes a greater amount of money being used while can help them to increase the quality of services and goods. The flexibility of having one owner and therefore it gives the other owners the chance to take time off, so that he or she won’t have to worry about his or her business as there are other owner helping to look after the business, also the workload is letter Pty Ltd stands for Proprietary Limited, this means that the business is a private company. Starting a small business have many advantages and disadvantages. Some advantages included having full control of the company with mean that your are able to make your own decisions without having to go through the whole process of having to go though lots of people before making the decision. It is also easier to start with a much lower cost. Disadvantages includes the lack of skills and experiences, a risk of failure as ypou have no idea if the business will be disadvantages included unlimited liabilities, which can cause company failure. Many disagreements concerning the running of the advantages of sole trader included the ability to make your own decisions and therefore giving you all the control and decision-making. This also limits the liabilities. Disadvantages includes the huge amount of responsibilities which the owner holds this enable the owner to have too much PC Repairs Pty Ltd is a local small business that repairs computers. What do the letters Pty Ltd tell you about the business? What are two advantages and two disadvantages of starting your small business as a company?A service business is where you pay and in exchange they provide you with business. Some examples of service business includes hair dressers, lawyers and is a trading business? List three examples of small trading businesses that you trading business is where you pay money in exchange you receive example of small trading business includes, milk bars, clothing shops and is an e-commerce business? List three examples of e-commerce businesses that you e-commerce business is where the trading is done on the internet where you pay by card and receive good. SomeSome examples includes, , CDS and DVDs, also Danoz your knowledge – service and trading : DVDs for sale on the internet, butcher, video rental, newsagent, bakery, school canteen, milk bars, mobile phone dealer, book : lawyer, dentist, cleaning business, local bus company, gardener, doctor, tutoring, sporting does starting a business from scratch mean? In your own words explain a different advantage and a business from scratch means that you start off from nothing, you can develop the business the way you are able to develop your own image and includes having the ability to start the business at your own pace as well, you’re also free to develop your own image as well as are the capability of a business failure and you have no idea if this business is going to does buying an existing business mean? In your own words explain a different advantage and a existing business means buying a business which someone else had previously owned advantages includes having the business in a good location as well you’re able to know how successful the business have having this could also be a disadvantage as the old customers don’t really know you and are not sure if they should continue with the business. Sometimes this business may also have a bad reputation which may cause limited customers as they don’t know what you’re like when running a does buying a franchise business mean? In your own words explain a different advantage and a franchise means that your buying business’s name as well as they method of doing things and also their reputation and of a franchise business includes the image the business has already set to the market and is very successful. Not only did you pay for the business you also pay for advertisement, which means you don’t have to worry about having to plan your own is not having the rights to change what you sell and the way you do do you think are the main advantages of buying a McDonalds franchise?The advantages of buying a McDonalds business are the fame which McDonalds restaurants have already spread around the world everyone knows McDonalds therefore you don’t have to worry about your business not succeeding due to the limited amount of people knowing what you are. By buying the McDonalds franchise you’re eligible to all the ads and promotion for the do you think are the main advantages of buying a Video Ezy franchise?Buying a Video Ezy franchise allows you to have your own territory, which means that you’re the only one of the kind in this area, this will bring better are the benefits of owning a video rental business that you:Start from scratch: You are free free to develop your own idea and as an existing business: It’s in a good location as well as knowing that the business is should be as a franchise: Having your own territory set for you in that area. All the ads are done for your knowledge so far – Jim’s MowingWhat are the two advantages and disadvantages of buying a Jim’s mowing franchise?Advantages: A well-known business, which gives you, the advantage of knowing that this business has very good chance of doing well. Also Jim’s mowing offers new businesses training so they can receive a good start. Disadvantages: Not having the ability to sell the products that you want to sell and must depend on the what the business. Why would you want to start your business on the Internet?Starting a business on the net can bring your many advantages includes the ability to advertise the business online, this helps to spread the information of your business everywhere. Not only that the cost of managing the business is also cheaper than that of other sorts of advertisements.浅析中小企业会计规范化罗伯特.修斯 阿兰.约瑟[摘 要]中小企业会计核算存在会计核算主体界限不清,企业产权与个人财产界限不清;所有者自身素质及逃避纳税心理,制约会计核算规范化;会计机构设置不符合相关规定;会计核算违规操作等问题,对此,必须采取相关措施,使会计核算规范化。[关键词]中小企业;会计规范化;会计核算中小企业在完善我国市场机制、推动国民经济的发展、增加劳动就业、保持社会稳定等方面发挥着重要的作用。但在发展中也存在着许多问题,特别是会计核算的不规范,是制约中小企业进一步发展的瓶颈。一、中小企业会计核算存在的问题1.会计核算主体界限不清,企业产权与个人财产界限不清。中小企业的经营权与所有权的分离远不如大企业那么明显,尤其中小企业中的民营企业,投资者就是经营者,企业财产与个人家庭财产经常发生相互占用的情况,给会计核算工作带来困难。2.所有者自身的素质低及逃避纳税的心理,制约着中小企业会计核算的规范化。中小企业在经营过程中,为了自身利益,往往有通过逃避纳税的方式增加财富的想法,经营状况不好时,逃避纳税的愿望就更强烈。当外部监管力度不够时,这种现象会普遍存在。3.会计机构的设置不符合相关规定。很多中小企业,特别是民营企业,为了节约核算成本,不按规定设置会计机构。有的企业即使设置了会计机构,也层次不清、分工不明.会计人员的业务素质低下。由于中小企业一般经营品种繁杂、行业各异,经营规模差距较大,所聘用的财务人员素质参差不齐,从而导致了会计核算的不规范在会计人员任用上,小企业最常见的做法是用自己的亲属当出纳,外聘“高手”作兼职会计,这些人员有在税务部门工作的,有国有企业财务管理人员,有会计师事务所的人员等,一般定期来做账。有些中小企业企业管理者也愿意聘请能力强的会计人员做专职会计,但是由于其发展前景及社会上得到人们认识程度较低,再加上较差的工作保障,使得其对优秀会计人员的吸引力不强。会计从业人员资格认定及规范考核的问题也很多,会计无证上岗现象严重,会计主管不具备专业技术资格的现象不胜枚举,会计人员的后续教育培养工作几乎没有进行。5.建账不规范或不依法建账,会计核算常有违规操作。中小企业有些根本不设账,以票代账;或者设账,但账目混乱。还有相当一部分中小企业设两套账或多套账,使会计信息严重失真。在会计核算方面,待摊费用、预提费用不按规定摊提,人为操纵利润,采用倒轧账的方式记账等。有些会计人员知识结构老化与专业知识较低,使得许多理论上完善的会计方法与复杂的会计技术无法实施,或在实施时大打折扣。6.内部会计监督职能没有发挥出来。内部会计监督要求会计人员对本企业内部的经济活动进行会计监督,但是中小企业的管理者常干预会计工作,会计人员受制于管理者或受利益驱使,往往按管理者的意图行事,使会计的监督职能几乎无法挥。7.原始凭证付出成本大,或者难以获得。原始凭证的获取要付出成本,是因为企业在购买商品时要不要发票存在着不同的价格,若要发票,就要加价,价格较高;不要发票价格较低,两者的差价是税款。还有的企业发生费用后无法取得发票,只能用不合法的收据,在上级主管部门摊派的费用中支出。企业只好不做此账,或相互之间调剂票据8.企业内部控制制度不够健全,也阻碍了中小企业会计规范化的发展。由于部分中小企业现有的人员素质和管理水平较低,无法建立健全诸如内部稽核、定额管理、计量验收、成本核算等制度,阻碍了中小企业会计规范化的进程,造成了企业资产流失、浪费严重、经营管理混乱等。二、规范中小企业会计核算的建议1.加强相关法律法规的建设和执行,促进中小企业的全面健康发展。要解决中小企业会计规范化问题,靠一两家企业自我完善和会计人员努力是很难实现的。只有促进中小企业的健康发展,解决企业融资困难,实现科学化管理,克服自身的弱点才能从根本上解决会计规范化的问题。解决这一问题的根本办法就是执行好现有的相关法律法规,并根据经济发展的需要,适时制定、修改有关中小企业的法律法规,这样才能既促进中小企业会计规范化建设,加强中小企业的管理,又能为中小企业的全面发展保驾护航。2.建立与我国中小企业相适应的会计制度。在过去很长一段时间里,国家在制定会计规范体系的过程中,很少考虑到中小企业会计需求与大企业和上市公司的差别,随着中小企业在我国经济发展中的作用越来越重要,会计理论界对中小企业会计规范化问题日趋关注。中小企业会计制度的制订应遵循以下原则:(1)适应中小企业的特点。在会计制度设计中要考虑企业经营管理组织体系的设置,并与此保持一致。由于中小型企业业务量较少,会计核算只能采用集中核算方式,即由会计机构统一办理。部分中小企业交易类型有限,经营活动比较简单,一般只需要简单的数据,没有对数据产生深层次分析的需要,因此应允许一些企业不设会计机构。会计人员一般以2~3人为宜,并指派一人担任财务主管,在职责划分上要注意不相容职责的分离,如出纳、总账与稽核,出纳与总账、明细账的分离等。有些企业的会计工作也可由社会中介 机构代理。中小企业行业涉及面广,会计科目设置上应考虑通用性,针对采用独资和合伙 形式的中小企业所要承担的无限责任,应考虑对会计制度的影响;对于企业财产和个人家 庭支出相互占用的情况,应设置往来账户加以核算;适当放宽凭证的认定以解决中小企 业难以获得合法凭据的问题等。总之,中小企业会计准则的制定一定要充分考虑中小企业的特点。(2)重要性原则,要求提供的信息重点突出。与大型企业相比,会计信息需求者在中小企业中发生了变化。首先,税务部门的纳税管理需求成为最主要的外部需求;其次,投资者的决策需求和管理者的管理需求相统一;最后是银行贷款管理需求,但是此需求因银行提供的贷款很少而相对薄弱。会计信息需求上的变化,决定了中小企业的会计 应着眼于这些企业税务上的需要和内部信息的需求。(3)成本效益原则。会计信息的提是有成本的,企业在提供会计信息的过程中应讲求成本效益原则。(4)简便易行。由于 中小企业业务量小、会计人员素质参差不齐,会计制度设计时应充分考到操作上的简便 易行。加强外部监管力度。从目前我国中小企业的现状来看,靠企业自身约束来规范会 计工作是不现实的,我们应该更多的借助于外部监管,帮助中小企业实现会计规范化。 财政部门首先应指导督促中小企业依《会计基础工作规范》的要求建立健全账簿体 系,发现不符合《会计基础工作规范》要求的,应及时严肃处理;其次,财政部门还应督促中 小企业建立、健全会计内部控制制度和内部核算制度;最后,财政部门还应切实地做好财 务人员的后续教育。税务部门也应改进查核方式,改进税务人员对于中小企业的态度,并 建立税务代理人制度,以增加税务申报速度,减轻税务人员的工作负担,以便全心进行查 核工作。我们相信,只要充分认识到我国中小企业会计规范化进程中存在的问题,并充分考虑 到中小企业在经济发展中的重要性,有关方面齐抓共管、共同努力,定能把这项艰巨的工 作做得更好。觉得怎么样，有5000字吧！！！！累死了
提供一些有关中小企业融资问题的外文文献，供写作参考。[1] Allen N Berger, Gregory F Udell. The Economics of Small Business Finance:The Role of Private Equity and Debt Markets in Financial Growth Cycle .Journal of Banking and Finance, 1998, (22) . [2] Modigliani, F, and Miller, M. h. The cost of capital, corporate finance and the theory of investment .American Economic Review, 1958, (6) :261-297 . [3] Mallick, R,&Chakrabotty, A. Credit gap in small business: Some New Evidence[J] .Working Paper from Econpapers. 2002, . [4] OECD. A Framework for the Development and Financing of Dynamic Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Turkey .2005,7, (7) . [5] Peterson, M,Rajan, . The Benefits of firmcreditor relationship: Evidence from small business data .Journal of Finance, 1994, (49) :3-37 . [6] SBA. White Paper of Small Business Administration(1998-2000) .the US Government Printing Office, . [7] Kane,. Accelerating inflation,technological innovation,and the decreasing effectiveness of banking regulation .The Journal of Finance36,355-367. 1981, . [8] Goss D. Small Business and Society .Routledge. 1991, . [9] Samuelson L. Evolutionary Games and Equilibrium Selec-tion[M] .1997, .
外文文献有，翻译没有，翻译得靠你自己了，希望能满足你的需要，能帮到你，如果需要直接百度Hi中留言同时贴出问题的链接地址和邮箱地址即可，或者告知其他安全可靠方式提供，多多给点悬赏分吧，急用的话请多选赏点分吧，这样更多的知友才会及时帮到你，我找到也是很花时间的如果需要直接百度Hi中添加我好友，留言同时贴出问题的链接地址和邮箱地址即可，或者告知其他安全可靠方式提供
这里是有很规范的标点知识。Joy高斋翻译CATTI和MTI分享：希望对你有用。必备|标点符号如何翻译？（附使用规则）比如2016年11月英语三级笔译实务试题原文：Harper Lee was an ordinary woman as stunned as anybody by the extraordinary success of “To Kill a Mockingbird.”书名号里面的双引号。“To Kill a Mockingbird”，英文中的书名通常是斜体或加引号表示或者大写就可以，因为斜体有时候看着不整齐，译文中文需要加上书名号，书名第一次出现，需要括号加注原英文名（人名也这样处理）。还比如14年11月CATTI二级笔译英译汉真题原文：WATERLOO, Belgium --- The region around this Belgian city is busily preparing to commemorate the 200th anniversary in 2015 of one of the major battles in European military history. 里面的逗号和破折号。WATERLOO, Belgium比利时滑铁卢：这里考察英语地名从小到大，而且加个逗号，汉语里面是从大到小，不加逗号，比如Shanghai, China翻译为中国上海。这是CATTI英译汉高频翻译细节，可是我今天看了大家提交的译文，基本都这样写的：WATERLOO, Belgium --- The region 比利时滑铁卢——：破折号的用法和翻译，这是CATTI英译汉高频翻译细节，经常用在文章或报道的开头，引出事件发生的背景（地点）。翻译的时候保持破折号即可。:Colon（冒号）1．引出表示列举、解释或说明性的词语，翻译的时候保持：The string section consists of four instruments: violin, viola cello, and bass. /His grades are a follows: English, an A; History. a B: Science, a D: and Math, a ．引出对前文进行补充、总结或强调的词语，翻译的时候保持：Judges have a double duty；They must protect the innocent and punish the guilty／ He has only one pleasure: ．引出较长的正式引语或大段引语，翻译的时候是：或者，In his most famous speech he said: All men are created equal and must enjoy equally the rights that are inalienably ．用于信件或演说词中的称呼语之后（英国用法中多用逗号），翻译的时候保持：Dear Sir: /Dear Professor Jones: /Ladies and Gentlemen:5．用于公函、政府文件或商业函件的标题或标目之后，翻译的时候保持：TO. /SUBJECT: /REFERENCE: /VIA:6．用于时与分之间（英国法中多用句号）、比率数之间、《圣经》的章与节之间，翻译的时候保持：The train is to leave at 8: 30. /Common nouns outnumber proper nouns in proportion 32. /You will find it in Genesis 2: ．分隔书名的标题与副标题，翻译的时候保持：或者破折号NOStromo: A Tale of the Seaboard， Comma（逗号）1．分隔并列成分We are tired, hungry and dilate. /Washington was said to be first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen. /We were taught how to sit gracefully, how to walk. how to converse ．分隔并列句中的分句It snowed all night, and the schools were closed the next day. / We must leave now, or we will miss the plane. / I tried to sleep, but my neighbour's dog made that impossible. /It is an imperfect system,yet it is better than ．分隔对比或对照成分He is sick, not drunk. /The more haste, the less ．分隔非限定性修饰语、同位语或附加说明的词语He found the Paper on the roof, where the newsboy had thrown it. The the who had cared through the window, went straight to the safe. /They want us, you and me, to go there. /I have to get up early, particularly on ．分隔附加疑问句或选择疑问句Tom didn't take it, did he? / Which pencil do you prefer. the red one or the blue one?6．分隔直接引语和导语Only a fool. "Sherman said, " would carry on like ．表示省略相同词语Some went to the right; others, to the . 分隔句首状语Usually, he is dressed in blue jeans. / Except for physics, my courses are not difficult. /When he found that his parents had deserted him, he sat down to ，常用以分隔用作独立成分、状语等的下列词语Honestly, that's all the money I have. /Personally, I prefer the other one. /Unfortunately, they were out when I called. /To tell you the truth, I was very frightened1) actually, basically, briefly fortunately,frankly, honestly, hopefully, incidentally,luckily, naturally, personally, unfortunately, to tell the truth2) anyhow, anyway, besides, consequent,furthermore, however, likewise, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, therefore;3)first(ly), second(ly ), last(ly), finally,first of all. after all, above all, in other words, for example, for instance, that is,namely, ., e. )in short, in fact, in conclusion, in a few words, as a result, as a matter of fact, on the contrary, on the other hand;5) of course, by the way, sure enough, between you and me, believe it or not;6)I think, I believe, I suppose, you know,you see, In my opinion;7)yes, no, well, ohAnyhow, even if the problem does arise, it wont affect us. /I don’t want to go; besides, I’m too tired. /This is, however, another side to this is our most disastrous and embarrassing defeat eve: in short, a fiasco. /I don’t like him, in fact,I hate him. /On the contrary, it hardly ever 's strange, you know, that he hasn’t passed the exam. /In my opinion, he is , times have changed. /Well, not much can be done about it now. /Oh, David, come here a moment! /Oh no, not again!10．分隔日期、数字、地点Firstly, let me deal with the most important difficulty. /The cinema is only open to adults, i. e.,people over 12, 1991/It was on Friday, May 16, in Los Angeles. /The price of this sedan car is $12,300./He lives at 1515 Halsted , ．分隔人名与职称、头衔或倒置姓名I asked my boss for a month's holiday and, believe it or not, he agreed! /By the way, have you seen Tom recently?12．分隔呼语R W. Leeds, M. D. /George Washington, President/Smith, John W., would like to ask you, Mr. Jones, for your opinion. /Will you see if the door is closed, Janet? /Sir,I'd like to ask a ．用于信件的称呼语之后（美国用法中多用冒号）或结束语之后Dear Mary, /Sincerely yours, /Yours truly,“ ”Quotation Mark（引号)1．用于直接引语注意下列句子中其他标点符号与引号的相对位置:1）逗号、句号位于引号内（这是美国用法，英国用法多置于引号外）2）不属于引语的问号、感叹号或破折号位于引号之外3）在引语内再用引语时，可用单引号（这是美国用法，在英国用法中，单引号在外，双引号在内）4）引语不止一段时，引号位于各段起始处和最后一段结尾处Michael said, "Let's meet at my house next time. "/"No, you cant, "she wrote. "It's January 1, 1863, Lincoln declared the slaves "forever free. "/The word"bread, for example, has both standard and slang did she say "That is a very selfish attitude"?The witness said, "I distinctly heard him say, Don’t be late, and then heard the door closed. " /The witness said, I distinctly heard him say, Don’t be then heard the door closed.’Frequently used signs and symbols are in the back of this dictionary. Many are found on include the chemical elements... The chemical elements are also grouped together in the back of this dictionary. "2．用于引述文章、文艺作品、歌曲、广播及电视节目、绘画等Have you read the article"Shanghai Shows Its Colors"in the January Time? /"Ode to a Nightingale " was written by Keats. /American national anthem is"The Star-spangled Banner. " /YOAS Amencan Mosaic”／ Da Vinci’s“ Mona Lisa "3．用于引述俚语、反语、借用语、定义、词形等Her brother"socked her in the eye and" beaned "her with a ruler. /Bob's skiing"vacation"consisted of three weeks with his leg in a cast. / The basic meaning of dumb in both British and American English is“ unable to speak．”／ How do you spell the word＂ eclectic”？;Semicolon（分号）一般说来，分号的作用介于句号与逗号之间，即用分号隔开的两部分之间的关系，比用句号分开的紧密，但不及用逗号分开的紧密。1．用于并列分句之间People make history: unusual people make history interesting. /Your car is new; mine is six years old. /I came, I saw I conquered. /it's too late to go for a walk now; besides, it's beginning to rain. /We finally found the gate; however, it had been ．分隔已有逗号的并列成分，以避免歧义Follow this procedure: first, get your application forms; next, fill them out; last, pay the sun, a bright yellow ball, shone; the children, happy as always, ．用于由 for example， for instance， namely，that is（ to say）， in fact，i．e．，e．g等词语引出的分句之前Many of their talents complemented each other; for example, he played the piano and she sang./Tom is well-liked: in fact. he is the most popular person in the class./He chose to invest in major industries: i. e, steel, automobiles, and oil.— Dash(破折号)1.用在一个解释性的分句或句子前面：It's an environmental issue. — That's not a small matter.这是个环境保护的问题，这不是一件小事。2.用在一个解释性的插入语的前面和后面（相当于一个括号）：During my vacation—I must have been insane—I decided I would ski.假期中，我准是疯了，我决定去滑雪。3.用在一个引用的句子前面（代替一个冒号，或与分号一起用）：Uncle Wang laughingly answered—"No, no; stay where you are."大叔笑着回答道“不用了，不用了，你就呆到那。”4.表示意思的突然转折："And may I ask—"said Xiao Wu;" but I guess it's better for you to ask him about it."“我可以问——”小吴说；“不过我想还是你问他的好。”5.表示迟疑犹豫："I—I—I rather think —maybe—Amy has taken it."“我——我——我想——或许——是艾米拿了。”6.总括前面列举的若干东西：News house, larger schools, more sheep, more pigs and chickens, more horses and donkeys—everywhere here shows signs of prosperity.新房子，扩建的学校，更多的羊、猪、鸡，更多的马和驴，这里的一切显示出一片繁荣景象。Italicization斜体字的使用1．书籍、报刊、文章、诗歌、乐曲、电影、绘画等的名称Dickens' Oliver Twist /The English-Chinese Dictionary/Readers Digest /The New York TimesMilton's Paradise Lost/Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro/ The Sound of Music /Van Gogh’s StarryNight2．交通工具、航天器等专名Air Force One/Apollo/Challenger3．作为例示的词、字母或数字The word receive is often misspelled. /The b in comb is silent4，表示强调的词语She never expected such a welcome. /woman's place was in the home; it certainly isn’t ．表示未归化的外来词语In aeternum[L]/ fille[F]6．动物学和植物学中表示属、种、亚种及变种的拉丁语新学名The horse (Equus caballus )has affected the course of history more than any other animal. /The mistletoe (Phoradendron flavescens )is the state flower of ．法庭案例名称中的原被告姓名Madison v. Kingley/the Jones case8．剧本中的舞台提示ROBERT: Ah yes, of course. Sit down, sit down, please, Mrs. Ross. [She sits as if this made matters rather worse.]PHILIP: (Standing guard by her side. )My wife is a little agitated.取自陆谷孙英译汉大词典
可能是作者不敢肯定吧！
中文。一般来说标点应和正文一致，故应用中文问号。括号内标点符号同理。标点本身也具有含义，如何断句、是否为引用，这些都会影响人们对论文的理解和看法。同时，标点引用是否符合学术规范也决定了这篇学术论文是否严肃严谨，是论文的第一门面。
英文标点符号中除了破折号长度占2个英文字符外, 其他均只占1个英文字符。英文标点符号中没有“《》”、“、”和“～”。英文中书名一般用斜体表示,该用顿号时用逗号,表示数字范围则用半字线“-”。英文中“～”有时用在阿拉伯数字前表示近似。文中破折号、数字范围号与连字符分别为:“—”(长度占2个英文字符) 、“-” (占1个英文字符),而汉语中相应符号的长度分别比其长1倍:“——”(长度占2个汉字)、“—”(占1个汉字)和“-”(占半个汉字) 。更多有关英文论文标点符号的使用情况可以来中国鸣网学术站看看。
目前主要有两大种参考文献的引用方法，即英国标准体系和美国的哈佛体系，以美国的哈佛体系为例：书的引用顺序是：作者、出版年份、书名、出版地点、出版者。期刊引用的顺序是作者、出版年份、文章标题、期刊标题、卷次号、期次号、文章的页码。 扩展资料 目前国外引用参考文献的方法有英国标准体系和美国哈佛体系。以美国哈佛体系为了，在书的'引用时，书的引用顺序是作者、出版年份、书名、出版地点、出版者。如Fjallbrant, N, and Malley, I（1984 ）User educa-tion in libraries.（2nd ed.）London:Clive Bingley, .；期刊引用的顺序是作者、出版年份、文章标题、期刊标题、卷次号、期次号、文章的页码；用哈佛体系引用参考文献时要在文章中标出出版年份排列引用的参考文献时要按英文字母顺序。如：As both armstrong （1990）and Buckland（1975）observe ...
1、参考文献顶格,书名要用斜体字,然后作者的名字,出版时间,出版社的地区,出版社的名字。各个单位之间用逗号搁开。
2、其实写论文的时候导师就会告诉了，有的要求也不一样。而且还会反复修改SampleBibliographyAmerican English Rhetoric(书名斜体), Bander, Robert G.(作者名字),1971(出版时间), New York(出版地), Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.(出版社)往下类推。
在撰写论文时，参考文献的引用是必不可少的。参考文献的引用可以给论文增添很多的光彩。正确的在论文中引用参考问下你会在论文编写的同时省去很大的麻烦。接下来简单讲解下参考文献的引用。
参考文献的类型
参考文献类型较多，主要有专著[M], 论文集[C]，报纸文章[N]，期刊文章[J],学位论文[D]，报告[R]，标准[S]，专利[P]，论文集析出文献[A]等等，其中最常见的是期刊文章。
引用参考文献的数量
一般学术文章的参考文献数量以20-40篇为宜，综述类文章的参考文献一般会比研究类参考文献数量多。除综述外，其他文章的参考文献超过40则说明相对于你的研究结果而言，讨论和前言部分所涉及的内容有可能过多，需要删减。
1.首先登陆中国知网 ，在输入框里输入关键字，点击搜索。
2.在前方空白处，点击符合您要参考的相关文献，如图，然后点击导出参考文献
3.复制导出的参考文献格式，粘贴到论文中即可，
4.如果您想引用外文文献，那么输入关键词后，请点击 外文文献
5. 然后同理 选中，导出文献即可
6.一般学校硬性要求引用外文文献的话， 一般无需跟论文中的内容对应，只需要贴在最后，满足学校/导师的要求即可。
[1]陈晓红．《中小企业融资制度亟待创新》．《上海会计》．2002年第10期．33－36[2]李小建．《入世后中国关注中小企业融资》．《财会月刊》．2003年第2期．25－30[3]吴成宇．《中国中小企业的融资策略》．《会计研究》．2001年第7期．63[3] 孙丽华,杨华.我国中小企业融资难问题近期文献综述[J].北方经济,2005,(14).[5]孙岳晓．《中小企业，融资现状》《财税与会计》．2002年第10期．45－48
提供一些《中小企业实施电子商务的优势》的参考文献，供写作参考。 [1] 程艳. 中小企业的发展与电子商务[J]. 中国商界(下半月), 2008,(04) [2] 姚震宇. 中小企业电子商务的应用分析[J]. 市场周刊(新物流), 2007,(03) [3] 耿俊辰, 董志良. 河北省中小企业发展电子商务的策略研究[J]. 商业研究, 2007,(08) [4] 樊世清. 中小企业电子商务发展问题及对策建议[J]. 中国高新技术企业, 2008,(23) [5] 尹瑞林. 浅析我国中小企业的电子商务发展模式[J]. 企业家天地, 2008,(05) [6] 王洁,燕姝妤. 中小企业电子商务应用探讨[J]. 内蒙古科技与经济, 2007,(08) . [7] 孟飞荣. 中小企业电子商务策略研究[J]. 全国商情(经济理论研究), 2006,(07) [8] 李颖, 彭剑. 我国中小企业电子商务政府推进策略小窥[J]. 企业家天地下半月刊(理论版), 2008,(02) [9] 段世佳. 我国中小企业电子商务发展问题与对策研究[J]. 消费导刊, 2008,(15) [10] 高延鹏, 刘林林. 中小企业实施电子商务的相关问题研究[J]. 潍坊学院学报, 2008,(03) [11] 李钢. 我国中小企业电子商务发展问题与对策[J]. 中小企业管理与科技, 2007,(07) . [12] 陈爱国. 中小企业电子商务发展现状与对策研究[J]. 河南商业高等专科学校学报, 2007,(01) . [13] 朱保平. 我国中小企业发展电子商务的现状及对策研究[J]. 新西部(下半月), 2007,(08) . [14] 黄丽蓉. 中小企业电子商务现状及前景分析[J]. 企业家天地, 2007,(03) . [15] 张照玉. 关于我国中小企业电子商务应用的分析[J]. 价值工程, 2007,(02) . [16] 赵春雨. 中小企业开展电子商务的现状与发展[J]. 市场周刊(理论研究), 2007,(06) . 仅供参考
崔燕;国内中小企业融资问题文献综述[J];知识经济;2010年03期郭丽虹;中国中小企业的融资缺口与财务杠杆关系的研究[A];中国经济60年 道路、模式与发展：上海市社会科学界第七届学术年会文集（2009年度）经济、管理学科卷[C];2009年《我国民营经济融资难的原因与对策》张国亭 《网络财富》 2008年10期 想写这方面的文章，先去统计局、统计年鉴找些最新数据，去中国知网找些相关的文章，多看几篇。找到自己的思路，用自己的话总结出来。
[1]何志强,朱家德,税学丽. 规模、区位与中小企业融资环境——基于四川中小企业融资的比较分析[J]. 重庆工商大学学报.西部论坛,2006,(3). [2]史娜. 解决中小企业融资瓶颈创新研究[D]. 河北大学: 河北大学,2007. [3]王晨辉. 关系型贷款、中小银行与中小企业融资困境的破解[D]. 浙江工商大学: 浙江工商大学,2006. [4]本报见习记者 田文会. 国务院专题研究 突破中小企业融资困局[N]. 财经时报,2005-01-17(T00). [5]许小平,杨晓艳. 中小企业融资与民营中小银行的优势[J]. 价值工程,2005,(5). [6]本报记者 杨红梅. 新思路破解中小企业融资难题[N]. 中国财经报,2009-05-26(008). [7]吴慎之. 强化融资租赁功能:中小企业融资的必然选择[J]. 中央财经大学学报,2003,(4). [8]孟琳. 中小企业融资和银企关系问题探讨[J]. 金融理论与实践,2005,(3). [9]程未. 解决我国中小企业融资难的对策研究[D]. 吉林大学: 吉林大学,2006. [10]左涛. 物流金融解决中小企业融资问题的理论分析[D]. 武汉科技大学: 武汉科技大学,2007. [11]记者 黄丽珠. 金融创新是缓解中小企业融资难有效途径[N]. 金融时报,2009-07-18(008). [12]本报记者 任丽梅. 中小企业融资难问题仍没改观[N]. 中国改革报,2010-07-17(002). [13]记者 黄世钊. 我区出台十七项措施支持中小企业融资[N]. 法治快报,2009-05-01(003). [14]石文禹见习记者 孙自豪 通讯员 邹炜龙. 信用担保打破中小企业融资瓶颈[N]. 洛阳日报,2008-09-04(002). [15]管伟琪,胡瑜杰. 甘肃省中小企业融资现状及对策分析[J]. 河北农业科学,2010,(12). [16]张代军. 辽宁、浙江两省中小企业融资比较与启示[J]. 辽东学院学报(社会科学版),2010,(3). [17]刘明娟. 中小企业融资难的原因及对策[J]. 安徽冶金科技职业学院学报,2009,(1). [18]鲍小红,刘瑾. 中小企业融资难的原因及对策[J]. 企业技术开发,2006,(1). [19]王翔. 中小企业融资大环境体系的构建研究[J]. 安阳工学院学报,2006,(5). [20]张梅. 中小企业融资现状及存在问题[J]. 科技情报开发与经济,2008,(21). [21]王小霞. 中小企业融资与信用担保制度[J]. 宝鸡文理学院学报(社会科学版),2003,(3). [22]章颖薇. 资本结构理论对我国中小企业融资的启示与思考[J]. 哈尔滨商业大学学报(社会科学版),2005,(4). [23]李艺纹,白印坡,杨瑞. 信用文化建设与中小企业融资探析[J]. 现代财经-天津财经学院学报,2004,(11). [24]王小芳. 中小企业融资难及相关理论研究[D]. 武汉理工大学: 武汉理工大学,2004. [25]本报记者 张瑶瑶. 集合票据带来中小企业融资新气象[N]. 中国会计报,2009-12-18(008). [26]罗思荣,宓明君. 地方债券与中小企业融资初探[J]. 杭州师范大学学报(社会科学版),2010,(6). [27]蓝裕平. 风险投资可有效解决中小企业融资难[J]. 国际融资,2010,(9). [28]饶丹珍,詹文. 国外解决中小企业融资难的成功经验[J]. 郧阳师范高等专科学校学报,2009,(4). [29]王翔. 我国中小企业融资难的原因与对策研究[J]. 三门峡职业技术学院学报,2006,(1). [30]徐宇虹. 中小企业融资存在的问题与对策[J]. 科技情报开发与经济,2006,(19). [31]刘瑞. 中小企业融资探索——基于金融创新角度[J]. 价值工程,2007,(1). [32]唐志祥. 中小企业融资困境分析及对策建议[J]. 安徽电气工程职业技术学院学报,2004,(3). [33]李勇辉,吴朝霞. 积极启动民间资本 拓宽中小企业融资[J]. 华北工学院学报(社科版),2004,(3). [34]顾慧琴. 浅议中小企业融资问题及其对策[J]. 苏州市职业大学学报,2004,(2). [35]朱娟. 中小企业融资困难的原因与对策[J]. 渝州大学学报(社会科学版),2002,(6). [36]谢朝斌. 中小企业融资:理论与实证分析[J]. 财经理论与实践,2002,(4). [37]金林. 我国商业银行拓展中小企业融资业务的对策研究[D]. 哈尔滨工业大学: 哈尔滨工业大学,2007. [38]李瑞青. 西部中小企业融资问题研究[D]. 西北农林科技大学: 西北农林科技大学,2003. [39]杨春光. 投资性互助会与中小企业融资[D]. 浙江大学: 浙江大学,2006. [40]贺银娟. 西部中小企业融资问题研究[D]. 西安建筑科技大学: 西安建筑科技大学,2007. [41]杨艳玲. 基于金融物流集成产品的中小企业融资研究[D]. 苏州大学: 苏州大学,2007. [42]郑明明. 非正规金融与中小企业融资问题研究[D]. 西北师范大学: 西北师范大学,2008. [43]谭健美. 中小企业融资中信用担保风险分担机制研究[D]. 天津大学: 天津大学,2009. [44]鲍洪安. 区域性中小企业融资担保体系研究[D]. 天津大学: 天津大学,2009. [45]宋晓瑞. 解决中小企业融资难的思考[J]. 山西科技,2010,(2). [46]史文娟. 加强金融政策扶持促进中小企业融资[J]. 商业经济,2010,(6). [47]许立新. 金融危机下中小企业融资难的原因与对策——以秦皇岛市为例[J]. 改革与战略,2010,(4). [48]张秋. 基于制度角度的河南省中小企业融资研究[J]. 区域金融研究,2010,(3). [49]肖高玉. 论中小企业融资[J]. 连云港职业技术学院学报,2009,(2). [50]邹鑫. 中小企业融资问题浅析[J]. 四川有色金属,2009,(2).
留学生写作论文时,一定会查阅大量相关资料，查看参考书籍、英文文献、优秀的论文例文等，这些资源浩如烟海，怎么样才能高效率的找到自己需要的有用的信息呢？如果查找方法不当，很可能花费很长时间找不到合适的sources或者找到很多不能用的sources。在这里分享一些查找source的tips。1：找关键词初次接触一篇论文，assignment brief将会告诉你task是什么。多花点时间去琢磨标题，找出相关的关键词，然后根据关键词去找参考文献。主要的查找方向：第一个应该是class textbook，然后是导师给出的essential reading，最后是further reading。第二个就是在导师给出的reading list之外，如何自己找一些source。一般可以通过校图书馆网站其他相关学术杂志数据库Jstor, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library找到一些资料。第三个是报纸和网站。比如说Google学术，在这里可以免费搜索学术文章包括期刊论文、学位论文、书籍、报告在内的学术文献，内容涵盖多种学科。Google学术搜索中会显示出你搜索文章的引用次数,不过这个引用次数不准确,但是从侧面反应了这篇文章的质量,经典文章的引用次数绝对很高的。同时如果你用作者进行搜索时,会按引用次数出现他写的全部的文章,就可以知道作者的哪些文章比较经典,在没有太多时间的情况下,就可以只看经典的 。如果上面的方法找不到全文，就把文章作者的名字或者文章的title在Google 里搜索（不是Google 学术搜索），用文章的title来搜索,是因为在国外有的网站上,例如有的国外大学的图书馆可能会把本校一年或近几年的学术成果的Publication的PDF全文献挂在网上,或者在这个大学的ftp上也有可能会有这样类似的全文.这样就很可能会免费下到你想要的全文了。但是这里不应该是你的观点的主要来源。2：广度阅读到深度阅读广度阅读的目的是简历对文献框架的了解。开始只阅读文献的引言部分，主体阅读正文的结论部分，结尾部分判定文献的可信性，从作者的知名度，文献发刊物的声誉、文献发表的时间、是否过期等；浏览参考文献，看一下文献是否广泛，自己是否读过这些文献等。当决定深度阅读的时候，说明这篇文献不仅是有用的，而且自己已经对这篇文献的基本框架，表达的观点基本上明朗了，深度阅读则进一步的分析和考证，所以要带着疑问去阅读，如文章中的假定是否合理，方法是否可以研究或被解释等等。为了更好的理解我们文章的argument，evidenceand points of debate within a topic，需要尽可能多文章。一般至少读三到四篇文章才能开始试着创建一个论点 create an argument。但是总的来说质量应该是重于数量的。认真研读我们导师给出的class textbook和essential reading，是我们写好文章的基础。3：整体回顾在阅读的时候记笔记能够帮助阅读者理解自己从文章当中读到什么，并为将来的研究节省工作量，将文献的观点、框架、方法以及一些经典的句子摘录下来，以便指导自己的日后使用。在认真读完文献并做好笔记，有了深入的了解后，要能说出这篇文献的主要论点是什么，从文献中学到什么。为了将来的参考，要坚持写文献读后总结。对自己阅读文献产生的想法写进自己对文献的argument中。如果同学在海外的学习中遇到了困难都要记得来找我哦~
论文查重时参考文献没有标引用，而且查重系统也对该部分文献有收录，那在检测时会被标红，判定为抄袭，并计算到总相似率中。不过论文查重一般都不止检测一次，如果被标红你可以进行修改降重，然后在查重！
那么参考文献怎么标注引用呢？
1.学术期刊文献
［序号］作者．文献题名[J]．刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)：起-止页码
2.学术著作
［序号］作者．书名[M]．版次(首次免注).翻译者.出版地:出版社, 出版年: 起-止页码
3.有ISBN号的论文集
［序号］作者．题名[A].主编．论文集名[C]．出版地：出版社,出版年：起-止页码
4.学位论文
［序号］作者．题名[D]．保存地：保存单位,年份
5.专利文献
［序号］专利所有者．专利题名[P]．专利国别：专利号,发布日期
6.技术标准
[序号］标准代号,标准名称[S]．出版地：出版者,出版年
7.报纸文章
[序号］作者．题名[N]．报纸名,出版日期(版次)
8.报告
［序号］作者．文献题名[R]．报告地：报告会主办单位,年份
9.电子文献
［序号］作者．电子文献题名[文献类型/载体类型]．文献网址或出处,发表或更新日期/引用日期(任选)
上英文数据库输入英文关键词查找相关文献
本科毕业论文不一定要引用外国文献，全引用中国的也可以。
参考文献在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明，不再出现于文后参考文献中。
文后参考文献为撰写或编辑论文和著作而引用的有关文献信息资源。根据中国学术期刊检索与评价数据规范的要求，将注释规定为“对正文中某一内容作进一步解释或补充说明的文字”，列于文末并与参考文献分列或置于当页脚地。
参考文献类型及文献类型，根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母方式标识：
专著M ； 报纸N ；期刊J ；专利文献P；汇编G ；古籍O；技术标准S等。
文献类型：
参考文献类型：专著[M]，论文集[C]，报纸文章[N]，期刊文章[J]，学位论文[D]，报告[R]，标准[S]，专利[P]，论文集中的析出文献[A]。
电子文献类型：数据库[DB]，计算机[CP]，电子公告[EB]。
电子文献的载体类型：互联网[OL]，光盘[CD]，磁带[MT]，磁盘[DK]。
参考资料来源：百度百科-参考文献