毕业论文是Graduation thesis 若要在论文里指论文就可以直接说thesis或者paper
毕业论文thesis[英][ˈθi:sɪs][美][ˈθisɪs]n.论文，毕业论文; 论点，论题; 命题; 复数：theses易混淆单词：THESIS例句:1.He completed his doctorate in 1999 with his thesis on the technical subject of structural design. 1999年，朱竞翔获得博士学位，博士论文写的是结构设计的技术问题。2.It is a beguilingly simple thesis, one particularly attractive to the western business executives who have joinedthe china gold rush. 但这是一个具有欺性的简单论点，对参与中国淘金浪潮的西方企业高管尤其有吸引力。3.We have a grand new thesis of the emerging markets. 我们现在得出了一套全新的新兴市场理论。4.The question now is whether the overstretch thesis was wrong or simply premature. 目前问题是，过度扩张说是错误命题还是只是言之过早。5.The thesis is that women still do so badly at work mainly because we are not ambitious enough. 书的主题是：女性的工作表现仍如此糟糕，主要是因为我们不够有雄心。同义词：dissertation[英][ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn][美][ˌdɪsərˈteɪʃn]n.专题论文，学位论文; 学术演讲; essay[英][ˈeseɪ][美][ˈɛsˌe, ɛˈse]n.散文; 随笔，杂记文; 尝试，企图; 试验; vt.尝试; 试验; 经常说的：English dissertation(英语论文)Graduation thesis(毕业论文)
Geometric Design of HighwaysA Alignment DesignThe alignment of a road is shown on the plane view and is a series of straight lines called tangents connected by circular. In modern practice it is common to interpose transition or spiral curves between tangents and circular curves.Alignment must be consistent. Sudden changes from flat to sharp curves and long tangents followed by sharp curves must be avoided; otherwise, accident hazards will be created. Likewise, placing circular curves of different radii end to end (compound curves) or having a short tangent between two curves is poor practice unless suitable transitions between them are provided. Long, flat curves are preferable at all times, as they are pleasing in appearance and decrease possibility of future obsolescence. However, alignment without tangents is undesirable on two-lane roads because some drivers hesitate to pass on curves. Long, flat curves should be used for small changes in direction, as short curves appear as “kink”. Also horizontal and vertical alignment must be considered together, not separately. For example, a sharp horizontal curve beginning near a crest can create a serious accident hazard.A vehicle traveling in a curved path is subject to centrifugal force. This is balanced by an equal and opposite force developed through cannot exceed certain maximums, and these controls place limits on the sharpness of curves that can be used with a design speed.Usually the sharpness of a given circular curve is indicated by its radius. However, for alignment design, sharpness is commonly expressed in terms of degree of curve, which is the central angle subtended by a 100-ft length of curve. Degree of curve is inversely proportional to the radius.Tangent sections of highways carry normal cross slope; curved sections are superelevated. Provision must be made for gradual change from one to the other. This usually involves maintaining the center line of each individual roadway at profile grade while raising the outer edge and lowering the inner edge to produce the desired superelevation is attained some distance beyond the point of curve. If a vehicle travels at high speed on a carefully restricted path made up of tangents connected by sharp circular curve, riding is extremely uncomfortable. As the car approaches a curve, superelevation begins and the vehicle is tilted inward, but the passenger must remain vertical since there is on centrifugal force requiring compensation. When the vehicle reaches the curve, full centrifugal force develops at once, and pulls the rider outward from his vertical position. To achieve a position of equilibrium he must force his body far inward. As the remaining superelevation takes effect, further adjustment in position is required. This process is repeated in reverse order as the vehicle leaves the curve. When easement curves are introduced, the change in radius from infinity on the tangent to that of the circular curve is effected gradually so that centrifugal force also develops gradually. By careful application of superelevation along the spiral, a smooth and gradual application of centrifugal force can be had and the roughness avoided.Easement curves have been used by the railroads for many years, but their adoption by highway agencies has come only recently. This is understandable. Railroad trains must follow the precise alignment of the tracks, and the discomfort described here can be avoided only by adopting easement curves. On the other hand, the motor-vehicle operator is free to alter his lateral position on the road and can provide his own easement curves by steering into circular curves gradually. However, this weaving within a traffic lane (but sometimes into other lanes) is dangerous. Properly designed easement curves make weaving unnecessary. It is largely for safety reasons, then, that easement curves have been widely adopted by highway agencies.For the same radius circular curve, the addition of easement curves at the ends changes the location of the curve with relation to its tangents; hence the decision regarding their use should be made before the final location survey. They point of beginning of an ordinary circular curve is usually labeled the PC (point of curve) or BC (beginning of curve). Its end is marked the PT (point of tangent) or EC (end of curve). For curves that include easements, the common notation is, as stationing increases: TS (tangent to spiral), SC (spiral to circular curve), CS (circular curve to spiral), and ST (spiral go tangent).On two-lane pavements provision of a wilder roadway is advisable on sharp curves. This will allow for such factors as (1) the tendency for drivers to shy away from the pavement edge, (2) increased effective transverse vehicle width because the front and rear wheels do not track, and (3) added width because of the slanted position of the front of the vehicle to the roadway centerline. For 24-ft roadways, the added width is so small that it can be neglected. Only for 30mph design speeds and curves sharper than 22°does the added width reach 2 ft. For narrower pavements, however, widening assumes importance even on fairly flat curves. Recommended amounts of and procedures for curve widening are given in Geometric Design for Highways.B GradesThe vertical alignment of the roadway and its effect on the safe and economical operation of the motor vehicle constitute one of the most important features of road design. The vertical alignment, which consists of a series of straight lines connected by vertical parabolic or circular curves, is known as the “grade line.” When the grade line is increasing from the horizontal it is known as a “plus grade,” and when it is decreasing from the horizontal it is known as a “minus grade.” In analyzing grade and grade controls, the designer usually studies the effect of change in grade on the centerline profile.In the establishment of a grade, an ideal situation is one in which the cut is balanced against the fill without a great deal of borrow or an excess of cut to be wasted. All hauls should be downhill if possible and not too long. The grade should follow the general terrain and rise and fall in the direction of the existing drainage. In mountainous country the grade may be set to balance excavation against embankment as a clue toward least overall cost. In flat or prairie country it will be approximately parallel to the ground surface but sufficiently above it to allow surface drainage and, where necessary, to permit the wind to clear drifting snow. Where the road approaches or follows along streams, the height of the grade line may be dictated by the expected level of flood water. Under all conditions, smooth, flowing grade lines are preferable to choppy ones of many short straight sections connected with short vertical curves.Changes of grade from plus to minus should be placed in cuts, and changes from a minus grade to a plus grade should be placed in fills. This will generally give a good design, and many times it will avoid the appearance of building hills and producing depressions contrary to the general existing contours of the land. Other considerations for determining the grade line may be of more importance than the balancing of cuts and fills.Urban projects usually require a more detailed study of the controls and finer adjustment of elevations than do rural projects. It is often best to adjust the grade to meet existing conditions because of the additional expense of doing otherwise.In the analysis of grade and grade control, one of the most important considerations is the effect of grades on the operating costs of the motor vehicle. An increase in gasoline consumption and a reduction in speed are apparent when grades are increase in gasoline consumption and a reduction in speed is apparent when grades are increased. An economical approach would be to balance the added annual cost of grade reduction against the added annual cost of vehicle operation without grade reduction. An accurate solution to the problem depends on the knowledge of traffic volume and type, which can be obtained only by means of a traffic survey.While maximum grades vary a great deal in various states, AASHTO recommendations make maximum grades dependent on design speed and topography. Present practice limits grades to 5 percent of a design speed of 70 mph. For a design speed of 30 mph, maximum grades typically range from 7 to 12 percent, depending on topography.Wherever long sustained grades are used, the designer should not substantially exceed the critical length of grade without the provision of climbing lanes for slow-moving vehicles. Critical grade lengths vary from 1700 ft for a 3 percent grade to 500 ft for an 8 percent grade.Long sustained grades should be less than the maximum grade on any particular section of a highway. It is often preferred to break the long sustained uniform grade by placing steeper grades at the bottom and lightening the grade near the top of the ascent. Dips in the profile grade in which vehicles may be hidden from view should also be avoided.Maximum grade for highway is 9 percent. Standards setting minimum grades are of importance only when surface drainage is a problem as when water must be carried away in a gutter or roadside ditch. In such instances the AASHTO suggests a minimum of 0.35%.C Sight DistanceFor safe vehicle operation, highway must be designed to give drivers a sufficient distance or clear version ahead so that they can avoid unexpected obstacles and can pass slower vehicles without danger. Sight distance is the length of highway visible ahead to the driver of a vehicle. The concept of safe sight distance has two facets: “stopping” (or “no passing”) and “passing”.At times large objects may drop into a roadway and will do serious damage to a motor vehicle that strikes them. Again a car or truck may be forced to stop in the traffic lane in the path of following vehicles. In dither instance, proper design requires that such hazards become visible at distances great enough that drivers can stop before hitting them. Further more, it is unsafe to assume that one oncoming vehicle may avoid trouble by leaving the lane in which it is traveling, for this might result in loss of control or collision with another vehicle.Stopping sight distance is made up of two elements. The first is the distance traveled after the obstruction comes into view but before the driver applies his brakes. During this period of perception and reaction, the vehicle travels at its initial velocity. The second distance is consumed while the driver brakes the vehicle to a stop. The first of these two distances is dependent on the speed of the vehicle and the perception time and brake-reaction time of the operator. The second distance depends on the speed of the vehicle; the condition of brakes, times, and roadway surface; and the alignment and grade of the highway.On two-lane highways, opportunity to pass slow-moving vehicles must be provided at intervals. Otherwise capacity decreases and accidents increase as impatient drivers risk head-on collisions by passing when it is unsafe to do so. The minimum distance ahead that must be clear to permit safe passing is called the passing sight distance.In deciding whether or not to pass another vehicle, the driver must weigh the clear distance available to him against the distance required to carry out the sequence of events that make up the passing maneuver. Among the factors that will influence his decision are the degree of caution that he exercises and the accelerating ability of his vehicle. Because humans differ markedly, passing practices, which depend largely on human judgment and behavior rather than on the laws of mechanics, vary considerably among drivers. To establish design values for passing sight distances, engineers observed the passing practices of many drivers. Basic observations on which passing sight distance standards are based were made during the period 1938-1941. Assumed operating conditions are as follows:1. The overtaken vehicle travels at a uniform speed.2. The passing vehicle has reduced speed and trails the overtaken one as it enters the passing section.3. When the passing section is reached, the driver requires a short period of time to perceive the clear passing section and to react to start his maneuver.4. Passing is accomplished under what may be termed a delayed start and a hurried return in the face of opposing traffic. The passing vehicle accelerates during the maneuver and its average speed during occupancy of the left lane is 10 mph higher than that of the overtaken vehicle.5. When the passing vehicle returns to its lane there is a suitable clearance length between it and an oncoming vehicle in the other lane.The five distances, in sum, make up passing sight distance.
毕业论文的英文翻译是thesis，音标是英 [ˈθi:sɪs] 美 [ˈθisɪs] 。
n.论文，毕业论文;论点，论题;命题
1、There is no empirical evidence to support his thesis.
他的论文缺乏实验证据的支持。
2、How well does this thesis stand up to close examination?
这个命题经得起推敲吗？
3、He has finished his thesis.
他的论文完成了。
4、She's finished writing her thesis.
她那篇论文写出来了。
5、Please write an abstract of this article 〔 thesis 〕.
请写一份这本书〔这篇论文〕的摘要。
The article has a clear-cut thesis and arguments, but lacks reasoning.
文章论点、论据鲜明，但缺乏论证。
外文翻译要求：（1）选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。（2）选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。（3）外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。翻译要求：1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。 原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。扩展资料：外文翻译需要注意的问题1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文，且写在中文译文的右上角（不是放在页眉处）；会议要求：名称、地点、年份、卷（期），等 。2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。3、abstract翻译成“摘要”，不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用，不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”，等。 7、注意排版格式，都是单排版，行距1.25，字号小4号，等（按照格式要求）。8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴，但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。 9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴，要自己重新录入、重新画表格。
building types and designA building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings .industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,education and other social activities .Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining industry ,the metallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the textile industry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used .Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well. Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center .In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we’re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services” .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the “day “rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the “night “rooms consist of the bedrooms .the “services “comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms .It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .There is little standardization in industrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare .翻译：建筑类型和设计建筑物与人们有着紧密的联系，他为人们提供必要的空间，用以工作和生活。根据适用类型不同，建筑物可以分为两类：工业建筑和民用建筑。工业建筑包括各个工厂或工业生产所使用建筑，民用建筑是指那些人们用以居住，就业，教育和其他社会活动的建筑场所。工业建筑的厂房可用于采矿业，冶金工业，机械制造，化学工业和纺织工业等各类领域的加工和制造。厂房可分为两种类型：单层的和多层的。工业建筑也属于建筑的一种。但是，工业建筑与民用建筑所用的材料和建筑方式不同。民用建筑按使用可分为两大类：住宅建筑和公共建筑。住宅建筑要适应家庭生活。每个单位应包括至少三个必要客房：起居室，厨房和厕所。公共建筑可在政治，文化活动，管理工作和其他服务，如学校，写字楼，公园，医院，商店，车站，剧院，体育馆，宾馆，展览馆，洗浴池，等等。他们都有着不同的职能，这反过来又需要不同的设计类型。房屋是用以住人的. 其基本功能是提供住房的内容，但今天人们需要更多的住房内容。一个家庭在进入一个新的社区后将知道，现有住房不仅要符合其安全，健康和舒适等标准。还要考虑其附近是否有相应的配套设施，如食品市场，学校，商店，图书馆，电影院，以及社区中心等。在60年代中期住房最重要的价值是足够大的空间和方便的出入交通。大多数家庭会首选约半英亩面积土地的家庭住宅，这样将提供足够的空间的用以业余活动。在高度工业化的国家，许多家庭的首选是那种尽可能远离市中心商业圈的住房，即使距离上班地点不得不有一段距离。相当多的家庭首选是郊区的住房，因为他们的主要目的是要远离噪音，拥挤和混乱。拥有方便的公共交通使得距离不再是一个决定性因素，因为大多数人都是开着自己的汽车去上班了。人们现在主要感兴趣的是户型，房间的大小和卧室的数目。在工程项目开始之前，要做好建筑设计和施工流程,让人提前知道该建筑建成后是什么样子以及下一步应该做什么。在建筑设计中要特别重视房间的布局，其目的是提供最大的便利与可能的用途。在一个住宅建筑设计中，布局可考虑以下三个方面： “白天” ， “夜晚”和“服务”。必须注意这些空间区域之间的连通交流。 “白天”房一般包括餐厅，起居室和厨房，但其他房间可能会增加，如书房，并有可能成为一个大厅。起居室通常是最大的，往往是一个餐厅，也或可能有厨房、凹室等。 “夜间”房间包括卧室、客房。“服务”用房间包括厨房，浴室，储藏室 ，和厕所等。厨房和储藏室需设置在一起，以方便其房间功能的使用。此外，还必须考虑各种客房的朝向问题，当然最好尽可能的将那些经常使用的房间朝南设置。然而，在考虑到周围的环境和地点、道路等多方面因素，往往很难达到最佳要求。在解决这些复杂的问题，还必须按照当地城市规划条例所涉及的对公共设施，人口密度，建筑物高度，绿化面积，建筑红线等的要求，还要考虑到有相邻建筑的情况，等等。尽管工业建筑需要符合当地城市规划条例但很少有标准化的工业楼宇。现代厂房建筑的趋势是轻质、通风。一般的钢筋混凝土结构或钢结构的工厂，可以得到一个“跌”型脊屋顶，把窗户开向北以便使分布均匀的自然采光不会直射进来造成刺眼。
This article puts in detail the meaning of the whole process of cost and impact on the cost of five main phases - the investment decision-making stage, the design stage, the stage of the contracts, the construction phase, the phase of the completion of the current situation in the country and specific method of cost control in detail on Put forward in China's bridge construction cost control should be the focus of the investment decision-making phase of the design phase and transfer. And all that is not actually control the focus of the project itself, but specific to the person in charge, people are all professional and moral quality control in the core of the method is only one tool to achieve their goals. The article recommended active supervision from the design stage to intervene, andAll that is not actually control the focus of the project itself, but specific to the person in charge, people are all professional and moral quality control in the core of the method is only one tool to achieve their goals. The article recommended active supervision from the design stage to intervene, and that from the beginning to allow some of the pre-professional, sophisticated and trusted consulting firm involved in construction costs. Details of how a certain extent, we integrated the wisdom, along with control of a bridge project, the total cost.
Zhuzhou rocky bridge preliminary design for construction of a simply-supported (turn) continuous beamPick toThis design is mainly zhuzhou bozez, preliminary design of the structure of the bridge. Zhuzhou rocky bridge using simply-supported turn construction method of continuous girder hoisting, prefabricated after construction, then into supported beam cast-in-situ dismantle temporary pedestal, formed by the continuous girder girder altitude box girder, span of 30 meters.The design of the first chapter 11 points, the introduction, this paper describes the project for the surrounding environment, the bad design requirements, construction methods, The second chapter for bridge and longitudinal and transverse layout, The third chapter for section geometry, DiSiWuLiu chapter for internal force calculation and internal combination times, Chapter 7 for prestressing tendons estimation, layout, DiBaJiu chapter for loss of prestress and internal force calculation after reinforcement, Chapter 10 of intensity for deck. Chapter 11 for stress, deformation and other computations.Keywords: prestressed concrete continuous girder bridge construction in turn for internal force combined times advance arch
毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求：
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。
译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。
主要标准
翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。一般来说，翻译的标准主要有两条：忠实和通顺。
忠实
是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息，也就是说，把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来，使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。
通顺
是指译文规范、明白易懂，没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。
等我下,我帮你重新翻译下
本科论文英语怎么说?“毕业论文”用英文怎么说？Graduationthesis毕业论文用英语怎么说？Graduationthesis"论文"用英语怎么说论文（Paper）或：dissertation（论文）或：thesis（论文）经常说的：）~Englishdissertation(英语论文)Graduationthesis(毕业论文)本科毕业论文英语怎么翻译Howwillputacrossyougradua激ionthesisandthe(thesis)oraldefense?毕业论文用英语怎么说一般用thesis博士论文dissertation本科论文的"导师"英语怎么表达?通常有：supervisormentortutormentor是比较常用我想问一下，毕业论文后面写的已发表论文，状态里面，英文怎么表达？比如Accepted等等。10分submitted:就是这篇文章已经提交给期刊，但还没有得到任何答复，还完全有被拒收的可能；underreview:就是文章进入评审阶段，一般提交给期刊的文章先要经过期刊助手对文章结构，字数等技术性检查，合格的话才送交主编，由主编邀请评审专家初审。underreview表明主编已经将论文送审了，结果仍未知；majorrevision:文章需要大改，一般情况下如果（2-3位中）1位评审专家对文章提出一些尖锐、负面的意见，而另几位的意见比较正面，则主编往往会要求作者进行大改动；至此，文章还是有被接受的可能，但要看改动后的文章是否让评审专家或主编满意；minorrevision:小改动，至此文章被接受的可能已经达90%，只需要对文中小的差错进行修改即可接受；accepted：完全接受，但离出版印刷发行还有段时间；earlyonline(oronlineready):已经完全定型的文章还需要排队印刷发行，这个过程有的期刊会很长，1-2年，earlyonline或onlineready就是先将文章在网上发布出来，供读者阅读。这时的文章doi号码已经有，也可以引用，但还没有正式的卷号，期号及页码；published:最后印刷出版了本科毕业论文摘要还需要用英语翻译吗？您好，根据我上学的时候帮各种人写毕业论文的经验来看。每个学校的规定都不一样，这个问题需要咨询一下你们的指导老师，或者看一下你们学校下发的毕业论文的格式规范。有的学校需要，有的不需要。所以，需要看你们学校的规定。英语本科毕业论文怎么写？？可以到淘宝网搜索店铺：职称毕业论文写作服务论文下载店老板人很热情的，是辽宁阜新的。我的同学都是在他那里下载或者写为什么本科论文前面要写一段英文英文是文章的摘要，方便英文使用者搜索到你的文章。如果你的文章写得好，被国外的人引用不是更好么。。。为什么叫做装。。。
毕业论文的英文翻译是thesis，音标是英 [ˈθi:sɪs] 美 [ˈθisɪs] 。
n.论文，毕业论文;论点，论题;命题
1、There is no empirical evidence to support his thesis.
他的论文缺乏实验证据的支持。
2、How well does this thesis stand up to close examination?
这个命题经得起推敲吗？
3、He has finished his thesis.
他的论文完成了。
4、She's finished writing her thesis.
她那篇论文写出来了。
5、Please write an abstract of this article 〔 thesis 〕.
请写一份这本书〔这篇论文〕的摘要。
The article has a clear-cut thesis and arguments, but lacks reasoning.
文章论点、论据鲜明，但缺乏论证。
He was awarded his PhD for a thesis on industrial robots.
他凭一篇研究工业机器人的论文获得博士学位。
Please write an abstract of this article 〔 thesis 〕.
请写一份这本书〔这篇论文〕的`摘要。
Your thesis wouldn't get across if you used too many technical terms in it.
如果你用了过多的专门术语，你的论文就不会被人理解。
He is writing his doctoral thesis in electrical engineering.
他在写关于电气工程学的博士论文。
“论文”一词的英文表达很多，通常因场合、用处不同而有不同的表达，下面罗列了几种，请楼主斟酌一下那一种是适合自己。*dissertation（博士学位）论文，（专题）论文，学术演讲：长而正式的论文，尤指大学里由博士学位攻读者所写的论文；学位论*disquisition专题论文；专题演讲，专题讨论：关于一个论题的正式讨论，常为书面形式*thesis命题论文：尤指出于获得学位的研究需要而改进原来观点以作为研究成果的论文*discourse（学术）讨论，研讨用的论文*paper作业形式的，为达到某一目的或效果（如学位）而写的
bridge [brɪdʒ]n. 桥, 桥梁; 舰桥; 桥楼; 驾驶台#桥牌v. 架桥于; 使渡过; 把...连结起来
门式起重机 gantry crane通用桥式起重机 general purpose overhead crane架桥机 bridge girder erection equipment公铁两用架铺机 highway and railway paver公路铁路提梁机 highway and railway gantry crane轮胎式龙门吊 rubber tyred gantry crane轮胎式运梁车 rubber tyred Beam Transport Car/rubber tyred flat bedPC运梁车 PC Beam Transport Car/flat bed船体运输车 shipyard transporter隧道施工设备 mechanized construction of tunnels 施工挂篮 hanging basket construction工程机械配件 engineering machinery accessories沥青拌合站配套件 parts and auxiliary equipment for bituminous concrete blending station稳定土拌合站 stabilized soil blending station
在20世纪，桥梁施工技术的发展，并刺激了 工业革命。在世纪之交，钢桥梁被铆接在一起，而不是螺栓;混凝土桥梁现浇，而不是预制;和大型桥梁成员 建于花边酒吧和小部分，而不是卷一张。塑料尚未发明。施工技术，如后张，泥浆墙，土壤冻结，和加筋土墙壁尚未设想。完成机械测量因为红外，光学技术仍然是75岁了。 大桥建设，是改变，因为新的千年的开始。新建筑 技术和新材料不断涌现。也有一些新的问题所面临的桥梁 建筑行业相对的研究需要与这些新技术和材料.大跨度桥梁 悬索桥 虽然悬索桥建设进行了适度的速度在整个20 世纪，数目空前的跨越的骄人记录长度是建立在 远东和丹麦。无论是明石海峡大桥在日本和大贝尔特海峡大桥 在丹麦人于1998年完成。明石海峡大桥是最大暂停 在世界上的桥梁，以跨度1991米，与大贝尔特海峡大桥是世界第二大， 以跨度1624米 虽然跨越长度增加了近五倍在本世纪， 他们可能已经达到其物理极限今天的材料。研究会 有必要制定新的，超高强度钢丝或碳纤维线要求 建立长期主要悬挂电缆，将有可能增加跨长度为 2000年以后米 当我们进入新千年，恢复和持续的维护现有的 悬索桥必须继续。最近康复措施主要 电缆和悬挂系统，这些桥梁已经发现退化 腐蚀和氢脆。需要进行研究以确定剩余 有用的使用寿命悬索桥电缆和可以采取何种措施来减缓或 停止退化进程。 交通新千年中的2 其他组成部分的大跨度桥梁，现有的和新的，革命性的正 技术向前发展。先进的生产技术甲板更强，更轻 甲板。正交异性和exodermic甲板正变得越来越流行的大跨度 结构作为一种手段，降低自重。轴承，联合系统，以及地震改造 部分正日益成为更加有效的大规模的测试设施 内置。
bridge在歌曲中称桥梁音乐或桥段。
一般来说，一首完整的流行歌曲采用的是“主歌1+副歌＋主歌2+副歌＋副歌”的结构。而有的时候，通常会在第一段副歌后面的某处（可能是紧接着第一段副歌的间奏后面，也有可能是在第二段和第三段副歌之间），会有一段与主歌和副歌都不相同的旋律，那就是“桥段”。
在电子音乐制作中，桥段进行时可能会拿掉大鼓并另外再增加一些渐强的声响，一个桥段可以凭借增加乐器配置或是转调来增添它的感染力。通常桥段不会安排超过八小节。
英文bridge的用法
1、bridge的基本意思是“桥”，引申可指“鼻梁；鼻梁架”，用于比喻意义指借以相互联系或接触的事物。是可数名词。
2、bridge还可作“桥牌”解，此时为不可数名词。
3、bridge用作专有名词时，不加定冠词。
4、bridge用作动词的意思是“架桥于…”，引申可作“越过”“渡过”解。
5、bridge是及物动词，接名词或代词作宾语。
6、bridge后接副词over表示“架桥于…；应付；克服”。