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学位论文英语用哪个词

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学位论文英语用哪个词

thesis statement or theory put forward and supported by arguments 论题; 论文. long written essay submitted by a candidate for a university degree; dissertation 毕业论文; 学位论文.

bachelor academic dissertation??

essay,paper和dissertation的区别是:读音不同、中文意思不同、侧重点不同

一、读音不同

1、essay 读音:英 ['eseɪ]  美 ['ɛse]

2、paper 读音:英 [ˈpeɪpə(r)]   美 [ˈpeɪpər]

3、dissertation  读音:英[ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn]    美[ˌdɪsərˈteɪʃn]

二、中文意思不同

1、essay的中文意思是:

n. 散文;试图;随笔

vt. 尝试;对…做试验

2、paper的中文意思是:

n.纸;纸张;报纸;文件;文献

v.贴壁纸

例句:

His desk was covered with books and papers.

他的办公桌上全是书籍和文件。

3、dissertation的中文意思是:

n.    专题论文; 学位论文;

例句:

He is currently writing a dissertation on the Somali civil war.

他目前正在写一篇关于索马里内战的论文。

三、侧重点不同

1、essay指学生为某门课程所写的短文或论说文,或指关于政治、社会等的小品文、散文等。

2、paper多指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文,也指高等学校的学期论文等。

3、dissertation书面语用词,指独立研究后所写的较为详细的专题文章。

thesis=====article

英语论文格式引用一个词

无须加括号,写书名,要加双引号

1、若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如:

The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper 9).

这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名);阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9);作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号;句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。

2、被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:

Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas” is an admirable and characteristic diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it Whitman is unable to conceive the extreme crises of society, one is certain that no society would be tolerable whose citizens could not find refreshment in its buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165)

这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。

3、如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如:

Dr. Beaman points out that “he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9).

值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。

4、如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点, 如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号);点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如:

Mary Shelley hated tyranny and “looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43).

5、若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如:

Professor Chen Jia’s A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers “a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i).

圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线;规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字;其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。

6、如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如:

Bacon condemned Platoas “an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35).

Farrington points out that Aristotle's father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine (Aristotle 15).

这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式), 其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。

7、评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示:

When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface, “The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(1.1620-21).

这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格;圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写;21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开。

参考文献加标注一般是在引用文字的末尾点击插入引用——脚注和尾注,选择尾注就可以了,参考文献应该属于尾注,在菜单里选“插入---引用----脚注和尾注”,脚注是在文章的某一页下面的注解,而尾注就是在文章最后了,打开后就可以选编码,即角码。可以自己设定类型、格式。双击编码就可以在文章和参考文献间转换。

在英文输入法状态下输入[1],选中[1].按ctrl+shift++号键

把光标放在引用参考文献的地方,在菜单栏上选“插入|脚注和尾注”,弹出的对话框中选择“尾注”,点击“选项”按钮修改编号格式为阿拉伯数字,位置为“文档结尾”,确定后Word就在光标的地方插入了参考文献的编号,并自动跳到文档尾部相应编号处请你键入参考文献的说明,在这里按参考文献著录表的格式添加相应文献。参考文献标注要求用中括号把编号括起来,至今我也没找到让Word自动加中括号的方法,需要手动添加中括号。 在文档中需要多次引用同一文献时,在第一次引用此文献时需要制作尾注,再次引用此文献时点“插入|交叉引用”,“引用类型”选“尾注”,引用内容为“尾注编号(带格式)”,然后选择相应的文献,插入即可。不要以为已经搞定了,我们离成功还差一步。论文格式要求参考文献在正文之后,参考文献后还有发表论文情况说明、附录和致谢,而Word的尾注要么在文档的结尾,要么在“节”的结尾,这两种都不符合我们的要求。解决的方法似乎有点笨拙。首先删除尾注文本中所有的编号(我们不需要它,因为它的格式不对),然后选中所有尾注文本(参考文献说明文本),点“插入|书签”,命名为“参考文献文本”,添加到书签中。这样就把所有的参考文献文本做成了书签。在正文后新建一页,标题为“参考文献”,并设置好格式。光标移到标题下,选“插入|交叉引用”,“引用类型”为“书签”,点“参考文献文本”后插入,这样就把参考文献文本复制了一份。选中刚刚插入的文本,按格式要求修改字体字号等,并用项目编号进行自动编号。到这里,我们离完美还差一点点。打印文档时,尾注页同样会打印出来,而这几页是我们不需要的。当然,可以通过设置打印页码范围的方法不打印最后几页。这里有另外一种方法,如果你想多学一点东西,请接着往下看。选中所有的尾注文本,点“格式|字体”,改为“隐藏文字”,切换到普通视图,选择“视图|脚注”,此时所有的尾注出现在窗口的下端,在“尾注”下拉列表框中选择“尾注分割符”,将默认的横线删除。同样的方法删除“尾注延续分割符”和“尾注延续标记”。删除页眉和页脚(包括分隔线),选择“视图|页眉和页脚”,首先删除文字,然后点击页眉页脚工具栏的“页面设置”按钮,在弹出的对话框上点“边框”,在“页面边框”选项卡,边框设置为“无”,应用范围为“本节”;“边框”选项卡的边框设置为“无”,应用范围为“段落”。切换到“页脚”,删除页码。选择“工具|选项”,在“打印”选项卡里确认不打印隐藏文字(Word默认)。

参考文献格式:

作者.题名[D].所在城市:保存单位,发布年份.

李琳.住院烧伤患者综合健康状况及其影响因素研究[D].福州:福建医科大学,2009.

其他的:

作者.题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码.

沈平,彭湘粤,黎晓静,等.临床路径应用于婴幼儿呼吸道异物手术后的效果[J].中华护理杂志,2012,47(10):930-932.

作者.书名[M]. 版次.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码.

胡雁.护理研究[M].第4版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2012:38.

作者.题名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).

丁文祥.数字革命与国际竞争[N].中国青年报,2000-11-20(15).

作者.题名[EB/OL].网址,发表日期/引用日期(任选).

世界卫生组织.关于患者安全的10个事实[EB/OL].

其他: [R]、[P]、[A]、[C]、[Z]等。

文中引述 正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式(即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。

引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。

美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。

若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如:The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”。

被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”is an admirable and characteristic And if one is sorry that in it Whitman is unable to conceive the extreme crises of society, one is certain that no society would be tolerable whoses citizens could not find refreshment in its buoyant democratic ideali *** 。这里的格式有两点要加以注意。

一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。

如:Professor Chen Jia's A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”。圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。

如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如:Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”。

Farrington points out that Aristotle's father Niachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine。扩展资料 基本要求 Clear:思路清晰、概念清楚、层次清楚、表达清楚 Complete:内容完整、结构完整匀称,切忌虎头蛇尾,有始无终 Correct:科学内容正确(不出错)、资料数据正确(数据可靠、可信)、语言正确(无语法错) Concise:论述深刻、充分揭示其科学内涵、使用定量方法 只有克服心理障碍,建立自信心, 熟悉SCI文章的思维方式及语言风格,勇于尝试,才能取得成功!注意事项 撰写英语教学论文要有务实的精神。

作者要沉得住气、耐得住寂寞,做到严谨、细致、认真,切忌浮躁、冲动、急功近利。要实事求是,深入实际,将教学研究植根于日常教学中。

在教学中研究,在研究中提高,不搞闭门造车、坐而论道。我们有些英语教师工作十分勤恳,但平时缺乏积累、疏于动笔,对论文写作望而生畏,不能用大纲、用先进的教育、教学理论武装自己的作品,不注意吸纳他人的成果,使作品成为单纯的经验、感受;或者只谈理论,不能用宝贵的实践经验来证明自己的论点,使作品缺乏说服力。

理论与实践相结合是英语教学论文写作应遵循的一项基本原则。第六、英文毕业论文摘要各部分的写作 根据《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求,英文摘要的写作并没有一成不变的格式,但一般来说,英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括并要求它能反映原始文献的主要信息。

第七、英语毕业论文——目的(What I want to do?) 目的。主要说明作者写作此文的目的,或本文主要解决的问题。

一般来说,一篇好的英文摘要,一开头就应该把作者本文的目的或要解决的主要问题非常明确地交待清楚。必要时,可利用论文中所列的最新文献,简要介绍前人的工作,但这种介绍一定要极其简练。

在这方面,《EI》提出了两点具体要求:1.1) Eliminate or minimize background information(不谈或尽量少谈背景信息)。1.2) Avoid repeating the title or part of the titlein the first sentence of the abstract(避免在摘要的第一句话重复使用题目或题目的一部分)。

第八、英语毕业论文——过程与方法(How I did it?) 过程及方法。主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法。

在英文摘要中,过程与方法的阐述起着承前启后的作用。开头交待了要解决的问题(What I want to do)之后,接着要回答的自然就是如何解决问题(How I did it),而且,最后的结果和结论也往往与研究过程及方法是密切相关的。

大多数作者在阐述过程与方法时,最常见的问题是泛泛而谈、空洞无物,只有定性的描述,使读者很难清楚地了解论文中解决问题的过程和方法。因此,在说明过程与方法时,应结合(指向)论文中的实例、实验框图等来进行阐述,这样可以既给读者一个清晰的思路。

第九、英语毕业论文——结果和结论(What results did I get and what conclusionscan I draw?)结果和结论部分代表着论文的主要成就和贡献,英语毕业论文有没有价值,值不值得读者阅读,主要取决于你所获得的结果和所得出的结论。因此,在写作结果和结论部分时,一般都要尽量。

英语毕业论文格式规范:A Contrastive Study beeen English and Chinese Idioms(题目:二号,黑体,加粗,居中,除了英语小词外,其他单词首字母都要大写;另外:除了题目外,论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”)(学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名(小四号宋体字,加粗),依次排印在论文题目下,上空二行,居中)【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… (英文摘要:上空二行;题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号;采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗;单倍行距。)

【Key Words】 idiom; parison; English; Chinese (英文关键词:题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,两个单词的首字母要大写,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用任何其他标点符号,采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗,除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写,各单词之间用分号“;”隔开,分号之后空一格;最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号;单倍行距。)1. Introduction (顶格,除了第一个单词及专有名词外,其他单词首字母都不要大写;标题最后不用任何标点符号,上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences beeen Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符;夹注的标注法:出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系;注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号,时间、页码等的标注法;另外,汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现,不能出现汉语姓氏;夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities beeen English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don't know。

我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。

(正文中的例子以(1),(2)…为序号排列,直至最后一个例子;而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences beeen English idioms and Chinese idioms3.1 The characteristics of English idioms(正文章节序号编制:章的编号:1. ,2., 3.,…;节的编号:1.1,1.2…,2.1,2.2…;小节的编号为:1.1.1, 1.1.2…。小节以下层次,采用希腊数字加括号为序,如(i),(ii)…;之后再采用字母加括号,如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格,小四号字,加粗;每节(及小节以下)题目左顶格,小四号字,不加粗但要斜体;所有章节的题目都单独一行,最后不加任何标点符号)….In conclusion, ….3.2 The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.….3.2.1 The *** ysis of the differences beeen English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) (小四号,加粗,后面不加任何标点符号) Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮,“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。

《外国语文》,1993,4:44。 冯树健,“否定之否定新说”[J] 。

《英语辅导》,1998,6:11。 李光陵,“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。

《大学英语》,2000,30:30。 (论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序:尾注:按照编号顺序。

夹注:英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献,各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序,不用单独加序号或编号;每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符;1.5倍行距;另外,与文中的夹注一一对应;不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容)。

学校一般有格式的,按照格式标注。

驳论文是议论文常见的论证文体,在对一些社会丑陋现象的批判与揭露上价值尤为突出,但学生在写作中往往感到不知从何驳起,无从下笔。其实,这类文章写作有一个思路,那就是:1、列现象,2、示弊端,3、探根源,4、指出路。本文适宜高中课文,鲁迅先生的名篇《拿来主义》为例,对驳论文的这一特征予以探析。

列现象

对现实中不合道德、有碍社会健康发展的现象进行列举。事例选取的典型性,以求警醒人们;罗列的丰富性,以求引起读者共鸣;修辞的多样性,以求彰显行文文采,增强气势。例:

单是学艺上的东西,近来就先送一批古董到巴黎去展览,但终“不知后事如何”;还有几位“大师”们捧着几张古画和新画,在欧洲各国一路的挂过去,叫作“发扬国光”。听说不远还要送梅兰芳博士到苏联去,以催进“象征主义”,此后是顺便到欧洲传道。

论文中引用他人的文献应当按照参考文献的国家标准格式依次进行引用和标注。

格式为: [序号]主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码(可选)。 例如: [7]金显贺,王昌长,王忠东,等. 一种用于在线检测局部放电的数字滤波技术[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),1993,33⑷:62-67. [4]冯西桥. 核反应堆压力管道和压力容器的LBB分析[R]. 北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院,1997. 扩展资料: 以毕业论文为例,论文正文版面格式: 1、正文部分与“关键词”行间空两行; 2、汉语正文文字采用小四号宋体;正文英语正文文字采用Times New Roman12号,标题汉语采用四号黑体,标题英语采用Times New Roman14号,每段首起空两格,1.25倍行距; 3、段落间层次要分明,题号使用要规范。

MLA 是一种常用的引用格式,由于MLA 格式很严谨,在 文章 中即使是一小句也不可以随便不加任何注释的引用。下面我给大家分享一些mla英语论文引用格式要求,希望能对大家有所帮助。mla英语论文引用格式要求 Rubric of the Course Paper for “American Literature” 关于“美国文学”课程论文MLA格式的细则 1. The thesis is written in English, including the citation.( 全文用英文书写, 包括引用文献。) 2. What are some essential standard of a MLA paper? (MLA 论文基本要求)Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper. Set the margins of your thesis to one-inch(2.54 centimeters)on all sides. The paper should be double-space typed. There is one space between every English words. There is no space between the words and punctuations. (用12号新罗马字体排版,双倍行距。页边距为2.54厘米,16开A4白色纸打印,英文单词之间相距一个空格。单词和标点符号之间没有空格。) 3. How to Create a Header? 如何编辑页眉?Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your family name, followed by a space with the page number; number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4) and flush with the right margin. Omit the page number on Page One.(编辑页眉,将你的姓和页码标注在右上角,姓和页码之间有一个空格,不用标点符号;上面边距是1.27厘米,右边与正文部分对齐。) 4. How to deal with the first page? 第一页格式的处理。In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name; your number and your class; the tutor’s name; the course; and the date. The date in MLA format should be written as “day month year.”: i.e. 29 December 2011(without comma between each word and the month should not be abbreviated.) Be sure to use double space. (第一页左上角,纵向排列你的名字;学号、班级;指导老师的名字;课程名称;日期(格式是日月年,中间不用标点符号,月份也不用缩写,如:29 December 2011) 5. How to write a title?(如何写标题?)The title is centered and written in 12-piont Times New Roman font. The title is not bold, underlined, or italicized. But use quotation mark or italic(s) if your title includes works (an article, a poem, or a story) or a book of others, do just as you would do in the text: quote the title of the article, the poem or the story while italicize the book. (标题居中,用12号新罗马字体。标题不用黑体,下划线或斜体,如果标题中有已出版的文章,文章部分用双引号,如果是书籍,书籍部分用斜体。如:Sybolism in “Young Good Man Brown.” 或Sybolism in Scarlet Letter。 6. How to write an outline? 如何写提纲?((You are not required to write an outline this time).注意:这次没有要求写提纲。)As for the outline of a MLA paper, there is a sample of outline on Page 38 of the fifth edition of MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers: A- level: I, II, III, B-level: A, B, C; C-level: 1, 2, 3; D-level:a, b, c, E-level: (1), (2), (3); F-level: (a), (b), (c). (MLA论文的题纲可以参考《MLA科研论文写作规范》第五版38页的提纲:A级:用大写罗马数字I, II, III等;B级:用大写英文字母A, B, C等;C级:用阿拉伯数字1、2、3 等;D级:用小写英文字母a,b, c 等; E级:用阿拉伯数字加括号如(1), (2), (3); F级:用小写英文字母加括号,如:(a), (b), (c).) 7. (如何写副标题?)As for the heading of the text, title the main sections(B-level) 用不同的字体将文章中B级标题和主标题区分开: 如标题左对齐, 词首字母用12号字体,其余用10号字体,大写锁定键键入,如:主标题是:Symbolism in “Young Good Man Brown”(居中),B级标题是SYMBOLIC MEANING OF NATURE.(左对齐),然后用两倍行距分行,开始正文部分;C级标题大写词首字母,用斜体格式,不分行,直接开始正文部分。如: C级标题 Symblic Meaning of the Forest 8. How to indent the first paragraph? (如何编辑段落?)Indent the first sentence of each paragraph 0.5inch. Microsoft Word suggests using the Tab ky. (每一段第一句缩进半英寸(1.75厘米),用Tab键。 9. How many parts are there basically in a thesis? (论文最基本应该包括几部分?)The thesis should have an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs for developing ideas and a paragraph for conclusion. (论文应该包括一段引言部分、几段论证部分和一段结论部分。) 10. How to write the introduction? Is it the introduction of the author or the introduction of the plot of the story? (如何写论文的引言部分?它是作者的生平介绍吗?它是小说的 故事 情节介绍吗?) No, The introduction is neither the introduction of the author nor that of the plot of the story you study. It is an introduction of the paper you are writing. It should set the context for the rest of the paper. It tells your readers why you are writing and why your topic is important. It ends with a thesis statement which is the position you will develop and support throughout the paper. The thesis statement guides and controls your paper.(引言部分既不是你所研究的文章的作者介绍,也不是作品的故事情节介绍,而是对你写的论文大致介绍。它为整篇文章定下基调,告知读者你的论文的必要性和重要性;引言部分用一个 句子 作为全文中心论点结束,中心论点是需要论证阐释的观点,指导和控制全文,使整篇文章不至于偏题。) 11. How to Make the Ideas of a Long Thesis Easier for the Reader to Grasp? (如何使一篇篇幅较长的论文便于读者理解?)If your thesis is a long one, you may want to write about how your paper is organized. This can help your reader to follow your ideas.(如果你的论文比较长,在引言之后接下来一段,你可以介绍你论文的结构,便于读者理解你的观点。) 12. What are the elements for the body paragraphs? (正文段落的有哪些要素?)Body paragraphs have these four elements: a transition, a topic sentence, evidence and a brief wrap-up sentence. At the beginning of your developing paragraphs, make sure you have transitory words, phrases or paragraphs to have each part connected logically together. You’d better begin each paragraph with a topic sentence and several other sentences of instances to support it, and the last sentence to wrap up for a conclusion while transitioning to the next paragraph.(每一个自然段开始,要注意用过渡段的连接词,词组或句子,把每一部分串联成一个符合逻辑的整体。每一段开始用一个中心句,接下来用列子证明,句与句之间要有表示逻辑关系的词,词组,最后用一句话概括整段大意,并与下一段自然过渡。) 13. How to quote in the text? (如何在正文中引用文献?)In-text citations occur after the quote but before the period. The author’s/authors’ name/s go before the page number with no comma in between. i.e. “A lone woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts that she’s afraid of herself sometimes” (Hawthorne 431). If you go on to quote the same work, put the page number in a bracket only. i.e. “She’s a blessed angel on earth; and after this one night I’ll cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven”(432). 文中引用文献的标注在引用部分后面,句号前面,作者姓空格页码,中间没有逗号),如果同一页引用同一作品,则只标页码。 14. Use block quote when quotations are longer than four-typed lines. Block quotations begin on a new line, are double-spaced and indented one-inch from the margin. Do not use quotation marks. The citation information (the author’s name and the page number) follow. (如果被引用的部分超过三行,则引用整段。整段引用另起一行,双倍行距,自页边空白整体缩进一英寸(2.54厘米),不用引号,末尾添加引用来源(作者姓空格页码)。 15. If you delete words from the original quote, insert an ellipsis, three periods with a space before and after each one.(如果你去掉引文中的一些单词,用省略号(三个前后有空格的小圆点)。 16. If a source has more than three authors, use the first author’s surname followed by “et al.” i.e. (Barker et al. 23) (如果文献作者是三位以上,文中引用只用第一位作者的姓,后面是空格加“et al." 再空格加页码) 17.Citation from a website: A. If the website has no page number,you simply use the author's surname after the period.i.e. B. If you cite an indirect source, words quoted in another source. ie.(qtd.in author's surname). C. Source with an unknown author is cited by a shortened title.(The first word of the title with a quotation mark:i.e. "Automatically") 17. Conclusion wrap up what you have discussed in your paper. Because it is B-level, the first paragraph is not indented. (结尾部分 总结 论文中讨论的话题。因它是B级标题,第一段不缩进。) 18. How to Use Endnotes? (如何使用尾注?) Use endnotes to explain something that doesn’t fit in with the rest of the paragraph. Avoid lengthy discussion in the endnote. Endnote begins on a new page after the paper but before the Work/s Cited page. Double space all entries and indent each entry 0.5 inch from the margin.(如果有和本段不相吻合,可以用尾注加以详细解释。尾注要简洁,避免冗长的讨论。尾注在正文后另起一页,置于文献引用页之前,用双行距,左对齐,页边距是半英寸,即1.75厘米。 19. . How to format the Work/s Cited page ?(引用作品格式) The Work/s Cited page is a list of all the sources you cited in your paper. It includes books, journals, magazines, online resources, films, CD-Rom, interview,classroom notes, blog, e-mail, diaries, etc.(“引用作品”页是在你论文最后列出你文中引用的信息的来源, 包括书籍,期刊,报刊,网络,电影,光盘,访谈,课堂笔记,博客,电子邮件, 日记 等) The Works Cited page begins on a new page. Center the title Works Cited without underlining, bolding, italicizing it. If there is only one entry, write Work Cited.引用作品页置于尾注页之后,另起一页。将Works Cited 的标题居中,不加下划线,不加斜体。如果只引用一项,则用单数“Work Cited." List the entries in the alphebetically order. 按照字母表的顺序排列。 MLA now requires all sources to have a publication marker. For example, books receive the marker “print” after the citation. Online sources have the marker of "Web." CD-Rom, E-mail, Blog for resources from CD-Rom, E-mail, and Blog respectively. 现在MLA要求所有引用文献要有一个“出版标志." 比如,书藉后用"Print.," 网络信息用"Web" ,光盘用CD-Rom,博客用Blog.电子邮件用e-mail.(详见以下例子。) If a source doesn’t have a list of publisher, and you can infer who the publisher is. Place the publisher’s name in brackets.(如果原文没有出版社,但你能够猜到出版商是谁,可以用括号把出版商括起来。 Online Resources Citation: MLA no long requires URLs in the Works Cited, instead, you must write “web” before the date of access in the entry. This serves as the entry’s publication marker. i.e.Contributors' names. "Title of Resource." The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, Last edited date. Web. Date of access. 对于网络信息,MLA 不再要求给出详细网址,但你必须在你访问网址的时间之前注明“Web”作为出版标记。如:作者姓,名. “文章名”. 网站,最后编辑日月年. Web. 访问日月年. Russell, Tony, Allen Brizee, and Elizabeth Angeli. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 4 Apr. 2010. Web. 20 July 2010. Note: 短篇小说课本引用格式:小说作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 论文集名称. Ed. 论文集编者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始页码.Print. Lawrence,D.H. "The Rocking Horse Winner." The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction. Ed. R.V.Cassill. 5th. ed. New York: Norton, 1995. 543-559. Print. 注意: 1. 现在MLA不再在书名下用下划线,而是用斜体字。 2. 现在MLA要求用print 标记公开出版的纸质刊物的出版特征,包括书,杂志,报纸。 3. 现在MLA不要求网络信息的详细网址,但要用Web 标记信息来源的出版特征。 以下信息来自网络,稍作改动。 1. 独著 姓,名. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Bambrough, Renford. The Philosophy of Aristotle. New York: The New American Library, 1963.Print. 2. 两至三名作者 姓,名, 名姓, 名姓, and 名姓. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Horton, Rod W., and Herbert W. Edwards. Backgrounds of American Literary Thought. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1952.Print. Atwan, Robert, Donald Mcquade, and John Wright. Edsels, Luckies, and Frigidaires: Advertising the American Way. New York: Dell, 1979.Print. 3. 四名或以上作者 姓,名, et al. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Belenky, Mary Field, et, al. Women's Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice, and Mind. New York: Basic, 1986.Print. 4. 机构作者 机构名称. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychological Association, 1994.Print. 5. 匿名作者 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. The New York Times Atlas of the World. New York: New York Times Books, 1980. Print. 6. 同一作者两本以上著作 以书名第一个主要单词的首字母顺序排列先后,作者的姓名放在第一条文献条目前,第二条文献条目前用三个连字号。 Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence, a Theory of Poetry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.Print. ---. A Map of Misreading. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.Print. 7. 编著 一名编者: 姓, 名, ed. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Frye, Northrop, ed. Romanticism Reconsidered. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963.Print. 两名编者: 姓, 名, and 名姓, eds. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Glotfelty, Cheryll, and Harold Fromm, eds. The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. Atherns: The University of Georgia Press, 1966.Print. 三名以上的编者: 第一编者姓, 名, et al. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Donadio, Stephen, et al., eds. Emerson and His Legacy. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1986.Print. 8. 译著 原作者姓, 名. 书名. Trans. 译者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print. Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontents. Trans. James Strachey. New York: Norton, !961.Print. 9. 再版著作 姓,名. 书名. 版别序号 ed. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman. An Introduction to Language. 5th ed. Ft. Worth: Harcourt, 1993. Print. 10. 论文集中的文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 论文集名称. Ed. 论文集编者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始页码.Print. Wellek, Rene. “Romanticism RE-examined.” Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963. 75-98.Print. Hall, Stuart, “Minial Selves.” Studying Culture. Eds. Ann Gray and Jim McGuigan. Arnold: Hodder Headline Group, 1993. 131-42. Print. Note: 短篇小说课本引用格式:小说作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 论文集名称. Ed. 论文集编者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始页码.Print. Lawrence,D.H., "The Rocking Horse Winner." The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction. Ed. R.V.Cassill. 5th ed.New York: Norton, 1995. 543-559. Print. 11. 多卷、多册或再版著作 书名后注明第几册或第几卷.(带翻译) 姓, 名. 书名. 卷目 vols. Trans.译者姓名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print. Plato. Laws. 2 vols. Trans. R. G. Bury. Leob Classical Libery. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1926. Print. 12. 前言,后记 前言作者姓,名. “Introduction (或Forewords 或 Preface).” 书名. By 书目作者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 前言起始页码.Print. 后记作者姓,名. “Afterwords.” 书名. By 书目作者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 后记起始页码.Print. Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. “Introduction.” Pioneer Women: Voices from the Kansas Frontier. By Joanna L. Stratton. New York: Simon, 1981. 11-15.Print. 13. 期刊文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 杂志名称 卷号. 期号 (出版年代): 起始页码.Print. Maguire, James H. “The Canon and the 'Diminished Thing.” American Literature 60 (1988): 645-52.Print. Davis, Sherri Heckler. “The Zen Art of Prewriting.” New Mexico English Journal12. 1 (1988): 21-23.Print. 14. 周刊或双周刊文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 杂志名称 出版日月年: 起始页码..Print. Hoagland, Edward. “Standing Tough in the Desert.” New York Times Book Review 7 May 1989: 44-45.Print. 15. 月刊或双月刊文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 杂志名称 出版月年: 起始页码..Print. Weiss, Philip. “The Book Thief: A True Tale of Bibliomania.” Harper’s January 1994: 37-56.Print. 16. 报纸文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.” 报纸名称 出版日月年, 版, 栏, 页码..Print. Intraub, Anna Jinagwang. “How I learned to Read.” New York Times. 13 January 2002, Section 4, Column 6, Page 16.Print. 如果作者未知, 版栏信息缺失, 格式为: “文章标题.” 报纸名称 出版日月年: 页码..Print. “Learn English through Football.” 21st Century Supplement 21 Feb. 2002: III.Print. 17. Multimedia sources: (多媒体资料) MLA format for multimedia Sources requires a medium description at the end of the citation. Film, DVD, Radio, Web. E-mail, Presentation and other descriptions should be used to indicate the type of multimedia that is being referrenced. MLA格式要求多媒体资料的引用要在应用信息后面加上媒体形式:如电影,DVD,收音机,网络,电子邮件,演讲等。 ⑴ 网络著作 l General Format: Author(corporations, governments): Title of Site. Sponsor. Date Created (use n.d. if not given) medium. Date accessed. 基本格式:作者(机构,政府):网页标题。网站,网页制作日月年(若无,用n. d.)媒介. 访问日月年。 l 整个网站:如:United States Environmental Protection Agency: Drinking Water Standards. EPA, 8 July 2004. Web. 24 Jan. 2006. l 网页上一篇不知发表日期的文章: Shiva. “Biothics: A Third World Issue.” Nativeweb. Nativeweb, n. d. Web. 22 Feb. 2006 l 网上著作 作者姓, 名. 书名 出版年代. 检索日月年.Web Emerson, Ralph waldo. Essays: First Series.1841.12 Feb. 1997. Web. l 网络文章 作者姓, 名. 文章名称. 来源名称. 最后编辑日月年.Web. 检索日月年 Fischer, Michael F. “Worthless Words for the Day.” 21 November 2005.Web. 8 May 2007 19. l 博客:作者姓, 名. 博客名称. 来源名称 最近编辑日月年.Web. 检索日月年 :Li ChengPeng. Li Cheng Peng. Sina.com, 30 Dec. 2011. Web. 4 Jan. 2011. ⑵电邮:作者. 主题. 电邮大意. 发邮件日月年. E-mail. i.e. Mu Xinghua. “Re: The Main Characters in ‘Flowering Judas’”. Message to the teacher. 20 Dec. 2011. E-mail. ⑶光盘: 作者姓, 名. “条目标题.” 光盘名称. (其他信息). CD-ROM. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. “Communion.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992. ⑷ 视频: 作者. “视频标题.” 视频用途. 网站 上传日月年. Web. 访问视频日月年.

英语学位论文连接词

(1)表示承接的过渡词:also,and,and then,too,in addition,furthermore,moreover,what's more, again,on top of that,another,first,second,third等。(2)表示时间顺序的过渡词:now,then,before,after,afterwards,earlier,later,immediately,soon,next,in a few days,gradually,suddenly,finally··等。(但是你可以感受到这些词是副词,所以原词条对于“连接词”即连词是错误的)(3)表示空间顺序的过渡词:near(to),far(from),in front of,behind,beside,beyond,above,below,to the right/left,around,outside等。(4)表示比较的过渡词:in the same way,just like,just as等。(5)表示转折的过渡词:but,still,yet,however,nevertheless,nonetheless,on the contrary,in spite of/ in spite of the fact that,even though,although,despite / despite the fact that等。(6)一方面,另一方面:on the one hand,on the other hand,for one thing,for another等。(7)表示结果和原因的过渡词:because,since,so,as a result,therefore,then,furthermore,otherwise等。(as a result ,therefore, thus并不是连词而是副词,所以经常是放句首,用逗号与后面句子隔开)(8)表示目的的过渡词:for this reason,for this purpose,so that,in order to等。(9)表示强调的过渡词:in fact,indeed,surely,necessarily,certainly,without any doubt,truly,to repeat,above all,most important等。(10)表示解释说明的过渡词:for example,in fact,in this case,for actually, for instance等。(11)表示总结的过渡词:in a word,above all,,all in all,finally,at last,in conclusion,as I have shown,in another word,in brief,in short,in general,on the whole,as has been stated,last but not least,in addition等。

过渡词:

1 条件关系:如果,只要:if , on condition that, as long as, so long as。

2 递进关系:另外,还有:what is more, besides, also, moreover, in addition to, apart from。

3 转折关系: 但是,然而,相反:but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, while。

4 因果关系:所以,因此:so, thus, therefore, as a result。

5 目的关系:为了:to, in order to/that, so as to/that, for the purpose of。

6 让步关系: 尽管, 即使:although, though, as, even though, even if。

连接词:常见的连接词包括以下几种 。

1 换句话说:in other words, that is to say, to put it another way,that is。

2 实际上: in fact, actually, as a matter of fact。

说实话,说真话:to tell the truth。

3总而言之,总的来说:on the whole, in short, all in all, in general, in a word 。

4 信不信由你: believe it or not。

表示强调的连接词 still,Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all,significantly,obviously,interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially,clearly.表示比较的连接词 like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally.表示对比的连接词 by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast.表示列举的连接词 for example, for instance, such as, take 。

for example. Except (for), to illustrate.表示时间的连接词 later,next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, during, nowadays, since, lately, as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while.表示顺序的连接词 first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most important.表示可能的连接词 presumably, probably, perhaps.用于解释的连接词 in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms.表示递进的连接词 What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, furthermore, too, moreover, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again.表示让步的连接词 although, after all, in spite of。, despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, whatever may happen.表示转折的连接词 however,rather than, instead of, but, yet, on the one hand, on the other hand,unfortunately. whereas; some, others; here, there; on the contrary; in contrast to; in spite of; not only。

but also; while;although;nevertheless,years ago。today; this。

that; the former。the later; then。

now; the first。whereas the second; once。

now表示原因的连接词 for this reason, due to, thanks to, because, because of, as, since, owing to.表示结果的连接词 as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence.用于总结的连接词 on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, to summarize, in short.其他类型连接词 Mostly,occasionally, currently, naturally, mainly, exactly, evidently, frankly, monly, for this purpose, to a large extent, for most of us, in many cases, in this case。

Since I go to middle school, I don't like to talk to parents, because when I tell them my idea, they will deny it and then ask me do as what they say. I am not the little girl anymore, I have the right to make my decision. My parents realize this, someday they walked to my room and talked to me. They apologized for treating me like the little kid, they liked to respect my decision and wanted to make friends with me. I was so happy, my parents indeed followed their words. I opened my heart and talked with them all the things. Talking to the friends is much easier than talking to the parents. 自从我上初中,我就不喜欢和父母聊天,因为当我告诉他们我的想法,他们会给予否认,然后叫我按他们的话去做。

我不再是一个小孩子了,我有权利去做自己的决定。父母意识到了这点,有一天他们走到我的房间和我聊天。

他们为把我当做个小孩子道歉,他们会尊重我的决定,并且想要和我交朋友。我很开心,父母确实实行了他们的话。

我打开了心扉,和他们无所不聊。和朋友交流总是要比和父母交流轻松。

)表层次: first,firstly, to begin with, further, in the first place second,secondly, to start with, still, furthermore third,thirdly, what is more, last, last but not least also, and then, next, besides and equally important too moreover besides in addtion finally 2)表转折; by contrast although though yet at the same time but despitethe fact that even so in contrast nevertheless even though for all that noithstanding on the contarary however in spite of on the other hand otherwise instead still regardless 3)表因果; therfore consequently because of for the reason thus hence due to owing to so accordingly thanks to on this account since as on that account in this way for as a result as a consequence 4)表让步: still nevertheless concession granted naturally in spite of all the same of course despite even so after all 5)表递近: furthermore moreover likewise what is more besides also not only。

but also。 too in addtion 6)表举例: for example for instance for one thing that is to illustrate as an illustration a case in point 7)表解释: as a matter of fact frankly speaking in this case namely in other words 8)表总结: in summary in a word thus as has been said in brief in conclusion altogether in other words to conclude in fact finally in simpler terms indeed in short in particular that is in other words of course on the whole to put it differently namely in all therefore to summarize。

原发布者:水瓶crystal5

英语中常用的连接词1.表示罗列增加:First,second,third,First,then/next,afterthat/next,finallyForohing…foranother…,On(the)onehand…ontheotherhand,Besides/what' *** ore/inaddition/furthermore/moreover/another/also,Especially/Inparticular,2.表示时间顺序:now,atpresent,recently,after,afterwards,afterthat,afterawhile,inafewdays,atfirst,inthebeginning,tobeginwith,later,next,finally,immediately,soon,suddenly,allofasudden,atthatmoment,assoonas,themomentformnowon,fromthenon,atthesametime,meanwhile,till,not…until,before,after,when,while,asduring,3.表示解释说明:now,inaddition,forexample,forinstance,inthiscase,moreoverfurthermore,infact,actually4.表示转折关系:but,however,while,though,or,otherwise,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,incontrast,despite,inspiteof,eventhough,except(for),instead,ofcourse,afterall,5.表示并列关系:or,and,also,too,notonly…butalso,aswellas,both…and,either…or,neither…nor,for6.

一) 连接词 (1)表选择关系或对等关系的连接词:either…or…,neither…nor, or, as well as…, and, both…and…。

(2)表因果关系或对等关系的连接词:therefore, so, as a result, as the result of …,because of, due to …,owing to, thanks to等。 (3)表时间顺序的连接词:the moment, as soon as, at first, then, later, meanwhyle, at the beginning, in the end, before long, for the first(second…)time, the minute等。

(4)表转折关系的连接词:yet, and yet, but , while, on the contrary, on the other hand, however, at the same time(然而)等。 (5)表解释说明的连接词:that is, that is to say, in other words, such as, for instance, and so on, etc. and the like等。

(6)表递进关系的连接词:not only…but (also), what,s more, what's worse, besides, in addition, worse still, moreover, above all等。 (7)表示总结的连接词:in a word, on the whole, in short, briefly, in brief, to sum up, in all等。

(三)注意以下过渡词的用法 1、表示时间的 af first 起初 next 接下来 then 然后 after that 那以后 later 后来 soon 不久 soon/shortly after ……之后不久 finally 最后 in the end 最后 eventually 最终 at last 终于 lately 近来 recently 最近 since then 自从那时起 after that 那以后 in no time 不一会儿 after a while 一会儿 afterward 后来 to begin/start with=in the first place 首先、第一点 immediately 立即、马上 meanwhile=in the meantime=at the same time 在此期间、同时 earlier, until now 直到现在 suddenly=all of a sudden 突然 as a young man 当…… 是个年轻人的时候 at the age of… 在……岁的时候 as early as 早……的时候 as soon as 一……就…… before, the other day 几天前 early in the morning 大清早 after/before dark 天黑后/前 one day 有一天 one afternoon 一天下午 one morning 一天早晨 2、表示空间的 to the right/left 朝右/左 on the rinht/left 在右/左边 in the middle of 在中间 in front of 在前面 in the front of 在前面 at the back of 在后面 at the bottom of 在底部 on the edge of 在……的边上 on top of 在……的顶部 opposite to 与……相对 close to 靠近 near to 在……附近 next to 与……相邻 under 垂直在下 over 垂直在上 below 在下方 above 在上方 across 在……的另一边 around 在周围 behind 在后 before 在前 against 靠着、抵着 further on 再往前 3、表示列举和时序 first, second, third…finally firstly, secondly, thirdly…finally first of all, next then, lastly for one thing…for another… at the same time at first at last 4、表示列举 for example 例如:…… namely 即…… for instance 例如:…… that is (to say) 也就是说 such as 如…… take…for example 拿……来说 like 像…… 5、表示比较或对比 like 像 unlike 不像 similarly 同样地 in the same way 以相同的方式 pared to 与……相比 while 而 still=nevertheless 然而 on the contrary 正相反 different from 与……不同 on (the) one hand…on the other hand 一方面……另一方面 in contrast with 与……成对比 6、表示增补 and 而且 both…and 不但……而且 not only…but also 不但……而且 as well as 不但……而且 also=besides=furthermore=more over 此外、而且 in addition 并且 apart from 除了……之外 what's more 而且、更重要的 for another 另一方面 worse still=what's worse=to make matter worse 更糟糕的是 including 包括 7、表示因果 because 因为 since 既然 as 由于 now that 既然 therefore 因此 thus 这样 so 所以 as a result (of) 结果 because of=on account of 因为 thanks to 多亏、由于 for this reason 由于这个原因 if so 如果这样 if not 如果不是这样 8、表示目的 for this purpose in order to do so as to do so that… in order that… 9、表示让步 though/although no matter+疑问句 in spite of whatever/however/whoever even if/ even though 10、表示递进或强调 besides 况且 what's more 更重要地是 thus 这样 above all 首先 indeed 的确 in fact/ as a matter of fact 事实上 in other words 换句话说 in that case 那样的话 or rather 更确切地说 particularly 特别地 11、表示转折 but 但是 still 然而 however 然而 while 而 12、表示总结 in a/one word 简言之、一句话、总之 generally speaking 一般说来 in short=in a few words 简言之 in conclusion=lastly 最后地 on the whole=taking everything into consideration 从总体来看、大体上 so 所以 therefore 因此 thus 这样 as has been mentioned 正如所提到的 it is quite clear that 很显然 there is no doubt that 毫无疑问 it is well-known that 大家都知道 as we all know=as is known to us all 大家都知道 as/so far as I know 据我所知 to sum up=to summarize=in summary 总之 13、表示转折话题 by the way 顺便说 I am afraid 我恐怕 in my opinion 依我看来 to tell the truth 说实话 to be honest 诚实地说 in face 事实。

这个太多了 你在文库里搜搜“作文模板” 很多~一) 连接词 (1)表选择关系或对等关系的连接词:either…or…,neither…nor, or, as well as…, and, both…and…。

(2)表因果关系或对等关系的连接词:therefore, so, as a result, as the result of …,because of, due to …,owing to, thanks to等。 (3)表时间顺序的连接词:the moment, as soon as, at first, then, later, meanwhyle, at the beginning, in the end, before long, for the first(second…)time, the minute等。

(4)表转折关系的连接词:yet, and yet, but , while, on the contrary, on the other hand, however, at the same time(然而)等。 (5)表解释说明的连接词:that is, that is to say, in other words, such as, for instance, and so on, etc. and the like等。

(6)表递进关系的连接词:not only…but (also), what,s more, what's worse, besides, in addition, worse still, moreover, above all等。 (7)表示总结的连接词:in a word, on the whole, in short, briefly, in brief, to sum up, in all等。

(三)注意以下过渡词的用法 1、表示时间的 af first 起初 next 接下来 then 然后 after that 那以后 later 后来 soon 不久 soon/shortly after ……之后不久 finally 最后 in the end 最后 eventually 最终 at last 终于 lately 近来 recently 最近 since then 自从那时起 after that 那以后 in no time 不一会儿 after a while 一会儿 afterward 后来 to begin/start with=in the first place 首先、第一点 immediately 立即、马上 meanwhile=in the meantime=at the same time 在此期间、同时 earlier, until now 直到现在 suddenly=all of a sudden 突然 as a young man 当…… 是个年轻人的时候 at the age of… 在……岁的时候 as early as 早……的时候 as soon as 一……就…… before, the other day 几天前 early in the morning 大清早 after/before dark 天黑后/前 one day 有一天 one afternoon 一天下午 one morning 一天早晨 2、表示空间的 to the right/left 朝右/左 on the rinht/left 在右/左边 in the middle of 在中间 in front of 在前面 in the front of 在前面 at the back of 在后面 at the bottom of 在底部 on the edge of 在……的边上 on top of 在……的顶部 opposite to 与……相对 close to 靠近 near to 在……附近 next to 与……相邻 under 垂直在下 over 垂直在上 below 在下方 above 在上方 across 在……的另一边 around 在周围 behind 在后 before 在前 against 靠着、抵着 further on 再往前 3、表示列举和时序 first, second, third…finally firstly, secondly, thirdly…finally first of all, next then, lastly for one thing…for another… at the same time at first at last 4、表示列举 for example 例如:…… namely 即…… for instance 例如:…… that is (to say) 也就是说 such as 如…… take…for example 拿……来说 like 像…… 5、表示比较或对比 like 像 unlike 不像 similarly 同样地 in the same way 以相同的方式 pared to 与……相比 while 而 still=nevertheless 然而 on the contrary 正相反 different from 与……不同 on (the) one hand…on the other hand 一方面……另一方面 in contrast with 与……成对比 6、表示增补 and 而且 both…and 不但……而且 not only…but also 不但……而且 as well as 不但……而且 also=besides=furthermore=more over 此外、而且 in addition 并且 apart from 除了……之外 what's more 而且、更重要的 for another 另一方面 worse still=what's worse=to make matter worse 更糟糕的是 including 包括 7、表示因果 because 因为 since 既然 as 由于 now that 既然 therefore 因此 thus 这样 so 所以 as a result (of) 结果 because of=on account of 因为 thanks to 多亏、由于 for this reason 由于这个原因 if so 如果这样 if not 如果不是这样 8、表示目的 for this purpose in order to do so as to do so that… in order that… 9、表示让步 though/although no matter+疑问句 in spite of whatever/however/whoever even if/ even though 10、表示递进或强调 besides 况且 what's more 更重要地是 thus 这样 above all 首先 indeed 的确 in fact/ as a matter of fact 事实上 in other words 换句话说 in that case 那样的话 or rather 更确切地说 particularly 特别地 11、表示转折 but 但是 still 然而 however 然而 while 而 12、表示总结 in a/one word 简言之、一句话、总之 generally speaking 一般说来 in short=in a few words 简言之 in conclusion=lastly 最后地 on the whole=taking everything into consideration 从总体来看、大体上 so 所以 therefore 因此 thus 这样 as has been mentioned 正如所提到的 it is quite clear that 很显然 there is no doubt that 毫无疑问 it is well-known that 大家都知道 as we all know=as is known to us all 大家都知道 as/so far as I know 据我所知 to sum up=to summarize=in summary 总之 13、表示转折话题 by the way 顺便说 I am afraid 我恐怕 in my opinion 依我看来 to tell the truth 说实话 to be honest 诚实地说 in face 事实上。

(一)as a result He never studied hard, and as a result he failed in the last examination.as a result of He is late for work as a result of traffic accident.because(of)We are delayed because of a traffic jam.due toHis success is due to his excellent work.now thatNow that you have grown up, you must earn for yourself.so long as You could realize your dream so long as you try it again and again.so thatThe office speaks at the top of his voice so that every soldier could hear him.thereforeThere is a calculating mistakes there, therefore, the answer is wrong.(二)as a matter of factI will go there this morning, as a matter of fact, I am only 10 minutes, drive from you.in this caseIn this case, I will go there as soon as possible.(三)otherwiseYou must carry this passport, otherwise you will be stopped by the guard.if soIf so, it will make a great difference.(四)in additionI need your help. In addition, I also need her support.besidesFirst, we must work hard. Besides, we must work with a creative mind.that is to sayThe stock price is declining, that is to say, I am losing money.in other words换句话说I am not hungry, in other words, I really dislike the food in this canteen.equally importantYou should read more news from newspapers, and equally important, keep an eye on the news from the radio.what,s more更有胜者。

It is harmful to my health, and what,s more, it is no good to my work.last but not least最后但不e69da5e887aae799bee5baa631333332633539是最不重要的一点Last but bot least, my thanks should go to every member of my class.(五)equally同样的As a teacher, I should teach well, but equally, I should study well.in the same way用相同的方法It is such a coincidence that we figure it out in the same way.insteadIf you don't go, I,ll go instead.on the contrary正相反You thought I like it. On the contrary, I dislike it.in contrastIt is hot in the daytime, but in contrast it,s very cold at night.。

英语作文常用连接词如下:(1)表示承接的过渡词:also,and,and then,too,in addition,furthermore,moreover,what's more, again,on top of that,another,first,second,third等。

(2)表示时间顺序的过渡词:now,then,before,after,afterwards,earlier,later,immediately,soon,next,in a few days,gradually,suddenly,finally··等。(但是你可以感受到这些词是副词,所以原词条对于“连接词”即连词是错误的)(3)表示空间顺序的过渡词:near(to),far(from),in front of,behind,beside,beyond,above,below,to the right/left,around,outside等。

(4)表示比较的过渡词:in the same way,just like,just as等。(5)表示转折的过渡词:but,still,yet,however,nevertheless,noheless,on the contrary,in spite of/ in spite of the fact that,even though,although,despite / despite the fact that等。

(6)一方面,另一方面:on the one hand,on the other hand,for one thing,for another等。(7)表示结果和原因的过渡词:because,since,so,as a result,therefore,then,furthermore,otherwise等。

(as a result ,therefore, thus并不是连词而是副词,所以经常是放句首,用逗号与后面句子隔开)(8)表示目的的过渡词:for this reason,for this purpose,so that,in order to等。(9)表示强调的过渡词:in fact,indeed,surely,necessarily,certainly,without any doubt,truly,to repeat,above all,most important等。

(10)表示解释说明的过渡词:for example,in fact,in this case,for actually, for instance等。拓展资料:英语部分连接词例句:1.They'll be here soon.Meanwhile we'll have some coffee.他们即刻就到,我们现在先喝点咖啡。

2.In conclusion he wished us very success in our work.总之,他希望我们在工作中取得成功。3.The railroad connects o cities,namely,New York and Chicago.这铁路联接两个城市,即纽约和芝加哥。

4.I got the permission due to the new policy.因为新政策我得到了许可。

常用连接词: 1.表文章结构顺序:First of all,Firstly/First,Secondly/Second… And then,Finally,In the end,At last 2.表并列补充关系:What is more,Besides,Moreover,Furthermore,In addition As well as,not only…but (also), including, 3.表转折对比关系:However,On the contrary,but,Although+clause(从句), In spite of+n/doing,On the one hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for, so…that… 4.表 因 果 关 系:Because,As,So,Thus,Therefore,As a result 5.表换一种方式表达:In other words,that is to say, 6.表进行举例说明:For example;For instance;such as+n/doing 7.表 陈 述 事 实:In fact,frankly speaking, 8.表达自己观点:As far as I know/concerned,In my opinion,personally, as to me 9.表总结:In short,In a word,In conclusion,In summary,all in all, briefly/ in brief ; generally speaking, as you know, as is known to all 良好的开端等于成功的一半.在写作文时,通常以最简单也最常用的方式---开门见山法。也就是说, 直截了当地提出你对这个问题的看法或要求,点出文章的中心思想。 A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages.(用于说明某物的正反两面) B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.(用于比较/对比 两事物) C.Opinions are divided on the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside. (人们关于生活在城市还是农村的优缺点的看法不同)(用于表达看法) D. As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life.(用于说明某物的重要性) E. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.(反问语气,更有吸引力,增强说服力)(用法广泛) 文中正确使用两三个好的句型,如:定语从句、状语从句、动名词做主语等。 宾语从句举例:I believe Tianjin will be more beautiful and prosperous。 状语从句举例:If everyone does something for the environment,our hometown will become clean and beautiful。 动名词做主语举例:Reading books in the sun is bad for our eyes。 =It’s bad for our eyes to read books in the sun。 作文库大全 小升初 中考满分 高考满分 高考零分 定语从句举例:Although I have many different pens,the pen which my father sent me is my favorite one. 常用状语从句句型: 1)时间:when,not…until,as soon as 2)目的:so that+clause(从句);to do(为了) 3)结果:so…that+clause,too…to do(太……以至于……) 4)条件:if,unless(除非),as long as(只要) 5)让步:though,although,even though,even if No matter what/when/where/who/which/how 6)比较:as…as…,not so…as…,than 其他句型: It is said that 据说 It is reported that 据报道 It is suggested that 据建议 It is estimated that 据估计 It is proved that 据证明 It is learned that 据了解 It is acknowledged that 据大家公认 众所周知: as is known to all, +句子 as we all know, +句子 it is generally/ publicly known / considered that… There is no doubt that 毫无疑问… There is no need to do 没必要做… There is no point in doing 做某事毫无意义 表示喜欢和感兴趣:like / love doing /enjoy doing be fond of doing 喜欢做… be keen on n. /doing热衷于做…… have delight in doing. 做……很高兴 prefer to do A rather than do B 宁愿做A也不愿做B be addicted to doing 沉迷于…… prefer doing sth. to doing sth. be interested in doing = show/ take great interest in n / doing fall in love with 深深喜欢做某事 try to do努力做… strive to do 努力做… try one’s best to do = do one’s best to do 竭尽全力做… make efforts to do = make every effort to do 尽力做… do what sb can (do ) to do 尽力做… spare no effort to do 不遗余力的做… do what / everything sb. can to do 尽某人全力做… intend / plan to do 打算做… be going to do 打算做… decide to do 决定做… determine to do 决定做… be determined to do 决定做… make up one’s mind to do 下定决心做… want to do 想做… would like to do 想做… hope to do 希望做… expect to do 期待着做… wish to do 希望做… consider doing 考虑做… look forward to doing 盼望做… keep on doing 坚持做… dream of doing 梦想做… can’t help doing 情不自禁地做… keep / stop / prevent sb. from doing 阻止某人做… be busy (in ) doing 或be busy with + 名词 忙于做… have trouble / have problem / have difficulty (in) doing 或 with + 名词 做…有困难 spend time / money (in )doing 或spend time / money on + 名词 花费时间做… have fun / have a good time / enjoy oneself doing 玩得开心 get used to/ be accustomed to doing 习惯做某事

学位论文的d代表哪个单词

参考文献 参考文献是对期刊论文引文进行统计和分析的重要信息源之一,在本规范中采用GB 7714推荐的顺序编码制格式著录。 参考文献著录项目: ① 主要责任者(专著作者、论文集主编、学位申报人、专利申请人、报告撰写人、期刊文章作者、析出文章作者)。多个责任者之间以“,”分隔,注意在本项数据中不得出现缩写点“.”(英文作者请将作者名写全)。主要责任者只列姓名,其后不加“著”、“编”、“主编”、“合编”等责任说明。②. 文献题名及版本(初版省略)。③ 文献类型及载体类型标识。④ 出版项(出版地、出版者、出版年)。⑤ 文献出处或电子文献的可获得地址。⑥ 文献起止页码。⑦ 文献标准编号(标准号、专利号……)。 参考文献类型及其标识 根据 GB 3469规定,以单字母方式标识以下各种参考文献类型: 参考文献类型 专著 论文集 报纸文章 期刊文章 学位论文 报告 标准 专利 文献类型标识 M C N J D R S P 对于专著、论文集中的析出文献,其文献类型标识建议采用单字母“A”;对于其他未说明的文献类型,建议采用单字母“Z”。 对于数据库(database)、计算机程序(computer program)及电子公告(electronic bulletin board)等电子文献类型的参考文献,建议以下列双字母作为标识: 电子参考文献类型 数据库 计算机程序 电子公告 电子文献类型标识 DB CP EB 电子文献的载体类型及其标识 对于非纸张型载体的电子文献,当被引用为参考文献时需在参考文献类型标识中同时标明其载体类型。本规范建议采用双字母表示电子文献载体类型:磁带(magnetic tape)——MT,磁盘(disk)——DK,光盘(CD-ROM)——CD,联机网络(online)——OL,并以下列格式表示包括了文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识: 〔文献类型标识/载体类型标识〕 如: 〔DB/OL〕—— 联机网上数据库(database online) 〔DB/MT〕—— 磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) 〔M/CD〕—— 光盘图书(monograph on CD-ROM) 〔CP/DK〕—— 磁盘软件(computer program on disk) 〔J/OL〕—— 网上期刊(serial online) 〔EB/OL〕—— 网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 以纸张为载体的传统文献在引作参考文献时不必注明其载体类型。 文后参考文献表编排格式 参考文献按在正文中出现的先后次序列表于文后;表上以“〔参考文献〕”(居中)作为标识;参考文献的序号左顶格,并用数字加方括号表示,如〔1〕、〔2〕、…,以与正文中的指示序号格式一致。参照ISO 690及ISO 690-2,每一参考文献条目的最后均以“.”结束。各类参考文献条目的编排格式及示例如下:

[D],表示“学位论文”;

[J],表示“期刊论文”;

[N],表示“报纸文章”。

参考文献类型及文献类型,根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定,以单字母方式标识:

专著M ; 报纸N ;期刊J ;专利文献P;汇编G ;古籍O;技术标准S ;

学位论文D ;科技报告R;参考工具K ;检索工具W;档案B ;录音带A ;

图表Q;唱片L;产品样本X;录相带V;会议录C;中译文T;

乐谱I; 电影片Y;手稿H;微缩胶卷U ;幻灯片Z;微缩平片F;其他E。

扩展资料:

论文格式的注意事项:

1、打印要求

毕业论文一律打印,采取a4纸张,页边距一律采取:上、下2.5cm,左3cm,右2.5cm,行间距取多倍行距(设置值为1.25);字符间距为默认值(缩放100%,间距:标准),封面采用教务处统一规定的封面。

2、字体要求

论文所用字体要求为宋体。

3、字号

第一层次题序和标题用小三号黑体字;第二层次题序和标题用四号黑体字;第三层次及以下题序和标题与第二层次同正文用小四号宋体。

4、页眉及页码

毕业论文各页均加页眉,采用宋体五号宋体居中,打印“xx大学xxxx届x科生毕业论文(设计)”。页码从正文开始在页脚按阿拉伯数字(宋体小五号)连续编排,居中书写。

参考资料来源:百度百科-参考文献

这些都属于文章类型的英文缩写,具体地,专著(M:Monograph);论文集(C:Collected papers);会议论文 (C : Conference papers);学位论文(D:Dissertation );报告(R:Report);期刊文章(J:Journal);报纸文章(N:Newspaper article );标准(S:Standardization)专利(P:Patent literature)

J代表期刊文章,D代表学位论文。

参考文献类型及文献类型,根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定,以单字母方式标识:专著M ; 报纸N ;期刊J ;专利文献P;汇编G ;古籍O;技术标准S ;学位论文D ;科技报告R;参考工具K ;检索工具W;档案B ;录音带A ;

图表Q;唱片L;产品样本X;录相带V;会议录C;中译文T;乐谱I; 电影片Y;手稿H;微缩胶卷U;幻灯片Z;微缩平片F;其他E。

作用:

一、显示研究的水平与价值。

二、提高研究者的研究水平。

撰写科研论文,不仅是反映科研成果的问题,而且也是个深化科研成果和发展科研成果的问题,在撰写科研论文过程中,对实验研究过程所取得的大量材料进行去粗取精,实现由感性认识向理性认识的飞跃和升华,使研究活动得到深化,使人们的认识得到深化。

三、推广经验,交流认识。

教育科研过程,是人们获得直接经验的过程。这种经过精心设计、精心探索而获得的直接经验不仅对直接参加者来说是十分宝贵的,而且对于所有教育工作者,对于人类整体认识的提高和发展都是十分宝贵的。

四、推动教育科研活动自身不断完善。

教育科研活动是个探索未知领域的活动,并无既定模式和途径可循,在一定意义上可以讲,教育科研活动均属创造性活动。为了保证教育科研活动越发卓有成效,为了给进一步开展教育科研活动提供可靠依据,在每一科研活动终端都撰写报告或论文是十分必要的。

哪个数据库可以获得英语学位论文

搜英文论文综述可以从数据库或者文献中搜索。如果是数据库的话,国内可以从维普数据库,万方数据库,cnki数据库或者从超星图书馆、书生之家图书馆、中国数字图书馆中搜索,国外可以从SpringerLink,IEEE/IEE,ProQuest,EngineeringVillage,EBSCO,SCIENCEDIRECT和OCLC数据库;如果从文献中搜索的话,国内期刊报纸全文可以在万方,维普,cnki进行检索,其他专业的数据库也可以;学位论文,可以在万方、cnki检索。专利、标准等文献还是要到相应的数据库进行检索。国外期刊在我以上提供的数据库都可以检索,而学位论文多是在ProQuest数据库进行检索更多关于怎么搜英文论文综述,进入:查看更多内容

收录学位论文的数据库有:中国知网博士学位论文全文数据库、中国知网硕士学位论文全文数据库、万方中国学位论文全文数据库等。

1、中国知网博士学位论文全文数据库。

该数据库是国内内容最全、质量最高、出版周期最短、数据最规范、最实用的博士学位论文全文数据库。内容覆盖基础科学、工程技术、农业、医学、哲学、人文、社会科学等各个领域。目前,收录1984年以来全国426家培养单位的博士学位论文290565篇。

2、中国知网硕士学位论文全文数据库。

该数据库重点收录985、211高校、中国科学院、社会科学院等重点院校高校的优秀硕士论文、重要特色学科如通信、军事学、中医药等专业的优秀硕士论文。出版内容覆盖基础科学、工程技术、农业、哲学、医学、哲学、人文、社会科学等各个领域。目前,收录来自699家培养单位的优秀硕士学位论文2671056篇。

3、万方中国学位论文全文数据库

该数据库收录的学位论文始于1980年,年增30万篇,并逐年回溯,与国内900余所高校、科研院所合作,占研究生学位授予单位85%以上,涵盖理、工、农、医、人文社科、交通运输、航空航天、环境科学等各学科。

4、华艺台湾学术文献数据库。

华艺为台湾最大的学术数据库公司,华艺-台湾学术文献数据库包含《台湾科学期刊数据库》及《台湾科学学位论文数据库》。《台湾科学学位论文全文数据库》为全台最大科学学位论文库,收录31所重点大学约50000篇全文(台湾大学为独家收录)。支持简繁体中文检索,PDF直接下载。是了解台湾学术研究资源最重要的电子全文数据库。

5、CADAL数字图书馆

收录内容:CADAL数字图书馆是全文型数据库,收录了CADAL共建单位的学位论文全文16万余篇,包括1900多篇民国学位论文和16万5千多篇当代学位论文。当代论文全文更新至2006年。检索功能:提供名称检索、作者检索、馆藏单位检索。提供学位论文按出版时间浏览。

6、ProQuest学位论文全文数据库

收录内容:ProQuest学位论文全文数据库是国外学位论文中国集团全文检索平台。收录了1743年至今的来自欧美、加拿大等60多个国家4000多所高校的优秀博士、硕士论文,涵盖文、理、工、农、医等高质量的学术研究领域。

该数据库的论文是由国内高校或机构图书馆经合作购买而形成的论文全文数据库。目前,中国集团全文检索平台可以共享访问的全文论文已超过80万篇。

检索功能:提供标题检索、摘要检索、作者检索、导师检索、学校检索、学科检索等检索功能。提供主题分类浏览和学校分类浏览导航功能。

7、ProQuest博硕士论文文摘索引数据库PQDT

收录内容:ProQuest博硕士论文文摘索引数据库是文摘型数据库。它收录主要来自欧美国家4000多所高校的500多万篇学位论文,是目前世界上最大和最广泛使用的学位论文数据库。该数据库每周更新,平均每年新增约20万篇条目,多数论文可以预览前24页原文。如只需检索学位论文,请选择数据库首页上方“学位论文”栏目。

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