中国是世界上机械发展最早的国家之一。中国的机械工程技术不但历史悠久，而且成就十分辉煌，不仅对中国的物质文化和社会经济的发展起到了重要的促进作用，而且对世界技术文明的进步做出了重大贡献.传统机械方面，我国在很长一段时期内都领先于世界。到了近代由于特别是从18世纪初到19世纪40年代，由于经济社会等诸多原因，我国的机械行业发展停滞不前，在这100多年的时间里正是西方资产阶级政治革命和产业革命时期，机械科学技术飞速发展，远远超过了中国的水平。这样，中国机械的发展水平与西方的差距急剧拉大，到十九世纪中期已经落后西方一百多年。新中国建立后特别是近三十年来，我国的机械科学技术发展速度很快。向机械产品大型化，精密化、自动化和成套化的趋势发展。在有些方面已经达到或超过了世界先进水平。总的来说，就目前而言中国机械科学技术的成就是巨大的，发展速度之快，水平之高也是前所未有的。这一时期还没有结束，我国的机械科学技术还将向更高的水平发展。只要我们能够采取正确的方针、政策、用好科技发展规律并勇于创新，我国的机械工业和机械科技一定能够振兴，重新引领世界机械工业发展潮流。就小型夯实机械而言：上世纪60年代以前，我国小型夯实机械非常缺乏，很多小型场地的夯实基本上采用人工夯实。上世纪60年代初期，长沙建设机械研究所与北京建筑工程学院等单位合作，在群众性技术革新成果的基础上总结发明了具有中国特色的蛙式夯实机，1962年获国家科技发明奖。蛙式夯实机结构简单，维修、使用方便，很快成为我国60年代夯实机械的主导产品。据不完全统计蛙式夯实机累计产量达到50000多台，在我国经济建设中发挥了重要作用。70年代以后，蛙式夯实机逐渐被性能更先进的振动冲击夯和振动平板夯所替代，目前蛙式夯实机已经很少，基本被淘汰。1964年，长沙建设机械研究所开发了HB120型内燃式夯实机，开始由上海工程机械厂生产，后来主要由津市洞庭工程机械厂生产，年产量200台左右。80年代，内燃式夯实机产品质量有较大提高，曾出口东南亚和非洲地区。90年代以后，内燃式夯实机产销售量也在逐渐减少，目前只有少数小型民营企业生产。1977年，长沙建设机械研究所和柳州市建筑机械厂开发了我国第一台HZR250型和HZR70型振动平板夯，这两种产品分别于1979 年和1982年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定。随后义乌建筑机械厂、四平建筑机械厂、安阳振动器厂、津市洞庭工程机械厂等多家企业都开始生产振动平板夯。1986年长沙建设机械研究所又开发了较大的HZR450型振动平板夯。上世纪90年代以后，振动平板夯在我国有了较快的发展，产品品种、规格和生产企业增多，国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。1983年，长沙建设机械研究所和湖北振动器厂联合开发了我国第一台HZR70型振动冲击夯，1984年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定，1985年获建设部科技进步三等奖。由于振动冲击夯具有压实效果好、生产率高、体积和重量小、轻便灵活等突出特点，深受用户欢迎，得到了迅速的推广使用，并很快发展到资江机器厂、新乡第三机床厂和津市洞庭工程机械厂等几十家企业生产。振动冲击夯虽然比振动平板夯开发晚，但发展速度、产销量和使用广泛性比振动平板夯大得多，目前已成为我国夯实机械中产销量最大的主导产品。上世纪90年代以后，国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。振动冲击夯和振动平板夯在我国的成功开发，不仅为我国建设施工部门提供了性能先进的夯实机械，取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益，而且使我国夯实机械技术向前跨进了一大步，缩短了与世界先进水平的差距，促进了我国压实机械的发展。就机械加工而言：热加工 铸造 据考古发现，在北京平谷、昌平、房山等处曾出土了公元前16世纪(商代)的青铜礼器。 明永乐年间(1403～1424年)，北京制造出享誉世界的明永乐大铜钟(46.5吨)和钟楼大铜钟(63吨)及铁钟(25吨)，采用分炉熔化、地坑造型和陶范法铸造。 20世纪50年代以前，北京在铸造上采用粘土砂手工造型。1955年，北京第一机床厂开始采用漏模造型、双面模型型板及铁型板和标准砂箱造型。1965年，开始采用塑料模型。 1980 年，北京市机电研究院与北京玛钢厂研制成功工频无芯塞杆底注式保温浇注电炉。1982年，该院与北京机床铸造二厂研究成功冲天炉风口吹氧技术。 1985～1988年，北京机床研究所试验成功浮动端面密封环的压力铸造工艺。 锻压 1959年，北京第二通用机械厂(后改名北京重型机器厂)建成2500吨水压机。1971年，该厂制造出6000吨水压机，这是当时北京最大的锻压设备。 1968～1979年，北京起重机器厂先后采用300吨油压机和2000吨油压机制造出起重机吊臂和大型覆盖件。 80年代，北京市机电研究院和北京市模具中心研制出一系列高精度多工位冲裁模具，接近或达到进口模具水平，改变了北京精密冲裁模具依赖进口的局面。 热处理 1949年前，北京已采用电炉、盐溶炉、热电偶等手段进行零件退火、回火、淬火、正火、调质、渗碳等热处理。 1956年，北京第一机床厂开始采用高频感应淬火。1961年，北京第二机床厂开始采用气体氮化淬火。1969年，北京量具刃具厂开始采用光亮淬火。 1978年，北京机床研究所研究完成机床导轨表面接触淬火工艺及设备、淬火质量检查技术条件的研究。1979年，铁道科学研究院和中国科学院力学研究所等合作完成大功率柴油机缸套表面的激光改性处理的研究。 1979年，北京市机电研究院研制成功千瓦级二氧化碳激光器，并于80年代初分别应用于汽缸套和邮票印刷设备的激光热处理。其中，清华大学、北京市机电研究院、北京邮票厂共同完成邮票厂七色机打孔器表面激光强化研究。 1984～1990年，北京市热处理研究所研究成功真空热处理、气体渗碳微机控制技术(与北京航空航天大学合作)、稀土软氮化、粉末冶金制品表面强化、煤油加甲醇小滴量法微机可控渗碳、固体渗硼、渗碳过程微机辅助工艺设计及跟踪控制系统等热处理新技术，并应用于生产。 焊接与切割 1949年，北京已有气焊、电弧焊及氧乙炔火焰切割等手工作业。 1963年，北京金属结构厂与一机部机械科学研究院合作开发出钨极氩弧焊，并实现了氮气等离子切割不锈钢。1964年，用直流钨极氩弧焊及焊丝合金化技术解决了核工业用倾斜式电解糟纯镍焊接。 1966年，北京金属结构厂开发出了使被焊球体旋转的埋弧自动焊。1968年，该厂开始以液化石油气代替乙炔切割。 80年代初，清华大学发明了新型MIG焊接电弧控制法，在控制电弧技术上取得突破。 80年代初，北京城建设计院等完成液化石油气移动式气压焊轨技术的研究和应用。 1990年，北京金属结构厂开始采用数控精密切割和具有光电跟踪及数控寻踪读入自动编程的大功率等离子切割技术。可见，我国机械发展在近代发展其迅速。China is the world's first national machinery development. Chinese mechanical engineering technology not only has a long history and splendid achievements in Chinese is not only the material culture and social economic development plays an important role in the world, and to promote the progress of civilization, technology has made great contribution to Chinese traditional machine. And in a long period ahead in the world. In modern times, especially from the early 18th century, due to the nineteen forties, due to the economic and social reasons, such as the China machinery industry, stagnation, in the 100 years is western bourgeois political revolution and industrial revolution, mechanical science and technology is developing rapidly, and far more than the level of China. So, China mechanical development level and the western gap widens, sharply to the 19th century middle behind western one hundred years.After the founding of new China, especially in the past 30 years, our country's mechanical science and technology development speed. To the mechanical product large-scale, precision, automation and discusses the trend of development. In some aspects has reached or exceeded the world advanced level. Generally speaking, currently China mechanical science and technology achievement is huge, developing fast, high level of unprecedented. In this period, China has no end of mechanical science and technology will develop to a higher level. As long as we can adopt the correct policy, with good technology development and innovation, our machinery industry and mechanical technology can revitalize, leading to the development trend of mechanical industry.Just small ramming machinery:In the 1960s, China mechanical very small tamp lack, many small venues ramming basically USES artificial ramming.Early 1960s, changsha construction machinery institute and Beijing architectural engineering institute, etc., the technical innovation achievements in mass on the basis of summing up Chinese characteristic invented the breaststroke ramming machine, 1962 exceeded national science and technology. The breaststroke ramming machine structure is simple, easy to use and maintenance in 1960s, soon became the dominant products to consolidate machinery. According to not complete count breaststroke tamp cumulative yield reached more than 50,000 machine, in the economic development of our country has played an important role. Since 1970's, the breaststroke ramming machine was gradually more advanced performance of vibration shock ram and vibrating plate ram, now replaced by laying machine has rarely breaststroke, basically be eliminated.In 1964, changsha construction machinery institute HB120 developed movable type, type of Shanghai began laying machine, engineering machine production mainly by tianjin municipal later, annual production engineering machinery dongting about 200. In the 1980s, movable type ramming machine product quality has increased greatly, have exported to southeast Asia and Africa. Since 1990s, internal-combustion type ramming machine production sales, and gradually decreased in only a few small private enterprise production.In 1977, changsha construction machinery factory buildings and developed in liuzhou HZR250 type and the HZR70 type vibrating plate ram, these two kinds of products in 1979 and 1982 passed by the ministry of construction of the organization. Then yiwu building construction machinery factory, siping, anyang vibrators factory, tianjin municipal engineering machinery dongting and other enterprises have started producing vibrating plate ram. In 1986, changsha construction machinery research and develop a larger HZR450 type of vibrating plate ram. Since 1990s, vibrating plate ram in our country has developed very quickly, varieties of products, specifications and increase production enterprises, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese market.In 1983, changsha construction machinery institute and the joint development of hubei vibration in the first HZR70 type vibration shock ramming, 1984, passed by the ministry of construction, organization construction technology progress in 1985 won prizes. Due to the vibration impact compaction result has good ramming, productivity, high volume and weight of small, lightweight flexible outstanding characteristics, deeply user etc, obtained a rapid promotion, and soon ZiJiang development to the factory, xinxiang municipal engineering machine tool plant and tianjin dozens of dongting production factory etc. Vibration shock ramming although than vibrating plate ram, but later development speed of development, production and use of extensive than vibrating plate ram, has become the largest in China in the ramming machinery products. Since 1990s, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese market.Vibration shock ramming and vibrating plate ram the successful development in our country, not only for our construction department provides advanced performance of mechanical, laying have achieved good economic benefit and social benefit, and make our ramming mechanical technology into a big step forward, shorten the gap with the advanced world level, promoting the development of compaction machine.The mechanical processing:According to the archaeological discovery, hot-working casting in Beijing pinggu, changping and so have proved that the 16th century BC shang dynasty (bronze objects. Ming yongle (1403-1424 years), Beijing produce world-renowned Ming yongle great 3-ton bell made (46.5 tons) and tower (63 tons of great 3-ton bell made of iron clock (25) and the furnace of melting, pit TaoFan model and method of casting. In the 1950s, Beijing based on clay sand castings in manual. In 1955, Beijing first machine tool plant began using leakage mould modelling, double-sided model and iron plate type plate and standard sand box modelling. In 1965, start using plastic model. In 1980, the institute and Beijing municipal electrical factory has successfully developed line frequency coreless bathroom plug stem bottom note type electric insulation casting. In 1982, hospital and Beijing the casting machine research cupola tuyere oxygen blowing technology. 1985-1988, Beijing institute of machine of floating end face seal ring by die successful test pressure casting process.In 1959, Beijing second metalforming machinery general factory changed (Beijing) built 2500 ton heavy-duty hydraulic press. In 1971, the factory produced 6,000 tons, which is then Beijing hydrtesting biggest metalforming equipment. 1968-1979, Beijing hoisting machine factory has 300 tons of using hydraulic press 2000 tons and create crane and large panel. In the 1980s, Beijing institute of electrical and developed a series of Beijing mould centre high-precision cutting die, the multistage close to or to import mould level, changed Beijing precision punching moulds dependence on imports.Before 1949, Beijing has heat treatment furnace, salt dissolved by thermocouples means furnace, quenching and tempering, parts of annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, carburizing and etc. In 1956, Beijing first began using high-frequency quenching machine tool plant. In 1961, the Beijing second machine tool plant began using gas nitriding quenching. In 1969, the following enterprise by Beijing gage start light quenching. In 1978, the complete machine tool research institute of Beijing guide surface contact quenching process and equipment, quenching condition of quality inspection. In 1979, scientific research institute of China academy of railway and mechanical institute of high-power diesel engine cylinder collaboration of surface modification of laser. In 1979, Beijing institute of electrical carbon dioxide laser is developed, and the kilowatt in early 1980s respectively applied in cylinder and stamp printing equipments of laser treatment. Among them, tsinghua university, Beijing, Beijing institute of electrical YouPiaoChang jointly completed YouPiaoChang seven color machine DaKongQi laser surface strengthening research. From 1984 to 1990, Beijing institute of vacuum heat treatment research, gas carburizing microcomputer control technology (Beijing university of aeronautics &astronautics and cooperation), rare earth soft nitriding, powder metallurgy products surface strengthening, kerosene and methanol small drops of microcomputer control method of carburizing, solid boriding and carburizing process computer aided process planning and tracking control system, and the application of new technology heat in production. Welding and cutting in 1949, Beijing has geo-drilling, electric welding and cutting etc oxyacetylene flame manual operation. In 1963, Beijing metal structure and YiJiBu mechanical science research cooperation to develop tungsten argon arc welding, and realize the nitrogen plasma cutting stainless steel. In 1964, the use of dc argon arc welding and tungsten wire alloying technology solved by tilting electrolysis industry worse pure nickel welding. In 1966, Beijing metal structure factory developed by rotating sphere of the submerged arc welding automatic welding. In 1968, the plant began to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) instead of acetylene cutting. In the early 1980s, tsinghua university invented new MIG welding arc arc technology in control, control a breakthrough. In the early 1980s, the Beijing urban construction design completed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mobile pneumatic rail welding technology research and application. In 1990, Beijing metal structure factory to adopt CNC precision cutting and with photo-electricity tracking and CNC pursuit of high input automatic programming technology plasma cutting.Visible, China mechanical development in modern development of its rapid.
摘要- Cobots是一类机器人的使用不断 无级变速发展高保真可编程 约束的表面。 Cobots消耗很少的电力 即使在提供高输出部队，其传输效率高众多的 传动比。 Cobotic变速箱也有能力 采取行动作为一个制动器或将成为完全免费。设计 和性能Cobotic手控制器，最近 发达国家六自由度触觉显示器，是审查。 这个装置表明，高动态范围和低功耗 消费实现的cobots 。彻底的比较 电源效率cobotic系统与传统的 机电系统提供。 三个关键要求机器人技术用于 假肢和康复是低体重，低功耗 消费和安全性。我们建议cobotic技术作为 传输架构，可以处理这些问题。 Cobots是机器人利用非完整约束 的指导车轮的相对速度有关的 机制的联系。阿cobotic传播是一个不断 无级变速器（无级变速器）之间的积极和消极 比率，可以涉及两个平移速度，两个 旋转速度，或旋转速度为平移 速度[ 1 ] 。我们最近推出了Cobotic手 控制器（图1 ） ，六自由度动力 合作机器人，并阐述其能力作为触觉界面[ 2 ， 3 ] 。通过本论文中，我们表明， 机械结构和传输中使用 Cobotic手控制器处理所有三个以上 上述要求的假肢和机器人 康复。
Abstract— Cobots是连续地使用机器人的类 开发高保真度可编程序的variable传输 constraint表面。 Cobots消耗很少电能 ，既使当提供高产力量和他们的传输横跨各种各样是非常有效率的transmission比率。 Cobotic传输也有能力 to作为闸或变得完全地自由。 设计 Cobotic手控制器的and表现，最近a developed六程度自由触觉显示，被回顾。 This设备说明高力学范围和低功率 consumption可达成由cobots。 彻底的比较 the一个cobotic系统的出力效率对常规 提供electro-mechanical系统。机器人技术的Three关键要求使用为 prosthetics和修复是低重量，低功率 consumption和安全。 我们提出cobotic技术作为a 可能论及所有这些问题的transmission建筑学。 Cobots是运用nonholonomic限制的机器人 of 操纵 轮子 关连 相对 速度 mechanism链接。 cobotic传输连续地是a variable传输(CVT)在正面和阴性之间 ratios， 并且 能 关连 二 平移 速度， 二 rotational速度或者对平移的旋转的速度 velocity [1]。 我们最近介绍了Cobotic手 Controller (图 1)， a 供给动力的六程度自由 cobot和描述它的能力作为一个触觉接口[2， 3]。 通过本文路线，我们显示出， mechanical 建筑学 并且 传输 使用 在 Cobotic手控制器地址全部三在上面 机器人学的mentioned要求的弭补科和 rehabilitation.
摘要- Cobots是一类机器人的使用不断 无级变速发展高保真可编程 约束的表面。 Cobots消耗很少的电力 即使在提供高输出部队，其传输效率高众多的 传动比。 Cobotic变速箱也有能力 采取行动作为一个制动器或将成为完全免费。设计 和性能Cobotic手控制器，最近 发达国家六自由度触觉显示器，是审查。 这个装置表明，高动态范围和低功耗 消费实现的cobots 。彻底的比较 电源效率cobotic系统与传统的 机电系统提供。 三个关键要求机器人技术用于 假肢和康复是低体重，低功耗 消费和安全性。我们建议cobotic技术作为 传输架构，可以处理这些问题。 Cobots是机器人利用非完整约束 的指导车轮的相对速度有关的 机制的联系。阿cobotic传播是一个不断 无级变速器（无级变速器）之间的积极和消极 比率，可以涉及两个平移速度，两个 旋转速度，或旋转速度为平移 速度[ 1 ] 。我们最近推出了Cobotic手 控制器（图1 ） ，六自由度动力 合作机器人，并阐述其能力作为触觉界面[ 2 ， 3 ] 。通过本论文中，我们表明， 机械结构和传输中使用 Cobotic手控制器处理所有三个以上 上述要求的假肢和机器人 康复。
In view of the pivotal role of rolling bearing in rotating machinery and equipment, it is very important to diagnose the fault, and it is the best way and means to establish a set of efficient and convenient bearing fault diagnosis system. Most of the traditional diagnostic system depends on a number of professional hardware equipment, these instruments are obviously difficult to meet the requirements of information technology, and caused a lot of hardware redundancy. With the rapid development of computer technology, the virtual instrument technology has been applied to the field of bearing fault diagnosis has become a trend. This paper introduces the characteristics and structure of virtual instrument technology. On this basis, the resonance demodulation technique is introduced into the signal analysis of virtual instrument to extract and analyze the bearing fault signal. Finally, based on LABVIEW platform, a set of virtual instrument for bearing fault signal analysis is developed.
原文：20.9 MACHINABILITYThe machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors:1、$ l m I. `5 L* eSurface finish and integrity of the machined part;2、; u: I% F/ b$ t( O" ?' I2 MTool life obtained;3、1 F. }: a% W1 W5 R l7 @* q; jForce and power requirements;4、. p) @0 }5 c* S+ I: IChip control.Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone.Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below.20.9.1 Machinability Of Steels6 }" `- x) E* V* T+ DBecause steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels.Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels., m# n- K R; @Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels.Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing increased hardness. Harder steels result in better chip formation and surface finish. Note that soft steels can be difficult to machine, with built-up edge formation and poor surface finish. The second effect is that increased hardness causes the formation of short chips instead of continuous stringy ones, thereby improving machinability.Leaded Steels. A high percentage of lead in steels solidifies at the tip of manganese sulfide inclusions. In non-resulfurized grades of steel, lead takes the form of dispersed fine particles. Lead is insoluble in iron, copper, and aluminum and their alloys. Because of its low shear strength, therefore, lead acts as a solid lubricant (Section 32.11) and is smeared over the tool-chip interface during cutting. This behavior has been verified by the presence of high concentrations of lead on the tool-side face of chips when machining leaded steels.When the temperature is sufficiently high-for instance, at high cutting speeds and feeds (Section 20.6)—the lead melts directly in front of the tool, acting as a liquid lubricant. In addition to this effect, lead lowers the shear stress in the primary shear zone, reducing cutting forces and power consumption. Lead can be used in every grade of steel, such as 10xx, 11xx, 12xx, 41xx, etc. Leaded steels are identified by the letter L between the second and third numerals (for example, 10L45). (Note that in stainless steels, similar use of the letter L means “low carbon,” a condition that improves their corrosion resistance.)However, because lead is a well-known toxin and a pollutant, there are serious environmental concerns about its use in steels (estimated at 4500 tons of lead consumption every year in the production of steels). Consequently, there is a continuing trend toward eliminating the use of lead in steels (lead-free steels). Bismuth and tin are now being investigated as possible substitutes for lead in steels.Calcium-Deoxidized Steels. An important development is calcium-deoxidized steels, in which oxide flakes of calcium silicates (CaSo) are formed. These flakes, in turn, reduce the strength of the secondary shear zone, decreasing tool-chip interface and wear. Temperature is correspondingly reduced. Consequently, these steels produce less crater wear, especially at high cutting speeds.Stainless Steels. Austenitic (300 series) steels are generally difficult to machine. Chatter can be s problem, necessitating machine tools with high stiffness. However, ferritic stainless steels (also 300 series) have good machinability. Martensitic (400 series) steels are abrasive, tend to form a built-up edge, and require tool materials with high hot hardness and crater-wear resistance. Precipitation-hardening stainless steels are strong and abrasive, requiring hard and abrasion-resistant tool materials.The Effects of Other Elements in Steels on Machinability. The presence of aluminum and silicon in steels is always harmful because these elements combine with oxygen to form aluminum oxide and silicates, which are hard and abrasive. These compounds increase tool wear and reduce machinability. It is essential to produce and use clean steels.Carbon and manganese have various effects on the machinability of steels, depending on their composition. Plain low-carbon steels (less than 0.15% C) can produce poor surface finish by forming a built-up edge. Cast steels are more abrasive, although their machinability is similar to that of wrought steels. Tool and die steels are very difficult to machine and usually require annealing prior to machining. Machinability of most steels is improved by cold working, which hardens the material and reduces the tendency for built-up edge formation.Other alloying elements, such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium, which improve the properties of steels, generally reduce machinability. The effect of boron is negligible. Gaseous elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen can have particularly detrimental effects on the properties of steel. Oxygen has been shown to have a strong effect on the aspect ratio of the manganese sulfide inclusions; the higher the oxygen content, the lower the aspect ratio and the higher the machinability.In selecting various elements to improve machinability, we should consider the possible detrimental effects of these elements on the properties and strength of the machined part in service. At elevated temperatures, for example, lead causes embrittlement of steels (liquid-metal embrittlement, hot shortness; see Section 1.4.3), although at room temperature it has no effect on mechanical properties.Sulfur can severely reduce the hot workability of steels, because of the formation of iron sulfide, unless sufficient manganese is present to prevent such formation. At room temperature, the mechanical properties of resulfurized steels depend on the orientation of the deformed manganese sulfide inclusions (anisotropy). Rephosphorized steels are significantly less ductile, and are produced solely to improve machinability.20.9.2 Machinability of Various Other MetalsAluminum is generally very easy to machine, although the softer grades tend to form a built-up edge, resulting in poor surface finish. High cutting speeds, high rake angles, and high relief angles are recommended. Wrought aluminum alloys with high silicon content and cast aluminum alloys may be abrasive; they require harder tool materials. Dimensional tolerance control may be a problem in machining aluminum, since it has a high thermal coefficient of expansion and a relatively low elastic modulus.Beryllium is similar to cast irons. Because it is more abrasive and toxic, though, it requires machining in a controlled environment.Cast gray irons are generally machinable but are. Free carbides in castings reduce their machinability and cause tool chipping or fracture, necessitating tools with high toughness. Nodular and malleable irons are machinable with hard tool materials.Cobalt-based alloys are abrasive and highly work-hardening. They require sharp, abrasion-resistant tool materials and low feeds and speeds.Wrought copper can be difficult to machine because of built-up edge formation, although cast copper alloys are easy to machine. Brasses are easy to machine, especially with the addition pf lead (leaded free-machining brass). Bronzes are more difficult to machine than brass.Magnesium is very easy to machine, with good surface finish and prolonged tool life. However care should be exercised because of its high rate of oxidation and the danger of fire (the element is pyrophoric).Molybdenum is ductile and work-hardening, so it can produce poor surface finish. Sharp tools are necessary.Nickel-based alloys are work-hardening, abrasive, and strong at high temperatures. Their machinability is similar to that of stainless steels.Tantalum is very work-hardening, ductile, and soft. It produces a poor surface finish; tool wear is high.Titanium and its alloys have poor thermal conductivity (indeed, the lowest of all metals), causing significant temperature rise and built-up edge; they can be difficult to machine.Tungsten is brittle, strong, and very abrasive, so its machinability is low, although it greatly improves at elevated temperatures.Zirconium has good machinability. It requires a coolant-type cutting fluid, however, because of the explosion and fire.20.9.3 Machinability of Various Materials; n+ {0 C# N' t: K& D5 Y7 nGraphite is abrasive; it requires hard, abrasion-resistant, sharp tools.Thermoplastics generally have low thermal conductivity, low elastic modulus, and low softening temperature. Consequently, machining them requires tools with positive rake angles (to reduce cutting forces), large relief angles, small depths of cut and feed, relatively high speeds, andproper support of the workpiece. Tools should be sharp.External cooling of the cutting zone may be necessary to keep the chips from becoming “gummy” and sticking to the tools. Cooling can usually be achieved with a jet of air, vapor mist, or water-soluble oils. Residual stresses may develop during machining. To relieve these stresses, machined parts can be annealed for a period of time at temperatures ranging from % Q6 X5 q6 [ C$ F9 Ito / C+ z W( L4 N& I$ }( to ), and then cooled slowly and uniformly to room temperature.Thermosetting plastics are brittle and sensitive to thermal gradients during cutting. Their machinability is generally similar to that of thermoplastics.Because of the fibers present, reinforced plastics are very abrasive and are difficult to machine. Fiber tearing, pulling, and edge delamination are significant problems; they can lead to severe reduction in the load-carrying capacity of the component. Furthermore, machining of these materials requires careful removal of machining debris to avoid contact with and inhaling of the fibers.The machinability of ceramics has improved steadily with the development of nanoceramics (Section 8.2.5) and with the selection of appropriate processing parameters, such as ductile-regime cutting (Section 22.4.2).Metal-matrix and ceramic-matrix composites can be difficult to machine, depending on the properties of the individual components, i.e., reinforcing or whiskers, as well as the matrix material.20.9.4 Thermally Assisted MachiningMetals and alloys that are difficult to machine at room temperature can be machined more easily at elevated temperatures. In thermally assisted machining (hot machining), the source of heat—a torch, induction coil, high-energy beam (such as laser or electron beam), or plasma arc—is forces, (b) increased tool life, (c) use of inexpensive cutting-tool materials, (d) higher material-removal rates, and (e) reduced tendency for vibration and chatter.It may be difficult to heat and maintain a uniform temperature distribution within the workpiece. Also, the original microstructure of the workpiece may be adversely affected by elevated temperatures. Most applications of hot machining are in the turning of high-strength metals and alloys, although experiments are in progress to machine ceramics such as silicon nitride.SUMMARY' k4 F( E u# |: n6 i6 hMachinability is usually defined in terms of surface finish, tool life, force and power requirements, and chip control. Machinability of materials depends not only on their intrinsic properties and microstructure, but also on proper selection and control of process variables.因文章太长，译文请点链接
机械 ----------------------- 华文版本 Mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effect of the bodies on their environment. The discipline has its roots in several ancient civilizations. During the early modern period, scientists such as Galileo, Kepler, and especially Newton, laid the foundation for what is now known as Classical mechanics. Significance Mechanics is the original discipline of physics, dealing with the macroscopic world that humans perceive. It is therefore a huge body of knowledge about the natural world. Mechanics encompasses the movement of all matter in the universe under the four fundamental interactions (or forces): gravity, the strong and weak interactions, and the electromagnetic interaction. Mechanics also constitutes a central part of technology, the application of physical knowledge for humanly defined purposes. In this connection, the discipline is often known as engineering or applied mechanics. In this sense, mechanics is used to design and analyze the behavior of structures, mechanisms, and machines. Important aspects of the fields of mechanical engineering, aerospace engineering, civil engineering, structural engineering, materials engineering, biomedical engineering and biomechanics were spawned from the study of mechanics. Classical versus quantum The major division of the mechanics discipline separates classical mechanics from quantum mechanics. Historically, classical mechanics came first, while quantum mechanics is a comparatively recent invention. Classical mechanics originated with Isaac Newton's Laws of motion in Principia Mathematica, while quantum mechanics didn't appear until 1900. Both are commonly held to constitute the most certain knowledge that exists about physical nature. Classical mechanics has especially often been viewed as a model for other so-called exact sciences. Essential in this respect is the relentless use of mathematics in theories, as well as the decisive role played by experiment in generating and testing them. Quantum mechanics is of a wider scope, as it encompasses classical mechanics as a sub-discipline which applies under certain restricted circumstances. According to the correspondence principle, there is no contradiction or conflict between the two subjects, each simply pertains to specific situations. Quantum mechanics has superseded classical mechanics at foundational level and is indispensable for the explanation and prediction of processes at molecular and (sub)atomic level. However, for macroscopical processes classical mechanics is able to solve problems which are unmanageably difficult in quantum mechanics and hence remains useful and well used. Einsteinian versus Newtonian Analogous to the quantum versus classical reformation, Einstein's general and special theories of relativity have expanded the scope of mechanics beyond the mechanics of Newton and Galileo, and made small corrections to them. Relativistic corrections were also needed for quantum mechanics, although relativity is categorized as a classical theory. There are no contradictions or conflicts between the two, so long as the specific circumstances are carefully kept in mind. Just as one could, in the loosest possible sense, characterize classical mechanics as dealing with "large" bodies (such as engine parts), and quantum mechanics with "small" ones (such as particles), it could be said that relativistic mechanics deals with "fast" bodies, and non-relativistic mechanics with "slow" ones. However, "fast" and "slow" are subjective concepts, depending on the state of motion of the observer. This means that all mechanics, whether classical or quantum, potentially needs to be described relativistically. On the other hand, as an observer, one may frequently arrange the situation in such a way that this is not really required. Types of mechanical bodies Thus the often-used term body needs to stand for a wide assortment of objects, including particles, projectiles, spacecraft, stars, parts of machinery, parts of solids, parts of fluids (gases and liquids), etc. Other distinctions between the various sub-disciplines of mechanics, concern the nature of the bodies being described. Particles are bodies with little (known) internal structure, treated as mathematical points in classical mechanics. Rigid bodies have size and shape, but retain a simplicity close to that of the particle, adding just a few so-called degrees of freedom, such as orientation in space. Otherwise, bodies may be semi-rigid, i.e. elastic, or non-rigid, i.e. fluid. These subjects have both classical and quantum divisions of study. For instance: The motion of a spacecraft, regarding its orbit and attitude (rotation), is described by the relativistic theory of classical mechanics. While analogous motions of an atomic nucleus are described by quantum mechanics. Sub-disciplines in mechanics The following are two lists of various subjects that are studied in mechanics. Note that there is also the "theory of fields" which constitutes a separate discipline in physics, formally treated as distinct from mechanics, whether classical fields or quantum fields. But in actual practice, subjects belonging to mechanics and fields are closely interwoven. Thus, for instance, forces that act on particles are frequently derived from fields (electromagnetic or gravitational), and particles generate fields by acting as sources. In fact, in quantum mechanics, particles themselves are fields, as described theoretically by the wave function. Classical mechanics The following are described as forming Classical mechanics: Newtonian mechanics, the original theory of motion (kinematics) and forces (dynamics) Lagrangian mechanics, a theoretical formalism Hamiltonian mechanics, another theoretical formalism Celestial mechanics, the motion of stars, galaxies, etc. Astrodynamics, spacecraft navigation, etc. Solid mechanics, elasticity, the properties of (semi-)rigid bodies Acoustics, sound in solids, fluids, etc. Statics, semi-rigid bodies in mechanical equilibrium Fluid mechanics, the motion of fluids Soil mechanics, mechanical behavior of soils Continuum mechanics, mechanics of continua (both solid and fluid) Hydraulics, fluids in equilibrium Applied / Engineering mechanics Biomechanics, solids, fluids, etc. in biology Statistical mechanics, large assemblies of particles Relativistic or Einsteinian mechanics, universal gravitation Quantum mechanics The following are categorized as being part of Quantum mechanics: Particle physics, the motion, structure, and reactions of particles Nuclear physics, the motion, structure, and reactions of nuclei Condensed matter physics, quantum gases, solids, liquids, etc. Quantum statistical mechanics, large assemblies of particles Professional organizations Applied Mechanics Division, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Fluid Dynamics Division, American Physical Society
ADesignfor1480PlanishingMill(注：PinchPassmill,TemperMill也都是平整机，可根据专业实际任选一个)Abstract:Alongwitharapiddevelopmentofthenationaleconomy,themarketforbeltcoldrollingappearsabrightforeground.Bymeansofabsorbingadvancedtechnologyandexperience,weshouldtransformitintoourownresourcessuperiorityandoccupyanimportantpositiononbasisofitinthecourseofthereformingoflarge-scalesteelenterprise.Moreover,abeltplanishingmillsettingisoneofthemajorsectorsofthebeltcoldrollingsets,inwhichasteelrollannealedisreceivedinthedevicefromthelastcourse,andafterplanishedasteelbeltwithcertainextensibilityandsurfaceroughnessisgained.Thesteelbelt,afterhavingplanished,haseliminateditsyieldingplatform,anditcanimproveitsqualityoutstandinglytomeetwiththeincreasingdemandsinthemarket.Thispaperhasfirstlydiscussedthebackgroundandforegroundstatusforplanishingmills.Then,accordingtothecurrentlysituationnowadays,ithasbeenconceivedoftoareasonablechooseofarollingmillinviewoftherelativefactorsofeconomicalefficiencyandcoefficientofefficiencyandatlastfulfilledtherelativedesignforaplanishingmill.Theplanishingmilldesignedadoptsaframeworkwithaninitiativedrivingsystemwithdoubledynamoelectricmachine,enclosedtypeofmachineframe,fluid-pressuresystemandsoon.Asafocalpoint,thispaperhasdiscussedthedesigncalculationfortheplanishingmill,including:structureparameterofarollingmill,initiativedrivingsystem,choosefordynamoelectricmachines,adesignforfluid-pressuresystem,adeterminationforthesizeofthemachineframeanditsintensitychecking,rollerdesignanditsintensitychecking,life-spanofthebearingsandsoon.Finally,ithasanalyzedanddiscussedtherollingmilllubrication,environmentalprotectionandeconomicavailability.Keywords:planishingmill,rollingmill,coldrolling
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Modern various machine and equipment are more than on the gear reducer, generally USES bearing hole processing, and currently 1ta series boring coordinates are in single points, so in mass production to ensure its hole spacing tolerance, and low efficiency.A fine molding machine is a special machine, when using a series of molding method. Once processed clamping workpiece, hole spacing in design, and when the machine has two of the coaxial when spindle box, while processing by rail, which not only ensures the transmission distance between accuracy, but also guarantee the hole, and greatly improve the coaxial tolerance of machining efficiency. Can realize automation, production line. It meets the modern production accuracy and efficiency.This paper introduced a series of molding machine structure, working principle and control method, and automatic assembly line control principle and realization method.Keywords: a large series boring
刨机得到了迅速的发展。由于履带行走机构具有牵引力大、接地比压低、爬坡能力强、转弯半径小等优良的特点，铣边机所有大型路面冷铣刨机 (铣刨宽度≥1.5米)均采用了履带行走机构。路面冷铣刨机外形示意图履带行走机构是大型路面冷铣刨机整机的支承件，用来支承整机的重量，承受铣刨机构在铣刨作业过程中产生的力，变位机并完成铣刨机在铣刨、装运、转场时的移动。路面冷铣刨机一般设计成四履带或三履带驱动结构(其中三履带驱动结构其后部支撑 为一条履带)，铣边机履带沿着铣刨机纵向中心对称布置。履带行走机构主要包括导向轮、张紧装置、履带架、支重轮、驱动装置、链轨及履带板等组成。如图2所示。履带行走机构结构图当液压马达带动驱动链轮转动时，与驱动链轮相啮合的链轨及履带板有相对移动的趋势，但是，由于履带板与路面之间的附着力大于驱动链轮、支重轮和导向轮的滚动阻力焊接操作机，所以履带板不会滑动，而驱动链轮、支重轮和导向轮则沿着铺设的链轨滚动，铣边机从而驱使路面冷铣刨机行走。路面冷铣刨机履带行走机构的前后履带均可单独转向，从而使机器转弯半径更小或实现蟹行。系统的调整飞锯机的调整主要是调整两个速度：一是锯车的给定速度，二是锯车的返回速度。前者可通过调整行走气缸的单向阀，使锯车的给定速度接近焊管的焊速，但稍低于焊速。后者的调整，返程时要有节流起缓冲作用滚轮架，同时缓冲气缸还要有快速排气阀，保证快速排气，使锯切小车返回后迅速复位，防止振动不定位。另外，在焊管生产速度确定的情况下，锯车的加速度大小可通过调整缓冲气缸的推力来改变，但推力不可过大，否则会造锯切时间不够，易打碎锯片。最后，在调整时还需注意,数控火焰自动切割机，当小车和焊管同步时，焊管所走过的距离与小车所走过的距离之差越小越好，这样焊管对挡板的冲击力就越小铣边机，锯车越平稳，定尺精度也越高，同时，锯切时也越省力。
中国是世界上机械发展最早的国家之一。中国的机械工程技术不但历史悠久，而且成就十分辉煌，不仅对中国的物质文化和社会经济的发展起到了重要的促进作用，而且对世界技术文明的进步做出了重大贡献.传统机械方面，我国在很长一段时期内都领先于世界。到了近代由于特别是从18世纪初到19世纪40年代，由于经济社会等诸多原因，我国的机械行业发展停滞不前，在这100多年的时间里正是西方资产阶级政治革命和产业革命时期，机械科学技术飞速发展，远远超过了中国的水平。这样，中国机械的发展水平与西方的差距急剧拉大，到十九世纪中期已经落后西方一百多年。新中国建立后特别是近三十年来，我国的机械科学技术发展速度很快。向机械产品大型化，精密化、自动化和成套化的趋势发展。在有些方面已经达到或超过了世界先进水平。总的来说，就目前而言中国机械科学技术的成就是巨大的，发展速度之快，水平之高也是前所未有的。这一时期还没有结束，我国的机械科学技术还将向更高的水平发展。只要我们能够采取正确的方针、政策、用好科技发展规律并勇于创新，我国的机械工业和机械科技一定能够振兴，重新引领世界机械工业发展潮流。就小型夯实机械而言：上世纪60年代以前，我国小型夯实机械非常缺乏，很多小型场地的夯实基本上采用人工夯实。上世纪60年代初期，长沙建设机械研究所与北京建筑工程学院等单位合作，在群众性技术革新成果的基础上总结发明了具有中国特色的蛙式夯实机，1962年获国家科技发明奖。蛙式夯实机结构简单，维修、使用方便，很快成为我国60年代夯实机械的主导产品。据不完全统计蛙式夯实机累计产量达到50000多台，在我国经济建设中发挥了重要作用。70年代以后，蛙式夯实机逐渐被性能更先进的振动冲击夯和振动平板夯所替代，目前蛙式夯实机已经很少，基本被淘汰。1964年，长沙建设机械研究所开发了HB120型内燃式夯实机，开始由上海工程机械厂生产，后来主要由津市洞庭工程机械厂生产，年产量200台左右。80年代，内燃式夯实机产品质量有较大提高，曾出口东南亚和非洲地区。90年代以后，内燃式夯实机产销售量也在逐渐减少，目前只有少数小型民营企业生产。1977年，长沙建设机械研究所和柳州市建筑机械厂开发了我国第一台HZR250型和HZR70型振动平板夯，这两种产品分别于1979 年和1982年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定。随后义乌建筑机械厂、四平建筑机械厂、安阳振动器厂、津市洞庭工程机械厂等多家企业都开始生产振动平板夯。1986年长沙建设机械研究所又开发了较大的HZR450型振动平板夯。上世纪90年代以后，振动平板夯在我国有了较快的发展，产品品种、规格和生产企业增多，国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。1983年，长沙建设机械研究所和湖北振动器厂联合开发了我国第一台HZR70型振动冲击夯，1984年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定，1985年获建设部科技进步三等奖。由于振动冲击夯具有压实效果好、生产率高、体积和重量小、轻便灵活等突出特点，深受用户欢迎，得到了迅速的推广使用，并很快发展到资江机器厂、新乡第三机床厂和津市洞庭工程机械厂等几十家企业生产。振动冲击夯虽然比振动平板夯开发晚，但发展速度、产销量和使用广泛性比振动平板夯大得多，目前已成为我国夯实机械中产销量最大的主导产品。上世纪90年代以后，国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。振动冲击夯和振动平板夯在我国的成功开发，不仅为我国建设施工部门提供了性能先进的夯实机械，取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益，而且使我国夯实机械技术向前跨进了一大步，缩短了与世界先进水平的差距，促进了我国压实机械的发展。就机械加工而言：热加工 铸造 据考古发现，在北京平谷、昌平、房山等处曾出土了公元前16世纪(商代)的青铜礼器。 明永乐年间(1403～1424年)，北京制造出享誉世界的明永乐大铜钟(46.5吨)和钟楼大铜钟(63吨)及铁钟(25吨)，采用分炉熔化、地坑造型和陶范法铸造。 20世纪50年代以前，北京在铸造上采用粘土砂手工造型。1955年，北京第一机床厂开始采用漏模造型、双面模型型板及铁型板和标准砂箱造型。1965年，开始采用塑料模型。 1980 年，北京市机电研究院与北京玛钢厂研制成功工频无芯塞杆底注式保温浇注电炉。1982年，该院与北京机床铸造二厂研究成功冲天炉风口吹氧技术。 1985～1988年，北京机床研究所试验成功浮动端面密封环的压力铸造工艺。 锻压 1959年，北京第二通用机械厂(后改名北京重型机器厂)建成2500吨水压机。1971年，该厂制造出6000吨水压机，这是当时北京最大的锻压设备。 1968～1979年，北京起重机器厂先后采用300吨油压机和2000吨油压机制造出起重机吊臂和大型覆盖件。 80年代，北京市机电研究院和北京市模具中心研制出一系列高精度多工位冲裁模具，接近或达到进口模具水平，改变了北京精密冲裁模具依赖进口的局面。 热处理 1949年前，北京已采用电炉、盐溶炉、热电偶等手段进行零件退火、回火、淬火、正火、调质、渗碳等热处理。 1956年，北京第一机床厂开始采用高频感应淬火。1961年，北京第二机床厂开始采用气体氮化淬火。1969年，北京量具刃具厂开始采用光亮淬火。 1978年，北京机床研究所研究完成机床导轨表面接触淬火工艺及设备、淬火质量检查技术条件的研究。1979年，铁道科学研究院和中国科学院力学研究所等合作完成大功率柴油机缸套表面的激光改性处理的研究。 1979年，北京市机电研究院研制成功千瓦级二氧化碳激光器，并于80年代初分别应用于汽缸套和邮票印刷设备的激光热处理。其中，清华大学、北京市机电研究院、北京邮票厂共同完成邮票厂七色机打孔器表面激光强化研究。 1984～1990年，北京市热处理研究所研究成功真空热处理、气体渗碳微机控制技术(与北京航空航天大学合作)、稀土软氮化、粉末冶金制品表面强化、煤油加甲醇小滴量法微机可控渗碳、固体渗硼、渗碳过程微机辅助工艺设计及跟踪控制系统等热处理新技术，并应用于生产。 焊接与切割 1949年，北京已有气焊、电弧焊及氧乙炔火焰切割等手工作业。 1963年，北京金属结构厂与一机部机械科学研究院合作开发出钨极氩弧焊，并实现了氮气等离子切割不锈钢。1964年，用直流钨极氩弧焊及焊丝合金化技术解决了核工业用倾斜式电解糟纯镍焊接。 1966年，北京金属结构厂开发出了使被焊球体旋转的埋弧自动焊。1968年，该厂开始以液化石油气代替乙炔切割。 80年代初，清华大学发明了新型MIG焊接电弧控制法，在控制电弧技术上取得突破。 80年代初，北京城建设计院等完成液化石油气移动式气压焊轨技术的研究和应用。 1990年，北京金属结构厂开始采用数控精密切割和具有光电跟踪及数控寻踪读入自动编程的大功率等离子切割技术。可见，我国机械发展在近代发展其迅速。China is the world's first national machinery development. Chinese mechanical engineering technology not only has a long history and splendid achievements in Chinese is not only the material culture and social economic development plays an important role in the world, and to promote the progress of civilization, technology has made great contribution to Chinese traditional machine. And in a long period ahead in the world. In modern times, especially from the early 18th century, due to the nineteen forties, due to the economic and social reasons, such as the China machinery industry, stagnation, in the 100 years is western bourgeois political revolution and industrial revolution, mechanical science and technology is developing rapidly, and far more than the level of China. So, China mechanical development level and the western gap widens, sharply to the 19th century middle behind western one hundred years.After the founding of new China, especially in the past 30 years, our country's mechanical science and technology development speed. To the mechanical product large-scale, precision, automation and discusses the trend of development. In some aspects has reached or exceeded the world advanced level. Generally speaking, currently China mechanical science and technology achievement is huge, developing fast, high level of unprecedented. In this period, China has no end of mechanical science and technology will develop to a higher level. As long as we can adopt the correct policy, with good technology development and innovation, our machinery industry and mechanical technology can revitalize, leading to the development trend of mechanical industry.Just small ramming machinery:In the 1960s, China mechanical very small tamp lack, many small venues ramming basically USES artificial ramming.Early 1960s, changsha construction machinery institute and Beijing architectural engineering institute, etc., the technical innovation achievements in mass on the basis of summing up Chinese characteristic invented the breaststroke ramming machine, 1962 exceeded national science and technology. The breaststroke ramming machine structure is simple, easy to use and maintenance in 1960s, soon became the dominant products to consolidate machinery. According to not complete count breaststroke tamp cumulative yield reached more than 50,000 machine, in the economic development of our country has played an important role. Since 1970's, the breaststroke ramming machine was gradually more advanced performance of vibration shock ram and vibrating plate ram, now replaced by laying machine has rarely breaststroke, basically be eliminated.In 1964, changsha construction machinery institute HB120 developed movable type, type of Shanghai began laying machine, engineering machine production mainly by tianjin municipal later, annual production engineering machinery dongting about 200. In the 1980s, movable type ramming machine product quality has increased greatly, have exported to southeast Asia and Africa. Since 1990s, internal-combustion type ramming machine production sales, and gradually decreased in only a few small private enterprise production.In 1977, changsha construction machinery factory buildings and developed in liuzhou HZR250 type and the HZR70 type vibrating plate ram, these two kinds of products in 1979 and 1982 passed by the ministry of construction of the organization. Then yiwu building construction machinery factory, siping, anyang vibrators factory, tianjin municipal engineering machinery dongting and other enterprises have started producing vibrating plate ram. In 1986, changsha construction machinery research and develop a larger HZR450 type of vibrating plate ram. Since 1990s, vibrating plate ram in our country has developed very quickly, varieties of products, specifications and increase production enterprises, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese market.In 1983, changsha construction machinery institute and the joint development of hubei vibration in the first HZR70 type vibration shock ramming, 1984, passed by the ministry of construction, organization construction technology progress in 1985 won prizes. Due to the vibration impact compaction result has good ramming, productivity, high volume and weight of small, lightweight flexible outstanding characteristics, deeply user etc, obtained a rapid promotion, and soon ZiJiang development to the factory, xinxiang municipal engineering machine tool plant and tianjin dozens of dongting production factory etc. Vibration shock ramming although than vibrating plate ram, but later development speed of development, production and use of extensive than vibrating plate ram, has become the largest in China in the ramming machinery products. Since 1990s, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese market.Vibration shock ramming and vibrating plate ram the successful development in our country, not only for our construction department provides advanced performance of mechanical, laying have achieved good economic benefit and social benefit, and make our ramming mechanical technology into a big step forward, shorten the gap with the advanced world level, promoting the development of compaction machine.The mechanical processing:According to the archaeological discovery, hot-working casting in Beijing pinggu, changping and so have proved that the 16th century BC shang dynasty (bronze objects. Ming yongle (1403-1424 years), Beijing produce world-renowned Ming yongle great 3-ton bell made (46.5 tons) and tower (63 tons of great 3-ton bell made of iron clock (25) and the furnace of melting, pit TaoFan model and method of casting. In the 1950s, Beijing based on clay sand castings in manual. In 1955, Beijing first machine tool plant began using leakage mould modelling, double-sided model and iron plate type plate and standard sand box modelling. In 1965, start using plastic model. In 1980, the institute and Beijing municipal electrical factory has successfully developed line frequency coreless bathroom plug stem bottom note type electric insulation casting. In 1982, hospital and Beijing the casting machine research cupola tuyere oxygen blowing technology. 1985-1988, Beijing institute of machine of floating end face seal ring by die successful test pressure casting process.In 1959, Beijing second metalforming machinery general factory changed (Beijing) built 2500 ton heavy-duty hydraulic press. In 1971, the factory produced 6,000 tons, which is then Beijing hydrtesting biggest metalforming equipment. 1968-1979, Beijing hoisting machine factory has 300 tons of using hydraulic press 2000 tons and create crane and large panel. In the 1980s, Beijing institute of electrical and developed a series of Beijing mould centre high-precision cutting die, the multistage close to or to import mould level, changed Beijing precision punching moulds dependence on imports.Before 1949, Beijing has heat treatment furnace, salt dissolved by thermocouples means furnace, quenching and tempering, parts of annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, carburizing and etc. In 1956, Beijing first began using high-frequency quenching machine tool plant. In 1961, the Beijing second machine tool plant began using gas nitriding quenching. In 1969, the following enterprise by Beijing gage start light quenching. In 1978, the complete machine tool research institute of Beijing guide surface contact quenching process and equipment, quenching condition of quality inspection. In 1979, scientific research institute of China academy of railway and mechanical institute of high-power diesel engine cylinder collaboration of surface modification of laser. In 1979, Beijing institute of electrical carbon dioxide laser is developed, and the kilowatt in early 1980s respectively applied in cylinder and stamp printing equipments of laser treatment. Among them, tsinghua university, Beijing, Beijing institute of electrical YouPiaoChang jointly completed YouPiaoChang seven color machine DaKongQi laser surface strengthening research. From 1984 to 1990, Beijing institute of vacuum heat treatment research, gas carburizing microcomputer control technology (Beijing university of aeronautics &astronautics and cooperation), rare earth soft nitriding, powder metallurgy products surface strengthening, kerosene and methanol small drops of microcomputer control method of carburizing, solid boriding and carburizing process computer aided process planning and tracking control system, and the application of new technology heat in production. Welding and cutting in 1949, Beijing has geo-drilling, electric welding and cutting etc oxyacetylene flame manual operation. In 1963, Beijing metal structure and YiJiBu mechanical science research cooperation to develop tungsten argon arc welding, and realize the nitrogen plasma cutting stainless steel. In 1964, the use of dc argon arc welding and tungsten wire alloying technology solved by tilting electrolysis industry worse pure nickel welding. In 1966, Beijing metal structure factory developed by rotating sphere of the submerged arc welding automatic welding. In 1968, the plant began to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) instead of acetylene cutting. In the early 1980s, tsinghua university invented new MIG welding arc arc technology in control, control a breakthrough. In the early 1980s, the Beijing urban construction design completed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mobile pneumatic rail welding technology research and application. In 1990, Beijing metal structure factory to adopt CNC precision cutting and with photo-electricity tracking and CNC pursuit of high input automatic programming technology plasma cutting.Visible, China mechanical development in modern development of its rapid.
Title: fermentation tank vibration transmission mechanism design Abstract: With the social development, and resource utilization has caused considerable attention. Fermentation tank vibration mechanism is to straw as a carbon source for microbiological fermentation of solid substrate on the upper reaches of the equipment required, use mechanical movement principle, design fermentation, and to imitate cattle or other animals, the mechanism of gastric digestion of food, design fermentation tank vibration mechanical devices, through the crank, sprocket and bevel gear mechanical transmission mode of vibration, in order to realize biomimetic motility feed cattle organ that urge change in the role. With straw as a carbon source on the fermentation of raw materials, so that microbes with straw substrate mix and reduce low energy consumption, required to produce the fermentation product. Key words: fermentation tank bionic mechanical transmission vibration mechanism
Abstract— Cobots是连续地使用机器人的类 开发高保真度可编程序的variable传输 constraint表面。 Cobots消耗很少电能 ，既使当提供高产力量和他们的传输横跨各种各样是非常有效率的transmission比率。 Cobotic传输也有能力 to作为闸或变得完全地自由。 设计 Cobotic手控制器的and表现，最近a developed六程度自由触觉显示，被回顾。 This设备说明高力学范围和低功率 consumption可达成由cobots。 彻底的比较 the一个cobotic系统的出力效率对常规 提供electro-mechanical系统。机器人技术的Three关键要求使用为 prosthetics和修复是低重量，低功率 consumption和安全。 我们提出cobotic技术作为a 可能论及所有这些问题的transmission建筑学。 Cobots是运用nonholonomic限制的机器人 of 操纵 轮子 关连 相对 速度 mechanism链接。 cobotic传输连续地是a variable传输(CVT)在正面和阴性之间 ratios， 并且 能 关连 二 平移 速度， 二 rotational速度或者对平移的旋转的速度 velocity [1]。 我们最近介绍了Cobotic手 Controller (图 1)， a 供给动力的六程度自由 cobot和描述它的能力作为一个触觉接口[2， 3]。 通过本文路线，我们显示出， mechanical 建筑学 并且 传输 使用 在 Cobotic手控制器地址全部三在上面 机器人学的mentioned要求的弭补科和 rehabilitation.
加强工程机械的管理,提高工程机械的维修水平和管理技术,已成为增强企业竞争力,提高工作效率和经济效益的一个重要方法。下面是我为大家整理的关于机械方面的论文，供大家参考。
摘要：首先要加强自检，在上班的前、中、后期都要开展设备的安全检查工作，并且要定期组织检查。其次，对车辆安全检查也要提高警惕，在施工现场，机动性较强的车辆发生事故的可能性较大，必须对其进行强制检查。
关键词：工程机械;安全管理
1易出现的安全事故及原因分析
比较常见的安全事故有：设备损害、人身伤亡、引发火灾等，要从根本上防治这些事故，就要分析原因，从根本抓起。
(1)设备原因
设备方面的原因有很多，如：机械设备本身存在不安全因素，没有采用安全设计或忽视设备质量;零件有缺陷，又因检查不到位而使其蒙混过关，最终安装到机器上成为安全隐患;安全设施性能老化或不良;使用的相关材料不合格，如油料不合格就会损坏机器。很多企业在机械设备出了故障之后，只求“恢复原样”、“能将就用”就行，对落后设备、故障设备进行反复维修，而不进行必要的技术改造，致使工程机械严重落后。不仅耗油多、效率低，而且极易出现故障，最终增加维修费用、耽误工期，即使修理好了也很难恢复性能和精度，无法满足机场建设施工的要求，给施工带来不必要的麻烦。
(2)人为原因
人为原因主要如下：操作人员抱有侥幸心理，认为事故发生的概率低，故而对旧的设备不淘汰，对该检修的设备不检修;缺乏安全技术知识，不熟悉设备的操作规程，不能应付紧急情况，对有可能发生的安全事故缺乏预见能力;工作精神状况不佳，导致操作出现疏漏。事实证明，人的注意力不能长时间内保持高度集中，尤其是在机场建设这样快节奏、高压力的工作中，稍有疏忽，便容易导致安全事故;对队伍的管理纪律松弛，缺乏责任心，不认真检查，导致队伍间缺乏协调合作的能力。
(3)环境原因
在机场施工中，设备大多不是固定安装，因此为其保持一个好的作业环境几乎是不可能的。在噪音过大、照明不足、温度不适宜、地面松软、坡度过高等环境下，容易发生安全事故。例如在夜间工作时，由于光线不好，很容易使操作人员误判。此外，一些不可抗因素，如自然灾害等也会引发安全事故。
2机场机械设备安全管理措施分析
(1)严格挑选机械设备，完善机械设备进场质量检测
。部分企业为节省投资，不重视先进设备的引进与更换，对于旧设备也是抱着凑合用的态度，使得大量报废机械、落后机械充斥在施工现场，造成施工现场隐患重重。机场建设关乎人民群众生命财产安全，必须予以重视。首先，对机械设备应进行严格的进场检测和认真挑选，对于旧设备、已经淘汰的设备、状况差的设备一律禁止入场。其次，所有的设备都要进行登记，建好台账，退场时也要按照进场时的登记严格排查，以防设备遗漏在现场。最后，机场机械设备具有严格的技术使用要求，因此必须严格选择型号，并合理调配，按照规定使用设备，以减少磨损，延长设备寿命。机械设备必须严格放在指定的区域，每台机器都要配备专门的安全工作人员。对机械设备的使用，要采用安全防护装备，如自动显示、自动报警、自动停车等。
(2)加强操作人员培训，制定安全管理制度
对操作人员进行培训，包括技术培训和安全培训，并要求其持证上岗。培训工作要有计划、有针对性地开展，严把人员准入关。相关人员对设备要勤检查、多注意。操作过程中，工作人员除非有必要情况，否则不能离开驾驶室，还要严禁酒后施工，对乱扔杂物等现象也要严肃处理。在施工过程中，重施工、轻管理的问题尤为明显，这是因为在建设过程中，大多数企业只关注项目能否在规定时间内完工。而管理工作从表面看来并不能给施工进度带来明显的作用，也不能给企业带来直接的经济效益，这使得部分企业认为在工程机械管理上投入过多精力是一种浪费。为此，要制定机械的安全操作规程，同时制定合理、有针对性的安全管理制度，这是对操作人员进行安全教育的基础，也是分析事故起因的根据。此外，应制定科学的紧急预案并进行演练，发现问题要及时处理并总结经验。
(3)加强设备的安全检测
首先要加强自检，在上班的前、中、后期都要开展设备的安全检查工作，并且要定期组织检查。其次，对车辆安全检查也要提高警惕，在施工现场，机动性较强的车辆发生事故的可能性较大，必须对其进行强制检查。
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摘要：工程机械智能化发展趋势不仅意味着工程机械需改变传统的运营模式，还需改变机械的运转操作流程，将其以集成化与智能化形式融入工程机械工作流程中，从而提高工程机械的工作效率，降低资源损耗，使工程机械能够高效率完成施工项目要求。本文针对工程机械的智能化发展趋势及发展展开探讨。
关键词：工程机械;智能化;发展对策
现代工程技术不仅需要具备集成化条件，还需具备一定的智能条件。伴随现代施工规模的不断扩大，传统的工程机械技术已难以适应施工项目的规模要求。为了使工程机械能够适应当前施工项目的发展趋势，工程机械需改变发展方向，融合目前的科学技术，纳入智能化技术，使工程机械的监控系统、检测系统、预报系统、维护系统等能够实现智能化管理，从而为现代施工项目提供更加高效的施工技术。
1工程机械智能化发展趋势现状
(1)工程机械智能化控制技术与单机集成化的发展趋势。工程机械智能化控制技术与单机集成化技术主要包括电液控制自动换挡变速器、编程控制、无人操作等技术。就我国目前的工程机械智能化发展趋势来看，其自动换挡技术在当前的应用更为广泛。该技术能够有效提高质量，为工程机械操作技术带来更多效益，并在技术应用上能够有效提高技术性能，减少传统工程机械的工作强度及工作量，对工作人员的工作负担也有一定的减轻作用。其中，自动换挡设备主要包含了液压式及电液式两种。液压式的应用模式主要是在汽车行驶过程中，将车辆的行驶速度、油门启动程度等参数转换为油压信号，从而利用油压信号来控制汽车的换挡阀，使汽车的换挡阀能够形成自动化换挡模式。电液式的应用模式能够把汽车行驶的速度、油门开度等车辆在行驶过程中产生的参数转换为信号模式，再将信号输入电子换挡控制器中，使电子换挡控制器来控制换挡阀，进而形成自动换挡模式，从而保障车辆行驶的安全性。电液式自动换挡技术能够与工程机械实现相互兼容，是目前工程机械实现电液一体化的重要趋势，也是创新智能条件的重要渠道[1]。
(2)工程机械智能化监控、维护、检测技术的发展趋势。工程机械的智能监控基本上以电子智能化为核心。该技术的主要应用是在线监控现场施工遇到的复杂情况，对工程机械执行一系列自动化监控，并对工程机械运转环节中的故障现象执行远程诊断及维修。该智能化工程技术的主要目的是为了针对机械故障现象及现场监控工作进行数字化、智能化和管理化维护。进入20世纪后，微型计算机开始在全国普及应用。许多国外工程机械企业开始尝试应用微型计算机，并在多个领域及设备中开启实验环节。经过多年实验取得一定成果后，工程机械智能化运营模式开始受到工程机械行业的一致认可，并逐步应用于工程机械的各个领域，取得了十分可观的效果。近几年，许多国外厂家开始在故障数据源输出部位及存储部位上安装电子监控设备，以便维修人员能够在查找故障因素时，利用故障代码的输出与输入进行故障分析，从而更准确地找出故障因素及故障类型。与其他国家相比，我国当前在工程机械领域中的智能化监控应用还比较薄弱，其故障诊断技术及监控技术还处于初级发展阶段，且其智能化监控系统也未在国内得到广泛应用，一定程度上阻碍了我国工程机械设备的发展及完善[2]。
(3)基于网络机群的智能化管理。工程机械的应用范围十分广泛，在当前不同建设项目中都有着非常重要的应用。以公路施工来说，级别较高的公路路面在施工时，往往需要借助不同类别的施工机械设备。同时，很多机械设备施工过程中具有随机特征，使工程项目在实际施工过程中，无法针对施工项目形成专门的机械配置，致使施工单位在针对项目投入大量的设备资金时，该机械设备并未得到有效应用，成为当前我国工程机械应用常常遇到的难题。在面对需要高性能、多类型的施工项目时，该项目在施工设备上往往需要投入更多的资金。同时，机群在施工协调上，其由于机械设备较多，协调能力十分有限，对施工项目的施工质量、进度都有着直接的影响。因此，在施工项目的工程机械机群配置及优化上，需将机群的协同工作进行效益发挥，以此降低施工成本。近几年，在我国工程施工频繁出现问题后，已有专门的研究人士开始进行大量研究。虽然在工程机械上取得了许多理论成果，但至今还未有科学的完善手段。因此，在工程施工过程中，其理论成果还未得到有效应用。当前，以网络机群作为工程智能管理及集成控制是当前工程项目建设继续完善的问题。这项设备部件能够有效优化机群的配置模式，还能对施工进度进行智能化管理，对施工项目的施工进度及质量都有保障作用[3]。
2工程机械智能化发展对策
(1)技术综合利用。面对当下施工项目多元化的发展趋势，其单一的机械设备配置已无法满足当前项目的建设需要。为了使现代工程机械能够满足多元化的施工项目需求，我国工程机械需扩大应用范围，并针对数字化技术、智能技术、网络技术等技术进行协调设置，将其进行综合利用，以此改变传统工程机械的应用模式及范围，使工程机械向综合方向发展。在工程机械智能化技术的综合利用方面，工程机械需将控制系统与集成系统技术进行双向控制，以使该技术在智能化发展中形成核心技术及单元技术。综合利用各项技术不仅能够有效提高工程机械的性能系统，还能充分结合我国国情，将工程机械技术实现自主创新应用，促进工程机械新型主导产品的开发，使我国工程机械产品在实现智能化发展。同时，也有助于在短时间内形成跨越式发展，提高我国工程机械的竞争力，从而形成产业化形式的运营模式，为工程机械的未来发展市场打下良好的基础。
(2)工程机械故障诊断技术的开发与应用。故障是工程机械在运行过程中时常出现的技术问题。该问题不仅影响工程机械设备的正常运转，也给工程机械设备带来较大损耗。为了提高工程机械设备的稳定性，我国在工程机械设备中的重点零件部位装置相关的故障诊断传感器系统，以利用传感器对工程机械以往的运行状态进行收集。例如，检测发动机设备的油温、油压等，并对发动机关键系统中的液压系统、燃油量、制动系统等参数进行准确检测。同时，结合机械设备的不同故障类型，采用不同等级的报警装置，使工程机械在运转过程中能够得到有效监视。一旦发现故障现象，立即发出警报提醒，促使工程机械故障能够第一时间采取完善措施，并记录该故障因素，做好预防措施，减少机械设备的故障机率。
(3)应用人工智能、网络通信等科技技术。工程机械智能化发展与科技技术的支持及创新有关。工程机械的智能维护系统与远程监控技术必然需要得到科技技术的融入及支持，从而促使工程机械智能技术得到有效开发。在工程机械故障因素上，利用远程监视技术及传感器，能够有效发觉机械设备的故障因素。对此，工程机械设备科将收集设备故障因素，针对机械的故障因素、预防方式进行整体分析，对机械设备最常出现的故障现象及故障部位进行故障诊断。同时，根据故障机理进行研究，主要包括液压系统、设备零件、散热器、制动器等多个系统部位。再针对典型部件的故障现象建立完善的故障模式系统及数据库系统，为机械设备的故障因素建立完善的故障数据系统，促使机械设备在今后遭遇该故障现象时，能够有效利用智能化技术进行维护，有效避免盲目的维护方式。
(4)开发工程机械智能管理系统——机群控制系统。项目正式施工前，调度员需对该机械设备系统进行详细了解，详细掌握其中施工车辆的车载控制系统。结合当前的实际状况优化机群配置，合理规划机械设备及车辆配置，并定期进行科学调度，科学安排施工车辆及机械设备的运行轨道、操作方式。同时，要对现场施工项目所应用的工程机械设备开展定期维护及保养工作，加强对机械设备的管理工作，精准了解每台机械设备的故障因素，以提高工程机械的维修能力。此外，工程机械设备的智能管理系统，还可以在一定程度上对施工现场的施工数据进行有效采集，对其中的工作机群进行合理配置及调度，以做好协同控制，使机群之间形成良好的网络通信，从而形成智能化控制与操作。
(5)开发机群控制智能机系统。对于当前的智能化施工机群系统来说，机群控制智能系统除了需涵盖基本的工程机械工程外，还需要具备一定的智能机配置，如机群远程故障诊断系统、机群远程故障维护系统、机载智能化系统等装置。这些智能化装置能够使施工机群实现远程控制，并同时实现智能化控制，增强各个机群信号的接受强度及效率，也使机群在面对远距离控制时能够自动做好系统工作，自动执行维护保养工作，有效提升机群的工作效率。
3结束语
综上所述，与西方国家相比，我国工程机械智能化的发展起点较晚，且应用范围上还十分狭隘，在多个领域中都还尚未得到有效应用。面对当前我国建设规模不断扩大，工程机械走向智能化方向发展已成为必然的发展之路。这不仅是施工建设所需，也是社会进步所需。从我国当前工程机械智能化的应用趋势来看，我国当前应用较为广泛的为单机集成化、网络机群的智能化管理、工程机械智能化监控、维护、检测等技术，极大提高了施工项目的施工效率及质量。发展对策上，我国需实现综合技术的应用，开发工程机械故障诊断技术，将智能化工程机械应用人工智能、网络通信等，加大智能技术的应用领域及范围，加快工程机械的发展速度。
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