外文翻译要求：（1）选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。（2）选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。（3）外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
2"STOCKM ARKETD EVELOPMENAT NDL ONG-RUNG ROWTH"BYROSS LEVINE AND SARA ZERVOSWorld stock markets are booming. Developing country stock markets compose adisproportionately large amount of this growth. Over the past 10 years, world stock marketcapitalization rose from $4.7 trillion to $15.2 trillion, and emerging market capitalization jumpedfrom less than 4 percent to almost 13 percent of total world capitalization. Similarly, over thisdecade, the trading of shares on emerging stock exchanges rose from less than 3 percent to 17percent of the total value of transactions on the world's stock exchanges. Further, Korajczyk(1996) shows that emerging markets have become more integrated with world capital marketsduring the past seven years. The blossoming of emerging stock markets has attracted theattention of international investors. Portfolio equity flows to emerging markets jumped from$150 million in 1984 to over $39 billion in 1995. Yet, there exists very little empirical evidenceon the relationship between stock market development and long-run economic growth.
毕业论文是Graduation thesis 若要在论文里指论文就可以直接说thesis或者paper
A Thesis Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of B. A./B. S. in ***这是标准的学士学位毕业论文的说法，B.A.代表文学学士，B.S.代表理学学士，***处填上专业。
建议你去看看 finance economist 等等英文杂志 或网站 都是纯英文介绍金融的 很多
Abstract:Since ChinaUniversityEnrollment began inthe latenineteen ninties,college students employment difficult problemarose,in recent years,decreasedinitial employmentrate of university graduates,supply and demand ratiois increased,the employment situation is not optimistic,receivedwidespread attention from all sectors of society,the employment problem ofuniversity studentshas become one ofthe most prominentsocialproblems.The last outbreak of the financialcrisis sweeping the globe,so that morecollege students employmentdifficult,this paper analyzesthe employment situation of university studentsfrom many aspects,in order tolet the studentsunderstand the currentsocial situation,the employment problemand thus a better solutionKeywords:Reason and Countermeasuresof difficult employment for University StudentsThe characteristics ofthe largestemployment of college students isthe totalincrease ingraduates,high,andemployment situation ofwhole andnot improved the status quois contradictory,the difficult employment of college studentshasbecome an indisputable fact,investigate its reason,mainly is thedislocation oftalent supply andmarket demand,and thegraduates'Comprehensive qualitydifference.How toimprove the quality of personnel training,is the key tosolvethe difficult problem ofemployment of university students.Keywords:college students difficult employmentsituationoftalent gapsolution
奥巴马麦凯恩激辩金融危机据《今日美国》报道，在周二的总统辩论中，约翰－麦凯恩和巴拉克－奥巴马互相攻击，并提出了各自的应对美国金融危机的方案。John McCain andBarack Obama exchanged blame and offered proposals to address the nation'sfinancial crisis during Tuesday's presidential debate, USA Today reported.麦凯恩承诺对那些苦苦挣扎的房主们施以援手，而奥巴马则表示政府必须确保国家大规模救市方案按计划实施。McCain promisedaid to struggling homeowners and Obama said the government must assure themassive federal financial rescue package works as planned.二人辩论的主题很快便集中在经济问题上，当晚辩论主要围绕着这一话题进行。The debate focusedimmediately on the economy and stayed on it for much of the night.麦凯恩提议财政部有条件地买进按揭坏债，并根据目前的房价和房主们进行再次协商。McCain called forthe Treasury Department to buy up troubled mortgages — with some conditions —and renegotiate them with homeowners at the current value of homes.麦凯恩说：“我们都清楚，只有我们稳定了美国的家庭价值观，我们才能去创造就业机会、恢复我们的经济。McCain said,"We all know, my friends, until we stabilize home values inAmerica,we're never going to start turning around and creating jobs and fixing oureconomy,此外，我们还得重建对美国的信任和信心。”and we've got toget some trust and confidence back toAmerica."奥巴马称最近的经济低迷为“大萧条后最严重的金融危机”，他表示政府必须确保签署的金融救市方案按计划实施。Obama called thecurrent downturn "the worst financial crisis since the GreatDepression" and said the government must assure that the financial rescuepackage signed into law worked as planned.他说：“我相信这将是对过去8年来布什政府高调推行的失败的经济政策的最终审判，而参议员麦凯恩就是这一政策的支持者。”"I believethis is a final verdict on the failed economic policies of the last eightyears, strongly promoted by President Bush and supported by SenatorMcCain," he said.辩论开始前几小时，道琼斯工业平均指数又暴跌508点。辩论在一片金融阴霾中展开。The debate beganhours after the Dow Jones industrial average tumbled another 508 points, andthe resulting financial anxiety is looming large over the debate.麦凯恩指责奥巴马是参议院中收取房利美和联邦住宅贷款抵押公司捐款的第二大个人，而这两大公司正是目前名誉扫地的抵押贷款行业巨头。McCain accusedObama of being the Senate's second-highest recipient of donations fromindividuals at Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the two now-disgraced mortgageindustry giants.奥巴马回击称，麦凯恩竞选团队经理戴维斯在华盛顿一家政治公关公司持股，直到最近，该公司每月都从联邦住宅贷款抵押公司收到成千上万的资金。Obama shot backthat McCain's campaign manager, Rick Davis, has a stake in a Washington lobbying firm that receivedthousands of dollars a month from Freddie Mac until recently.路透社报道，两位候选人均誓言致力于使美国能源独立。Both candidatesvowed to focus on making theUnited Statesenergy independent, Reuters reported.麦凯恩表示，核电是一项无污染能源，也将是解决气候变化的关键。他还对奥巴马进行了嘲讽。McCain saidnuclear power was a clean source of energy that would be key to battlingclimate change and mocked Obama.奥巴马支持发展核电，并将其作为一个大能源计划的组成部分。And Obama said heapproved of nuclear power as one element of a broader energy plan.美联社报道，辩论话题还涉及外交政策方面，其激烈程度不亚于经济和国内事务。The debate alsoveered into foreign policy, and the disputes were as intense as on the economyand domestic matters, AP reported.麦凯恩称他的对手“在伊拉克和进军问题上的观点是错误的。”McCain said hisrival "was wrong aboutIraqand the surge.“在俄罗斯侵略格鲁吉亚问题上，他（奥巴马）对俄罗斯的看法是错误的。”“He was wrong about Russia when theycommitted aggression against Georgia.”“他的职业生涯很短，他还不了解我们国家在安全问题上所面临的挑战。”“And in his short career he does notunderstand our national security challenges.”“而我们没有时间来进行在职培训。”“We don't have time for on the jobtraining.”奥巴马略带嘲讽地回击说，他确实不太了解一些事情，例如：多年来美国已经在伊拉克耗费了数千亿美元后，今后，美国要如何面对阿富汗问题的挑战。Obama counteredwith a trace of sarcasm that he didn't understand some things — like how UScould face the challenge inAfghanistanafter spending years and hundreds of billions of dollars inIraq.据路透社报道，辩论后哥伦比亚广播公司和美国有线新闻电视网的一项快速调查都显示奥巴马在辩论中胜出。Two quick pollstaken immediately after the debate, by CBS News and CNN, both judged Obama thewinner, Reuters reported.路透评论道，麦凯恩可能不会再有扭转竞选局面的机会。McCain could berunning out of chances to recast the race, Reuters commented.离大选只有4周的时间，两位候选人将在10月15日进行最终辩论。With only fourweeks to go until the election, the two candidates will meet for one finaldebate on October 15.----------------------------------------------------------金融危机激增MBA申请人数眼下的华尔街可谓哀鸿遍野，而美国各地的商学院却因此振奋不已：全日制MBA课程的申请人数在2008年激增。Business is bad onWall Street, and business schools across the country are bracing for theimpact: A surge in applications this year to their full-time M.B.A. programs.金融市场一片混乱，美国经济放缓，华尔街正在经受深刻的结构性变化。很多人决定，现在是回学校充电的好时候。With financialmarkets in turmoil, the economy slowing down and Wall Street undergoing aprofound structural change, many people are deciding that now is a good time tohead back to school.考虑迈入校门的人有些是此次金融业大裁员的牺牲品，另一些则觉得他们的饭碗即将不保。Some would-bestudents are the victim of layoffs roiling the financial industry. Others thinktheir jobs could disappear soon.即使目前工作还算稳定的MBA申请者也认为，利用这段时间攻读研究生文凭是个不错的选择－－因为未来几年的升迁和跳槽机会都会比较稀缺。Even someapplicants whose jobs are currently stable are deciding that it makes sense togo for a graduate degree now: since promotions and new opportunities could behard to find in the next few year商学院还没有关于申请人数的统计数字，因为大多数顶尖学校的第一轮招生截止日期是在10月中旬。不过，许多商学院表示，今年咨询MBA课程的人增加了很多。Schools don't haveapplication tallies yet -- as deadlines for the first round of admissions arein mid-October for most top-tier schools -- but many already are reporting bigincreases in interest.纽约大学斯特恩商学院称，今年参加其校外MBA推介会的人员增加了30%。New YorkUniversity Stern School of Business reports a 30% increase in attendance atoff-site information sessions this year.西北大学凯洛格管理学院的申请人数目前已增长22%。NorthwesternUniversityKelloggSchoolof Management has had a 22% increase inapplications so far.芝加哥大学工商管理研究生院表示，其网上咨询和推介会参加人数都有显著上升。Universityof Chicago GraduateSchool of Business says it is seeing significant increases ininquiries online and attendance at information sessions.今年，GMAT考试的注册人数也在增加。People are alsoregistering for the Graduate Management Admission Test in greater numbers thisyear.美国研究生入学管理委员会位于弗吉尼亚州McLean市，成员包括165家商学院。According to theGraduate Management Admission Council, a McLean, Va.-based membershiporganization of 165 graduate business schools,U.S.该机构称，2008年1至9月GMAT考试的注册人数达到129,902人，比去年同期上升5.1%。GMAT registrationvolume for the first nine months of this year totaled 129,902, up 5.1% from thesame period last year.这些数字反映出一种与以往的经济衰退期类似的趋势。The numbersunderscore a trend that has occurred in previous economic downturns.商学院和经济学家说，研究生入学人数是反经济周期的，也就是说，它与经济景气程度背道而驰。Graduateadmissions are countercyclical -- meaning that they move in the oppositedirection of the economic cycle, business schools and economists say.由于次债风波的连锁反应，这批MBA研究生毕业时，将面对一个完全不同的华尔街，就业市场可能很不乐观。When this year'sM.B.A. applicants graduate, they will enter a dramatically different WallStreet and potentially smaller job market that has been altered by the rippleeffects of the credit crunch.今年即将毕业的研究生已经感受到就业市场的低迷。This year's newlyminted graduates already encountered a tougher job market.科尔说，在芝加哥大学，2008年毕业生中找到工作或有公司邀请加盟的人数比去年下降了约3个百分点。At the University of Chicago, the percentage of 2008graduates that either had offers or had already accepted them dropped roughlythree percentage points from the previous year, Ms. Kole says.一些商学院表示，由于毕业后的就业前景不确定，因此目前有稳定工作的申请者可能会放弃进入商学院的机会。Indeed, schoolssay not knowing what the job market will look like upon graduation could detersome prospective applicants who have stable jobs from applying.有些申请者则打算碰碰运气。Some applicantsare taking their chances.其他研究生院也都预计申请人数会增加。Other graduateschools are also expecting increases in applicants.学员们今年还要考虑另一个问题──次债危机使学生贷款很难申请。Also a factor forstudents to consider this year: The credit crunch has roiled the market forstudent loans.一直关注这一领域事态发展的FinAid.org负责人马克-坎特罗维兹称，2007年，有144家民间和政府教育贷款机构暂停了学生贷款。In the past year,144 education lenders have suspended private and federal loans, according toMark Kantrowitz, publisher of FinAid.org, who has been following thedevelopments.不过，坎特罗维兹说，商学院的学生应该可以找到贷款，因为很多贷款机构只是对本科生和成人教育学生暂停发放贷款。Still, Mr.Kantrowitz says business-school students should be able to find loans. Manylenders, he says, have suspended loans for undergraduate and continuingeducation students but not graduate loans对这些贷款机构来说，“研究生贷款项目是最有利可图的，因为贷款质量最高。”For lenders,'graduate student loans are the most profitable because the loan balances arethe highest,' he says.然而，学生要想获得私人贷款，可能需要提供更多的信用证明，而且贷款利率也会上升。But students mayface tighter credit requirements in getting private loans and pay higherinterest rates.
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毕业论文用英语的翻译：毕业 论文 迅捷在线翻译：Graduation （毕业） thesis（论文）参考一下
毕业论文thesis[英][ˈθi:sɪs][美][ˈθisɪs]n.论文，毕业论文; 论点，论题; 命题; 复数：theses易混淆单词：THESIS例句:1.He completed his doctorate in 1999 with his thesis on the technical subject of structural design. 1999年，朱竞翔获得博士学位，博士论文写的是结构设计的技术问题。2.It is a beguilingly simple thesis, one particularly attractive to the western business executives who have joinedthe china gold rush. 但这是一个具有欺性的简单论点，对参与中国淘金浪潮的西方企业高管尤其有吸引力。3.We have a grand new thesis of the emerging markets. 我们现在得出了一套全新的新兴市场理论。4.The question now is whether the overstretch thesis was wrong or simply premature. 目前问题是，过度扩张说是错误命题还是只是言之过早。5.The thesis is that women still do so badly at work mainly because we are not ambitious enough. 书的主题是：女性的工作表现仍如此糟糕，主要是因为我们不够有雄心。同义词：dissertation[英][ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn][美][ˌdɪsərˈteɪʃn]n.专题论文，学位论文; 学术演讲; essay[英][ˈeseɪ][美][ˈɛsˌe, ɛˈse]n.散文; 随笔，杂记文; 尝试，企图; 试验; vt.尝试; 试验; 经常说的：English dissertation(英语论文)Graduation thesis(毕业论文)
2"STOCKM ARKETD EVELOPMENAT NDL ONG-RUNG ROWTH"BYROSS LEVINE AND SARA ZERVOSWorld stock markets are booming. Developing country stock markets compose adisproportionately large amount of this growth. Over the past 10 years, world stock marketcapitalization rose from $4.7 trillion to $15.2 trillion, and emerging market capitalization jumpedfrom less than 4 percent to almost 13 percent of total world capitalization. Similarly, over thisdecade, the trading of shares on emerging stock exchanges rose from less than 3 percent to 17percent of the total value of transactions on the world's stock exchanges. Further, Korajczyk(1996) shows that emerging markets have become more integrated with world capital marketsduring the past seven years. The blossoming of emerging stock markets has attracted theattention of international investors. Portfolio equity flows to emerging markets jumped from$150 million in 1984 to over $39 billion in 1995. Yet, there exists very little empirical evidenceon the relationship between stock market development and long-run economic growth.
论文（Paper）或：dissertation（论文）或：thesis（论文）经常说的：）~Englishdissertation(英语论文)Graduationthesis(毕业论文)
毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求：
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。
译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。
主要标准
翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。一般来说，翻译的标准主要有两条：忠实和通顺。
忠实
是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息，也就是说，把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来，使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。
通顺
是指译文规范、明白易懂，没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。
实践产生理论，欧美许多国家的翻译理论是五花八门的。从大的方面来看，可以分为两大派：一派是翻译可能论，一派是翻译不可能论。其实，完完全全百分之百的可能是没有的，完完全全百分之百的不可能也是没有的。
世界上一切翻译活动都是在这两个极端之间进行的。欧洲许多著名的人物，比如马丁·路德、M.阿诺德、F.W.纽曼、J.B.波斯特加特、H.白洛克、Fr.R.诺克斯、V.那巴可夫等等，都对翻译提出了自己的理论。据《开塞尔世界文学百科全书》的意见，这些理论中有些是刚愎自用的。
毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。翻译要求：1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。 原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。扩展资料：外文翻译需要注意的问题1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文，且写在中文译文的右上角（不是放在页眉处）；会议要求：名称、地点、年份、卷（期），等 。2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。3、abstract翻译成“摘要”，不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用，不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”，等。 7、注意排版格式，都是单排版，行距1.25，字号小4号，等（按照格式要求）。8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴，但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。 9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴，要自己重新录入、重新画表格。
外文翻译要求：（1）选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。（2）选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。（3）外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求：
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
外文翻译需要注意的问题
1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文，且写在中文译文的右上角（不是放在页眉处）；会议要求：名称、地点、年份、卷（期），等 。
2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。
3、abstract翻译成“摘要”，不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。
4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。
5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。
可以试试。拼凑的中文论文肯定过不了查重，但是翻译成其他语种之后，结果不一定，如果不影响可以买其他语种的通版书，这样的做法是可以正确阅读。
[文献] 【ぶんけん】 【bunnkenn】
文献documentドキュメント
很简单，将中文翻译成日语写在正文，然后在末尾注明这是你的翻译，然后把原文放在脚注就可以了。