毕业论文答辩的重要技巧
1、自己为什么选择这个课题?
2、研究这个课题的意义和目的是什么?
3、全文的基本框架、基本结构是如何安排的?
4、全文的各部分之间逻辑关系如何?
5、在研究本课题的过程中，发现了那些不同见解?对这些不同的意见，自己是怎样逐步认识的?又是如何处理的?
6、论文虽未论及，但与其较密切相关的问题还有哪些?
7、还有哪些问题自己还没有搞清楚，在论文中论述得不够透彻?
8、写作论文时立论的主要依据是什么?
对以上问题应仔细想一想，必要时要用笔记整理出来，写成发言提纲，在答辩时用。这样才能做到有备无患，临阵不慌。
一、答辩技巧
学生首先要介绍一下论文的概要，这就是所谓“自述报告”，须强调一点的是“自述”而不是“自读”。这里重要的技巧是必须注意不能照本宣读，把报告变成了“读书”。“照本宣读”是第一大忌。这一部分的内容可包括写作动机、缘由、研究方向、选题比较、研究范围、围绕这一论题的最新研究成果、自己在论文中的新见解、新的理解或新的突破。做到概括简要，言简意赅。不能占用过多时间，一般以十分钟为限。所谓“削繁去冗留清被，画到无时是熟时”，就是说，尽量做到词约旨丰，一语中的。要突出重点，把自己的最大收获、最深体会、最精华与最富特色的部分表述出来。这里要注意一忌主题不明;二忌内容空泛，东拉西扯;三忌平平淡淡，没有重点。
在答辩时，学生要注意仪态与风度，这是进入人们感受渠道的第一信号。如果答辩者能在最初的两分种内以良好的仪态和风度体现出良好的形象，就有了一个良好的开端。有人将人的体态分解为最小单位来研究(如头、肩、胸、脊、腰等)认为凹胸显现怯懦、自卑，挺胸显示情绪高昂—但过分则为傲慢自负;肩手颈正显示正直、刚强，脊背挺拔体现严肃而充满自信。但过于如此，就会被人看作拘泥刻板保守，略为弯腰有度，稍稍欠身可表示谦虚礼貌。孙中山先生曾说过“其所具风度姿态，即使全场有肃然起敬之心，举动格式又须使听者有安静详和之气”他的这番金玉良言，对我们确实有很大的启发。
在听取教师提问时所要掌握的技巧要领是：
沉着冷静，边听边记
精神集中，认真思考
既要自信，又要虚心
实事求是，绝不勉强
听准听清，听懂听明
在回答问题时所要掌握的技巧是构思时要求每个问题所要答的“中心”“症结”“关健”在哪里?从哪一个角度去回答问题最好?应举什么例子来证明?回答问题的内容实质上是一段有组织的“口头作文”。这就要一、文章应有论点、论据。二、有开头主体与结尾。三、有条理、有层次。四、应用词确当，语言流畅。五、应口齿清楚、语速适度。开头要简洁：单刀直入，是最好的开头，开门见山地表述观点，在答辩中是最好的办法。主体部份的表述可条分缕析，即把所要回答的内容逐条归纳分析，实际上是对自己掌握的材料由此及彼，由表及里地做整理。这样的表述就不会流于表面，而能深入本质。条分缕析可以把自己掌握的一些实际例子合并，整理成若干条目，列成几个小标题：分成几点，一点一点，一条一条地说出。满碗的饭必须一口一口吃，满肚子的道理也必须一条一条讲出来，环环相扣，条条相连，令人听完后有清楚的印象。假如在准备的时候已经准备了一个较完整的提纲，那么沿着回答问题的主线，再穿上一些玉珠(举例子)就可以做到中心明确，条理清楚，有理有例了。
作为将要参加论文答辩同学，首先而且必须对自己所著的毕业论文内容有比较深刻理解和比较全面的熟悉。这是为回答毕业论文答辩委员会成员就有关毕业论文的深度及相关知识面而可能提出的论文答辩问题所做的准备。所谓“深刻的理解”是对毕业论文有横向的把握。例如题为《创建名牌产品发展民族产业》的论文，毕业论文答辩委员会可能会问“民族品牌”与“名牌”有何关系。尽管毕业论文中未必涉及“民族品牌”，但 参加论文答辩的学生必须对自己的毕业论文有“比较全面的熟悉”和“比较深刻的理解”，否则，就会出现尴尬局面。
二、论文答辩——图表穿插
任何毕业论文，无论是文科还是理科都或多或少地涉及到用图表表达论文观点的可能，故我认为应该有此准备。图表不仅是一种直观的表达观点的方法，更是一种调节论文答辩会气氛的手段，特别是对私人论文答辩委员会成员来讲，长时间地听述，听觉难免会有排斥性，不再对你论述的内容接纳吸收，这样，必然对你的毕业论文答辩成绩有所影响。所以，应该在论文答辩过程中适当穿插图表或类似图表的其它媒介以提高你的论文答辩成绩。
三、论文答辩——语流适中
进行毕业论文答辩的同学一般都是首次。无数事实证明，他们论文答辩时，说话速度往往越来越快，以致毕业答辩委员会成员听不清楚，影响了毕业答辩成绩。故毕业答辩学生一定要注意在论文答辩过程中的语流速度，要有急有缓，有轻有重，不能像连珠炮似地轰向听众。
四、论文答辩——目光移动
毕业生在论文答辩时，一般可脱稿，也可半脱稿，也可完全不脱稿。但不管哪种方式，都应注意自己的目光，使目光时常地瞟向论文答辩委员会成员及会场上的同学们。这是你用目光与听众进行心灵的交流，使听众对你的论题产生兴趣的一种手段。在毕业论文答辩会上，由于听的时间过长，委员们难免会有分神现象，这时，你用目光的投射会很礼貌地将他们的神“拉”回来，使委员们的思路跟着你的思路走。
五、论文答辩——体态语辅助
虽然毕业论文答辩同其它论文答辩一样以口语为主，但适当的体态语运用会辅助你的论文答辩，使你的论文答辩效果更好。特别是手势语言的恰当运用会显得自信、有力、不容辩驳。相反，如果你在论文答辩过程中始终直挺挺地站着，或者始终如一地低头俯视，即使你的论文结构再合理、主题再新颖，结论再正确，论文答辩效果也会大受影响。所以在毕业论文答辩时，一定要注意使用体态语。
六、论文答辩——时间控制
一般在比较正规的论文答辩会上，都对辩手有答辩时间要求，因此，毕业 论文答辩学生在进行论文答辩时应重视论文答辩时间的掌握。对论文答辩时间的控制要有力度，到该截止的时间立即结束，这样，显得有准备，对内容的掌握和控制也轻车熟路，容易给毕业论文答辩委员会成员一个良好的印象。故在毕业论文答辩前应该对将要答辩的内容有时间上的估计。当然在毕业论文答辩过程中灵活地减少或增加也是对论文答辩时间控制的一种表现，应该重视。
七、论文答辩——紧扣主题
在校园中进行毕业论文答辩，往往辩手较多，因此，对于毕业论文答辩委员会成员来说，他们不可能对每一位的毕业论文内容有全面的了解，有的甚至连毕业论文题目也不一定熟悉。因此，在整个论文答辩过程中能否围绕主题进行，能否最后扣题就显得非常重要了。另外，委员们一般也容易就论文题目所涉及的问题进行提问，如界能自始至终地以论文题目为中心展开论述就会使评委思维明朗，对你的毕业论文给予肯定。
八、论文答辩——人称使用
在毕业论文答辩过程中必然涉及到人称使用问题，我建议尽量多地使用第一人称，如“我”“我们”即使论文中的材料是引用他人的，用“我们引用”了哪儿哪儿的数据或材料，特别是毕业论文大多是称自己作的，所以要更多使用而且是果断地、大胆地使用第一人称“我”和“我们”。如果是这样，会使人有这样的印象：东西是你的，工作做了不少!
毕业论文答辩开场白和结束语
毕业论文答辩的主要目的，是审查文章的真伪、审查写作者知识掌握的`深度，审查文章是否符合体裁格式，以求进一步提高。学生通过答辩，让教师、专家进一步了解文章立论的依据，处理课题的实际能力。这是学生可以获得锻炼和提高的难得机会，应把它看作，治学的“起点”。(一)答辩的准备工作学生可以从下列问题(第4~10题)中，根据自己实际，选取二三个问题，作好汇报准备，(第1~3题必选)。时间一般不超过10分钟。内容最好烂熟于心中，不看稿纸，语言简明流畅。1.为什么选择这个课题(或题目)，研究、写作它有什么学术价值或现实意义。2.说明这个课题的历史和现状，即前人做过哪些研究，取得哪些成果，有哪些问题没有解决，自己有什么新的看法，提出并解决了哪些问题。3.文章的基本观点和立论的基本依据。4.学术界和社会上对某些问题的具体争论，自己的倾向性观点。5.重要引文的具体出处。6.本应涉及或解决但因力不从心而未接触的问题;因认为与本文中心关系不大而未写入的新见解。7.本文提出的见解的可行性。8.定稿交出后，自己重读审查新发现的缺陷。9.写作毕业论文(作业)的体会。10.本文的优缺点。总之，要作好口头表述的准备。不是宣读论文，也不是宣读写作提纲和朗读内容提要。(二)答辩会程序1.学生作说明性汇报。(5～10分钟)2.毕业答辩小组提问。3.学生答辩。(一定要正面回答或辩解，一般允许准备10至20分钟)。4.评定成绩。(答辩会后答辩小组商定，交系、院学位委员会审定小组审定。)(三)学生答辩注意事项1.带上自己的论文、资料和笔记本。2.注意开场白、结束语的礼仪。3.坦然镇定，声音要大而准确，使在场的所有人都能听到。4.听取答辩小组成员的提问，精神要高度集中，同时，将提问的问题——记在本上。5.对提出的问题，要在短时间内迅速做出反应，以自信而流畅的语言，肯定的语气，不慌不忙地—一回答每个问题。6.对提出的疑问，要审慎地回答，对有把握的疑问要回答或辩解、申明理由;对拿不准的问题，可不进行辩解，而实事求是地回答，态度要谦虚。7.回答问题要注意的几点：(1)正确、准确。正面回答问题，不转换论题，更不要答非所问。(2)重点突出。抓住主题、要领，抓住关键词语，言简意赅。(3)清晰明白。开门见山，直接入题，不绕圈子。(4)有答有辩。有坚持真理、修正错误的勇气。既敢于阐发自己独到的新观点、真知灼见，维护自己正确观点，反驳错误观点，又敢于承认自己的不足，修正失误。(5)辩才技巧。讲普通话，用词准确，讲究逻辑，吐词清楚，声音洪亮，抑扬顿挫，助以手势说明问题;力求深刻生动;对答如流，说服力、感染力强，给教师和听众留下良好的印象。
各位老师，上午好!我叫……，是……级……班的学生，我的论文题目是……。论文是在……导师的悉心指点下完成的，在这里我向我的导师表示深深的谢意，向各位老师不辞辛苦参加我的论文答辩表示衷心的感谢，并对三年来我有机会聆听教诲的各位老师表示由衷的敬意。下面我将本论文设计的目的和主要内容向各位老师作一汇报，恳请各位老师批评指导。
首先，我想谈谈这个毕业论文设计的目的及意义。……
其次，我想谈谈这篇论文的结构和主要内容。
本文分成……个部分.
第一部分是……。这部分主要论述……
第二部分是……。这部分分析……
第三部分是……
最后，我想谈谈这篇论文和系统存在的不足。 这篇论文的写作以及修改的过程，也是我越来越认识到自己知识与经验缺乏的过程。虽然，我尽可能地收集材料，竭尽所能运用自己所学的知识进行论文写作，但论文还是存在许多不足之处，有待改进。请各位评委老师多批评指正，让我在今后的学习中学到更多。 谢谢!
最重要的是大方得体当然态度的背后,是你要自信,无论知识还是答辩前的准备。
首先,向老师,同学问好.自我介绍:哪个专业哪个班;再介绍自己的题目,选题的原因,收集资料的来源,所费时间;再介绍自己的框架,分几部分论述;再具体介绍每部分内容......
注:
1.如果天热论文多,向老师辛苦表示下慰问,会有感情分
2.提前打听下同组同学有相同题目否,撞车的话，如你次序在后,就要相当认真的准备
3.一般都有时间要求，答辩人多时候,老师最烦多占时间者,注意不要过分详细介绍自己论文,察言观色是必要的
4.开场时候,容易紧张,可以眼观后墙,待稍微安定后,一定要有对视老师的时候,否则会被认为不自信与不礼貌
5.提醒下,与答辩老师有不同意见时候,千万不要当场顶牛.表示虚心听取,待后再与其讨论.一般老师都很反感答辩当场与学生的争论.且事后你会发现,决大多数情形,是他对。
论文答辩首先保持良好的心态；其他注意事项：一:熟悉内容作为将要参加毕业论文答辩的同学,首先而且必须对自己所着的论文内容有比较深刻的理解和比较全面的熟悉。所谓“深刻的理解”是对论文有横向的把握。这两方面是为回答答辩委员会成员就有关论文的深度及相关知识面而提出的问题所做的准备。毕业论文答辩注意事项二:图表穿插任何毕业论文,无沦是文科还是理科都或多或少地涉及到用图表表达论文观点的可能,故我认为应该有此准备。图表不仅是一种直观的表达观点的方法,更是一种调节答辩会气氛的手段,特别是对私人答辩委员会成员来讲,长时间地听述,听觉难免会有排斥性,不再对你论述的内容接纳吸收
问题不详，无法解答
临近毕业季，大家对论文的讨论越来越热烈了，其中特别重要的一个话题就是论文答辩了，有些学校的老师会比较严格，但是只要我们做好相关的准备工作，就可以轻松解决！接下来就给大家介绍论文答辩要注意的问题吧！
语言学可以写的内容很多。基本上不外乎以下一些:一，语音类如语音的属性、音韵与语音的关系、强弱、轻浊、音节等二，词汇类如词汇形态学，语义学，构词，词化，语义场等等三，语法类如语法结构，层次，修辞等四，句子类如分析句子的各种成分，语序，基本句型等五，语篇类如连贯性，思维逻辑性，结构修辞，主体与客体意识等这方面的教材很多，就看你的要求了。现在英语与汉语的对比语言学和对比文学比较热，从这方面下手也不错。
替你找了两篇1）关于《语言学概论》的一点学习心得《语言学概论》这本书主要介绍语言学的基础理论，了解语言的性质、功能以及它的结构。掌握语言的现状、变化以及一般的发展规律。它是一门多边缘、多层次的立体性学科。它和社会科学、自然科学、思维科学都有着紧密的联系。在交叉科学日益发展的今天，语言学显得越发重要。通过读书，以及自己原有的一些观念，我对语言现在是这样认识的：语言是一种社会现象，它是我们人类特有的。语言与我们的思维有着密切的关系。语言是最重要的交际工具。以前，一直以为语言是与生俱来的，是平常生活中看似最简单不过的现象。通过这本书的学习发现，其实不然，原来越是简单的事越是有大奥妙。说话、写文章都要遵循语法规律。从婴儿时期的呀呀学语，到长大成人规范地使用语言，在不同的场合说不同的语言，人们互相学习各种不同的语言，学习一定的语言学知识，可以更好地帮助我们理性地认识它，并且更好地掌握它，更好地为以后的学习、工作、生活服务。2）《英语语言学概论》学习心得当我第一次翻开《英语语言学概论》的教材书时，心里“咯噔”一下，真的是挺吓人的一本书，满眼都是生疏的单词，还有各种不知所云的图表。当时真的很怀疑自己这么多年的英语是不是白学了。但当我静下心，并结合历年真题试卷细细分析了一下，其实英语语言学概论中的单词只是更偏重于学术性而已，并且有很多的单词我们完全可以通过已经识记的一些词根词缀猜出大概的意思，记忆起来并不是很难。我觉得，首先，我们应该克服对于偏于学术的英语的胆怯心理，这样才能在以后的学习中更有动力在英语语言学概论这门科目的学习中，我特别推荐给我们上课的支老师和王老师主编的苏州大学出版社出版的《英语语言学概论自学指导》。这本书是对于英文教材中的重点知识用中文进行了归纳，方便我们对于课本进行更为透彻的理解。当然，这本书始终只是辅导教材，大家万万不可将其作为重点，而抛弃了英文原教材。这本书只是帮助理解、防止发生理解错误的，我们一定要勇于去阅读全英文的书，这样对于培养英语思维有非常大的益处。 下面就具体讲讲我是怎么准备英语语言学概论的考试的。 起初，对于英语语言学的知识积累不多，开始时接触的知识都是似懂非懂，没有非常切实的体会。于是我采取了一个笨方法，就是“死记硬背”。我的“死记硬背”是通过不断地重复实现的，我将刚才提到的《自学指导》的单元课后练习用铅笔做，做完后对照答案修改，错误的题目擦去，重点记忆后下次再做，再改。就在不断重复中，我不仅记住了生词，还一遍又一遍的加深了对知识的理解。现在看来，这个阶段在我的英语语言学的学习过程中起到了非常重要的基础作用。通过记忆将知识内化，之后再反复揣摩、理解，为以后的学习培养了“语言学的语感”。 在此，我想提醒一下大家，通过我的实践并向老师进行了求证，《自学指导》中的一些练习题由于是选自高校考研真题，对于我们本科段的学生而言偏难，遇到这样的题目大家不用太过沮丧或浪费太多时间，可以适当跳过。 语言学这门课真的没有什么捷径可走，有的要记忆的东西一定要保质保量的准确记忆。例如，第三章中的英语辅音和元音的分类表，是非常重要的知识点，要牢牢记住，并且很多的知识点都可以借助这两张表来掌握。 此外，我建议大家参加第二专业学历教育的课程。语言学这门课相对来说比较学术，和以前我们接受的英语教育相比有很大不同，有了老师的引导可以少走很多弯路。 最后，我有一句话和大家共勉：不要追逐成功，做到卓越，成功自然会在不经意间追上你。在语言学的学习中不要只关注考试分数，试着去体会其中的乐趣，你会发现这也是一门很有趣的课，那分数一定不会和你作对。
像语音学，音位学，以及形态学，句法都不好下手建议写社会语言学或是心理语言学方面的，可以深入对比一下中西方思维的差异之类的，应该是一个好的论点加油~~
转摘More and more scholars are now showing an interest in adopting linguistic approaches to translation studies. Between 1949 and 1989, an incomplete survey by the author revealed that there were only about 30 textbook passages discussing the relationship between linguistics and translation, including aspects of general linguistics, pragmatics, stylistics, text linguistics, rhetoric and machine translation. From 1990 to 1994, there was an incredible increase in the number of passages looking at translation from a linguistic point of view. Almost 160 articles published over these five years concerned translation and general linguistics, stylistics, comparative linguistics, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, text linguistics, rhetoric, etc. New terms such as discourse analysis, hermeneutics, dynamic equivalence, deep structure and surface structure, context, theme and rheme, cooperative principles, to mention just a few, appeared in the field of translation studies. We can definitely identify a trend of applying linguistics theories to translation studies in these years. Today, we are at the point of questioning whether linguistics is a necessary part of translation. In recent years, some scholars who are in favour of free translation, have repeatedly raised this question to the public and appealed for an end to the linguistic approach to translation. Some firmly believe that translation is an art and that therefore linguistics is neither useful nor helpful. Such a claim is wrong if we look at translation as a whole, including scientific translation where meanings are rigid and restricted and the degree of freedom is limited. Flexibility, in this case, is neither required nor appreciated. But even in literary translation, linguistics is hardly a burden. Wang Zongyan pointed out that « If one sees linguistics as a body of rules regulating language, translators most probably will yawn with boredom. If it signifies the use of words and locutions to fit an occasion, there is nothing to stop translators from embracing linguistics » (Wang 1991: 38). The controversy over « literal » versus « free » translation has a long history, with convincing supporters on each side. For example, ancient Western scholars like Erasmus, Augustine, and others were in favour of literal translation. Among early Chinese translators, Kumarajiva is considered to be of the free school, while Xuan Zuang appears as literal and inflexible. In modern China, Yan Fu advocated hermeneutic translation, while Lu Xun preferred a clumsy version to one that was free but inexact. There is nothing wrong in any of these stances. When these translators emphasized free translation they never denied the possibility of literal translation, and vice versa. Problems only arise when the discussion turns to equivalent translations. The problem of equivalence has caused much controversy. Some people believed that there could be an equivalence of language elements independent of the setting in which they of occurred. Based on this assumption, some « literal » translators tried to decompose a text into single elements in hopes of finding equivalents in the target language. This is a naive idea. Jakobson (1971: 262) notes that « Equivalence in difference is the cardinal problem of language and the pivotal concern of linguistics. » He does not refer to « equivalence » but to « equivalence in difference » as the cardinal problem. Nida was also misunderstood by many for his notion of « equivalence, » which he took to mean that « Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style » (1969: 12). He further concluded that « Absolute equivalence in translating is never possible » (1984: 14). De Beaugrande and Dressler believed that the success or failure of either free or literal approaches was uncertain: an unduly « literal » translation might be awkward or even unintelligible, while an unduly « free » one might make the original text disintegrate and disappear altogether. To them, equivalence between a translation and an original can only be realized in the experience of the participants (cf. de Beaugrande and Dressler 1981: 216-217). Catford (1965: 27) expressed the same concern that equivalent translation is only « an empirical phenomenon, discovered by comparing SL and TL texts. » In citing the above examples, I have absolutely no intention of insisting on untranslatability. What I mean is that a translator should incorporate his or her own experience and processing activities into the text: solving the problems, reducing polyvalence, explaining away any discrepancies or discontinuities. Linguistic knowledge can help us treat different genres in different ways, always with an awareness that there are never exact equivalences but only approximations. Therefore, amplification and simplification become acceptable. If we agree that texts can be translated, then, in what way does linguistics contribute to translation? To answer this question, we must look at the acceptance of western linguistics in China and its influence on translation. Systematic and scientific study of the Chinese language came into being only at the end of the last century, when Ma Jianzhong published a grammar book Mashi Wentong «马氏文通» in 1898, which was the first in China and took the grammar of Indo-European languages as its model. The study of language was, in turn, influenced by translation studies in China. In Mashi Wenton, the main emphasis is on the use of morphology, which takes up six-sevenths of the book. Influenced by the dominant trend of morphological studies, a word was regarded as the minimum meaningful unit, and a sentence was therefore the logical combination of words of various specific types. Translation was, then, principally based on the unit of the word. In the West, Biblical translation provided a very good example, just as the translation of Buddhist scriptures did in China. Not until the end of the 19th century did some linguists come to realize that sentences were not just the summary of the sequenced words they contained. The Prague School, founded in the 1920s, made a considerable contribution to the study of syntax. According to the analytic approach of the Functional Perspective of the Prague School, a sentence can be broken down into two parts: theme and rheme. Theme is opposed to rheme in a manner similar to the distinction between topic and comment, and is defined as the part of a sentence which contributes least to advancing the process of communication. Rheme, on the other hand, is the part of a sentence which adds most to advancing the process of communication and has the highest degree of communicative dynamism. These two terms help enlighten the process of translating Chinese into English. In the mid-1950s, the study of syntax peaked with the Chomsky's establishment of transformational-generative grammar. This theory of the deep structure and surface structure of language influenced translation tremendously. Nida relied heavily on this theory in developing his « analyzing-transfering-reconstructing » pattern for translation. Some Chinese linguists, in the meantime, tried to raise language studies to a higher plane. Li Jinxi (1982) enlarged the role of sentence studies in his book A New Chinese Grammar, two thirds of which was devoted to discussing sentence formation or syntax. He writes that « No words can be identified except in the context of a sentence. » The study was then improved by other grammarians, including Lu Shuxiang, Wang Li. With the development of linguistic studies, translation based on the unit of the sentence was put forward by some scholars. It was Lin Yu-Tang who first applied the theory to translation in his article « On Translation. » He claimed that « translation should be done on the basis of the sentence [...] What a translator should be faithful to is not the individual words but the meaning conveyed by them » (Lin 1984: r 3). The importance of context in the understanding of a sentence was therefore emphasized. Chao Yuanren, a Chinese scholar and professor at Harvard University, criticized scholars and translators who tended to forget this point and take language for something independent and self-sufficient. In fact, it is obvious that when we translate a sentence, we depend on its context; when we interpret an utterance we rely on the context of the speech (cf. Chao 1967). When a sentence is removed from the text, it usually becomes ambiguous due to the lack of context. Therefore, translation becomes difficult. In the 1960s, people began to realize that the study of language based on sentences was not even sufficient. A complete study should be made of the whole text. A simple sentence like « George passed » may have different interpretations in different contexts. If the context is that of an examination, it means George did well on a test; in a card game it would indicate that George declined his chance to bid; in sports it would mean the ball reached another player. Without a context, how could we decide on a translation? Linguists therefore shifted their attention to the study of texts and to discourse analysis. Text linguistics have become increasingly popular since that time. Van Dijk was a pioneer in this field, and his four-volume edition of the Handbook of Discourse Analysis is of great value. Halliday's Cohesion in English and Introduction to Functional Grammar help us to better understand the English language on a textual level. It is worth noting that de Beaugrande and Dressler (1981) provided an overall and systematic study of text, which is useful to translation studies. De Beaugrande actually wrote a book called Factors in a Theory of Poetic Translating in 1978. The book did not become very popular as it confined the discussion to translating poetry. At the same time, books on a linguistic approach to translation were introduced into China, such as the works of Eugene Nida, Peter Newmarks, J.C. Catford, Georges Mounin, and others. These books gave a great push to the application of linguistic theories to translation studies in China. Textual or discoursive approaches to the study of translation could not keep pace with the development of text linguistics. Some studies remained on the syntactic or semantic level, though even there textual devices were employed. In talking about the translation units of word and text, Nida wrote: ... average person naively thinks that language is words, the common tacit assumption results that translation involves replacing a word in language A with a word in language B. And the more « conscientious » this sort of translation is, the more acute. In other words, the traditional focus of attention in translation was on the word. It was recognized that that was not a sufficiently large unit, and therefore the focus shifted to the sentence. But again, expert translators and linguists have been able to demonstrate that individual sentences, in turn, are not enough. The focus should be on the paragraph, and to some extent on the total discourse. (Nida and Tabber 1969: 152) From that statement we can see that Nida regards a discourse as something larger than a paragraph, as an article with a beginning and an ending. Nida himself never applied text linguistics to translation, and there might be some confusion if we use his term in our interpretation of discourse, because discourse analysis is not merely a study based on a larger language structure. Some Chinese scholars did make the effort to apply text linguistics to the theory and practice of translation. Wang Bingqin's article (1987) was the first academic paper of this sort. He stated his aim to study and discover the rules governing the internal structure of a text in light of text linguistics. He analyzed numerous examples using textual analysis, but unfortunately, all the samples he collected were descriptions of scenery or quotations from the books of great scholars--no dialogue, no illocutionary or perlocutionary forces in the language. He failed to provide a variety of examples. For this reason, his research findings are largely restricted to rhetorical texts in ancient China (cf. Wang 1981; Luo 1994). Scholars like He Ziran applied pragamatics to translation. He's article (1992) put forth two new terms, « pragmalinguistics » and « socio-pragmatics » which, in translation, refer respectively to « the study of pragmatic force or language use from the viewpoint of linguistic sources » and to « the pragmatic studies which examine the conditions on language use that derive from the social and cultural situation. » He discusses the possibility of applying the pragmatic approach to translation in order to achieve a pragmatic equivalent effect between source and target texts; that is, to reproduce the message carried by the source language itself, as well as the meaning carried by the source language within its context and culture. In this article he tries to distinguish « pragma-linguistics » from « socio-pragmatics » but finally admits that « Actually, a clear line between pragma-linguistics and socio-pragmatics may sometimes be difficult to draw. » Still he insists that the application of the pragmatic approach to translation is helpful and even necessary. Ke Wenli (1992) argued that semantics, which in a broad sense combines semantics and pragmatics, should be studied to help understand, explain and solve some of the problems encountered in translation. In this article, he examines four semantic terms--« sense and reference, » « hyponomy, » « changes of meaning » and « context »--giving many examples to illusrate the importance of having some general knowledge of semantics and of understanding the relationship between semantics and translation. This article is clearly written and readers can easily draw inspiration from it. These linguistics approaches shed new lights on the criteria of « faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance » defined by Yan Fu. Chinese scholars began to criticize the vagueness of these three criteria and endeavored to give them concrete significance through the theories of western linguistics. The result is that the content of these three traditional criteria has been greatly enriched, especially by the effect equivalence theory, which in a broad sense means that the target language should be equivalent to the source language from a semantic, pragmatic, and stylistic point of view. But we are still unable to evaluate translations in a very scientific way. Therefore, Chinese scholars like Fan Shouyi, Xu Shenghuan and Mu Lei embarked on quantitative analyses of translations and used the fuzzy set theory of mathematics in accomplishing their analysis. Fan published several articles on this field of study. His 1987 and 1990 articles evaluate translations according to a numerical quantity of faithfulness. Xu's article « A Mathematical Model for Evaluating a Translation's Quality » presents a normal mathematical model. He states that it is difficult to produce an absolutely accurate evaluation of translations with this model because of the uncertainty and randomness of man's thought process. Making such analysis more accurate and objective would require further research. The unit in translation is a hard nut to crack. Without solving this problem, no research in translation studies will ever be sufficient. To date, very few people have focused their research on this area. Nida holds that the unit should be the sentence, and in a certain sense, the discourse. Barkhudarov (1993: 40), Soviet linguist and translation theorist, suggests that: translation is the process of transforming a speech product (or text) produced in one language into a speech product (or text) in another language. [...] It follows that the most important task of the translator who carries out the process of transformation, and of the theorist who describes or creates a model for that process, is to establish the minimal unit of translation, as it is generally called, the unit of translation in the source text. Though he notes the importance of the unit of translation in a text and considers that this unit can be a unit on any level of language, he fails to point out what a text is and how it might be measured in translation. Halliday's notion of the clause might be significant in this case. To him, a clause is a basic unit. He distinguishes three functions of a clause: textual, interpersonal and ideational. According to Halliday, these functions are not possessed by word or phrase. But he is not quite successful in analyzing the relationship between clause and text (cf. Halliday 1985). In China, some people have tried to solve this problem. Wang Dechun (1987: 10) more or less shares Bakhudarov's view that the translation unit cannot be confined just to sentences. In some ways, the phoneme, word, phrase, sentence, paragraph, or even text can all serve as a unit. At this point, we cannot find anything special in treating text translation except for having text as the highest level among translation units. This is not the aim of text linguistics or discourse analysis. If we want to apply these to the theory and practice of translation, we will require a textual approach.
方言的问题，抓住方言词的来源，照顾七个方言，历史语言学，语音注释的完整文本语音语法词汇及其变化的来源，而凑到7000。 研究的起源普通话词缀，例如。 1。总结前人成果 2。发现研究与示范
关于语言学 论文最主要的研究方式为：现在语言学的发展，传统语言文学新政策影响等等，有关语言学类的论文选题有很多中形式，更多的可以来，58期刊网看看。
语言学论文有很多，这里学术堂整理了十五个好写的语言学论文题目：1. On English Euphemism谈谈英语委婉语2. Metaphor in English Euphemism 隐喻在英语委婉语中的应用3. The Relationship between Taboo and Euphemism and Their Respective Uses浅谈禁忌语和委婉语之关系及各自用途4. A Survey of Euphemism in English and Chinese对英语和汉语中的委婉表达法之研究5. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Euphemistic Terms of Death英汉有关“死亡”的委婉语的对比研究6. A Contrast Study of Courtesy Language in English and Chinese英汉委婉语的语用对比研究7. The Phenomena of Ambiguity in English英语中的模糊语现象8. Noun-verb Conversion in Contemporary English现代英语中名词转化为动词的现象9. Onomatopoeia in English and Chinese Nursery Rhymes英汉语儿歌中的拟声词10. Syntactic Functions of Prepositional Phrases前置短语的句法功能11. Various Circumstances under Which Inversion is Used and its Comparison with Chinese 运用倒装的多种情形及其与汉语的比较12. The Analysis of “Up” and “Down” in English and Chinese分析Up和Down在英语和汉语中的用法13. The Comparison between English and Chinese Conjunctions 英汉连词对比14. Difference between Attributive in Chinese and English and How to Translate English Attributive Clauses英汉定语比较与定语从句翻译15. A Tentative Study of Post-posed Adjectives后置形容词初探
我分享几个现代语言学这本期刊的文献标题给你看看哈，你可以参考参考：京剧翻译中归化和异化策略的研究基于CiteSpace的国内俄语前置词研究可视化分析国外性别语言研究的发展历程、主要内容及理论嬗变新闻漫画中“中美关系”多模态隐喻的认知研究非洲媒体涉华新冠疫情新闻标题的及物性分析外语学习动机领域国际姿态的研究焦点与发展趋势流行语“摆烂”的语用及来源探析
毕业论文论常德方言
摘 要：常德方言归属北方方言分支的西南官话，是湖南地区西南官话的重要代表，俗有“小北京话”之称，在语音、词汇、语法等方面都保留有不少北方话的`特征；同时由于处于湖南境内，受周边地区湘方言的影响，又往往体现出1些湘语的特点，毕业论文：论常德方言 - 语言文学毕业论文。本论文从语音、词汇、语法3方面对常德方言进行了描述，重在探究常德方言相对普通话以及临近方言的特殊之处，还从历史文化的角度对常德方言的形成以及某些方言词汇的构词理据作了分析和讨论。
关键词：轻声 儿化 变调 构词理据 文化理据
修辞理据 风俗词语
Abstract: Changde dialect which ownerships the branch of north dialect--- the southwest official words, is the important representative of southwest official words in Hunan region. It has " little Beijing words " fit customly, and it has the feature of a lot of north words in speech sound, vocabulary, grammar and such aspect remain .At the same time because it’s in Hunan boundary , receive the influence of Xiang dialect priphery region,again often embody some the characteristic of Xiang language. this paper describe for Changde dialect from speech sound, vocabulary and grammar aspectsvalue in probe Changde dialect relative to Putonghua as well as the special place of close to dialect, return from the angle of historical culture for Changde dialect form as well as some dialect vocabularies Gou word reason according to have made analysis and discussion.
Key words:light tone the retrofles ending modified tone
The reason of word formation the culture reason the rhetoric reason custom words
汉语言文学系毕业论文题目方言与语言怎么写，汉语⾔⽂学专业培养具有汉语⾔⽂学基本理论、基础知识和基本技能 ，能在新闻⽂艺出版部门、科研机构和机关企事业单位从事⽂学评论、汉语⾔⽂学教学与研究⼯作。
一二一花生米，吆二吆鸡蛋糕 陕西愣娃一亮相，穷山恶水都得让 美不美家乡水，亲不亲故乡人 灯笼会灯笼会，灯笼灭了回去睡 ，奶奶不让爷爷睡，气得爷爷哭又跪 娃娃勤爱死人，娃娃懒没人管，拿起火棍往外撵 有个懒汉喝油茶，一摸口袋没有嘎，上头一看光光Sa，嘴巴一张少俩牙 ， 胡吹哩冒撂哩，不识字还看报哩 灯没油黑着哩，人没钱龟着哩 叮叮当 叮叮当，十八的姑娘找对象，先订婚 再照相，引到西安逛一逛 月亮爷 明晃晃，我在这里洗衣裳，洗的白 捶的光，打发娃娃上学堂 ，读诗书 写文章，一考考上了状元郎 ，喜报送到你门上，看你排场不排场 自私叫小气、自大叫傲气、扭捏叫妖气 痴呆叫二气、挨整叫受气、生气叫着气 好事叫运气、瞎事叫晦气、耿直叫硬气 发奋叫争气、穿得好叫阔气 今天天气好，校长叫我去补考，补考考了个大零蛋，校长问我怎么办 ，我说三天不吃饭，校长给我了三分钱 ，一分钱的葱 两分钱的蒜，三分钱的大葱炒米饭 拉住叫爷哩，放开胡蹩哩 辣子茄子洋柿子，蔓蔓子结的是豆角子 老汉离不开老婆子，老婆管的是老头子，小伙子离不开妹妹子，妹妹子爱的是小伙子，农村的婆娘有三爱，搅团 棉花 苜蓿菜 一个茶壶一个盖，各人的老婆个人爱 背朝黄土，面朝天；一介百姓，很平凡；吼声秦腔，声震天，一碗扯面，就成仙。
方言有很多种，你可以先把范围缩小，不然题目太广，不容易研究，可以从方言产生的原因，用处等方面写
可以到好的论文网站上搜索一下汉语言文学方面的优秀范文做参考。
1. 汉语初级阶段学习者集中式文化课教学教学方法的反观与思考
汉语初级阶段学习者集中式文化课教学教学方法的反观与思考
一、对教学方法的反观
笔者对集中式文化课教学方法的反观，主要基于自身教学实践经验和对课堂组织相关的调查结
2. “汉语桥”中国文化技能展示部分的培训与建议
“汉语桥”中国文化技能展示部分的培训与建议
中国文化技能展示部分，是每年比赛特别吸引眼球的部分，学生以各种中国文化的形式来表现中国文化的内容，选手不仅
3. 汉语初级阶段学习者集中式文化课教学内容的反观与思考
汉语初级阶段学习者集中式文化课教学内容的反观与思考
一、对教学内容的反观
前文提到，笔者进行教学内容设计时，参考《大纲》一级目标及内容中关于文化意识的标准，W中
4. 夏威夷大学＂星谈＂夏令营STEM汉语课的特点
夏威夷大学＂星谈＂夏令营STEM汉语课的特点
STEM汉语课是通过汉语进行交流、获得信息和理解信息，进而解决有关S咒M整合知识的活动任务。在这一过程中包含了科学
5. 汉语初级阶段学习者集中式文化课的整体反思
汉语初级阶段学习者集中式文化课的整体反思
经过课程设计、教学实践与问卷、访谈调查，根据调查结果的统计分析，本章将从教学原则、教学目标、教学内容和教学方法这四个角
6. STEM适用于夏威夷大学＂星谈＂夏令营汉语教学的原因分析
STEM适用于夏威夷大学＂星谈＂夏令营汉语教学的原因分析
上文已经对夏威夷大学＂星谈＂夏令营的教学背景和STEM汉语课的教学背景进行了分析，下面，笔者尝试从W下
7. 夏威夷大学＂星谈＂夏令营STEM汉语裸教学背景分析
夏威夷大学＂星谈＂夏令营STEM汉语裸教学背景分析
一、教学对象的分析
教师对教学对象的分析，可W更加了解学习者的学习需求、学习动机化及他们当前的汉语水平，在教
8. 汉语夏令营教学活动的现状研究
汉语夏令营教学活动的现状研究
目前，有关汉语夏令营的研究大致可分为兰类，一类是对汉语夏令营所采用的教学模式或课程设置的应用研究，如蒋蕾《主题教学法在夏令营教学中
9. 硕士论文开题报告：海外高级汉语课教学内容的补充与改进研究
硕士论文开题报告：海外高级汉语课教学内容的补充与改进研究
——以巴塞罗那孔子学院为例
一、问题的提出和研究意义
1.1问题的提出
本文的研究方向缘于笔者于
10. ＂汉语桥＂比赛演讲话题分类
＂汉语桥＂比赛演讲话题分类
由于演讲比赛和教材的特点不同，因此学者们针对教材话题提出的话题分类并不适用于本文的研巧对象。在已有的研究成果中，只有汲传波的研究对象
11. 任务型汉语课外活动中应注意的问题
任务型汉语课外活动中应注意的问题
一、活动前阶段
笔者认为对于组织课外活动的教师来说，活动前阶段是工作量最大的时候。在此阶段教师需要完成以下工作:
(一)任务
12. 对＂汉语桥＂世界大学生中文比赛的研究
对＂汉语桥＂世界大学生中文比赛的研究
汉语桥＂比赛虽然己举行了千H届，但是关于该项赛事的研巧却是从2012年W后才开始兴起，但数量并不多。目前针对＂汉语桥＂世界
13. 对外汉语教育硕士论文开题报告（孔子学院）
对外汉语教育硕士论文开题报告（孔子学院）
维也纳大学孔子学院初级班任务型汉语课外活动反思一、研究意义
近年来，随着中国的发展和崛起，“汉语热”在全
14. 名量词“对”“双”“副”的研究（汉语言文学论文范文）
研究依据：作为汉语当中表示确切数量的名量词，“对”“双”“副”都指二，除了它们源远流长的发展背景和进化历史，它们的具体用法在实际生活当中已经约定俗成，何时何物使用选择哪个表面看似无
15. 汉语言文学毕业论文选题方向参考、撰写提示及参考书目
汉语言文学选题方向参考、撰写提示及参考书目汉语言文学专业本科毕业论文的主要类型有研究性论文、文献综述、调查报告等几种：（一）研究性论文研究性论文按目的、功能和作用分，又可分为基础理
16. 文言语境缺失与现代汉语写作研究
文言语境缺失与现代汉语写作研究 朱自清散文的贡献更多的显然在建构现代文句上。他对“语言”问题的论述最多，也最自觉。粗略地统计一下，朱自清专门研讨文学语言的论文就有10多篇
17. 汉语歌曲语音的审美特征研究
汉语歌曲语音的审美特征研究 普通话语音是歌唱的标准语音，说好普通话是歌唱的前提。说话的语音要转变成歌唱语音必须要有歌唱的技术，我国的民族唱法是继承传统的戏曲、曲艺、民歌的唱法，吸
18. 认同危机与汉语文化传统重建研究
认同危机与汉语文化传统重建研究 一、全球化与传统价值的失落 我们无法回避也无法否认文化全球化带来了的一切，90年代信息的无限流通使得人们在文化方面的选择日益全球化，在20世纪最后20
19. 汉语言学位本科毕业论文开题报告范文[2010]
汉语言学位本科毕业论文开题报告范文[2010]《浅析〈四世同堂〉中的老派市民形象》[摘要]：在老舍的长篇小说中有几大人物类型中，写得最好的是“老派市民”形象系列。以《四世同堂》为
20. 暨南大学汉语言文学硕士学位论文开题报告
暨南大学汉语言文学硕士学位论文开题报告题名:将就类语气副词研究1.选题原因 语气副词的语义和语用功能比较复杂，特别是语气副词大多表示某种语气，主观性强，学生很难掌握。尽管教师在讲解时
题主是某双非高校的小语种专业本科生，平时在课外喜欢去研究接触各类翻译学，外语研究的一些领域，但是每次去听和语料库相关的讲座课程总是头疼，是不是还需要先恶补一下基本知识再说？
本科生论文是不建议写语料库语言学的，因为这一部分的资料比较多，需要很深入的学习，而本科时期的学生并没有那么大的能力进行研究和学习。
Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies 二语词汇习得策略 [摘 要] 词汇是构成语言的基本单位，词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家D.A. Wilkins (1972) 说过：“没有语法，人们不能表达很多东西；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇，从而提高学习效率和习得效果。 关键字： 二语词汇习得 词汇习得策略 元认知策略 认知策略 Abstract Vocabulary is the basic unit of a language. Language acquisition plays an important role in language learning. Famous linguistics D. A. Wilkins said, “Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed (Lewis, 1993:16).” It speaks volumes for the importance of vocabulary in language learning. This paper aims to analysis the second language acquisition strategies and applies to different levels of learners. According to the different levels, the learners should choose the proper methods and strategies to promote learning efficiency and acquisition effect. Key words: Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition； Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies； Metacognitive strategy； Cognitive strategy Introduction With economic globalization and multi-polarization of the world, especially the population of the internet, English becomes more and more important, because it is considered as the tool for absorbing and communicating information. As we all known, vocabulary acquisition is one of the most noticed-question of the second language learners. “Vocabulary” appears in the area of linguists’ study. Nowadays, researchers still can not give a complete and reasonable definition of vocabulary. Since 1970s, the second language vocabulary acquisition research has gradually become the hot point and important subject in the second language vocabulary acquisition research area. These researches aim to discuss the efficiency vocabulary memory strategies to promote the memory skills and vocabulary levels. Then how to acquire vocabulary become popular among the researchers. Wenden &Rubin (1987), O’Malley& Chamot (1990) refer to the content of vocabulary acquisition strategies; Rubin (1987) and Oxford (1990) classify the memory strategy to the direct cognitive strategies. Especially, CohenAphek (1981), Porte (1988), O’Malley (1990), Vann (90), Cohen (1990), etc made a basic searching of vocabulary acquisition. In a word, there are various opinions in how to acquire vocabulary. Firstly, it talks about the importance of vocabulary. Secondly, what does it mean to “acquire” a word? This paper mainly aims to the detail analysis of the vocabulary acquisition from three aspects：Meta-cognitive Strategy; Cognitive Strategy and Social or Affective Strategy. Especially, it highlights the effect of the context and rending to vocabulary acquisition. This paper talks about the applications of the vocabulary acquisition strategies. And it puts forward some problems and difficulties of vocabulary acquisition. This paper also discusses the influencing factors to the acquisition. It includes the mother tongue, age, language contact, logical thinking ability, identity degree, and academic motivation . The purpose of this paper is to rise the awareness of English learners that the importance of vocabulary in language learning and the vocabulary acquisition strategies can not be neglected, and each strategies is deeply rooted in its language. Through the analysis of the theory of study, the paper tries to draw the learner’s attention to the strategies of the second language vocabulary acquisition and using the vocabulary in communication. In order to improve the acquisition efficiency, some strategies put into practice are introduced. The first presents the importance of vocabulary, some basic concepts of vocabulary and vocabulary learning, the second part tells what does it mean to know a word, the third part deals with the theory of vocabulary acquisition and presents the factors and differences influencing the vocabulary acquisition. The fourth part is detailed discussion of vocabulary acquisition strategies in different levels of learners. The last part is conclusion. Literature review 1. The importance of vocabulary As the first time, when we go to school and our English teacher will tell us that vocabulary is of great importance in learning English. After several years, we understand words gradually, especially when we study in high school. If we know a little about vocabulary, we may have poor English. That is because the listening, speaking, reading and writing show the necessary of learning vocabulary. Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using wrong words and not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often lead to misunderstanding and may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax. (Carter, 1987). As Stephen Krashen remarked, “When students travel, they don’t carry grammar books, they carry dictionaries. A significant role of vocabulary in both teaching and learning processes was first stated by Stephen Krashen in The Natural Approach (1985): “Vocabulary is basic for communication. If acquirers do not recognize the meaning of the key words used by those who address them they will be unable to participate in the conversation.” Words are basic tools in human communication; therefore they determine the main part of people’s life-relationships between people and associations with the surrounding world that people live in. The larger one’s vocabulary, the easier it is to express one’s thoughts and feelings. In real communication, correctly and idiomatically used vocabulary can even decrease some structural inaccuracy and grammar errors. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). So learners should enrich and expand their knowledge of words as much as possible in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language. 2. What does it mean to “know” a word? Knowing a word is not a simple phenomenon. In fact, it is quite complex and goes far beyond the word’s meaning and pronunciation. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). Richards (1976) think knowing a word means also knowing the frequency of words and their likely collocates; being aware of the functional and situation limitations that apply; knowledge of the “syntactic behavior”; derivational forms and word class; associative and connotative knowledge; semantic value-breaking down words into minimal units as with componential analysis (see Katz&Fodor1963or Leech1974); knowing the other (possible) meaning associated. Nagy and Scott (2000) identify several dimensions that describe the complexity of what it means to know a word. First, word knowledge is incremental, which means that readers need to have many exposures to a word in different contexts before they “know” it. Second, word knowledge is multidimensional. This is because many words have multiple meanings and serve different functions in different function in different sentences, texts, and even conversations. Third, word knowledge is interrelated in that knowledge of one word connects knowledge of other words. What all of this means is that “knowing” a word is a matter of degree rather than an all-or-nothing proposition (Beck&Mckeown, 1991; Nagy&Scott, 2000). The degree of knowing a word are reflected in the precision with which we use a word, how quickly we understand a word, and how well we understand and use words in different modes and different purpose. The memory strategy, cognitive strategy, social strategy and metacognitve strategy are used more frequently than the affective strategy and compensative strategy. Conclusion This paper has attempted to provide some theories of second language vocabulary acquisition and some strategies. Such as metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy, and social strategy. However, this paper also put forward some microcosmic strategy. As a matter of fact, vocabulary acquisition should combine the context. In addition, this paper hasn’t mentioned that culture is also an important factor in vocabulary acquisition. In the study of second language vocabulary acquisition, we should pay attention to the process and the acquiring results. This paper focuses on the study of the second language vocabulary acquisition strategies. Bibliography [1] A.U. Chamot. The Learning Strategies of ESL Students. In A. L. Wenden & J. Rubin, (eds), Learner Strategies in Language Learning, 1987. [2] Cater. R. and M. McCarthy. Vocabulary and Language Teaching. New York: Longman, 1987. [3] Nation, L. S. P. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. New Newbury House Publishers, 1990. [4] O’Malley, J. & Chamot, A. U.. Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition [J]. Cambridge University Press, 1990:12-15. [5] 陈桦，张益芳.中国儿童英语词汇记忆策略探究[J].外语学刊,2001(4). [11] 戴曼纯. 论第二语言词汇习得研究[J]. 外语教学与研究，2002(2). [12] 徐德凯.大学英语词汇教学理论与实践[M].长春：吉林出版集团有限责任公司，2009. [6] 王文宇.观念、策略与英语词汇记忆[J].外语教学与研究，1998(1). [13] 文秋芳. 英语学习策略论.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1996. [7] 吴霞，王蔷.非英语专业本科生词汇水平研究. 外语教学与研究，1998(1). [15] 张纪英.英语词汇学教学与研究[M]. 武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2007. [16] 朱厚敏. 英语词汇学习策略研究[M] 长春：吉林大学出版社，2009.