论文答辩自述英文
在个人成长的多个环节中,大家都经常接触到论文吧,通过论文写作可以提高我们综合运用所学知识的`能力。那么问题来了,到底应如何写一篇优秀的论文呢?以下是我帮大家整理的论文答辩自述英文,欢迎大家分享。
Good morning, professors and everyone. I come from JMU College. I am XXX and my supervisor is prof XXX. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, I have finished my paper.
The title of my paper is An Analysis of Ahab’s Personality Tragedy in Moby Dick. I choose this title as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this work as this is one of the texts in our American literature course . Last but not least , Moby-Dick is widely recognized as the summit not only of Melville’s art but of American nineteenth-centry fiction.
The purpose of this essay is to study Captain Ahab,the role in Moby-Dick, whose leg was bitten by the white whale in his process of the whaling. After losing his leg, he determined to revenge Moby Dick and tried to kill it. In order to revenge, Ahab ultimately dooms the crew of the Pequod (save for Ishmael) to death by his obsession with Moby Dick. By taking the comprehensive analysis perspective of Moby-Dick, this thesis will point out that the main characteristics of Ahab.
This paper consists of three parts. Part one presents an introduction to the Social Background and the life of the Author Herman Melvillehe ,Part two presents The Main Characteristics of Ahab. there are three aspects have been divided to analyze his characters: his monomania , his selfishness, and his individualism. Part three presents The Consequences of Ahabs Personality Tragedy.
OK, thats all. Thank you !
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :
I am Zhao Jing. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Zhong Ming, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
The title of my paper is The Masculine Spirit of The Old Man and the Sea
The whole thesis consists of 3 parts. The first part will give brief introductions on the background which contains the social and cultural aspects and the introduction to the author of the masterpiece. In The second part is going to have a brief
introduction of the old man and the sea and analyze the masculine spirits in the old man and the sea such as the faith optimistic and the wisdom of the hero. In the third part, it is the natural conclusion and the deep consideration.
I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this novel as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times. Last but not the least, I’m deeply appreciated to the masculine spirit and hope I can get and practice it in my future. For the above facts, I select the subject of The Masculine Spirit of The Old Man and the Sea as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this novel we can know more about the author Hemingway and his honorable masculine spirit. “A man can be destroyed but not be defeated.” Such kind of spirit can
help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
That’s all.Thank you!
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, its show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.
The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Angela Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomens writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation”. The year 2014 represents the 22” anniversary of Angela Carters death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carters works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.
With the emergence of western womens movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though womens social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carters most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.
Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.
Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.
Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carters life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.
Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carters life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to womens freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.
Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carters demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist matriarchy.And her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.
Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
毕业答辩其实不会太难,首先要非常熟悉自己的论文内容和自己的写作指导思想,然后有条件 的的话可以和导师多探讨一下.自述的时候就讲一下自己的中心思想,大致的写作过程和主要的参考文献,要是能再补充一、下对主要参考文献的阅读心得就更完美了.适当的可以结合你的论文发展方向和当前行业形势趋势来谈一下,但切忌不要不懂装懂乱说一气,免得画蛇添足弄巧成拙了.最后就提一下要感谢你的指导老师对你的帮助和指导,再多谢一下各位答辩评审老师百忙之中对你答辩的所花的时间和精力.不知道这样的回答,是否能帮助你.
论文陈述可以很好地组织和发展论点,并为读者提供关于论点的“指南”。
论文陈述包含以下内容:
1、陈述你对这个主题的主要观点
陈述观点时一定要表达一个主要思想,并陈述你的立场或看法。关于主题,需思考:
2、给出几个支持主要观点的理由
理由要写清楚,一定要用符合逻辑的事实和证据来支持这个理由。
3、给出一个与主要观点相反的观点
一个好的论文陈述要承认论点存在另一面。所以,同学可以在论文陈述中给出一个反论点。
论文陈述写作示例:
1、首先,从一个问题开始。例如:互联网对教育有正面或负面的影响吗?
2、其次,表明你对这个问题的立场。例如:互联网对教育的正面影响大于负面影响。
3、最后,发展你的答案。例如:互联网使用的负面影响被其对教育的诸多好处所抵消:互联网有助于学生和老师更容易地获取信息、接触不同的观点,以及这是一个灵活的学习环境。
1. 关于目的论理论方面的问题,以考查你是否真的了解所用理论。2。翻译方法、翻译原则方面的问题,以考查你对翻译理解的程度。3。你论文中所涉及的具体问题,包括语言问题、老师认为表述不巧当的地方等,都可以提问。4。具体的翻译,比如让你当场翻译。总之,对自己的论文要非常熟悉,每个句子每个单词都不能马虎。
你论文的理论支撑是什么?一般会问点关于理论的问题,看你是不是真懂了然后就是结合你论点的一些东西了反正不会太难,都是你论文里有的。。。可以准备一张presentation打印好啊 答辩的时候应该可以拿着的吧
英语专业毕业论文答辩陈述稿范文
时间过得真快,大学生活即将结束,毕业论文是大学生都必须通过的,毕业论文是一种有准备的检验大学学习成果的`形式,毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢?以下是我整理的英语专业毕业论文答辩陈述稿范文,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am xx and my supervisor is xx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. Im xxand come from class xx. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Li.With his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
The title of my paper is xx.I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholarss main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
Thats all. Thank you.
哎 我也是英语专业 答辩刚过 你就直接在摘要和introduction,conclusion里摘一点 每段再选几句代表性的话语就差不多了 我就这么过的
论文自述就是先说你是八个专业哪个班,姓名,你的知道老师是谁。然后简短的致感谢词。中间就是把你的摘要和引言的内容复制下来,主要讲你的论文分几个部分每个部分讲什么内容,最后说that's all ,thank you /.就可以了
一、自述(用英语完成):1、先问好,再开始自述,自述时间为5-8分钟,要简明扼要,必要时可将自述内容提纲制作成Powerpoint文件。2、主要陈述内容:(1)自己选择这个题目的原因;(2)设计和实施的简单过程(如,商务方向:采用什么方法来搜集信息、资料等);(3)自己论文的主要内容(不要念论文,最好用4、5句话简单介绍论文内容,如,商务方向:做了哪些调查,得出什么结论,计划如何实施项目);(4)仍然存在的问题(如,商务:在实施项目中可能会遇到的风险以及如何解决);3、最好准备相关文字并熟记(答辩时要脱稿陈述,但是可以看PPT文件)。4、语言最好简单清楚,不要直接用论文中内容,应该用解释性的句式二、回答老师问题(老师用英语提问,学生用英语回答):1、大约有4-6个问题,时间将持续10-15分钟。2、首先要听清楚问题,如果没有听清,可以要求老师重复问题(可以说pardon之类的话)。3、回答时首先要态度好,要切题,而且不要保持沉默,不会时可以表示抱歉。4、常见问题: 关于选题:Why do you choose this topic for your thesis? // Why wereyou interested in this topic? 关于选题意义:What’s the importance/significance in doing such aresearch/project?//What do you want the readers get from your thesis? 关于论文:- 理论知识:Explain … (your theory). //Why do you think this theorycan be applied in your project? // Use one example to illustrate this.- 数据分析:How do you analyze your data? //How do you justify thevalidity of your data analysis?- 例证:Can you explain this example?【对于翻译类论文,答辩组可能会针对某些例句让你解释为什么在此种情况下要运用你所提议的翻译方法,或者对于有问题的译文让你给出自己的译文,或者临时给出例子让你运用相关翻译方法进行翻译】- 语言:In the xx paragraph on page xx, what do you mean?论文存在的问题:如 In the last sentence on page … there are somegrammatical/spelling/…Errors.常见问题汇总:1.Presentation: twice as long as your abstract2.Why did you choose this topic? /What made you choose this topic?3.What are the major previous findings put forth by other scholars?4.From what perspective did you try to approach the topic? What are your findings/new points?5.In what way/ ways are your findings useful/related to your future life/career or job-seeking?6.Do you believe in what …….says? Why or why not?7.How do you feel after you have finished this thesis? (Experience)In what way/ways does this experience help you understand yourself or the subject as a whole?8. What are the limitations of your study/research? In what way or from what perspective can this topic be further studied or explored?9. Have you read all the references listed at the end of the article? Do they turn out to be very helpful? Which one impresses you most? Why? Which scholar do you admire? Why?总之,要通过论文答辩,应注意:1.在平时的学习过程中必须注意提高自己的听说能力。 2.答辩前应做好充分的准备,最重要的是熟悉论文的内容及自己的观点。这一点十分重要,如果不熟悉论文的内容及自己的观点,答辩时很难自圆其说。3.要有自信心。当然,自信心主要来自事先的充分准备。4.带一份定稿(要与老师们持有的论文页码一致)。
据学术堂了解,英语专业的论文答辩主要分为两部分:自我陈述和回答答辩老师问题,下面对这两部分进行详细讲解.一、自述(用英语完成):1、先问好,再开始自述,自述时间为5-8分钟,要简明扼要,必要时可将自述内容提纲制作成Powerpoint文件.2、主要陈述内容:(1)自己选择这个题目的原因;(2)设计和实施的简单过程(如,商务方向:采用什么方法来搜集信息、资料等);(3)自己论文的主要内容(不要念论文,最好用4、5句话简单介绍论文内容,如,商务方向:做了哪些调查,得出什么结论,计划如何实施项目);(4)仍然存在的问题(如,商务:在实施项目中可能会遇到的风险以及如何解决);3、最好准备相关文字并熟记(答辩时要脱稿陈述,但是可以看PPT文件).4、语言最好简单清楚,不要直接用论文中内容,应该用解释性的句式,如:When I was designing the lessons, I found that….二、回答老师问题(老师用英语提问,学生用英语回答):1、大约有4-6个问题,时间将持续10-15分钟.2、首先要听清楚问题,如果没有听清,可以要求老师重复问题(可以说pardon之类的话).3、回答时首先要态度好,要切题,而且不要保持沉默,不会时可以表示抱歉.4、常见问题:① 关于选题:Why do you choose this topic for your thesis? // Why wereyou interested in this topic?② 关于选题意义:What's the importance/significance in doing such aresearch/project?//What do you want the readers get from your thesis?③ 关于论文:- 理论知识:Explain … (your theory). //Why do you think this theorycan be applied in your project? // Use one example to illustrate this.- 数据分析:How do you analyze your data? //How do you justify thevalidity of your data analysis?- 例证:Can you explain this example?【对于翻译类论文,答辩组可能会针对某些例句让你解释为什么在此种情况下要运用你所提议的翻译方法,或者对于有问题的译文让你给出自己的译文,或者临时给出例子让你运用相关翻译方法进行翻译】- 语言:In the xx paragraph on page xx, what do you mean?论文存在的问题:如 In the last sentence on page … there are some grammatical/spelling/…Errors.总之,要通过论文答辩,应注意:1.在平时的学习过程中必须注意提高自己的听说能力.2.答辩前应做好充分的准备,最重要的是熟悉论文的内容及自己的观点.这一点十分重要,如果不熟悉论文的内容及自己的观点,答辩时很难自圆其说.3.要有自信心.当然,自信心主要来自事先的充分准备.4.带一份定稿(要与老师们持有的论文页码一致).5.最后要向老师们表示感谢.最后祝大家答辩顺利!
学术堂整理了一份毕业论文答辩的陈述技巧,供大家进行参考:1、要熟悉论文并反复练习.严格控制好时间,最好是准备两个讲述版本:3分钟和5分钟,3分钟版本有助于理清陈述的思路;而5分钟版本则能够进一步讲解论文中细节,也是多数答辩的时限要求.然后反复练习5-10遍,并进行录音回放,纠正自己的口音和口头语.2、逻辑清晰.虽然论文写作时会分章节进行,但这只是为了保证论文结构清晰.在答辩陈述时,则需围绕上述四个问题(What,Why, How, What)组织PPT的内容和结构,分章陈述反而会破坏思路的连贯性.各部分内容之间加入一些转承会让你的答辩陈述逻辑更加清晰.3、语速适中或略快,以清晰陈述为宜.略快可以,体现对内容的熟悉,学术上的自信,太快或太慢都不好.答辩陈述中要观察听众的反应,适当加入停顿或变换语调,以便重新聚合听众的注意力.4、肢体语言.可以用适当的肢体语言来强调,但不要背对听众,要诚恳地用眼睛交流.用目光照顾每一位评委,不要眼顾其他,飘忽不定.不要把手插到兜里,尤其是只把大拇指插到兜里;不要乱晃;不要双手交叉抱在胸前.5、注意开场白、结束语的礼仪,要用纯学术语言陈述.6、陈述的内容,是要提前在纸上写好的;口才较好的,也要有提纲.不能临时发挥.最好能脱稿陈述,读自己预先拟写的陈述稿也是可以的,但不能读论文本身,直接读论文摘要或论文的结论部分,都不太好.
毕业论文答辩的准备和技巧 毕业论文答辩是毕业论文教学活动的最后一个环节。是对已完成的论文的最后审核(论文的真伪和优劣)与检验(学生对研究问题所掌握的深度与广度);是对学生研究问题的水平和能力的综合考核,学生将要自主地以自述加答问的方式展示成果、阐述观点,应对质疑。 一、答辩前的准备 首先要做好心理准备。要克服怯场心理,消除紧张情绪,保持良好的心理状态。要有自信意识。这是学生应具备的最基本的一种心理素质。凡是有充分自信意识的学生,在答辩过程中就会精神焕发、心绪镇静、神态自若、思维敏捷、记忆完整。答辨就可以淋漓尽致地发挥。要做到自信,需要对自己的论文从内容、范围、材料有充分的理解和多方面的准备,做到烂熟于心。从整体到局部都有了然于胸的感受,这样就能对提出的种种质疑,应付自如,即使不能对答如流,至少也能迎刃而解,问有所答。真正做到“艺高胆大”,有了真才实学,就不怕别人提出质询。 其次要做好资料的准备。不要忘记将与论文有关的一些图表类资料整理好。如经济类论文答辩时,可能会涉及许多统计表、统计图、测算表、明细表、演示图等。准备许多相关的图表,悬挂在答辩现场,供作讲解之辅助工具。 最后要做好发言提纲的准备。“工欲善其事,必先利其器”不打无准备之仗,答辩者在答辩前可从以下角度去考虑准备答辩: 1、自己为什么选择这个课题? 2、研究这个课题的意义和目的是什么? 3、全文的基本框架、基本结构是如何安排的? 4、全文的各部分之间逻辑关系如何? 5、在研究本课题的过程中,发现了那些不同见解?对这些不同的意见,自己是怎样逐步认识的?又是如何处理的? 6、论文虽未论及,但与其较密切相关的问题还有哪些? 7、还有哪些问题自己还没有搞清楚,在论文中论述得不够透彻? 8、写作论文时立论的主要依据是什么? 对以上问题应仔细想一想,必要时要用笔记整理出来,写成发言提纲,在答辩时用。 二、答辩技巧 学生首先要介绍一下论文的概要,这就是所谓“自述报告”,须强调一点的是“自述”而不是“自读”。这里重要的技巧是必须注意不能照本宣读,把报告变成了“读书”。“照本宣读”是第一大忌。这一部分的内容可包括写作动机、缘由、研究方向、选题比较、研究范围、围绕这一论题的最新研究成果、自己在论文中的新见解、新的理解或新的突破。做到概括简要,言简意赅。不能占用过多时间,一般以十分钟为限。所谓“削繁去冗留清被,画到无时是熟时”,就是说,尽量做到词约旨丰,一语中的。要突出重点,把自己的最大收获、最深体会、最精华与最富特色的部分表述出来。这里要注意一忌主题不明;二忌内容空泛,东拉西扯;三忌平平淡淡,没有重点。 在答辩时,学生要注意仪态与风度,这是进入人们感受渠道的第一信号。如果答辩者能在最初的两分种内以良好的仪态和风度体现出良好的形象,就有了一个良好的开端。有人将人的体态分解为最小单位来研究(如头、肩、胸、脊、腰等)认为凹胸显现怯懦、自卑,挺胸显示情绪高昂—但过分则为傲慢自负;肩手颈正显示正直、刚强,脊背挺拔体现严肃而充满自信。但过于如此,就会被人看作拘泥刻板保守,略为弯腰有度,稍稍欠身可表示谦虚礼貌。孙中山先生曾说过“其所具风度姿态,即使全场有肃然起敬之心,举动格式又须使听者有安静详和之气”他的这番金玉良言,对我们确实有很大的启发。 在听取教师提问时所要掌握的技巧要领是: 沉着冷静,边听边记 精神集中,认真思考 既要自信,又要虚心 实事求是,绝不勉强 听准听清,听懂听明 在回答问题时所要掌握的技巧是构思时要求每个问题所要答的“中心”“症结”“关健”在哪里?从哪一个角度去回答问题最好?应举什么例子来证明?回答问题的内容实质上是一段有组织的“口头作文”。这就要一、文章应有论点、论据。 二、有开头主体与结尾。 三、有条理、有层次。 四、应用词确当,语言流畅。 五、应口齿清楚、语速适度。开头要简洁:单刀直入,是最好的开头,开门见山地表述观点,在答辩中是最好的办法。主体部份的表述可条分缕析,即把所要回答的内容逐条归纳分析,实际上是对自己掌握的材料由此及彼,由表及里地做整理。这样的表述就不会流于表面,而能深入本质。条分缕析可以把自己掌握的一些实际例子合并,整理成若干条目,列成几个小标题:分成几点,一点一点,一条一条地说出。满碗的饭必须一口一口吃,满肚子的道理也必须一条一条讲出来,环环相扣,条条相连,令人听完后有清楚的印象。假如在准备的时候已经准备了一个较完整的提纲,那么沿着回答问题的主线,再穿上一些玉珠(举例子)就可以做到中心明确,条理清楚,有理有例了。
论文答辩自述英文
在个人成长的多个环节中,大家都经常接触到论文吧,通过论文写作可以提高我们综合运用所学知识的`能力。那么问题来了,到底应如何写一篇优秀的论文呢?以下是我帮大家整理的论文答辩自述英文,欢迎大家分享。
Good morning, professors and everyone. I come from JMU College. I am XXX and my supervisor is prof XXX. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, I have finished my paper.
The title of my paper is An Analysis of Ahab’s Personality Tragedy in Moby Dick. I choose this title as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this work as this is one of the texts in our American literature course . Last but not least , Moby-Dick is widely recognized as the summit not only of Melville’s art but of American nineteenth-centry fiction.
The purpose of this essay is to study Captain Ahab,the role in Moby-Dick, whose leg was bitten by the white whale in his process of the whaling. After losing his leg, he determined to revenge Moby Dick and tried to kill it. In order to revenge, Ahab ultimately dooms the crew of the Pequod (save for Ishmael) to death by his obsession with Moby Dick. By taking the comprehensive analysis perspective of Moby-Dick, this thesis will point out that the main characteristics of Ahab.
This paper consists of three parts. Part one presents an introduction to the Social Background and the life of the Author Herman Melvillehe ,Part two presents The Main Characteristics of Ahab. there are three aspects have been divided to analyze his characters: his monomania , his selfishness, and his individualism. Part three presents The Consequences of Ahabs Personality Tragedy.
OK, thats all. Thank you !
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :
I am Zhao Jing. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Zhong Ming, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
The title of my paper is The Masculine Spirit of The Old Man and the Sea
The whole thesis consists of 3 parts. The first part will give brief introductions on the background which contains the social and cultural aspects and the introduction to the author of the masterpiece. In The second part is going to have a brief
introduction of the old man and the sea and analyze the masculine spirits in the old man and the sea such as the faith optimistic and the wisdom of the hero. In the third part, it is the natural conclusion and the deep consideration.
I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this novel as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times. Last but not the least, I’m deeply appreciated to the masculine spirit and hope I can get and practice it in my future. For the above facts, I select the subject of The Masculine Spirit of The Old Man and the Sea as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this novel we can know more about the author Hemingway and his honorable masculine spirit. “A man can be destroyed but not be defeated.” Such kind of spirit can
help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
That’s all.Thank you!
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, its show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.
The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Angela Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomens writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation”. The year 2014 represents the 22” anniversary of Angela Carters death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carters works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.
With the emergence of western womens movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though womens social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carters most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.
Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.
Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.
Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carters life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.
Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carters life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to womens freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.
Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carters demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist matriarchy.And her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.
Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
当英语论文,或其他重要的英文文书的初稿撰写完成后,在提交给相关读者阅读之前,必须要经过润色才比较保险。找北京译顶科技,性价比高,我就是在那边做的。你可以加速去知道了解下
英语和汉语是两种高度发展的语言,对比其异同,对于英语翻译教学是很重要的。下文是我为大家整理的关于英汉翻译的论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!
英汉语言的异同及其翻译策略
在英汉翻译中,两种语言在词汇方面的不同主要体现在词的意义,词的顺序和词的搭配能力三个方面;从句法方面来说,英语和汉语在句子结构,句子顺序和其他一些表达方式上则有各自的特点。下面笔者就从词汇现象和句法现象两方面来探讨英汉的对应程度如何,以及根据这些对比,在进行翻译实践时,应该运用哪些翻译技巧。
1、英汉语言的对比
1.1英汉词汇现象的对比
首先,从词的意义方面来看。词汇作为语言的三要素之一,相比于语音和语法,它的变化最快。随着社会和科学的不断发展和变化,在语言中一方面增加了新词,一方面旧词增添了新的意义。人类发明轮船以前,用的是帆船,英语“sail”一词原意为“帆”,短语“setsail”,就有张帆起航之意。但是随着社会的发展,帆船逐渐被用煤,柴油,甚至是用核动力的轮船所代替。自从潜艇出现后,“sail”这个词又增添了“潜艇指挥塔”的新含义。这就是词义的发展变化,我们在对比英汉语言时,应该明确它们的对应情况是随着时间的变迁和社会的发展而发展变化着的。英语词汇在汉语里的对应程度,大致可以归纳为四种情况。第一,完全对应。英语中的词所表达的意义,可以在汉语里找到完全对应的词来表达。如“computationallinguistics”(计算语言学),“TheU.S.StateDepartment”(美国国务院)。这主要是一些已有通用译名的专用名词,术语和生活中常见事物名称等。第二,部分对应。英语中有些词和汉语中的词汇在词义上只能部分对应,体现在有广义和狭义之分。如“morning”(上午,早晨),“gun”(枪,炮),一个英语单词相对应有较多的汉语意义.第三,无对应。
英语中有些词或汉语里有些词在对方语言里找不到对应的词来表达。这主要是指一些新词以及反映社会特殊风俗和事物的词。如英语单词“beddo”(指的是一种多用途的床),“plumber”(美国调查政府雇员泄密的特工),“brunch”(为了休闲和放松,通常周日才吃的早午餐);汉语里如“八仙桌”,“太师椅”等在英语中都无法找到对应的词。最后,英语中很多词都是一词多义,分别与汉语中几个词对应。对于这些多义词的具体意义,要联系上下文来确定。比如“time”一词,在“havenotimetodosomething”中,它的意思是时间;在“Thetimesaredifferent.”中,意思为时代;在“Imetherseveraltimes.”一句中,它指的是次数。可见一个单词可能会有很多词义,意思随着不同的使用场合而不同。
其次,从词的搭配能力方面看。英语和汉语在词的搭配能力上有差异,一个英语单词往往可以搭配很多其他的单词,来表达不同的汉语意思。以单词“cut”为例,可以用于以下短语之中,如cutcake{切蛋糕},cutwheat(割麦子),cutfingernails(剪指甲)。由此可见,cut的搭配能力很强,可以用于“cake,wheat,fingernails”,而汉语就需要分别用“切,割,剪”来搭配.在翻译时,要注意英汉语在搭配能力上的差异,译文选词要符合汉语的表达习惯。如“Sheworeapairofsunglassesandawhitedress.”一句中,wear分别搭配了两个名词“sunglasses”,和“dress”,应译为“戴太阳镜”和“穿连衣裙”.
最后,从词的顺序方面看。英汉句子中主要成分如主语,谓语动词,宾语的词序基本上是一致的。但是定语的位置和状语的顺序在英汉语中则有同有异,变化多样。例如,汉语句子“他们在教室里唱歌”,翻译成英语是“Theyaresingingintheclassroom.”,汉语中状语“在教室”是放在谓语动词的前面,而英语中状语“intheclassroom”,放在了谓语动词的后面。又如英语中时间或地点状语之间的排列顺序是从小到大,而汉语的顺序是从大到小。如“Shewasbornat8a.m.onthefirstofOctober,1990.”,译为“她出生于1990年10月1日上午8点。”另外,定语的位置在英语和汉语中也有差异,英语单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词的前面,但有时也后置,如“aninterestingstory”中,定语“interesting”是放在被修饰词“story”的前面;而“somethinginteresting”,当中定语“interesting”放在被修饰的词的后面。然而汉语的定语一般前置。
1.2英汉句法现象的对比
在翻译中,英汉句子结构有时不需要转换,有时则要根据情况进行转换,这要求我们正确处理好形式和内容的关系。英汉句法现象上的差异,主要就体现在句子结构和句子顺序两个方面。
句子结构的转换分以下几种情况,将英语简单句转换为汉语复合句,将英语复合句转换为汉语简单句,英语倒装句转换为汉语正装句,英语被动结构转换为汉语主动结构等。如“Shedoesn'tknowwhatlifemeanstoher.”这句话在译为中文时,可将英语中的主从复合句转换为汉语的简单句,译为“她不知道人生的意义”.在英语中,为了突出重点和上下文语气的需要,常常用倒装结构,而汉语一般不倒装,此时应将英语倒装句译为汉语正装句。
另外,英汉的句子顺序,这里指的是主句,从句的时间顺序和逻辑顺序也不完全相同,因此它们的先后位置也不完全一样。
现以英汉复合句中的时间顺序为例。英语主从复合句中,表时间的从句既可以放在主句之后,也可以放在主句之前,位置很灵活。而汉语则会按照比较严格的时间先后顺序,将先发生的事陈述,之后陈述后面发生的事。如“AfterIhadmydinner,IwatchedTV.”英语句中,不论动作发生的先后顺序,主从句位置可以互换。若将此句翻译为汉语句子,则应先说先发生的事:
“吃完晚饭后,我看电视”.表示因果的英语复合句也是一样,因果顺序较为灵活,而汉语的习惯表达是因在前,果在后。
2、英汉翻译技巧
通过以上对英汉两种语言的词汇和句法现象的对比,可以看出两种语言各有特点,在翻译时根据这些特点,可以运用一些翻译方法和技巧来表达语言形式的思想内容。英汉翻译常用的方法和技巧很多,如词义的选择,引申,词类转译,增词法,省略法,正反表达法,分句合句法,各种从句的译法,习语,拟声词的译法等。现根据上文提到的英汉差异,从分析语言的特点入手,着重选择几种翻译技巧加以说明。
2.1词义的选择
英汉两种语言都有一词多义,一词多类的现象,同一个词往往有几个不同的词义,属于几个不同的词类。在英汉翻译的过程中就要根据英汉词汇的对应情况,选择和确定关键词的意义,有时还需要对词进行引申和选择其褒贬意义。选择词义可以从两方面入手,其一,根据词在句中的词类和联系上下文,看词在句中的搭配关系。如在“Likechargesrepel,unlikechargesat-tract.”一句中,根据分析词类,判断出“like”是形容词,汉语意思是“相同的”,全句翻译为“同性电荷相排斥,相异电荷相吸引”.
“like”除了作形容词外,还可以作动词和介词。如“Tomlikestoplayfootball.”中,“like”作动词“喜欢”讲.“Herhairisshininglikegoldinthesunbeam.”中,like作介词“像”讲.从以上例句可以看出要选择正确的词义,可以根据该词在句中的词类来确定。另一方面,英语中同一个词,同一词类在不同的语言环境中往往也有不同的含义,必须结合上下文再根据词的搭配来确定某个词在特定场合中的意义。如以下几句话中的“serve”一词,都作动词,但根据上下文,可以确定它的词义是不同的。“HehasservedforMs.Daisyfortwentyyears.”中译为“任职”;在“Histwodaughtersandasonservedinthearmy.”中译为“服役”;在“Itisyourturntoserve.”中,译为“发球”.
英语中,常用一个表具体形象的词来表示一种概念或一种属性,而汉语常用抽象的概念。在翻译时,要注意到英汉在表达习惯上的差异,不能逐词死译,应根据上下文和逻辑关系将该词的意义作进一步的引申.如,“Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns”中的“rose”(玫瑰)和“thorn”(刺)这两个具体形象不能直译,而要引申为“甜”和“苦”.整句话译为“每个人生都有自己的苦与甜”.又如,“Ihavealittlemoneyputasideforarainyday.”此句中的“rainyday”不能译为“下雨天”,而是一个抽象概念,指急需用钱之时。
2.2转译法
在英汉翻译中,由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同,就不能“一个萝卜一个坑”来死搬硬套,有些词在翻译时需要转换词类,这样才能使译文流畅自然。词类的转译法就是指将原文的词类转译为其他的词类,如英语名词转译为汉语动词,例句“Mysis-terisgoodatswimming.IthinksheisabetterteacherthanI.”中的“teacher”是名词“教师”,在翻译时可转译为动词“教”,本句译为“我想她会教得比我好”,如果译为“我想她会是比我好的教师”就显得死板生硬。形容词有时也可以转译为名词。英语中有些形容词加定冠词可以表示一类人,汉译时就要把形容词译为名词。如“Wewilldoourbesttohelpthesickandthewounded”中的形容词“thesickandthewounded”要译为名词“病人和伤员”.英语中还有一些形容词表感觉,情绪,如“angry,confident,afraid,aware,concerned,ashamed,thankful”等,这类形容词放在系动词后作表语用时,往往可以转译为汉语动词。
如“Heisawareofhismistakes.”此句中形容词aware应译为动词“知道”.英语和汉语比较起来,汉语中动词用得比较多。根据这一特点,英语中很多词类,尤其是名词,形容词,副词在汉译时往往可以转译成动词。
2.3增词法
英汉两种语言,由于表达方式不尽相同,翻译时,除了转换词类外,还可在词量上作增减。增词法就是根据意义和句法上的需要增加一些词使译文更加忠实于原文的思想内容。为了使句子更加通顺流畅,在翻译时可以增加动词,形容词,副词,名词等。如“Hewenthomeafterthebanquetsandconcerts.”如果直译为“在宴会和音乐会后,他回家了。”,意思似乎不够明确,但如果在名词前加上动词,译为“在参加完宴会和出席了音乐会之后”,这样就形成了两个动宾词组,句子就更通顺了。又如“Thecrowdsmeltedaway,”(人群渐渐散开了)。本句中,在动词前增加了副词“渐渐地”,使译文的表达更加确切。再如“Youshouldwashbeforemeal.”(你应该饭前洗手)。该句的宾语“手”其实是隐含在动词“wash”之后的,所以在翻译时要把宾语表达出来,在这里增加了名词。另外,英语中的数词往往能直接与可数名词连用,而汉语往往要借助量词来表达其形状,特征。如,abike一(辆)自行车,abaddream一(场)恶梦,aredsun一(轮)红日.
以上几个例子中,在汉译时都增加了量词,这样才符合汉语的表达习惯。
2.4省略法
前面提到的增词法是指增加一些词来使译文更通顺,省略法则是指原文有些词不需要译出来,删除一些可有可无,有之反而累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词。但省略并不是摒弃原文的思想内容,而是译文中虽无其词但明其意。现从语法角度和修辞角度分别举例加以探讨。第一,从语法角度看,可以省略代词,it,连接词,冠词,前置词等。根据汉语的习惯,前一句话已经出现主语,而后一句若是相同主语,则不需要重复使用。然而英语通常每句话都有主语,在翻译时应考虑到英汉在表达上的差异。如“Hewasthinandhelookedmiserable.”(他很消瘦,看上去很可怜),第二句话中的主语在翻译时已省略掉。英语中的物主代词在汉译时往往也可以省略。如“Heshruggedhisshouldersandshookhishead.”中的物主代词“his”不需要译出来,该句译为“他耸耸肩,摇了摇头”.在英语中,it也是一种代词,它常常作非人称用,此时,往往省略不译。如Sheglancedathiswatch;itwas7.(她一看表,是七点了)。另外,汉语词语之间的连接词不多,其逻辑联系常常是暗含的,英语则不然,连接词用得比较多,因此,英汉翻译时不需要把连接词译出来。第二,从修辞角度看,英语句子有些短语反复出现,英译汉时可作适当省略。“Appli-cantswhohadworkingexperiencewouldreceivepreferenceoverthosewhohadnot.”译为“应聘者有工作经验的优先录取。”如果不作省略,译成“应聘者有工作经验的比没有工作经验的优先录取”就显得罗嗦。
英汉翻译还有很多方法和技巧,如重复法,正反表达法,反正表达法,分句合句法等,在此就不一一赘述了。英语和汉语是两种高度发展的语言,对比其异同,对于英语翻译教学是很重要的。本文对比研究了英语汉语在语言文字上最普遍最典型的特点和差异,提出几种适当的翻译方法和技巧供教师在翻译课教学时参考。当然,各种翻译方法和技巧在翻译时应根据原文的具体思想内容加以灵活运用,不应生搬硬套。总之,翻译是一种语言的创造性活动,经过实践积累总结的翻译理论和技巧之所以有价值,是因为它们可以用来指导和启发翻译实践,而翻译实践也是检验翻译理论是否正确的标准。作为英语教师,在进行翻译课的教学时,应注意到翻译理论和实践的辩证关系,做到既重视翻译实践,也不忽视必要的翻译理论。
参考文献:
[1]张培基。英汉翻译教程[M].上海外语教育出版社,1998.
[2]陈国强。现代英语词汇学[J].上海外语教育出版社,1998.
[3]方梦之。英语汉译实践与技巧[J].天津翻译出版公司,1994.
[4]范仲英。实用翻译教程[J].外语教学与研究出版社,1999.
英汉翻译中的“忠实”
摘要:随着国际化进程的不断加速,越来越多的人意识到英语的重要性,英文写作的重要性。但是由于中英文背景的巨大差异,思维方式的不同以及写作角度、方法、用词等的不同使得我们在英语写作中出现了很多错误。很多的实例证明,英语的学习言语错误与汉语干扰有直接的关系,即负迁移,也就是汉语之间的差异对外语学习造成的干扰以及与所学外语的某些特点、某些规则造成的干扰有关。
关键词:英汉翻译 表达方式 忠实 1 英文对同一事物的表达方式的不同造成的错误
1.1 词性错误
很多同学在英文写作时只注意所选词的词义,而忽视了该词的词性,造成用词错误的发生。
(1)My friend doesn’t afraid of dogs.
(2)His father adviced him not to fight with anybody.
例句1)把形容词误用为动词,而例句2)把名词误用为动词。这是由于基础不牢,对一些常用词不认真考证,导致用词的错误。
1.2 词形错误
在英文写作中经常会出现遗漏第三人称单数现在时形态,还有关于名词单、复数的错误,这是因为在汉语中,汉语的名词一般不分单、复数,也无可数、不可数之分,主谓间也不存在数的关系,谓语没有第三人称单数的问题,由于中英文用词这明显的区别,在英文写作时会写出这样的句子:
(1)There are many sheeps on the grassland.
(2)She look after 3 children.
例句(1)中,sheep被当作可数名词,其实它不可数名词。例句2)中,look应为第三人称单数looks。
1.3 虚词错误
英语虚词包括冠词、介词和连词,冠词和介词在汉语中根本就不存在,用错的几率很频繁,而唯一在汉语中可以对上号儿的连词显然起到了很是深远的负迁移的作用:
(1)He arrived Beijing yesterday.
(2)I bought the dictionary in 1980s.
(3)Although it is raining, but I go to school all the same.
在例句1)中,arrive是不及物动词,其后一定要用前置词in或at,所以arrive后应加in。例句2)中,英语中“…年代”前必须用定冠词,所以应改为“in the 1980s”。例句3)中,由于受到汉语“虽然…但是…”结构的影响而出错,所不同的是在英语中although…but只能用一个。
1.4 语境不同所选词也应不同,这是又一个易出错的地方
语境不同,用词也应不同,语境在很大的程度上制约着用词,因此在写作时必须要选用适合上下问的词语来选词,如不注意语境对选词的影响,就可能因用词不当而写出前后矛盾、不合逻辑的句子。
May I open the gate?The are in the room is too close.
此句从上下文看,说话者gate指的是房门,应该用door才合理,而gate指的是“院落的大门”,不符合上下文的表达。
2 翻译界在翻译的标准问题上很难达成共识,但有两条标准是大家所公认的忠实、通畅
所谓“忠实”,首先是指译文必须准确如实的传达原文的内容,对原文的意思既不能随意歪曲,也不能任意增减。内容除了指原文中所叙述的事实,说明的道理,描写的景物以外,也包括作者在叙述、说明和描写过程中所反映的思想、观点、立场和感情。“忠实”还指对原文风格的如实传达。译者者不能随意改动原作的风格面貌,如原作是口语体,就不能译做书面体;原作是粗俗的文体,就不能译成高雅的格调,也就是说,译者不能用自己的风格去代替原文的风格。
2.1 有些译者过分拘泥于原文的字面形式,译文晦涩难懂,不知所云
汉英翻译中,“忠实原著”一向是第一要求,是多少年来翻译理论和实践一直围绕的中心。但是近年来,越来越多的呼吁想要告诉大家对翻译的仅仅“忠实”已经满足翻译要求。《外国语》1998年第3期所载《从梦想到现实:对翻译学科的东张西望》一文可以作为一个典型的例子。文中引勒菲弗尔语曰:“忠实只不过是多种翻译策略里头的一种,是某种意识形态和某种文学观结合之下才导致的产物。把它捧为唯一一种可能的、甚至唯―一种可容许的策略,是不切实际的、徒劳无益的。”文章作者据此及其他一些类似论点得出结论:“忠于原文不是理所当然的、唯一的标准,世界上没有永恒不变的、绝对正确的标准。”
2.2 译者可否选择百分之三十、五十、七十的忠实
翻译的出现是出于文化交流的需要。在这一点上,完全可以把它比之于向国人介绍西洋绘画、西洋音乐,或者相反,把中国画或者中国的民族音乐介绍到国外去。无论这种介绍活动的其他目的怎样,在一个首要的、根本的目标上它们是一致的:向文化的接受者呈现原作的本来面貌。在这个起点上要求的是绝对忠实,我们并没有“百分之三十、五十、七十”的选择。
这时“忠实”就意味着一个客观存在的对象完完全全、不多不少的再现。但是我们无法把翻译与介绍绘画、音乐的类比坚持到底,其根本原因在于,两者所使用的媒介不同。钱钟书先生早就指出,“我们该辨清,假使绘画的媒介(medium)是颜色线段,音乐的媒介是音调,那末诗文的媒介不就是文字,是文字和文字的意义;假使我们把文字本身作为文学的媒介,不顾思想意义,那末一首诗从字形上看来。只是不知所云的墨迹,从字音上听来,只是不成腔调的声浪。”
到这时“忠实”就成了一个非常主观的概念,缺乏客观性就缺乏可操作性。
但是,翻译的“忠实”标准并不是如此就能被轻易否定的。在实践中,人们可能牺牲一部分“忠实”,但这往往是为了保证更大部分的“忠实”能够实现,仍然是为了最大限度的“忠实”。事实上,―旦放弃对于忠实的主观追求,译者就没有理由停止在“百分之三十”,而会走向百分之十、百分之五甚至更少。对忠实的追求是维持原文与译文之间联系的纽带,这根纽带一旦被切断,也就无从被称之为译文,翻译也就随之不复存在。
3 结语
在翻译中,“忠实”固然重要,但只有忠实是远远不够的。翻译不是一字不落的复制,也不是不顾原著的表达肆意加上译者的思想随意篡改,翻译不仅要重现原文中所叙述的事实、所描述的景物更重要的还要重现作者在叙述、说明和描写过程中所反映的思想、观点、立场和感情及风格。
翻译是高校作为培养大学生英语综合能力的一个重要组成部分。下面是我为大家整理的英语翻译方向论文,供大家参考。
英语翻译方向论文 范文 一:高职 商务英语 翻译课程改革分析
[摘要]本文结合我院的实际情况,以就业为导向,从课程定位、教材改革和教学模式等方面着手,探索高职《商务英语翻译》课程的改革方向,以期优化该课程教学设计,有效提高教学质量,为学生的就业岗位需求服务。
[关键词]高职;商务英语翻译;课程改革
1引言
根据《高等职业学校专业教学标准(试行)》,《商务英语翻译》课程是“高等职业学校商务英语专业学生的职业技能课”,在整个专业课程设置框架及人才培养体系中的地位不可忽视。然而,目前该课程普遍存在“课程设置和教学内容本科化、缺乏职业针对性、师资学科型”的问题。(江晗,2010)针对这些问题,本文结合东莞职业技术学院(下称“我院”)的实际情况,就课程定位、教材改革和教学模式等方面进行初步探讨,提出高职《商务英语翻译》课程的改革方向。
2课程定位
高职英语专业翻译课容易走入定位不清的误区。有的学者提出“现有高职、高专已经成立的翻译系或翻译方向最好主要以证书培训为主要目标”(穆雷,2008);有的院校干脆将课程目标单纯定位为通过全国商务英语翻译考试、获取证书。但是,通过走访我院用人企业得知,外语等级证书和翻译证书都不是企业所看重的指标或用人条件,真正的实践应用能力和职业素养才为用人单位所器重。因此,不适合将考取翻译证书作为该课程的定位和目标,但可作为辅助手段,提高学生的学习兴趣和动力。笔者认为,高职《商务英语翻译》课程的定位,取决于学生自身的能力水平及 毕业 后的就业岗位所需。一方面,高职学生的外语水平基础较差,特别是双语转换能力较弱,即使经过一学期或一学年的翻译课程学习,也难以胜任高端的会议交替传译,更不用说同声传译,只适合进行初级的口、笔译工作;另一方面,就我院以往毕业生的就业情况来看,没有专门从事翻译行业的专职译员,所以不能照搬培养专职译员的外语专业本科或研究生人才培养模式来对高职学生进行教学,而应该按实际情况来做出切实的课程定位,以指导该课程的开展,培养毕业生工作所需的相应翻译能力。通过对我院应用外语系2015届毕业生就业统计及个别访谈得知,我系毕业生就业单位主要是小微涉外跨境企业,而这些企业基本上没有设置专职翻译岗位。毕业生从事的岗位群主要集中在外贸业务员、外贸跟单员、跨境电商岗位操作员、跨境电商岗位推广及运营专员,从事销售、采购、跟单、商务策划、接待、客服等工作,他们在工作中的翻译活动主要包括涉外商务谈判、商务营销、接待应酬、国际会展、公司及产品介绍、日常文书和邮件处理等。这些工作任务的性质,突出了高职翻译的交际功能,决定了高职学生需要的翻译是一种初级实用型商务翻译;毕业生身兼数职,既要做好本职工作又要在涉外场合兼顾翻译的角色,也决定了高职商务英语专业所培养的学生是“复合型译员”。(姚嘉五,2012)根据这两点,我院高职商务英语专业的翻译课程应定位为中英双向初级商务文本笔译和一般商务情景的涉外陪同口译,课程培养目标是能胜任小微涉外企业与翻译有关工作的复合型人才。
3教材改革
高校的传统翻译教材编排,一般沿用两条主线,一为“专题型”,关注的重点是不同专题的内容及表达;二为“技能型”,关注的重点是技巧训练。“专题型”教材包含的某些专题,如政治外交演讲、政府会议、时事、科技、体育方面的材料,或难度偏高或与高职毕业生的实际就业岗位关联较小,不适合用于高职的翻译教学;“技能型”教材对学生的技能训练要求过高,往往超出他们的能力范围,容易让学生产生挫败感和畏难情绪。以上两种教材,都不太符合高职 教育 “实用为主,够用为度”的原则。回顾笔者所使用过的翻译教材,存在纰漏、拼写或语法错误等,部分内容要么过于陈旧,要么缺乏与区域经济相符合的素材,而且缺少音频或视频,也没有配套的教师用书,口译对话练习并不是英汉穿插而是全英或全中文,并不适合用来做翻译练习。基于以上现状,教材改革势在必行。首先,在难度上,要贴近高职学生的能力水平,“重信息传递、淡化翻译技巧”(曾昭涛,2009)。传统的翻译教材对翻译史、翻译理论和技巧有较为详尽的阐述,但这往往对注重实用和实践操作的高职生缺乏吸引力,因此应该淡化,转而关注高职翻译的核心交际功能,即“信息传递”,不苛求翻译技巧的处理。其次,在内容上,应该对接 职场 ,摒弃政府 报告 、外交辞令、大型会议翻译的题材,选取与学生就业岗位需要相吻合的口、笔译素材,体现当地区域经济特点,融入当地特色行业元素。以东莞为例,作为广东三大展览基地之一,该城市每年举办各种展会30多个,因此将会展口译纳入高职翻译教材很有必要。东莞还有明显的特色经济,已形成电子信息、电气机械、纺织服装、家具、玩具、造纸及纸制品、食品饮料、化工等八大支柱产业,所以翻译内容也要考虑选取与这些行业相关的文本,以体现翻译教材的行业性。再次,在章节编排上,不宜把主题安排得过于广泛,应遵循典型翻译工作任务流程,把翻译课程项目化、模块化,这样既符合高职“工学结合”的教育内涵,又体现高职教材的特色。教材改革的重担落在高职院校一线任课教师身上,教师可以在原教材的基础上,有所取舍,再扩展补充与区域经济、特色行业相关的内容,也可重新编写出符合学生学情又满足就业需求的教材。教材的改革需要教师积极到企业单位进行调研和实践,了解实际翻译情境需要,收集具体岗位工作可能接触到的语言素材,编写真正实用的课本,更好地服务于教学。
4教学模式改革
由于高职翻译课的老师多为科班出身,上课容易落入本科翻译教学的俗套,即采取老师讲授、学生练习、老师点评的方式,课程模式比较僵化,学生没有真正参与到知识构建中来,同时脱离了真实的商务翻译情景,学生学习兴趣低,容易产生倦怠情绪,自然难以取得理想的教学效果。根据高职学生的学情和人才培养目标,商务翻译课程应以典型翻译工作流程来设计教学环节,真正将职业能力的培养和岗位需求结合起来。例如,以会展陪同翻译这一模块为例,可安排以下仿真商务活动流程:国际名家具(东莞)展览会与外宾初次接触——参观家具厂、了解产品——商务合作洽谈——合同签订——庆功宴会——机场送行。实践教学中可穿插项目化教学法、模拟情景教学、角色扮演和合作学习法等,各种 方法 各有侧重、相互渗透、灵活多变,从“以教师为中心”转为“以学生为中心”,从注重“理论教学”转为“实践教学”,从“被动学习”转为“主动学习”,真正凸显高职教育特色。此外,还应加强语音室和口译实训室的建设,设立校企合作实训基地,做到教学、实践、服务一体化,为学生提供真实的职业氛围,让翻译教学更贴近实际、贴近市场、贴近岗位。
5结语
社会和市场对翻译人才的需要是多层次、多元化的,既需要能担当国际会议的同声传译,更需要能胜任企业基层工作、懂商务又懂英语翻译的人才。高职英语专业的商务翻译课应该走出自己的特点,积极探索具有高职特色的翻译教学改革,采用切实的定位、合适的教材和有效的 教学方法 ,才能优化翻译教学,培养出优秀的高职高专实用性、复合型翻译人才,服务于社会各行各业。
参考文献
[1]江晗.高职翻译课程设置与教学内容改革研究[J].顺德职业技术学院学报,2010(4):53.
[2]教育部职业教育与成人教育司.高等职业学校专业教学标准(试行)[M].北京:中央广播电视大学出版社,2012:123.
[3]穆雷.建设完整的翻译教学体系[J].中国翻译,2008(1):43.
[4]姚嘉五.工具-公文-公式:高职应用翻译专业的定位[J].中国科技翻译,2012(3):55.
[5]曾昭涛.论高职应用翻译理论[J].上海翻译,2009(1):50.
英语翻译方向论文范文二:高校英语翻译中西方 文化 论文
一、中西方文化在英语翻译方面的差异性
宗教文化也是众多文化中的一种表现形式,其也会因信仰的不同而产生一定的差异。中国的宗教门派众多,但是主要的可以分为道家、佛家和儒家这三个主要的流派。不同的教派具有不同的教义,如中国道家主张人和神仙是可以相互转化的;佛教则主张佛祖则是至高无上的神,其法力无边,这也可以从我国古代语言中明显看出。汉语中有“天命不可违”、“借花献佛”和“不看僧面看佛面”等的语言表达。而西方则主要以__为主,他们只承认上帝是万事万物的主宰,其无所不能,这在西方语言中也可以明显的看出来。如“Manproposes,Goddisposes”(谋事在人,成事在天)、“GodiswhereHewas”(上帝无所不在)和“Heavenisaboveall”(上帝高于一切)等。因此,为了达到翻译忠实原意的目的,我们必须要充分了解中西宗教文化的差异性。
二、提高高校英语翻译质量的策略
(一)导入异国文化
中西翻译的差异性。因此,为了提高学生对于英语翻译的认识度和理解度,教师需要在英语翻译教学的过程中为学生们导入到量的异国文化。通过将英语翻译与文化学习二者进行有机地结合来提高学生们英语翻译的水平。但是特别需要注意一点就是,教师在导入异国文化的过程中要始终本着由易到难、由浅入深的原则。此外,教师除了要为学生们普及一些西方文化知识外,还需要为学生们普及一些西方文化习俗的来源。例如,英语中有“raincatsanddogs”的习语,这句话用汉语可以表述为“倾盆大雨”,但是如果按照直白的翻译就会理解为“下猫跟狗”,这样就明显偏离了翻译的本意。这句习语主要来源于北欧的神话 传说 ,传说猫跟狗对于风和雨等天气具有很强的预测能力。又如“asstrongasahorse”(壮如牛),但是如果单纯的按照意思来理解则成了“壮如马”了等。如果学生对于这个文化背景不了解,则会出现上述可笑的误译现象。
(二)介绍英汉语言结构上的差异性
英语结构区别于汉语结构,其重视主题句和主体结构的构成以及 句子 结构连接过渡词的作用,并且侧重用介词和连词来表示句子和词组之间的逻辑关系,这种现象在汉语中则很少用或几乎不用。另外,英语表述中特别忌讳重复,如果出现重复的问题,通常用省略、替换或代词的形式来加以表示,但是我们汉语中常用重复来表示强调。
(三)讲解一些常用的翻译技巧
在学生掌握了上述英语翻译的基本知识之后,教师需要为学生讲解一些常用的翻译技巧,从而让学生们学会如何通过删减或增加词语来使语句变得更加通顺。常用的翻译技巧主要包括词类转换、增删词语以及拆分语句等手段。首先,词类转换作为一种有效的翻译手段,其主要是将那些由动词转化来的名词或具有动作意义类型的名词后接of的形式按照汉语中动宾 短语 来进行翻译即可。其次,英语和汉语之间的结构表述有所不同,只有通过增加或删减词汇才能够使意思更加忠实原文的含义。总之,中西文化差异性对于英语翻译具有重要的影响。为了提高学生英语翻译能力,教师必须要在教学实践中让学生充分地了解西方的文化传统,从而使学生做到“知己知彼”,然后并要在基础上教授给学生英语翻译的一些技巧,从而达到提高高校翻译教学质量的目的。
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