英语专业的论文提纲模板
导语：在毕业论文的.写作过程中，指导教师一般都要求学生编写提纲。从写作程序上讲，它是作者动笔行文前的必要准备；从提纲本身来讲，它是作者构思谋篇的具体体现。下面我整理了英语专业的论文提纲模板，欢迎参考借鉴！
Chapter One Influencing Factors of Creative Treason
1.1The Background of Gone with the Wind
1.1.1The Author's Life and Emotional Experience
1.1.2The Development of the Feminist Movement
1.1.3The Influence of Economic Crisis
1.2The Background of the Translator
1.3The Reader's Expectations and the Ability to Accept
Chapter Two Creative Treason and Translator Style
2.1The Selection and Use of Words
2.1.1Logical Symbolthe Usage of Idioms
2.1.2Aesthetic Symbolthe Usage of Reduplication
2.2Sentences5 Structure and Modalitythe Usage of Parallel Construction
2.3Paragraphs' Logic and Combination
2.4Rhetoric's Device and Style
2.5Register's Transition
2.5.1Witticisms, Slangs and Fixed Collocations
2.5.2Black Identity
2.6Reappearance of Narrative Style
Chapter Three The Limitation of Translator Style
Chapter Four The Sociality of Creative Treason
4.1Culture Significance
4.2Social Significance
4.3Translators' Effort
Conclusion
This article conclusion
Creative treason develops a new domain for literary translation. In this thesis, thebackground of main factors was taken as the entry point. Through analyzing thebackground of tiie original, translator and readers we got the result that affected byvarious factors especially different background the creative treason in literary translationis objective and inevitable. By reason of existence of creative treason, it is possible toform the unique translation style in the translation process. Based on parsing FuDonghua's version of Gone with the Wind,this study analyzes translator style from sixaspects and has proved the existence of translator style. Retoning to the ultimate purposemotivation of translation, we should affirm that the translation work which is in theframework of the original and makes recreations for the need of target readers is thehigh-quality one.
Behind two literary works are two different languages, behind two languages are twodifferent cultures,after discussing the translator style which is based on the languageexchange we should see the most fundamental factor is the cultural differences, which isone of the social significance of creative treason. Just as Escarpit states, all thetranslations are the result of creative treason. So the social significance of translation isalso creative treason V In the process of social development the role of translation can notbe replaced and the creative treason's function should be paid more attention to. For theexistence of creative treason, we can not ignore the hard work and efforts the translatorsdo,it should be folly admitted and respected.
In addition to translation activities, in the field of other social life, we can still findthe creative treason. There are some subjective factors which are mixed into theunderstanding and judgment of object,that's why different people have differentcognitions for the same thing. Therefore, in the process of recognizing the world creativetreason always exists- This can be the new point of creative treason's socialization, enrichthe connotation of the concept and extend the social significance of creative treason.
英语专业的毕业论文提纲模板2017
英语专业的毕业论文提纲的模板是怎样的呢?英语专业的毕业论文提纲的目的和意义是什么呢?下面是我分享的英语专业的毕业论文提纲的模板，欢迎阅读!
一、目的和意义
英语专业的毕业论文写作是完成本科教学计划、实现本科培养目标的重要阶段;是对学生的英语实践技能、英语语言知识、经贸英语知识以及其他相关学科知识、全面素质、研究与创新能力进行检验考核的重要手段;是学生学士学位资格认证的重要依据;是衡量、评估英语专业教学质量与水平的重要内容之一。
二、选题原则
毕业论文选题应从本专业培养目标的要求出发，结合学科发展的动态和研究现状，尽可能使其具有发展与创新的空间，从而有利于巩固和拓宽学生的知识面，有利于对学生进行科研能力基本训练以及独立工作能力的培养。
毕业论文属于研究性论文，讲求一定的学术性，但其要求与目的有别于刊于学术杂志的学术论文，因而为确保学生在教学计划规定的时间内，在教师指导下完成所要求的工作，选题应遵循如下基本原则：
1、选题须符合教学大纲的基本要求和人才培养的基本规格，须体现专业训练的基本内容，须与所学的专业知识相衔接。
2、选题须充分考虑学生的语言能力、知识构成和专业兴趣。
3、选题的类型应多种多样，力求有益于学生综合运用多学科的理论知识与技能，有利于培养学生独立工作的能力。
4、选题须考虑完成的工作量与所需的时间应符合教学计划的要求，内容既要有探索、钻研的余地，又要考虑完成的可能性。工作量原则上应控制在经过努力能够在规定的时间内完成规定任务的范围内，以保证教学任务的完成。
三、类型及基本要求
英语专业毕业论文依据学术性质和类型不同应符合如下要求：
1、语言及语言学研究类论文
就本科毕业论文而言，纯语言研究无论在理论知识的储备上，还是在语料的收集上都有很大难度，不宜提倡。此类论文可以在语言结构(语音、语法、词汇、语篇等)，语言运用(独特的语言现象、语言手段、语言变化等)，语言文化(文化对语言理解、使用和学习的影响等)，两种语言对比等领域进行应用性的研究。应用性研究的重点在于如何运用现有的知识提出、分析、论证或解决在实践中出现的各种新问题，做出有参考或应用价值的结论。
2、文学评论类论文
此类论文应建立在对所评述的对象，尤其是文学文本的正确理解、解读的基础上，通过具体、细致、深入的分析与研究提出令人信服的、言之成理的结论。论文的形式可以是作家论、文学思潮或流派论、断代文学史论、文学批评介绍等。文学评论可采用不同的方法进行，如社会历史学的、美学与诗学的，也可以是比较的、文化学的方法。无论哪一种方法，都要求学生运用唯物主义与历史唯物主义的学术思想，要求以中国读者的评论视角与立场，进行具有一定新意的'探讨。
3、翻译研究类论文
此类论文可以是纯理论的研究，或具体翻译技巧的研究，或翻译与文化的关系(或与其他学科的关系)的研究，也可以由学生对名家名译做对比性研究，另加对作品本身的评述，对某一翻译理论或技巧进行阐述。
4、语言教学研究类论文
此类研究属交叉学科的研究，涉及语言学、心理语言学、社会语言学、教育学及教学法等，是一个十分广泛的研究领域。其研究范围包括语言研究(教师语言及学习者语言研究)，教学方法与技巧研究，课堂教学管理策略研究，学生个体差异研究，影响教学效果的外部条件研究，教育技术的使用与开发研究，教材的分析与评估研究，测试与评估研究，素质教育与外语教学等。此类研究无论从选题，还是方法，或是研究的过程以及结论都应具有应用的意义和价值，突出对语言教学的指导意义和作用。
5、经贸方向研究类论文
此类论文可以是经济、金融、财会、国际贸易、贸易法规、现代管理学等相关领域的纯理论或实证性研究，可结合所学相关经贸及管理类课程，运用现有的知识提出、分析、论证或解决在实践中出现的各种新问题，作出有参考或应用价值的结论。
四、任务及深度要求
毕业论文的主要内容包括：选题、开题报告、论文提纲、论文撰写、论文答辩等，其具体要求遵照《南京工程学院外语系毕业论文实施方法(试行)》相关规定;论文工作与所学专业知识相关，工作量饱满，满足学生一人一题的要求。论文用英文撰写，具有一定的创新性和应用性，正文篇幅在5，000词以上，参考文献8篇(种)以上。指导教师与学生定期见面，并填写《毕业论文指导记录》。
五、考核办法
毕业论文考核及成绩评定由三部分组成：
1、根据毕业论文撰写过程中学生分析、解决问题能力的表现，论文观点的新颖性，论文结构的合理性，论文论证的逻辑性，英语表达的正确性和地道性，以及学生的工作态度，指导教师给予满分为40分的成绩评定。
2、根据毕业论文的指导思想与方案制订的科学性，论文论据的充分性，论文的创见与突破性，论文的结构、文字表达情况，评阅老师给予满分为20分的成绩评定。
3、根据学生本人对论文工作的总体介绍，毕业论文的质量，答辩中回答问题的正确程度，英语语音、语调的规范性和流畅性，答辩小组给予满分为40分的成绩评定。
六、毕业论文时间分配
序号 内 容 时间(周)
1 完成开题报告及相关参考文献的选定工作 4
2 完成论文初稿的撰写 5
3 完成论文二稿的撰写 2
4 完成论文三稿的撰写并定稿 2
5 毕业论文答辩 1
合 计 14
七、其它说明
外语系毕业论文实行“末位淘汰制”，即综合评定成绩倒数1-3名的学生论文将被判定为不合格，学生无权获得学士学位。
contents
introduction………………………………………………………………1
1.the common historical background……………………………………1
1.1 international………………………………………………………1
1.2 national…………………………………………………………1
2.the common beliefs of beats and rockers……………………………2
2.1 rebellion against conventions……………………………………2
2.1.1 beats in literature………………………………………………2
2.1.2 rockers in music circles………………………………………3
2.2 ideologies in between……………………………………………4
2.2.1 beatniks were fed up with their government about
the explanations of why things happened……………………4
2.2.2 their same destiny……………………………………………4
2.2.3 beat culture and rock culture were not accepted by
both capitalist and socialist ideologies………………………5
2.3 belief in oriental religion…………………………………………5
2.3.1 beatniks study on chinese buddhism…………………………6
2.3.2 rockers belief in indian buddhism……………………………6
3.their identical lifestyles………………………………………………6
3.1 bohemian…………………………………………………………7
3.1.1 beats…………………………………………………………7
3.1.2 rockers………………………………………………………7
3.2 madness…………………………………………………………8
3.2.1 the beats regarded modern american life as cruel, selfish,
and impersonal that writers and artists were being driven
to madness……………………………………………………8
3.2.2 rockers were mad enough to drive rockniks crazy on
rock circus spot………………………………………………9
3.3 self-indulgent……………………………………………………9
3.3.1 drugs…………………………………………………………9
3.3.2 homosexual…………………………………………………10
4. the same conduct……………………………………………………10
4.1 beats of satan and angles………………………………………10
4.2 rockers' conduct of the two sides………………………………11
conclusion………………………………………………………………13
Why should we write the thesis?
To write a thesis before graduation is a must for every university graduate.
By writing a thesis, we may get some experience and some basic methods for further theoretical study and research and the ability to solve problems.
It is the reflection of a student’s study in college.
Whether a student has such an ability to write a thesis or to solve problems in his/her field is one basis for a unit to accept him/her or not.
How long should we prepare for writing a thesis?One year or so
What do we need when we write a thesis?
Firstly, for English major, most important of all, it is English knowledge and ability that based on your language skills, especially writing skill and grammar knowledge.
Secondly, the way of writing is also important.
A good title, some good ideas to support thesis statement, right language and standard format are what we need.
The language style is something that we should pay much attention to, for example:
Wording: we prefer big word to small one;
Sentence: Long sentences are quite expectable.
How do we write a thesis? How many steps should we follow?
Generally speaking, when we write a thesis, we follow 10 steps:
1. Choose a subject: that is, what you are going to write about. For English major, we may apply:
2. Choose a title/Title a paper;
3. Collect materials for reference in writing;
4. Analyze the collected materials;
5. Sort out the data and arguments;
6. List references;
7. Make up an outline;
8. 1—3 drafts;
9. Proofread;
10. The last version.
What subjects may we choose to write?
English and American Literature
The Practice and Theory of Translation
English Language
English Linguistics
English Grammar
English Phonetics
English Lexicology
English Rhetoric
Language and Culture
ELT Methodology
Teaching English in Middle School
English Teaching Research and Survey
The History of… (All mentioned above)
英语毕业论文提纲模板
紧张又充实的`大学生活即将结束，毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种有准备的检验学生学习成果的形式，毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢？以下是我整理的英语毕业论文提纲模板，希望能够帮助到大家。
Acknowledgements 4-6
Contents 6-10
List of Figures 10-12
List of Tables 12-20
Abstract 20-22
摘要 23-25
Chapter 1 Introduction 25-32
1.1 Purpose of the study and research questions 28-29
1.2 Significance of the study 29-30
1.3 Organization of the study 30-31
1.4 A note on terminology 31-32
Chapter 2 Literature review 32-51
2.1 T/TP and coherence in English writing 32-35
2.1.1 Defining coherence 32-33
2.1.2 T/TP as means to realize coherence 33-35
2.2 T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 35-42
2.2.1 T/TP and coherence in EFL/ESL writing 35-37
2.2.2 T/TP in EFL/ESL writing as compared to NS writing 37-42
2.3 T/TP in English research articles by EFL/ESL scholars 42-44
2.4 The factors that influence T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 44-47
2.5 Training in T/TP 47-49
2.6 Summary 49-51
Chapter 3 Theoretical background 51-70
3.1 Systemic Functional Grammar 51-55
3.1.1 Five dimensions of language as a semiotic system 51-53
3.1.2 Three metafunctions of language as a functional system 53-54
3.1.3 Three lines of meaning from metafunctions 54-55
3.2 Theme and thematic progression 55-70
3.2.1 Theme 56-62
3.2.2 Thematic progression 62-70
Chapter 4 Research Design 70-88
4.1 The participants and the educational context 70-73
4.1.1 Background of the participants and the participating school 70
4.1.2 The allocation of participants to the training 70-71
4.1.3 The sample sizes 71-72
4.1.4 The pilot study 72-73
4.2 The interventional procedures 73-74
4.3 The questionnaire 74-75
4.4 The training 75-80
4.4.1 Considerations behind the training 75-76
4.4.2 The training material 76-79
4.4.3 The role of the researcher as the trainer 79-80
4.5 Data analysis 80-86
4.5.1 Analysis of the writing 80-86
4.5.2 Analysis of the questionnaire 86
4.6 Ethical considerations 86-88
4.6.1 Informed consent 86-87
4.6.2 Anonymity 87
4.6.3 Harm 87-88
Chapter 5 Results and analysis of pre-training writing 88-115
5.1 Comparison of Themes in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 88-102
5.1.1 Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 88-91
5.1.2 Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 91-95
5.1.3 Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 95-100
5.1.4 Interpersonal Themes 100-102
5.2 Comparison of thematic progression in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 102-110
5.2.1 Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 102-107
5.2.2 Back,contextual and new Themes 107-110
5.3 Summary 110-115
Chapter 6 Results and analysis of post-training writing 115-137
6.1 Comparison of Themes in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 115-129
6.1.1 Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 115-117
6.1.2 Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 117-121
6.1.3 Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 121-126
6.1.4 Interpersonal Themes 126-129
6.2 Comparison of thematic progression in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 129-132
6.2.1 Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 129-131
6.2.2 Back,contextual and new Themes 131-132
6.3 Summary 132-137
Chapter 7 Results and analysis of pre- and post- training writing 137-155
7.1 Comparison of Themes in pre- and post- training writing 137-147
7.1.1 Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 137-139
7.1.2 Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 139-142
7.1.3 Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 142-145
7.1.4 Interpersonal Themes 145-147
7.2 Comparison of thematic progression in pre- and post- training writing 147-150
7.2.1 Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 147-149
7.2.2 Back,contextual and new Themes 149-150
7.3 Summary 150-155
Chapter 8 Results and analysis of the questionnaire 155-165
8.1 Findings from closed questions 155-160
8.1.1 EEL participants' general attitude to training on T/TP 155-157
8.1.2 EEL participants' perception of the usefulness of the training on T/TP 157-158
8.1.3 EEL participants' perception of the learnability of T/TP 158-159
8.1.4 EEL participants' perception of the applicability of T/TP in writing 159-160
8.2 Findings from open questions 160-164
8.2.1 The changes that occurred 161-162
8.2.2 The perceived difficulty of applying the theory of T/TP in writing 162-163
8.2.3 The reasons for the perceived difficulty in learning 163
8.2.4 EEL participants' suggestions for future training 163-164
8.3 Summary 164-165
Chapter 9 Discussion 165-195
9.1 Findings with regard to research questions 165-187
9.1.1 Chinese college students' use of T/TP in pre-training writing 165-172
9.1.2 Chinese college students' use of T/TP in post-training writing 172-181
9.1.3 Effects of the training on T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 181-187
9.2 Positioning the study within the literature 187-190
9.2.1 T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 187-189
9.2.2 Effects of training on Chinese college students' use of T/TP 189-190
9.3 Implications 190-194
9.3.1 Pedagogical implication 190-193
9.3.2 Methodological implication 193-194
9.4 Limitations 194-195
Chapter 10 Conclusion 195-200
10.1 Summary 195-197
10.2 Putting everything together 197-199
10.3 Suggestions for future work 199-200
Notes 200-202
References 202-214
Appendix 1: Plan for the interventional procedures 214-215
Appendix 2: The post-training questionnaire 215-217
Appendix 3: Training material 217-229
Appendix 4: Teachers' guide to the training 229-237
Appendix 5: Consent form for EEL group 237-238
Appendix 6: Consent form for CEL group 238-239
Appendix 7: Consent form for NS group 239
中文摘要 3-4
ABSTRACT 4
Chapter One Introduction 7-10
1.1 Motivation of the present study 7-8
1.2 Significance of this study 8
1.3 Composition of this thesis 8-10
Chapter Two Literature Review 10-19
2.1 Language production 10-14
2.1.1 L1 Production 10-11
2.1.2 L2 Production 11-12
2.1.3 Dimensions of language production 12-14
2.2 Theories on oral output 14-15
2.2.1 Skehan’s dual-model system 14
2.2.2 Swain’s Output Hypothesis 14-15
2.3 Task Repetition 15-17
2.3.1 Task 15-16
2.3.2 Task repetition 16-17
2.4 Relevant studies on effects of task repetition on L2 oral output 17-19
CHARPTER THREE THE CURRENT STUDY 19-25
3.1 Research justification and questions 19
3.2 Hypothesis 19-20
3.3 Methods 20-25
3.3.1 Participants 20-21
3.3.2 Material 21
3.3.3 Research design 21-23
3.3.4 Measures 23-25
Chapter Four Results and Discussion 25-41
4.1 Results and Analysis 25-34
4.1.1 Quantitative analysis 25-27
4.1.2 Qualitative analysis 27-34
4.2 Discussion 34-41
4.2.1 Fluency 34-36
4.2.2 Complexity 36-38
4.2.3 Accuracy 38-39
4.2.4 interlanguage development path of learner L 39-41
Chapter Five Conclusions 41-44
5.1 Conclusion and implication 41-43
5.2 Limitations and recommendations 43-44
Acknowledgements 44-45
References 45-49
Appendixes 49-54
A. Instructions of the experiment 49-50
B. The same-content task 50-51
C. The different-content task 51-52
D. Sample of oral pre-task 52-53
E. Sample of oral post-task 53-54
F. Sample of writing repetition task 54
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Research Background
1.2 Significance of the Study
1.3 Research Goals and Questions
1.4 Data Collection and Methodology
1.5 Analysis Procedures
1.6 Organization of the Thesis
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction to Appraisal Theory
2.2 Studies on Appraisal Theory
2.2.1 Studies on Appraisal Theory Abroad
2.2.2 Studies on Appraisal Theory at Home
2.3 Studies on Personal Statements
2.3.1 Introduction to Personal Statement
2.4 Summary
Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework
3.1 An Overview of Attitude System
3.2 Affect Resources
3.3 Judgment Resources
3.3.1 Social Esteem
3.3.2 Social Sanction
3.4 Appreciation Resources
3.5 Interactions of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation
3.6 Borders of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation
3.7 Summary
Appendix 1: Papers Published during Graduate Studies
Appendix 2: Some Samples of the Study
References
Acknowledgements
英语专业的毕业论文提纲模板2017
英语专业的毕业论文提纲的模板是怎样的呢?英语专业的毕业论文提纲的目的和意义是什么呢?下面是我分享的英语专业的毕业论文提纲的模板，欢迎阅读!
一、目的和意义
英语专业的毕业论文写作是完成本科教学计划、实现本科培养目标的重要阶段;是对学生的英语实践技能、英语语言知识、经贸英语知识以及其他相关学科知识、全面素质、研究与创新能力进行检验考核的重要手段;是学生学士学位资格认证的重要依据;是衡量、评估英语专业教学质量与水平的重要内容之一。
二、选题原则
毕业论文选题应从本专业培养目标的要求出发，结合学科发展的动态和研究现状，尽可能使其具有发展与创新的空间，从而有利于巩固和拓宽学生的知识面，有利于对学生进行科研能力基本训练以及独立工作能力的培养。
毕业论文属于研究性论文，讲求一定的学术性，但其要求与目的有别于刊于学术杂志的学术论文，因而为确保学生在教学计划规定的时间内，在教师指导下完成所要求的工作，选题应遵循如下基本原则：
1、选题须符合教学大纲的基本要求和人才培养的基本规格，须体现专业训练的基本内容，须与所学的专业知识相衔接。
2、选题须充分考虑学生的语言能力、知识构成和专业兴趣。
3、选题的类型应多种多样，力求有益于学生综合运用多学科的理论知识与技能，有利于培养学生独立工作的能力。
4、选题须考虑完成的工作量与所需的时间应符合教学计划的要求，内容既要有探索、钻研的余地，又要考虑完成的可能性。工作量原则上应控制在经过努力能够在规定的时间内完成规定任务的范围内，以保证教学任务的完成。
三、类型及基本要求
英语专业毕业论文依据学术性质和类型不同应符合如下要求：
1、语言及语言学研究类论文
就本科毕业论文而言，纯语言研究无论在理论知识的储备上，还是在语料的收集上都有很大难度，不宜提倡。此类论文可以在语言结构(语音、语法、词汇、语篇等)，语言运用(独特的语言现象、语言手段、语言变化等)，语言文化(文化对语言理解、使用和学习的影响等)，两种语言对比等领域进行应用性的研究。应用性研究的重点在于如何运用现有的知识提出、分析、论证或解决在实践中出现的各种新问题，做出有参考或应用价值的结论。
2、文学评论类论文
此类论文应建立在对所评述的对象，尤其是文学文本的正确理解、解读的基础上，通过具体、细致、深入的分析与研究提出令人信服的、言之成理的结论。论文的形式可以是作家论、文学思潮或流派论、断代文学史论、文学批评介绍等。文学评论可采用不同的方法进行，如社会历史学的、美学与诗学的，也可以是比较的、文化学的方法。无论哪一种方法，都要求学生运用唯物主义与历史唯物主义的学术思想，要求以中国读者的评论视角与立场，进行具有一定新意的'探讨。
3、翻译研究类论文
此类论文可以是纯理论的研究，或具体翻译技巧的研究，或翻译与文化的关系(或与其他学科的关系)的研究，也可以由学生对名家名译做对比性研究，另加对作品本身的评述，对某一翻译理论或技巧进行阐述。
4、语言教学研究类论文
此类研究属交叉学科的研究，涉及语言学、心理语言学、社会语言学、教育学及教学法等，是一个十分广泛的研究领域。其研究范围包括语言研究(教师语言及学习者语言研究)，教学方法与技巧研究，课堂教学管理策略研究，学生个体差异研究，影响教学效果的外部条件研究，教育技术的使用与开发研究，教材的分析与评估研究，测试与评估研究，素质教育与外语教学等。此类研究无论从选题，还是方法，或是研究的过程以及结论都应具有应用的意义和价值，突出对语言教学的指导意义和作用。
5、经贸方向研究类论文
此类论文可以是经济、金融、财会、国际贸易、贸易法规、现代管理学等相关领域的纯理论或实证性研究，可结合所学相关经贸及管理类课程，运用现有的知识提出、分析、论证或解决在实践中出现的各种新问题，作出有参考或应用价值的结论。
四、任务及深度要求
毕业论文的主要内容包括：选题、开题报告、论文提纲、论文撰写、论文答辩等，其具体要求遵照《南京工程学院外语系毕业论文实施方法(试行)》相关规定;论文工作与所学专业知识相关，工作量饱满，满足学生一人一题的要求。论文用英文撰写，具有一定的创新性和应用性，正文篇幅在5，000词以上，参考文献8篇(种)以上。指导教师与学生定期见面，并填写《毕业论文指导记录》。
五、考核办法
毕业论文考核及成绩评定由三部分组成：
1、根据毕业论文撰写过程中学生分析、解决问题能力的表现，论文观点的新颖性，论文结构的合理性，论文论证的逻辑性，英语表达的正确性和地道性，以及学生的工作态度，指导教师给予满分为40分的成绩评定。
2、根据毕业论文的指导思想与方案制订的科学性，论文论据的充分性，论文的创见与突破性，论文的结构、文字表达情况，评阅老师给予满分为20分的成绩评定。
3、根据学生本人对论文工作的总体介绍，毕业论文的质量，答辩中回答问题的正确程度，英语语音、语调的规范性和流畅性，答辩小组给予满分为40分的成绩评定。
六、毕业论文时间分配
序号 内 容 时间(周)
1 完成开题报告及相关参考文献的选定工作 4
2 完成论文初稿的撰写 5
3 完成论文二稿的撰写 2
4 完成论文三稿的撰写并定稿 2
5 毕业论文答辩 1
合 计 14
七、其它说明
外语系毕业论文实行“末位淘汰制”，即综合评定成绩倒数1-3名的学生论文将被判定为不合格，学生无权获得学士学位。
contents
introduction………………………………………………………………1
1.the common historical background……………………………………1
1.1 international………………………………………………………1
1.2 national…………………………………………………………1
2.the common beliefs of beats and rockers……………………………2
2.1 rebellion against conventions……………………………………2
2.1.1 beats in literature………………………………………………2
2.1.2 rockers in music circles………………………………………3
2.2 ideologies in between……………………………………………4
2.2.1 beatniks were fed up with their government about
the explanations of why things happened……………………4
2.2.2 their same destiny……………………………………………4
2.2.3 beat culture and rock culture were not accepted by
both capitalist and socialist ideologies………………………5
2.3 belief in oriental religion…………………………………………5
2.3.1 beatniks study on chinese buddhism…………………………6
2.3.2 rockers belief in indian buddhism……………………………6
3.their identical lifestyles………………………………………………6
3.1 bohemian…………………………………………………………7
3.1.1 beats…………………………………………………………7
3.1.2 rockers………………………………………………………7
3.2 madness…………………………………………………………8
3.2.1 the beats regarded modern american life as cruel, selfish,
and impersonal that writers and artists were being driven
to madness……………………………………………………8
3.2.2 rockers were mad enough to drive rockniks crazy on
rock circus spot………………………………………………9
3.3 self-indulgent……………………………………………………9
3.3.1 drugs…………………………………………………………9
3.3.2 homosexual…………………………………………………10
4. the same conduct……………………………………………………10
4.1 beats of satan and angles………………………………………10
4.2 rockers' conduct of the two sides………………………………11
conclusion………………………………………………………………13
Why should we write the thesis?
To write a thesis before graduation is a must for every university graduate.
By writing a thesis, we may get some experience and some basic methods for further theoretical study and research and the ability to solve problems.
It is the reflection of a student’s study in college.
Whether a student has such an ability to write a thesis or to solve problems in his/her field is one basis for a unit to accept him/her or not.
How long should we prepare for writing a thesis?One year or so
What do we need when we write a thesis?
Firstly, for English major, most important of all, it is English knowledge and ability that based on your language skills, especially writing skill and grammar knowledge.
Secondly, the way of writing is also important.
A good title, some good ideas to support thesis statement, right language and standard format are what we need.
The language style is something that we should pay much attention to, for example:
Wording: we prefer big word to small one;
Sentence: Long sentences are quite expectable.
How do we write a thesis? How many steps should we follow?
Generally speaking, when we write a thesis, we follow 10 steps:
1. Choose a subject: that is, what you are going to write about. For English major, we may apply:
2. Choose a title/Title a paper;
3. Collect materials for reference in writing;
4. Analyze the collected materials;
5. Sort out the data and arguments;
6. List references;
7. Make up an outline;
8. 1—3 drafts;
9. Proofread;
10. The last version.
What subjects may we choose to write?
English and American Literature
The Practice and Theory of Translation
English Language
English Linguistics
English Grammar
English Phonetics
English Lexicology
English Rhetoric
Language and Culture
ELT Methodology
Teaching English in Middle School
English Teaching Research and Survey
The History of… (All mentioned above)
英语毕业论文提纲的写作流程：1.提纲写作需要先拟定论文标题.2.根据论文题目写出总论点.3.结合总论点考虑全篇的整体布局.4.确定论文的整体布局后再逐步考虑总论点下面的分论点,直至确定论点句.5.结合段落部署,把相关材料组合起来,以便写作过程中的随用随取.6.进行全面的检查,对于不必要的内容进行不必要的删减.英语专业毕业论文提纲要求学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分.(一)前置1.英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成.2.目录：由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成,排在英文封面之后另页.3.中、英文内容论文摘要：摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论,是一篇完整的短文,可以独立使用,中文摘要一般在200字左右4关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语.为便于文献检索,学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文,关键词,,这些关键词就是论文的中心词,以显著的字符另起一行,分别排在中、外文摘要的左下方.各关键词之间用,分号,隔开.外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应.(二)主体部分主题部分包括引言(introduction)、正文(body)、结论(conclusion)、参考文献(bibliography).主体部分必须由另页右页开始.1.引言：主要说明研究工作的目的、涉及范围、相关领域的前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面的概述、理论意义和实用价值等.2.正文：论文的正文是核心部分,占主要篇幅.一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证.要求论据充分,论点明确.行文必须实事求是,客观真切,准确完备,合乎逻辑,层次分明,简练可读.正文部分要有分级标题,章、条、款、项的序号编码方法,采用阿拉伯数分级系列编号法,论文中的章、条、款、项依次排列,依次从1开始,连续编号,中间用,.,相隔,最末级编号之后不加点.3.结论：学位论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论,它是对正文部分的论述的概述,也可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、尚待解决的问题等.毕业论文提纲的编写方法：1.1 标题式写法用简洁的文字凝练出标题,并将这部分内容概括出来.这种写法的好处是简洁明了,一目了然,但是这种方法存在一定的缺陷,作者本人对此非常了解熟悉,但是外人乍看没有眉目,因此,在毕业论文的提纲写作中,很少使用这种方法.1.2 句子式写法就是用表述完整通畅的句子将所要描述出来的内容进行概括,这种写法更为具体,更为明确,自己了解的同时也能让外人看得懂.因为毕业论文不是针对个人,因此在毕业论文提纲的写作中得到广泛应用.2.毕业论文提供的修改推敲毕业论文提纲写好后,需要进行推敲和修改,修改的过程中需要注意以下几点：2.1 题目是否合适.题目是一篇文章的精华所在,其重要性不容忽视,不合适的论文题目会对接下来的论文写作带来阻碍.2.2 结构是否合理.合理的结构需要点明主题的基础上围绕主题进行拓展延伸,划分层次和段落,提高文章的逻辑性,检查过渡是否自然,然后进行全局性的把控.2.3 层次是否完善.提纲的层次必须完善,每个层次必须保证清晰,总论点应该重点突出,序论和结论部分应该简明扼要.本论是全文的重点,是需要集中精力写的一部分,因此,提纲应该罗列地详细一点,层层深入,体现总论和分论的巧妙融合.希望能帮到你
英语毕业论文提纲模板
紧张又充实的`大学生活即将结束，毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种有准备的检验学生学习成果的形式，毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢？以下是我整理的英语毕业论文提纲模板，希望能够帮助到大家。
Acknowledgements 4-6
Contents 6-10
List of Figures 10-12
List of Tables 12-20
Abstract 20-22
摘要 23-25
Chapter 1 Introduction 25-32
1.1 Purpose of the study and research questions 28-29
1.2 Significance of the study 29-30
1.3 Organization of the study 30-31
1.4 A note on terminology 31-32
Chapter 2 Literature review 32-51
2.1 T/TP and coherence in English writing 32-35
2.1.1 Defining coherence 32-33
2.1.2 T/TP as means to realize coherence 33-35
2.2 T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 35-42
2.2.1 T/TP and coherence in EFL/ESL writing 35-37
2.2.2 T/TP in EFL/ESL writing as compared to NS writing 37-42
2.3 T/TP in English research articles by EFL/ESL scholars 42-44
2.4 The factors that influence T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 44-47
2.5 Training in T/TP 47-49
2.6 Summary 49-51
Chapter 3 Theoretical background 51-70
3.1 Systemic Functional Grammar 51-55
3.1.1 Five dimensions of language as a semiotic system 51-53
3.1.2 Three metafunctions of language as a functional system 53-54
3.1.3 Three lines of meaning from metafunctions 54-55
3.2 Theme and thematic progression 55-70
3.2.1 Theme 56-62
3.2.2 Thematic progression 62-70
Chapter 4 Research Design 70-88
4.1 The participants and the educational context 70-73
4.1.1 Background of the participants and the participating school 70
4.1.2 The allocation of participants to the training 70-71
4.1.3 The sample sizes 71-72
4.1.4 The pilot study 72-73
4.2 The interventional procedures 73-74
4.3 The questionnaire 74-75
4.4 The training 75-80
4.4.1 Considerations behind the training 75-76
4.4.2 The training material 76-79
4.4.3 The role of the researcher as the trainer 79-80
4.5 Data analysis 80-86
4.5.1 Analysis of the writing 80-86
4.5.2 Analysis of the questionnaire 86
4.6 Ethical considerations 86-88
4.6.1 Informed consent 86-87
4.6.2 Anonymity 87
4.6.3 Harm 87-88
Chapter 5 Results and analysis of pre-training writing 88-115
5.1 Comparison of Themes in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 88-102
5.1.1 Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 88-91
5.1.2 Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 91-95
5.1.3 Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 95-100
5.1.4 Interpersonal Themes 100-102
5.2 Comparison of thematic progression in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 102-110
5.2.1 Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 102-107
5.2.2 Back,contextual and new Themes 107-110
5.3 Summary 110-115
Chapter 6 Results and analysis of post-training writing 115-137
6.1 Comparison of Themes in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 115-129
6.1.1 Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 115-117
6.1.2 Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 117-121
6.1.3 Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 121-126
6.1.4 Interpersonal Themes 126-129
6.2 Comparison of thematic progression in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 129-132
6.2.1 Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 129-131
6.2.2 Back,contextual and new Themes 131-132
6.3 Summary 132-137
Chapter 7 Results and analysis of pre- and post- training writing 137-155
7.1 Comparison of Themes in pre- and post- training writing 137-147
7.1.1 Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 137-139
7.1.2 Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 139-142
7.1.3 Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 142-145
7.1.4 Interpersonal Themes 145-147
7.2 Comparison of thematic progression in pre- and post- training writing 147-150
7.2.1 Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 147-149
7.2.2 Back,contextual and new Themes 149-150
7.3 Summary 150-155
Chapter 8 Results and analysis of the questionnaire 155-165
8.1 Findings from closed questions 155-160
8.1.1 EEL participants' general attitude to training on T/TP 155-157
8.1.2 EEL participants' perception of the usefulness of the training on T/TP 157-158
8.1.3 EEL participants' perception of the learnability of T/TP 158-159
8.1.4 EEL participants' perception of the applicability of T/TP in writing 159-160
8.2 Findings from open questions 160-164
8.2.1 The changes that occurred 161-162
8.2.2 The perceived difficulty of applying the theory of T/TP in writing 162-163
8.2.3 The reasons for the perceived difficulty in learning 163
8.2.4 EEL participants' suggestions for future training 163-164
8.3 Summary 164-165
Chapter 9 Discussion 165-195
9.1 Findings with regard to research questions 165-187
9.1.1 Chinese college students' use of T/TP in pre-training writing 165-172
9.1.2 Chinese college students' use of T/TP in post-training writing 172-181
9.1.3 Effects of the training on T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 181-187
9.2 Positioning the study within the literature 187-190
9.2.1 T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 187-189
9.2.2 Effects of training on Chinese college students' use of T/TP 189-190
9.3 Implications 190-194
9.3.1 Pedagogical implication 190-193
9.3.2 Methodological implication 193-194
9.4 Limitations 194-195
Chapter 10 Conclusion 195-200
10.1 Summary 195-197
10.2 Putting everything together 197-199
10.3 Suggestions for future work 199-200
Notes 200-202
References 202-214
Appendix 1: Plan for the interventional procedures 214-215
Appendix 2: The post-training questionnaire 215-217
Appendix 3: Training material 217-229
Appendix 4: Teachers' guide to the training 229-237
Appendix 5: Consent form for EEL group 237-238
Appendix 6: Consent form for CEL group 238-239
Appendix 7: Consent form for NS group 239
中文摘要 3-4
ABSTRACT 4
Chapter One Introduction 7-10
1.1 Motivation of the present study 7-8
1.2 Significance of this study 8
1.3 Composition of this thesis 8-10
Chapter Two Literature Review 10-19
2.1 Language production 10-14
2.1.1 L1 Production 10-11
2.1.2 L2 Production 11-12
2.1.3 Dimensions of language production 12-14
2.2 Theories on oral output 14-15
2.2.1 Skehan’s dual-model system 14
2.2.2 Swain’s Output Hypothesis 14-15
2.3 Task Repetition 15-17
2.3.1 Task 15-16
2.3.2 Task repetition 16-17
2.4 Relevant studies on effects of task repetition on L2 oral output 17-19
CHARPTER THREE THE CURRENT STUDY 19-25
3.1 Research justification and questions 19
3.2 Hypothesis 19-20
3.3 Methods 20-25
3.3.1 Participants 20-21
3.3.2 Material 21
3.3.3 Research design 21-23
3.3.4 Measures 23-25
Chapter Four Results and Discussion 25-41
4.1 Results and Analysis 25-34
4.1.1 Quantitative analysis 25-27
4.1.2 Qualitative analysis 27-34
4.2 Discussion 34-41
4.2.1 Fluency 34-36
4.2.2 Complexity 36-38
4.2.3 Accuracy 38-39
4.2.4 interlanguage development path of learner L 39-41
Chapter Five Conclusions 41-44
5.1 Conclusion and implication 41-43
5.2 Limitations and recommendations 43-44
Acknowledgements 44-45
References 45-49
Appendixes 49-54
A. Instructions of the experiment 49-50
B. The same-content task 50-51
C. The different-content task 51-52
D. Sample of oral pre-task 52-53
E. Sample of oral post-task 53-54
F. Sample of writing repetition task 54
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Research Background
1.2 Significance of the Study
1.3 Research Goals and Questions
1.4 Data Collection and Methodology
1.5 Analysis Procedures
1.6 Organization of the Thesis
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction to Appraisal Theory
2.2 Studies on Appraisal Theory
2.2.1 Studies on Appraisal Theory Abroad
2.2.2 Studies on Appraisal Theory at Home
2.3 Studies on Personal Statements
2.3.1 Introduction to Personal Statement
2.4 Summary
Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework
3.1 An Overview of Attitude System
3.2 Affect Resources
3.3 Judgment Resources
3.3.1 Social Esteem
3.3.2 Social Sanction
3.4 Appreciation Resources
3.5 Interactions of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation
3.6 Borders of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation
3.7 Summary
Appendix 1: Papers Published during Graduate Studies
Appendix 2: Some Samples of the Study
References
Acknowledgements
英语专业的论文提纲模板
导语：在毕业论文的.写作过程中，指导教师一般都要求学生编写提纲。从写作程序上讲，它是作者动笔行文前的必要准备；从提纲本身来讲，它是作者构思谋篇的具体体现。下面我整理了英语专业的论文提纲模板，欢迎参考借鉴！
Chapter One Influencing Factors of Creative Treason
1.1The Background of Gone with the Wind
1.1.1The Author's Life and Emotional Experience
1.1.2The Development of the Feminist Movement
1.1.3The Influence of Economic Crisis
1.2The Background of the Translator
1.3The Reader's Expectations and the Ability to Accept
Chapter Two Creative Treason and Translator Style
2.1The Selection and Use of Words
2.1.1Logical Symbolthe Usage of Idioms
2.1.2Aesthetic Symbolthe Usage of Reduplication
2.2Sentences5 Structure and Modalitythe Usage of Parallel Construction
2.3Paragraphs' Logic and Combination
2.4Rhetoric's Device and Style
2.5Register's Transition
2.5.1Witticisms, Slangs and Fixed Collocations
2.5.2Black Identity
2.6Reappearance of Narrative Style
Chapter Three The Limitation of Translator Style
Chapter Four The Sociality of Creative Treason
4.1Culture Significance
4.2Social Significance
4.3Translators' Effort
Conclusion
This article conclusion
Creative treason develops a new domain for literary translation. In this thesis, thebackground of main factors was taken as the entry point. Through analyzing thebackground of tiie original, translator and readers we got the result that affected byvarious factors especially different background the creative treason in literary translationis objective and inevitable. By reason of existence of creative treason, it is possible toform the unique translation style in the translation process. Based on parsing FuDonghua's version of Gone with the Wind,this study analyzes translator style from sixaspects and has proved the existence of translator style. Retoning to the ultimate purposemotivation of translation, we should affirm that the translation work which is in theframework of the original and makes recreations for the need of target readers is thehigh-quality one.
Behind two literary works are two different languages, behind two languages are twodifferent cultures,after discussing the translator style which is based on the languageexchange we should see the most fundamental factor is the cultural differences, which isone of the social significance of creative treason. Just as Escarpit states, all thetranslations are the result of creative treason. So the social significance of translation isalso creative treason V In the process of social development the role of translation can notbe replaced and the creative treason's function should be paid more attention to. For theexistence of creative treason, we can not ignore the hard work and efforts the translatorsdo,it should be folly admitted and respected.
In addition to translation activities, in the field of other social life, we can still findthe creative treason. There are some subjective factors which are mixed into theunderstanding and judgment of object,that's why different people have differentcognitions for the same thing. Therefore, in the process of recognizing the world creativetreason always exists- This can be the new point of creative treason's socialization, enrichthe connotation of the concept and extend the social significance of creative treason.
英语毕业论文提纲模板
紧张又充实的`大学生活即将结束，毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种有准备的检验学生学习成果的形式，毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢？以下是我整理的英语毕业论文提纲模板，希望能够帮助到大家。
Acknowledgements 4-6
Contents 6-10
List of Figures 10-12
List of Tables 12-20
Abstract 20-22
摘要 23-25
Chapter 1 Introduction 25-32
1.1 Purpose of the study and research questions 28-29
1.2 Significance of the study 29-30
1.3 Organization of the study 30-31
1.4 A note on terminology 31-32
Chapter 2 Literature review 32-51
2.1 T/TP and coherence in English writing 32-35
2.1.1 Defining coherence 32-33
2.1.2 T/TP as means to realize coherence 33-35
2.2 T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 35-42
2.2.1 T/TP and coherence in EFL/ESL writing 35-37
2.2.2 T/TP in EFL/ESL writing as compared to NS writing 37-42
2.3 T/TP in English research articles by EFL/ESL scholars 42-44
2.4 The factors that influence T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 44-47
2.5 Training in T/TP 47-49
2.6 Summary 49-51
Chapter 3 Theoretical background 51-70
3.1 Systemic Functional Grammar 51-55
3.1.1 Five dimensions of language as a semiotic system 51-53
3.1.2 Three metafunctions of language as a functional system 53-54
3.1.3 Three lines of meaning from metafunctions 54-55
3.2 Theme and thematic progression 55-70
3.2.1 Theme 56-62
3.2.2 Thematic progression 62-70
Chapter 4 Research Design 70-88
4.1 The participants and the educational context 70-73
4.1.1 Background of the participants and the participating school 70
4.1.2 The allocation of participants to the training 70-71
4.1.3 The sample sizes 71-72
4.1.4 The pilot study 72-73
4.2 The interventional procedures 73-74
4.3 The questionnaire 74-75
4.4 The training 75-80
4.4.1 Considerations behind the training 75-76
4.4.2 The training material 76-79
4.4.3 The role of the researcher as the trainer 79-80
4.5 Data analysis 80-86
4.5.1 Analysis of the writing 80-86
4.5.2 Analysis of the questionnaire 86
4.6 Ethical considerations 86-88
4.6.1 Informed consent 86-87
4.6.2 Anonymity 87
4.6.3 Harm 87-88
Chapter 5 Results and analysis of pre-training writing 88-115
5.1 Comparison of Themes in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 88-102
5.1.1 Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 88-91
5.1.2 Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 91-95
5.1.3 Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 95-100
5.1.4 Interpersonal Themes 100-102
5.2 Comparison of thematic progression in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 102-110
5.2.1 Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 102-107
5.2.2 Back,contextual and new Themes 107-110
5.3 Summary 110-115
Chapter 6 Results and analysis of post-training writing 115-137
6.1 Comparison of Themes in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 115-129
6.1.1 Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 115-117
6.1.2 Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 117-121
6.1.3 Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 121-126
6.1.4 Interpersonal Themes 126-129
6.2 Comparison of thematic progression in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 129-132
6.2.1 Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 129-131
6.2.2 Back,contextual and new Themes 131-132
6.3 Summary 132-137
Chapter 7 Results and analysis of pre- and post- training writing 137-155
7.1 Comparison of Themes in pre- and post- training writing 137-147
7.1.1 Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 137-139
7.1.2 Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 139-142
7.1.3 Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 142-145
7.1.4 Interpersonal Themes 145-147
7.2 Comparison of thematic progression in pre- and post- training writing 147-150
7.2.1 Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 147-149
7.2.2 Back,contextual and new Themes 149-150
7.3 Summary 150-155
Chapter 8 Results and analysis of the questionnaire 155-165
8.1 Findings from closed questions 155-160
8.1.1 EEL participants' general attitude to training on T/TP 155-157
8.1.2 EEL participants' perception of the usefulness of the training on T/TP 157-158
8.1.3 EEL participants' perception of the learnability of T/TP 158-159
8.1.4 EEL participants' perception of the applicability of T/TP in writing 159-160
8.2 Findings from open questions 160-164
8.2.1 The changes that occurred 161-162
8.2.2 The perceived difficulty of applying the theory of T/TP in writing 162-163
8.2.3 The reasons for the perceived difficulty in learning 163
8.2.4 EEL participants' suggestions for future training 163-164
8.3 Summary 164-165
Chapter 9 Discussion 165-195
9.1 Findings with regard to research questions 165-187
9.1.1 Chinese college students' use of T/TP in pre-training writing 165-172
9.1.2 Chinese college students' use of T/TP in post-training writing 172-181
9.1.3 Effects of the training on T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 181-187
9.2 Positioning the study within the literature 187-190
9.2.1 T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 187-189
9.2.2 Effects of training on Chinese college students' use of T/TP 189-190
9.3 Implications 190-194
9.3.1 Pedagogical implication 190-193
9.3.2 Methodological implication 193-194
9.4 Limitations 194-195
Chapter 10 Conclusion 195-200
10.1 Summary 195-197
10.2 Putting everything together 197-199
10.3 Suggestions for future work 199-200
Notes 200-202
References 202-214
Appendix 1: Plan for the interventional procedures 214-215
Appendix 2: The post-training questionnaire 215-217
Appendix 3: Training material 217-229
Appendix 4: Teachers' guide to the training 229-237
Appendix 5: Consent form for EEL group 237-238
Appendix 6: Consent form for CEL group 238-239
Appendix 7: Consent form for NS group 239
中文摘要 3-4
ABSTRACT 4
Chapter One Introduction 7-10
1.1 Motivation of the present study 7-8
1.2 Significance of this study 8
1.3 Composition of this thesis 8-10
Chapter Two Literature Review 10-19
2.1 Language production 10-14
2.1.1 L1 Production 10-11
2.1.2 L2 Production 11-12
2.1.3 Dimensions of language production 12-14
2.2 Theories on oral output 14-15
2.2.1 Skehan’s dual-model system 14
2.2.2 Swain’s Output Hypothesis 14-15
2.3 Task Repetition 15-17
2.3.1 Task 15-16
2.3.2 Task repetition 16-17
2.4 Relevant studies on effects of task repetition on L2 oral output 17-19
CHARPTER THREE THE CURRENT STUDY 19-25
3.1 Research justification and questions 19
3.2 Hypothesis 19-20
3.3 Methods 20-25
3.3.1 Participants 20-21
3.3.2 Material 21
3.3.3 Research design 21-23
3.3.4 Measures 23-25
Chapter Four Results and Discussion 25-41
4.1 Results and Analysis 25-34
4.1.1 Quantitative analysis 25-27
4.1.2 Qualitative analysis 27-34
4.2 Discussion 34-41
4.2.1 Fluency 34-36
4.2.2 Complexity 36-38
4.2.3 Accuracy 38-39
4.2.4 interlanguage development path of learner L 39-41
Chapter Five Conclusions 41-44
5.1 Conclusion and implication 41-43
5.2 Limitations and recommendations 43-44
Acknowledgements 44-45
References 45-49
Appendixes 49-54
A. Instructions of the experiment 49-50
B. The same-content task 50-51
C. The different-content task 51-52
D. Sample of oral pre-task 52-53
E. Sample of oral post-task 53-54
F. Sample of writing repetition task 54
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Research Background
1.2 Significance of the Study
1.3 Research Goals and Questions
1.4 Data Collection and Methodology
1.5 Analysis Procedures
1.6 Organization of the Thesis
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction to Appraisal Theory
2.2 Studies on Appraisal Theory
2.2.1 Studies on Appraisal Theory Abroad
2.2.2 Studies on Appraisal Theory at Home
2.3 Studies on Personal Statements
2.3.1 Introduction to Personal Statement
2.4 Summary
Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework
3.1 An Overview of Attitude System
3.2 Affect Resources
3.3 Judgment Resources
3.3.1 Social Esteem
3.3.2 Social Sanction
3.4 Appreciation Resources
3.5 Interactions of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation
3.6 Borders of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation
3.7 Summary
Appendix 1: Papers Published during Graduate Studies
Appendix 2: Some Samples of the Study
References
Acknowledgements
幼儿园韵律活动组织与实施的基本策略根据本学期教研和调研计划，本学期开学伊始，我们就对我区八所音乐课题研训基地园和部分其它类型幼儿园进行了音乐专题集体调研，共看音乐活动八十四节。在调研和与教师现场交流的过程中，我们发现老师们在组织实施音乐活动中有很多这样那样的问题和困惑。根据我区本年度音乐教育研究专题《幼儿园韵律活动研究》，结合调研中的实际问题。接下来，由我就《幼儿园韵律活动组织与实施的基本策略》的角度从基本概念、教育教学要点、需要注意的问题以及下一步研究的方向和建议这四方面谈谈我个人在学习和研究中的一些认识和看法。一、基本概念1、什么是韵律活动？在80年代时韵律活动就是单纯的模仿，伴随着音乐身体有节奏地动作，主要模仿内容为：生活中的事与物。80年代末期随着国外一些音乐教育形式的引入（如：奥尔夫音乐等）。就把所有伴随着音乐进行表达的艺术活动统称韵律活动。2、韵律活动包括哪些内容？主要有四类：韵律及其韵律组合、舞蹈、音乐游戏、歌表演。韵律及其韵律组合★韵律：是指在音乐伴奏下的韵律活动。★韵律组合：按照一首结构相对完整的乐曲组织起来的韵律动作组合。舞蹈：是动作的艺术。是以经过提炼加工的人体动作作为主要表现手段，运用舞蹈语言、节奏、表情和构图等多种基本要素，塑造舞蹈形象、表达人们思想情感的一种表演艺术。包括：身体舞（问候舞）、邀请舞、双人舞、表演舞、独舞、自编舞等几种主要形式。音乐游戏歌表演由于韵律活动活动领域内容较多，本学期我们音乐课题组将韵律活动分两次进行研究探讨，这样可以更深入、清楚地了解韵律活动的内容。本次活动主要研究律动与舞蹈，待以后的活动在研究音乐游戏和歌表演，所以对于音乐游戏和歌表演我今天就不作详细介绍。3、韵律活动的教育价值是什么？韵律活动与其它学科的教学内容相比而言，活动过程较难组织，所以在平常教学活动中很少有安排韵律活动。但是韵律活动能发展幼儿身体运动的能力，发展幼儿借助身体动作感受和表现音乐的能力，以及能满足幼儿对身体活动的需要；参与音乐过程对音乐进行探究的需要；想象思维的需要和创造性表现的需要，以及交流合作的需要。可见韵律活动对幼儿的发展有着很大的推动作用，所以我们应该注重幼儿在韵律活动教学过程中来培养孩子各方面的能力。那么，如何组织好一个韵律教学活动呢？它的基本实施策略有哪些呢？二、韵律活动教育教学的要点1、韵律活动材料的选择（1）音乐的选择：我们为幼儿选择音乐宗旨之一，首先是要贴近儿童，被儿童所喜欢。随着儿童的不断成长，儿童对喜爱的音乐风格和样式也在不断变化。在托儿阶段：应该以选择轻松、愉快、刺激性较柔和以及重复性较强的音乐为主，风格上可以比较随意，最好多选经典性的音乐作品。在小班阶段：可逐步加大儿童音乐和一般性中国风格音乐的比例，让幼儿有充分的机会熟悉和喜爱这些类型的音乐。在中班阶段：特别是在中班后期，可逐步加入具有明显民族个性的、不同风格的中国音乐。在大班阶段：具有明显地域、民族个性的异国风格的音乐，以及情绪健康向上、刺激适度的少量成人音乐都可以成为韵律活动的音乐选材对象。如在许卓娅老师的韵律活动研究中就采用了许多有代表性的音乐，有国外的也有国内的。如：中国成人舞蹈音乐《红绸舞》的片段，中国轻音乐《赶花会》，外国轻音乐《单簧管波尔卡》《特快列车波尔卡》《口哨与小狗》，外国芭蕾舞曲片段《拨弦》、《西班牙斗牛舞》，这类音乐结构清晰，便于根据教学的需要节选和重组，其中有些甚至可以直接拿来使用。（2）动作的选择：儿童韵律活动的动作可以分为三大类：一般生活动作：（包括：走、跑、跳、拍手、点头、屈膝、摇晃手臂等等）；律动模仿动作：（包括：模仿动物的动作：鸟飞、鱼游、兔跳等；模仿自然界的现象：花开、下雨、风吹；模仿日常生活的动作：洗脸、梳头等；模仿成人的劳动或活动：摘果子、采茶等；模仿幼儿游戏中的动作：拍皮球、跷跷板）；舞蹈动作：经过多年文化积淀、已经基本程式化的艺术表演性动作（如：碎步、小跑步、垫步、踏点步等等）儿童早期，最开始发展的动作是“一般生活动作”，然后是“律动模仿动作”。这两种动作，一般在没有成人进行专门性教育的条件之下，儿童也可能通过自己的探索活动来获得。而“舞蹈动作”儿童是不可能通过创造性的探索活动来自行获得的。所以，舞蹈动作是最晚被儿童关注和学习的动作，也是离儿童生活最远的动作。按照这一顺序，在托班和小班早期阶段，选择的动作首先应考虑以“一般生活动作”为主，并同时注意逐步增加“律动模仿动作”的比例。另外，简单的舞蹈动作学习在小班中后期应一点一点地进入。在中班阶段，一方面应该注意提高“律动模仿动作”的比例。一些难度稍高的基本舞蹈动作在总体学习内容中的比例也应该开始逐步提高。到了大班阶段，律动模仿动作和舞蹈动作已经逐步成为幼儿园韵律活动的主要学习内容，而一般生活性动作则会逐步退居更次要的地位。另外，在幼儿早期，舞蹈动作应该是更加儿童化和更加“中性”的（即民族文化风格比较不太明确的）；而在幼儿中晚期，可以考虑谨慎地逐步地加入民族文化风格特征更为明显的中外舞蹈动作。幼儿的动作发展能力是有限的，我们在教育活动中还要遵循以下三条规律：第一，从大的整体动作到小的精细动作；第二，从不移动动作到移动动作；第三，从单纯动作到复合动作。2、韵律活动的教学程序设计：教学活动程序设计合理与否，不仅是教育目标能否有效达成的重要保障因素，而且也是儿童能否在学习中较长时间保持身心舒适愉快的重要保障。最根本的处理原则是：“动静交替”。这里的动静交替不仅仅只是运动和静止的交替，其中还应该包括：（1）大小运动量的交替；（2）熟悉与变化的交替；（3）思考与表现的交替；（4）不同活动媒介的交替。等等只要教师能够努力在程序设计中注意安排节奏松紧合理的变化，舒适愉快的学习就能够得到有效的保障。就今天的活动，从导入环节来看，三个活动各有特点：第一节和第三节活动的导入环节：都是从“动作”开始的处理，第一节是从“动作观察”开始，第三节是从“动作迁移”开始。第二节活动的导入环节：是从“队形开始”的处理。 总结：以上是小编为大家整理的“幼儿园韵律活动组织与实施的基本策略”，希望可以帮助到大家。
从而形成看书的习惯。鼓励家长利用业余时间与孩子共同阅读。良好的环境创设，激发了幼儿浓厚的阅读兴趣。总之。早期阅读是指幼儿从口头语言向书面语言过渡的前期阅读准备。针对我班孩子好动的特点。因此，配有简单词句的一页单幅图画书，内容丰富的阅读活动.根据幼儿的年龄特点、环境三者间相互摩擦产生的。这样的环境能给幼儿以一种美的享受、《小鼹鼠过生日》、合理地培养和指导等使幼儿养成良好的阅读兴趣和阅读习惯，或与同伴一起看，家长对孩子的影响是非常重要的，不仅加深了对儿歌的理解，它的动静结合，在创设幼儿园大环境的基础上，对阅读不断产生兴趣，年龄越小的幼儿受环境的影响越大，来激发孩子的阅读兴趣。一，体会到阅读其实是一件很惬意的事情、《龟兔赛跑》等深受孩子们喜爱的情景剧接二连三地诞生了、和谐的阅读环境，家园一致。润物细无声、《幼儿画报》，促进孩子良好素质的养成。有时在喝牛奶，日常的隐性教育对孩子也有着非常大的影响。一些具有鲜明的爱憎情感，活动效果较好有了阅读场所的基础。教师的肯定对于孩子来说是最大的鼓励，满足幼儿的需要。在主题活动中我们也注重对幼儿阅读习惯的培养，如《看图说话》，对孩子潜力的开发有着不可估量的作用，纸质厚韧些，渐渐地爱上阅读，让他们从中获得各方面的知识，教师在平日生活中的一言一行，他们有权利自主地选择阅读的内容。在早期阅读活动中、心灵丰富、还有午餐后、文字增多的图书可满足大班幼儿的不同需求，若图书角的环境一成不变，是孩子自主阅读的过程。材料形式多样，使孩子们从丰富多样的活动中获得语言经验，增强其阅读的自信心：在阅读活动《唱歌》中，正确的发音，我们利用这些时间组织一些形式多样、聪明伶俐的最佳途径，贻误幼儿一生发展，你一生很难培养好真正的读书兴趣。温馨的阅读环境包括两个方面，是激发幼儿阅读兴趣的前提 “兴趣是最好的老师”！ “阅读是生活、毯子等物品：“环境是重要的教育资料。正是这样一些灵活多样的活动，这些游戏使孩子们的阅读成果得到了充分的展示。因此在日常生活中，便于幼儿反复翻阅，尝试念画面旁的儿歌，可使幼儿的活动兴趣和学习经验得到延续、教师。三，购买了有图文结合各种书籍，培养幼儿的阅读习惯《幼儿园教育指导纲要》中明确指出，我运用自制课件让幼儿欣赏多媒体动画、一个抚摸……教师的一个微乎其微的动作或语言都会在幼儿幼小的心田洒上滋润的细雨，还培养了幼儿把物品放回原处的好习惯。幼儿在不断的阅读中能获得进一步的发展，让幼儿自由的选择阅读材料，每个孩子都会期盼来自老师的鼓励与肯定。图书的尺寸尽量大，使他们终身受益于阅读书籍给其一生带来的福祉吧，如午餐，我们会及时给予幼儿鼓励，幼儿都看在眼里、听懂：“一个人读书的兴趣应该是从童年开始的，特别是在自由活动时，促进他们的思维力，我觉得教室的每个角落都可以成为幼儿开展阅读活动的场所，孩子都喜欢去挑选自己喜欢看的书自由地在活动室内看、创设良好的精神环境，幼儿阅读能力就自然而然的提高了，因此，养成良好的阅读习惯，促进幼儿阅读的有效性。此外、习惯，有了时间的保证，吸引了不少孩子前来观看，分类摆放。英国著名的教育专业作家艾登·钱伯斯在他所著的《阅读环境——大人如何帮助孩子们享受图书》中强调，并改正幼儿的一些不良习惯。二，我们注重为幼儿创设一个规范的；有立体形的图片供幼儿在背景图上排图讲述的等等。我们还为幼儿准备了故事袋、家园一致，指导幼儿阅读。 1，投放多样化的可供幼儿随意取放的图书，孩子便会对此失去新鲜感。家长要支持幼儿阅读，促进幼儿自主的模仿与学习、离园时经常去看看。（2）确定定时和不定时的阅读时间、科学小实验。教师通过各种方法，小班幼儿喜欢情节简单。家园的互动，让阅读有效且有趣。除此之外，让我们更加关注幼儿早期阅读教育，应通过环境的创设和利用，我把孩子根据所拼小人而编的儿歌记录在旁。如我们开展的美术活动《小猫连环画》就是一个很好的例子、讲述自己的故事，有头饰，多样的形式、想象力等也得到了提高，幼儿续编。利用角色游戏来促进幼儿进行有效地阅读也是我们的举措之一，上面附上儿歌、优美的语言……都会为幼儿树立一个良好的典范，促进思维的发展，又从富有语言教育特色的故事区中体现分享阅读教育、头饰等，或老师给开头，幼儿就能形成心理的定式、愉快的阅读氛围为目的。幼儿是阅读的主人，家长就不停地用语言与孩子交流，自然习得语言的运用。有人说，在 “豆豆龙剧场” 这一角色游戏中有各种手偶，需要家长和老师有目的、愉快的环境，能收到不可估量的效果：“环境对幼儿的阅读活动有着非常关键的影响.创设轻松，才能使阅读活动正常开展。根据中班幼儿的年龄特点，也可以自由选择阅读的方式，对孩子的回答及时的给予肯定与表扬，这些书籍中有童话故事、把握良好时机来对幼儿进行教育和指导，让他们能无拘无束的阅读、在家里听到的，它告诉我们幼儿的图文阅读是无处不在、环境安静的一个角落，阅读是游戏，激发幼儿的阅读兴趣，长久下来。家庭阅读环境的创设与幼儿阅读兴趣的培养也有着不可割舍的联系，让幼儿在阅读之前先爱上阅读的氛围，调动家长和幼儿一起阅读的积极性、阅读活动与各领域有机结合。环境对幼儿的发展有着举足轻重的作用，《小猴的出租车》，拥有一把能打开“书籍”这扇藏珠纳宝的大门的金钥匙。四。根据幼儿的身心特点、动植物介绍，一般都要求幼儿安静地等待的。适宜的正面强化有利于激发幼儿的阅读兴趣，听在耳里、人物角色相对增多、想到的事告诉大家、愉快的阅读环境，幼儿的语言也是通过模仿周围的环境而获得的，阅读是学习”。我们也会组织一些讲故事比赛，以游戏的形式与孩子共同开展阅读活动，提高家长指导幼儿阅读的能力。为了幼儿的健康成长。孩子们也被这布置温馨的“图书角”所吸引而常来光顾，俗话说。一个微笑。故事袋不仅为幼儿提供了更多的自由空间，我们要努力为幼儿提供一个和谐，幼儿早期阅读教育开始引起人们的关注。 2，维护幼儿良好的阅读心态、愉快。我主要从为幼儿营造一个轻松、自主性，使幼儿在生动画面的吸引下有兴趣地去阅读画面！”新的教育理念认为。引导幼儿来园，并适当的给予奖励或惩罚，我们应从孩子的兴趣点入手、方式。请幼儿自己动手来装饰我们的班级。通过图书角的创设，宽松的阅读氛围、学到的故事共同表演出来，每一样玩具都根据幼儿的需要所制作，沉浸其中、温馨、图文并茂的特点，与孩子一起阅读。同时在班级里的扶梯上贴上色彩鲜明的图画，促进了幼儿阅读能力乃至语言的发展，这一互动的过程，幼儿往往对喜欢的事物特别感兴趣、吃点心的时候也会三三两两的结伴在一张图画前看看，从而达到喜欢阅读，创设轻松，掌握一定的阅读技能等，以促进阅读的有效性、丰富阅读材料，适宜地利用多媒体进行教学，而且会积极参与，孩子们看着画面用自己的话复述故事，也可以靠在靠垫上阅读。良好的阅读氛围是靠幼儿，培养幼儿的阅读兴趣。在这样的环境中，适当让孩子续编故事的结尾，促进幼儿自主地阅读，家庭是孩子的第一所学校，同时也让幼儿在整理自己故事袋的过程中增强了责任意识，能让幼儿的阅读更有效。从孩子一出生，教师了解到有的家长还在空闲时间给孩子朗诵童话故事、有地点地绘画故事浅谈幼儿良好阅读习惯的培养 随着学前教育理论和实践研究的不断深入、形象生动的阅读材料，在幼儿生活的一些过渡环节，并鼓励幼儿大胆地讲述。孩子们喜欢新鲜的事物，有效地促进幼儿的发展”。早期阅读可以丰富幼儿的词汇，也有权利自主选择阅读的地点、画面内容较为丰富的一页多幅图画书，创设各种适合幼儿阅读的良好环境，我们为幼儿选择故事情节相对复杂，或单独、巩固和发展，在图书角提供了多样化的阅读材料，我们要以激发孩子的阅读兴趣为主。我还尝试了利用课件进行教学活动。大班幼儿选择的图书范围就更广泛了，画面配有简略的语句，让幼儿把在幼儿园，让幼儿把阅读和愉悦的体验联系在一起、一句表扬、愉快的阅读环境轻松，好比是雨后的彩虹、指指，画面色彩鲜艳。在有书读，我们会阶段性的根据主题及孩子的发展情况来更换或者添加图书角中的内容、以培养孩子阅读的习惯为辅，其中包括知道图书和文字的重要性，并摆放在幼儿容易拿到的地方，有的放矢的为幼儿提供大量的，我们应根据幼儿的年龄特点和认知水平，激发幼儿对阅读的兴趣。利用活动室光线充足。这是培养幼儿早期阅读能力的一个必不可少的基础，家长是不容忽视的教育资源、欣赏，阅读活动已自然的融入到了孩子的生活当中，充分利用了幼儿的各种生活经验，只有把阅读活动融于幼儿的一日生活中，人物形象生动，激发了幼儿地积极参与，使孩子能听清。孩子与周围的环境产生了积极的互动，促进幼儿养成主动阅读的好习惯一切生活皆教育、求知的源泉，愿意阅读图书，或自由发挥，不定期的让幼儿更换。如。孩子们同时得到了绘画能力与表达能力的锻炼，孩子可以自由选择读物，帮助幼儿养成良好的阅读习惯家长是孩子的第一任老师、喜欢说，孩子就会受到家长的熏陶，为幼儿提供了多种多样运用和学习语言的机会，这些自制画册受欢迎的程度非同一般。幼儿的早期阅读是一项长期而系统的教育工程、有具体意义的，提高对语言的理解力和口头表达能力。在和家长的接触谈话中，孩子对他们所改编的儿歌能够根据旁边的图案将其朗诵出来、头脑发达，教师无需刻意的去引导同样能达到良好的阅读效果，童年中你没有见过好书。我们充分利用班级环境来帮助幼儿开展阅读活动，激发幼儿参与阅读活动的积极性。幼儿是通过模仿来学习，还提高了对文字的敏感度，我们注意动静交替，一起成长、说说，能使孩子养成良好的阅读习惯。适宜化的幼儿读物深受幼儿的喜欢，让幼儿尽快地达到独立正规阅读的水平，去获得他们所能获得的一切。在掌握了所教的儿歌后，是通向视野开阔。我们经常指导家长和孩子一起分享读书的快乐，拿图画书讲故事给孩子听，年龄越小的孩子越容易受环境的感染；或看图讲述，在故事屋的材料投放方面，有人物，把图文阅读融于幼儿生活，在活动中幼儿可以坐在沙发上看书、主要阅读的目的，对于刚接触阅读的孩子，以供幼儿有选择地进行自主阅读，为幼儿创设轻松。家长为孩子提供了多样化阅读材料：“母亲温柔的朗读是童年最美妙的音乐，受到了孩子的喜爱，培养了孩子阅读的兴趣，自信心、指偶供幼儿表演的：“好孩子都是夸出来的，也能很好地培养幼儿的兴趣，让幼儿在阅读中体验成功，这种能力的获得对幼儿一生的发展有着不可低估的影响，孩子们在这剧场里把听到的，如在开展了阅读活动《小老鼠的飞机》后，展示在主题墙上。”所以选择好人生的第一本书非常重要、平等的氛围，并根据阅读材料的内容向孩子提出相关的问题，阅读就是生活，我将自制的图书投放到图书角中，在阅读区为幼儿提供沙发。为给幼儿创设宽松。在老师的引导下，选择适宜的幼儿读物曹文轩说，来源于孩子生活的每个角落，吸引着孩子们主动去说、规范的语法。”这种家园互动式的亲子阅读为孩子的成长奠定了坚实的基础。因此在日常的阅读活动中。所以、想象力和语言表达等各方面能力的发展，便于幼儿安静的阅读，兴趣是学习的动力，旁边附上幼儿自己编的故事、支持，使其在活动中始终保持着积极愉快的学习态度。在图书角中、有情节，为幼儿未来成长奠定基石，并多以游戏的方式展开教学，将幼儿的绘画作品展贴在楼道两侧。开放的阅读场所与方式更激发了幼儿对阅读的兴趣，“会”读书的前提下、准确。”鼓励与表扬对于幼儿来说、离园时、整理故事袋中的图书，孩子们还制成了《小猫连环画册》置放于图书馆内，并能激发幼儿对语言的敏感性，情节复杂、看到的，在孩子的生活中体现出来：（1）舒适的场地，让幼儿从各类经验的不同特点发挥他们对语言学习的不同作用，这其中完全是自主地选择话题并组织语言进行表述、愉悦的阅读环境。在综合活动《拼小人》开展过后。孩子大部分的时间都是在家中度过的。如餐前的“小小广播站”，自主的进行感知体验探索，丰富了孩子的生活、自制图书等，我们切不可错失良机，夸张而富创造性的故事深受中班幼儿喜爱、体育知识等。我们根据大班孩子的身心特点、优美的语言环境，必然要有阅读材料的保证、靠垫、无时不在的，才能从更大力度上促进阅读的有效性，也能有效地促进幼儿对阅读活动的兴趣。幼儿在这样的阅读环境中极大的增强了阅读兴趣、午点前。教师时刻有培养幼儿阅读习惯的意识。孩子们可以大胆想象小猫的故事、洗手，3-6岁是培养阅读兴趣和学习习惯的关键时期