物流管理论文精选参考文献
物流管理论文参考文献一：
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物流管理论文参考文献二：
[1]鲍卫东：《上市物流企业成长因素分析》[J],《物流参术[装备版]》，2013年第6卷第4期，82-85页.
[2]李晨、王璐：《我国上市航运企业经营效率影响因素分析：泰于Tobit模型》[J],《经营管理》，2014年第28卷第1期，21-24页.
[3]李大元：《企业动态能力及其功效：环境不确定性的.影响》[J],《南开管理评论》，2009年第17卷第6期，60-68页.
[4]李晓蓉：《西方不同流派学者论企业多元化经营》[J],《外国经济与管理》，2003年第25卷第12期，7-11页.
[5]梁剑、丁洁：《宏观经济发展对上市公司.企耸经营绩效影响的实证分析》[J],《经济体制改革》，2011年第29卷第6期，16-19页.
[6]邓新明：《我国民营企业政治关联、多元化战略与公司绩效》》[J],《南开管理评论》，2011年第11卷第4期，4-15页.
[7]傅俊元、丁慧平：《物流企业成长能力的逻辑演进研究》[J],《物流技术》，2008年第27卷第1期，28-30页
[8]刘丹、印曼：《我国物流业上市公司成长性评价》[J],《技术经济》，2012年第31卷第11期，104-109页.
物流管理论文参考文献三：
[1]中国连锁经营协会.《2013年中国零售连锁企业统计年鉴》[M].2013
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提供一些物流管理毕业论文的参考文献，供写作参考。[1] 刘凌. 第三方物流的发展现状及对策研究[J]. 中国高新技术企业, 2009,(02) . [2] 于承恩. 第三方物流与供应链绩效分析[J]. 现代商贸工业, 2009,(01) . [3] 李明睿. 第三方物流的价值分析[J]. 商场现代化, 2009,(03) . [4] 章思平. 浅议我国第三方物流企业核心竞争力培育[J]. 现代商业, 2009,(02) . [5] 靳荣利. 基于供应链一体化的第三方物流增值服务模式实践的研究[J]. 浙江国际海运职业技术学院学报, 2007,(03) . [6]第三方物流能为客户创造哪些经济效益[J]. 北京物资流通, 2008,(01) . [7]何谓第三方物流[J]. 广东交通, 2008,(05) . [8] 王玲玲,李晓萍. 第三方物流企业核心竞争力评价研究[J]. 交通科技与经济, 2009,(01) . [9] 马普. 第三方物流组织运作模式探讨[J]. 机械管理开发, 2009,(01) . [10] 杜鸣. 扫除沟通障碍 提高物流效率———浅析第三方物流企业的沟通障碍及对策[J]. 陕西国防工业职业技术学院学报, 2006,(03) .
[1]李宝珠,王颖. 基于ANP的企业物流外包服务评价研究[J]. 中国农机化,2010,(2). [2]彭本红,罗明,周叶. 物流外包中的最优契约分析[J]. 软科学,2007,(1). [3]刘福华,陶杰,黄秀娟. 企业物流外包的风险与防范[J]. 物流科技,2005,(7). [4]黄玉华. 基于资源基础理论的物流外包决策研究[D]. 兰州理工大学: 兰州理工大学,2009. [5]黄赪. 金恒利公司物流外包服务水平提升策略研究[D]. 华南理工大学: 华南理工大学,2010. [6]徐娟,刘志学. 基于实物期权的物流外包成本风险[J]. 系统工程,2007,(12). [7]熊吉陵,雷霆. 中小企业物流外包的动因及策略简析[J]. 中国市场,2008,(2). [8]李桂艳. 物流外包风险的防范策略[J]. 经济与管理,2008,(5). [9]杨淼,邵鲁宁. 浅析物流外包[J]. 上海管理科学,2004,(3). [10]涂筱兰. 生态坊化妆品有限公司物流外包研究[D]. 华中科技大学: 华中科技大学,2004. [11]陈文粤. 成都可口可乐饮料有限公司物流外包研究[D]. 西南交通大学: 西南交通大学,2007. [12]戴一兵. 广州地铁运营物资采购物流外包研究[D]. 华南理工大学: 华南理工大学,2009. [13]宗涛. 外包关系对制造企业物流外包绩效的影响[D]. 西安理工大学: 西安理工大学,2009. [14]田宠. 家具企业物流外包的策略研究[D]. 南京林业大学: 南京林业大学,2010. [15]张洁. 基于WNN的企业物流外包风险预测研究[D]. 河北工程大学: 河北工程大学,2009. [16]刘健. 基于委托代理理论的物流外包激励机制研究[D]. 清华大学: 清华大学,2009. [17]姚卓顺,鲁雅萍. 基于企业物流外包的第三方物流选择[J]. 科技和产业,2010,(8). [18]田宇. 从物流外包到物流联盟:契约机制体系与模型[J]. 国际贸易问题,2007,(2). [19]罗勇,卿海锋. 物流外包和自营物流的比较分析——以新一佳超市有限公司为例[J]. 物流技术,2007,(5). [20]赵卫华. 物流外包——烟草商业物流的方向[J]. 贵州工业大学学报(社会科学版),2008,(5). [21]袁志锋. 企业物流外包与物流企业博弈探析[J]. 中国市场,2008,(10). [22]洪怡恬,李晓青. 企业物流外包风险预警指标体系的构建及外包风险分析与评价[J]. 物流技术,2008,(9). [23]顾睿. 生产企业物流外包中甄选最佳第三方物流供应商模型研究[D]. 武汉科技大学: 武汉科技大学,2008. [24]曾叶. 物流外包及物流绩效评价研究[D]. 浙江工业大学: 浙江工业大学,2006. [25]陈志. 制造业物流成本核算及物流外包决策研究[D]. 大连海事大学: 大连海事大学,2007. [26]马鹏,刘斌,徐国强,李秋香. 企业物流业务外包的双向选择模型[J]. 华北水利水电学院学报,2006,(1). [27]招莉莉. 供应链管理环境下的港口企业物流服务外包[D]. 中南大学: 中南大学,2009. [28]记者 阮栩. 物流外包好看不好吃？[N]. 信息时报,2003-01-23(C04). [29]程凯媛. 企业物流业务外包中存在的问题及解决方法[J]. 物流科技,2009,(2). [30]田宇,阎琦. 物流外包关系中物流服务需求方信任的影响因素研究[J]. 国际贸易问题,2007,(5). [31]胡从旭. 基于价值链的企业物流业务外包问题探讨[J]. 物流科技,2008,(11). [32]刘联辉,王坚强. 企业物流外包风险分析及其防范[J]. 湖南工程学院学报(社会科学版),2005,(4). [33]王淑云. 物流外包的效益及外包区域分析[J]. 公路交通科技,2004,(8). [34]记者 鲁松实习生 时琪. 淮矿物流大市场“第三方物流外包”成功运作[N]. 淮南日报,2008-08-10(001). [35]杨树果. 物流外包决策的模糊综合评价[J]. 黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2010,(4). [36]俞仲秋. 当代物流外包中企业战略关系矩阵的探索与研究[J]. 物流科技,2011,(4). [37]俞仲秋. 当代物流外包中有效沟通系统模型研究[J]. 物流技术,2011,(3). [38]杨涛,孙军伟. 物流外包风险管理研究现状述评[J]. 价值工程,2011,(13). [39]虞上尚,刘丹. 基于承包商视角的物流外包风险分析与对策研究[J]. 物流技术,2011,(7). [40]王宇楠. 基于企业生命周期的物流外包策略研究[J]. 辽宁工业大学学报(自然科学版),2011,(2). [41]周立军. 企业物流外包风险分析与控制研究[J]. 物流技术,2010,(21). [42]郑平,何雪君. 物流外包业务的风险矩阵模型[J]. 上海海事大学学报,2011,(1). [43]李朝敏. 浙江省制造企业物流外包程度影响因素及对策研究[J]. 嘉兴学院学报,2011,(2). [44]陈兰芳,吴刚. 基于委托-代理理论的逆向物流外包模式研究[J]. 数学的实践与认识,2010,(7). [45]公彦德,李帮义. 三级CLSC物流外包与废品回收的临界条件整合研究[J]. 管理工程学报,2010,(2). [46]周湘峰. 生产企业物流外包决策行为分析[J]. 华东经济管理,2010,(5). [47]刘艳锐,孙福田,索瑞霞,孙玉凤. 基于效益最优的企业物流外包决策的量化研究[J]. 数学的实践与认识,2010,(10). [48]怀劲梅,颜慧. 基于供应链环境的物流外包风险研究[J]. 物流工程与管理,2010,(6). [49]余泳泽,马欣. 物流外包中专用性资产投资不足的治理模式研究[J]. 物流技术,2010,(12). [50]包祖琦,杨斌. 非对称信息下企业的物流外包服务商数量选择模型[J]. 物流技术,2010,(12).
基于汽车供应链战略的第三方物流模式研究【摘要】随着经济全球化的愈演愈烈和合作竞争时代的到来，竞争无国界与企业相互渗透的趋势越来越明显，市场竞争实质上已不是单个企业之间的较量，而是供应链与供应链之间的竞争。面对日益激烈的竞争环境，制造企业越来越感到“专注于核心竞争力”的必要性和迫切性，同时基于资源、成本和服务等方面的考虑，物流服务外包需求日趋强烈，第三方物流（Thirdpartylogistics，TPL）得到长足发展，如何使供应链与第三方物流关系获得成功已经成为实业界和学术界共同关注的研究领域。论文通过文献综述和对汽车物流的分析，提出了基于汽车供应链战略的第三方物流模式研究这一重要研究问题，阐述了汽车供应链战略的类别，主要包括精细供应链战略、敏捷供应链战略与混合供应链战略，比较分析了三种战略的特征；重点讨论了供应链与第三方物流的关系以及汽车供应链战略对第三方物流模式的内在要求。在此基础上，建立了汽车供应链战略与第三方物流模式的匹配模型，并着重分析了精细物流、敏捷物流和定制物流三种物流模式的内涵、结构特征及其实施策略。最后，对三种物流模式从战略匹配、管理理念、竞争战略等六个方面进行了比较分析。论文的创新点在于，在汽车供应链战略特点分析、供应链与第三方物流关系讨论的基础上，构建了汽车供应链战略与第三方物流的匹配模型，设计了三种物流模式的实施策略，从战略的角度为供应链管理者选择第三方物流提供商提供了一定的参考与借鉴。关键词：供应链战略第三方物流匹配模型精细物流敏捷物流定制物流你好，我有相关论文资料（博士硕士论文、期刊论文等）可以对你提供相关帮助，需要的话请加我，761399457（抠q），谢谢。
物流专业论文参考文献
在学习和工作中，大家对论文都再熟悉不过了吧，通过论文写作可以提高我们综合运用所学知识的能力。相信写论文是一个让许多人都头痛的问题，以下是我为大家收集的物流专业论文参考文献，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
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物流配送参考资料,其中包括：《2009年中国网络购物市场研究报告》C2C电子商务的物流配送问题研究.pdfiResearch-2009年中国网络购物物流配送研究报告简版.pdf沃尔玛物流配送体系物流配送路径安排问题的混合蚁群算法.pdf物流配送作业中国物流配送研究报告全文下载地址：
一、我国物流配送中心的发展现状长期以来，由于受计划经济的影响，我国物流社会化程度低，物流管理体制混乱，机构多元化, 导致社会化大生产、专业化流通的集约化经营优势难以发挥，规模经营、规模效益难以实现，设施利用率低，布局不合理，重复建设，资金浪费严重。由于利益冲突及信息不通畅等原因，造成余缺物资不能及时调配，大量物资滞留在流通领域，造成资金沉淀，发生大量库存费用。另外，我国物流企业与物流组织的总体水平低，设备陈旧，损失率大、效率低，运输能力严重不足，形成了“瓶颈”，制约了物流的发展，物流配送明显滞后。商流与物流分割，严重影响了商品经营和规模效益。实践证明，市场经济需要更高程度的组织化、规模化和系统化，迫切需要尽快加强建设具有信息功能的物流配送中心。发展信息化、现代化、社会化的新型物流配送中心是建立和健全社会主义市场经济条件下新型流通体系的重要内容。我国是发展中国家，要借鉴发达国家的经验和利用现代化的设施，但目前还不可能达到发达国家物流配送中心的现代化程度，只能从国情、地区情况、企业情况出发，发展有中国特色的新型物流配送中心。随着电子商务的日益普及，中国的物流配送业一定会按照新型物流配送中心的方向发展。据国家有关部门预测，未来10年全国还计划兴建100个物流中心，以及7个主要交易中心，由此看来，物流业在我国的发展前景将是十分广阔的。2001年3月，国家经贸委、铁道部、交通部、信息产业部、外经贸部和民航总局六部委局联合印发了《关于加快我国现代物流发展的若干意见》。国家计委、国家经贸委联合发布的《当前国家重点鼓励发展的产业、产品和技术目录》中，已把发展物流配送中心列为重点鼓励发展的项目。在中国政府大力发展现代物流业的宏观政策引导下，各地纷纷出台了自己的物流发展规划，把发展现代物流列入了重要议事日程。二、现阶段我国物流配送中心发展的主要问题1.配送中心设施利用率低，发展缓慢长期以来，我国物流配送的基础设施投入较少，发展比较缓慢，尽管近几年也新建了一些较先进的仓储物流设施，但总体上看，我国物流仓储设施仍较陈旧落后，上世纪五六十年代建造的仓库还有较多仍在使用，而且仓储物流设施结构不合理，货场、低档通用库多，适合当前社会要求的冷藏、调温等专用库少。应当加快我国物流配送基础设施的建设和技术改造，鼓励和吸引社会各方投资物流行业，国家也应增加这方面的投入，对物流配送设施的建设给予一些低息或贴息贷款支持。2.配送中心总体配送比率较低，采购成本难以降低从我国现有商业零售企业来看，除了一些中大型、知名的商业企业以外，一般的商业“连锁”企业大多没有建立自己的物流配送中心或利用第三方物流中心。这些企业虽然也建立了一些自己的“连锁”分店，但实际上商店经营的商品并没有做到“统一采购、统一配送、统一结算”，这使得部分商业零售企业的“连锁经营”显得有名无实！而在其他已经建立自己的物流配送中心或利用第三方物流中心实现商品配送的商业企业中，配送中心的效用也未能得到有效发挥，这进而影响到了连锁企业综合采购成本优势的发挥，导致配送中心配送的比率非常低，采购成本难以降低。3.物流的社会化、组织化、专业化程度不高我国物流配送业的发展水平低，还表现在物流配送企业的小和散，社会化、组织化程度低，在物流配送的各环节上衔接配套差，服务功能不完善，能做到“一站式”服务的企业少。生产企业、流通企业和物流储运企业中的“大而全”、“小而全”现象仍然存在。物流企业大多数规模较小，缺乏覆盖面较广的物流配送服务网络。4.现代化程度低、信息化水平不高随着信息技术的快速发展，国际、国内各种商业物流配送中心利用信息技术提升管理水平的企业已经越来越多。例如目前采用较多的信息管理技术包括产品识别条码（BC）、企业资源计划系统（ERP）、管理信息系统（MIS）、电子数据交换系统（EDI）、地理信息系统（GIS）、自动分拣系统（ASS）、柔性物流系统（AGV）、全球定位系统（GPS）、仓库管理系统（WMS）等。从国际国内商业物流配送中心的信息化程度来看，美国的连锁商业配送中心普遍采用了机械化、自动化配合信息系统的整合作业模式，例如电动叉车、传送带、装卸搬运、吊车等机械设施配合各种信息系统的使用，就大大提高了管理效率、节约了人员成本。美国立体化的商业物流中心很多都建有专业通讯网，货物的入库、移动、配装等都通过计算机控制托盘、货架铲车和吊车进行。日本采用的计算机机器人进行物流作业的模式已经广泛存在。相比而言，我国商业物流中心的现代化程度就相对落后了。据零点研究集团的一项调查显示，目前我国实行物流配送的商业企业中，有超过58%的企业至今几乎没有采用过信息技术或信息系统来进行物流作业，而在已经采用信息技术进行物流管理的企业中，72%的企业仍然以传统手工作业为主，信息技术只作为其辅助性的管理手段，例如配送中心内部基本上是手工辅以叉车和托盘作业；到货分拣、商品组配、商品盘点等无专业电子扫描装置；计算机应用仅限于配送中心的事务性管理（例如商品进、销、存、配、送信息的记录与存档等）；商业物流信息技术的采用仍然以互联网、仓库管理系统（WMS）、管理信息系统（MIS）等为主，对于供应链管理、企业资源计划的应用还处于起步阶段。三、我国商业物流配送中心发展的基本对策1、加快现代物流基础设施建设，提高整体物流配送能力国家实施“八五”、“九五”计划以来，我国的物流基础设施开始得到显著的发展，例如政府对铁路、公路建设投资力度的加强；各地物流园区建设数量和规模的增加；中重型卡车产销量的上升；现代化物流营运设备的逐渐采用等，这些都标志着我国的物流配送业进入了快速发展期，但相对于我国商业物流配送中心的发展要求来说，目前这些基础设施建设还显得相对滞后。主要表现为区域物流基础设施建设的不平衡，例如我国当前进行西部大开发，这对于我国以及外资商业零售企业来说都是一大发展契机，而西部地区目前的物流基础设施建设显然不能满足连锁企业在当地的物流配送，因此从完善物流基础设施、提高物流配送能力的角度出发，当前需要进一步加快发展主要是西部地区以及其它物流业发展相对缓慢地区的高速公路建设、高速铁路建设；提高城市内部交通的通畅性，减少交通“堵塞”现象；同时加快开发和引进高科技的物流设备，例如集装箱、散装专用船、各种装卸器具、移动运输器具等的进口或生产等，提高商业企业本身物流现代化管理水平，进而从外部发展环境和内部运营硬件方面为我国商业物流配送中心的发展创造条件。2、 大力推动“共同配送中心”的发展目前我国商业物流配送中心的发展，多集中在百货公司、超级市场、大型卖场、折扣店等业态领域。每个商业连锁企业由于各自的主营业态差异较大，因此他们建设配送中心的思路也不完全相同。一般而言，百货公司由于自营商品比重较低，采用第三方物流的可能性较大；超级市场以企业经销或代销商品为主，因此它们选择自建配送中心的可能性较大；当然其它不同业态的物流配送模式都会存在一定差异，但不管是何种零售业态，随着企业门店的不断增加，他们必须考虑的一个问题是：建立自己的物流配送中心、利用第三方物流还是与其它零售企业共建配送中心？在进行配送中心规划决策中，企业往往会遇到这样的问题，企业的连锁门店数量较少，如果自建配送中心投资成本太大，资金流量出现困难；如果利用第三方物流，对于企业长期发展来看也并非一种特别有效的战略，而且会分流企业的利润。从这两个层面进行分析，共建配送中心便是一种既经济能实现利润共享的选择思路！共同配送中心不仅能有效解决企业资金不足的问题，同时也能通过不同零售企业之间的联合增强企业联盟的集团竞争力，对于中小型投资主体而言都是非常有利的一种物流配送模式。3.提高物流配送的社会化、网络化程度。一是大力发展社会化物流服务体系，支持社会化物流企业的发展，提高物流配送的规模化效益。二是提高物流网络化、组织化程度，通过适当方式将物流相关企业组织起来，形成较为完善的物流服务网络。物流企业更要注意网络建设，不断完善网络服务功能。三是充分利用全社会物流配送设施资源，鼓励兼并、重组、联合，优先进行技术改造，尽量避免物流设施的重复建设和资源浪费。4、更新传统观念，为我国物流配送中心发展提供人才保障在推动我国物流配送中心的发展方面，由于受传统观念的影响，人们对于物流配送中心不够重视，因此，多年来我国物流尤其是物流配送中心的理论研究和实践探索都发展较慢。人才已经成为我国物流配送中心建设发展的瓶颈，为改变这种现状，我们首先要从观念上进行更新，同时也要通过具体的行动来引起社会各界对物流配送中心的重视，鼓励社会化物流管理培训工作的开展和推进，学习国际先进的物流管理经验和管理方法；行业协会可以组织国内中大型物流配送企业、商业连锁企业的有关人员进行集中培训和实地考察等，各地区政府部门应投入一定的人力、物力、财力，不断增强全民物流配送中心信息化意识，提高劳动者素质，充分利用各种手段和各种教育途径，建立高素质、专业配套、层次合理的物流配送中心信息化人才队伍。通过高素质物流人才的培养，加快对我国物流配送中心深入研究和实践经验的探索，从而为我国物流配送中心的发展奠定基础。 参考文献:
Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations.Infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, wharehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may both be used for interchange of passengers and cargo, and for maintenance.Vehicles traveling on these networks include vehicles of appropriate types such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks people, helocopters and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but has a deteriorizing impact on the environment. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban sprawl.ModeMain article: Mode of transportA mode of transport is a technological solution that used a fundamentally different vehicle, infrastructure and operations. The transport of a person or cargo may be by one or more modes, the latter called intermodal transport. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip depended on the nature of the purpose, cargo and destination. While there transport in air and on water has their own mode, land transport has several modes.Human-powered transport remains common in developing countries[edit] Human-poweredMain article: Human-powered transportHuman-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using human muscle-power. Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human-power. Many forms of human-powered transport remain popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise and environmentalism. Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions. It is considered an ideal form of sustainable transportation.Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when enforcing the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for highly encumbering environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowings and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft.[edit] Animal-poweredMain article: Animal-powered transportAnimal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Animals are superior to people in their speed, endurance and carrying capacity; prior to the Industrial Revolution they were used for all land transport impracticable for people, and they remain an important mode of transport in less developed areas of the world.[edit] AirMain article: Aviation Scandinavian Airlines System MD-80 airliner at Kiruna Airport, SwedenA fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft.Two necessities for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift, and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water.The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to 875 kilometres per hour (544 mph), single-engine aircraft 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be used.[1]InterCityExpress, a German high-speed passenger train[edit] RailMain article: Rail transportRail transport is where train runs along a two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. They rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete, or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev.A train consists of one or more connected vehicle that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by a trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships.Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[2] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially-built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominentsolution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains.[edit] RoadMain article: Road transport Interstate 80 near Berkeley, United StatesA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places.[3] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[4] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.[5] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.[6]The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide.Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.[7] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.[edit] WaterMain article: Ship transport Automobile ferry in CroatiaWater transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance.In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans.Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for trans-continental shipping;[8] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.[9][10]Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil[edit] OtherPipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can send solid capsules using compressed air. Any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas.Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport.Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been send to all the planets of the Solar System.[edit] Elements Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads and railways to cross bodies of water[edit] InfrastructureMain article: InfrastructureInfrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of both a way, terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built up. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals.Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations were passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operates from simple stops.[11] For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of use.The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can involve large spendings, and are often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles.A Peugeot 206 participating in the World Rally Championship[edit] VehiclesMain article: VehicleA vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Vehicles that do not operate on land, are usually called crafts. Unless being pulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure.Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver.[edit] Operation Incheon International Airport, South KoreaPrivate transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation,[12] but ports can be public owned.[13][edit] FunctionRelocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment.Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai, India[edit] PassengerMain article: TravelPassenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting, for business, leisure or migration.Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, coaches and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel. Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway station.International travel may be restricted for some individuals due to legislation and visa requirements.[edit] FreightMain article: ShippingFreight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing.[14] With increased specialization and globalization, production is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport.[15] While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.[16] Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring products from producer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of information.[17] Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk during transport.[18]Freight train with containers in the United KingdomContainerization, with the standardization of ISO containers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering huge reduction in transshipment costs. Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle operation. This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the 1950s.[19]Bulk transport is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are ore, coal, cereals and petroleum. Because of the uniformity of the product, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and efficiently. The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that economies of scale become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid products with sufficient volume may also be transported by pipeline.Air freight has become more common for products of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value. Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight ratio.[20] In addition to mail, common items send by air include electronics and fashion clothing.[edit] HistoryMain article: History of transport Bullock team hauling wool in AustraliaHumans first means of transport was walking and swimming. The domestication of animals introduces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and duration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Industrial Revolution.The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Paved roads were first built by the Roman Empire, to allow armies to travel quicky; they built deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from the crushed stone, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities, that grew up as sites for trading, being located on rivers or at sea, ofter at the intersection of two bodies of water. Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and consumption were located as close to each other as feasible.
[14] Frank Plastria,Emilio Carrizosa. Optimal location and design of a competitive facility[J]. Mathematical Programming, 2004,100(2):58-64[15] Weixin Yao．Logistics Network Structure and Design for a Closed—loop SupplyChain in E．Commerce．International Journal of Business Performance Management，2005(4)：370-380外文资料Chain retail enterprises logistics operation mode selection decision-making ResearchFrank Plastria,Emilio Carrizosa.Chain operator, is the world's most important retail format, but also to the main force of China's retail industry. Logistics and distribution chain management has clearly become a focus of corporate management. At present, China's logistics and distribution chain operator mode selection relatively simple, uniform distribution is low, reaching less than scale. Distribution by many scholars to be in the process of distribution center location, distribution, route planning, inventory management, picking paths and other aspects of management information systems research accordingly, but to study the distribution pattern of chain enterprises and the choice is still very less, in fact, a large degree of influence of its corporate and distribution performance. In response to these conditions on the chain of logistics and distribution business model analysis and research and made the following recommendations:(1) the use of scientific selection method, a variety of active research. Good million supermarket chains should be in the investigation of the environment, on the basis of their ability to use scientific decision-making methods, the optimal choice. In the choice of mode of qualitative plus quantitative methods can be fully considered.(2) positive change in management thinking. Good thousand supermarkets should change the traditional ideas, large and small but complete, always witnessed and was not conducive to good development of supermarket chains million. Good million of their own needs should be based on the selection and development of current distribution model for their own development, and delivery mode with time and business needs change.(3) for a wide range of cooperation, a good thousand chain operator to try to implement a common distribution with other companies, sharing of resources. The scale of the local supermarket chain is not large, the cost of self-built large distribution centers, so the small supermarket chain in the distribution should be positive with other retail chains to cooperate, the data show that the joint distribution allows the distribution 20% cost reduction. But this requires the cooperation of participating companies have a strong sense and spirit of cooperation, many enterprises in China, is not very strong sense of cooperation, which is required of chain enterprises continue to run through mutual cooperation, and ultimately achieve a win-win model.(4) adopt a distribution model-based, supplemented by a mixture of distribution model. Distribution chain outsourcing companies is considered an inevitable development, but third-party logistics development in China lags behind, it will completely outsource distribution chain for some enterprises will encounter some difficulties. China's logistics enterprises are developing, but the chain operator can not wait for third-party logistics development in China. As the international division of labor is getting smaller, distribution outsourcing business for many companies to focus on their own is a general trend. Chain operator at this stage to consider the distribution of some specialized outsourcing in order to focus on their business enterprises.from Press materials连锁零售企业物流运作模式选择决策研究弗兰克.埃米利奥连锁经营企业是目前世界零售业最重要的业态，也是我国零售业地主力军。物流配送显然已经成为连锁经营企业管理的一个重点。目前我国连锁经营企业的物流配送模式选择比较单一，统一配送率低，达不到规模效益。应经由很多学者针对配送过程中的配送中心选址、配送路径规划、库存管理、分拣路径以及管理信息系统等方面作了相应的研究，但是研究有关的连锁经营企业配送模式及选择的还是很少，而实际上其很大程度的影响了企业配送绩效。针对上述状况，作者对连锁经营企业的物流配送模式进行了分析和研究并提出以下建议：（1）运用科学的选择方法，积极进行各种调查研究。好万家连锁超市应该在调查分析周围环境，自身能力的基础上采用科学的决策方法，进行最优的选择。在选择模式时可采用定性加定量的方法，全面考虑。（2）管理层积极改变思想。好万家超市应该改变传统思想，大而全，小而全，凡事亲历而为，不利于好万家连锁超市的发展。好万家应该在分析自身的需要和发展的基础上选择当下适合自身发展的配送模式，且配送模式可随时间和业务需求而改变。（3）进行广泛的合作，好万家连锁经营企业可以尝试与其他企业实行共同配送，实现资源共享。本土超市的连锁经营规模都不是很大，自建配送中心的花费很大，故连锁规模不大的超市应该积极地在配送方面与其他连锁零售企业展开合作，有数据表明，共同配送可让配送成本减少20%左右。但是这需要参与企业有很强的合作意识与合作精神，在中国的很多企业，合作的意识不是很强，这一点我国连锁经营企业需要经过不断地磨合，互相合作，最终达到双赢的模式。（4）采用以一种配送模式为主，一种为辅的混合配送模式。连锁经营企业进行配送外包被认为是必然的一个发展，但是中国的第三方物流发展比较滞后，故将配送完全进行外包对一些连锁经营企业来说会遇到一些困难。中国的物流企业正在发展，但是连锁经营企业等不及中国的第三方物流的发展。随着国际分工越来越细，配送外包对很多专注于自身经营的企业来说是一个总的趋势。故在现阶段连锁经营企业可以考虑将部分专业化的配送进行外包，以便企业专注于自身的经营。源自物资出版社
Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, wharehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may both be used for interchange of passengers and cargo, and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on these networks include vehicles of appropriate types such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks people, helocopters and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but has a deteriorizing impact on the environment. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban sprawl. Mode Main article: Mode of transport A mode of transport is a technological solution that used a fundamentally different vehicle, infrastructure and operations. The transport of a person or cargo may be by one or more modes, the latter called intermodal transport. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip depended on the nature of the purpose, cargo and destination. While there transport in air and on water has their own mode, land transport has several modes. Human-powered transport remains common in developing countries [edit] Human-powered Main article: Human-powered transport Human-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using human muscle-power. Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human-power. Many forms of human-powered transport remain popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise and environmentalism. Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions. It is considered an ideal form of sustainable transportation. Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when enforcing the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for highly encumbering environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowings and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft. [edit] Animal-powered Main article: Animal-powered transport Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Animals are superior to people in their speed, endurance and carrying capacity; prior to the Industrial Revolution they were used for all land transport impracticable for people, and they remain an important mode of transport in less developed areas of the world. [edit] Air Main article: Aviation Scandinavian Airlines System MD-80 airliner at Kiruna Airport, SwedenA fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft. Two necessities for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift, and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water. The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to 875 kilometres per hour (544 mph), single-engine aircraft 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be used.[1] InterCityExpress, a German high-speed passenger train [edit] Rail Main article: Rail transport Rail transport is where train runs along a two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. They rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete, or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev. A train consists of one or more connected vehicle that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by a trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships. Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[2] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially-built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominentsolution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains. [edit] Road Main article: Road transport Interstate 80 near Berkeley, United StatesA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places.[3] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[4] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.[5] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.[6] The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide. Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.[7] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport. [edit] Water Main article: Ship transport Automobile ferry in CroatiaWater transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance. In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans. Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for trans-continental shipping;[8] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.[9][10] Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil [edit] Other Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can send solid capsules using compressed air. Any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas. Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport. Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been send to all the planets of the Solar System. [edit] Elements Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads and railways to cross bodies of water [edit] Infrastructure Main article: Infrastructure Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of both a way, terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built up. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals. Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations were passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operates from simple stops.[11] For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of use. The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports are funded through taxation. New infrastructure projects can involve large spendings, and are often financed through debt. Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on roads. Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of vehicles. A Peugeot 206 participating in the World Rally Championship [edit] Vehicles Main article: Vehicle A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders. Vehicles that do not operate on land, are usually called crafts. Unless being pulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also exist. Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure. Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a driver. However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated. For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for the passengers. Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver. [edit] Operation Incheon International Airport, South KoreaPrivate transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves. For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by governments. The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different entities. Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway. Since the 1980s, many of these have been privatized. International shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation,[12] but ports can be public owned.[13] [edit] Function Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport. However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency equipment. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai, India [edit] Passenger Main article: Travel Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private transport. Public is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Travel may be as part of daily commuting, for business, leisure or migration. Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass transit. The latter consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid transit in larger cities. Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, coaches and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel. Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered intermodal. Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway station. International travel may be restricted for some individuals due to legislation and visa requirements. [edit] Freight Main article: Shipping Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing.[14] With increased specialization and globalization, production is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport.[15] While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen.[16] Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring products from producer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of information.[17] Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk during transport.[18] Freight train with containers in the United KingdomContainerization, with the standardization of ISO containers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering huge reduction in transshipment costs. Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle operation. This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the 1950s.[19] Bulk transport is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are ore, coal, cereals and petroleum. Because of the uniformity of the product, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and efficiently. The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that economies of scale become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid products with sufficient volume may also be transported by pipeline. Air freight has become more common for products of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value. Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight ratio.[20] In addition to mail, common items send by air include electronics and fashion clothing. [edit] History Main article: History of transport Bullock team hauling wool in AustraliaHumans first means of transport was walking and swimming. The domestication of animals introduces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and duration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Industrial Revolution. The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Paved roads were first built by the Roman Empire, to allow armies to travel quicky; they built deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from the crushed stone, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities, that grew up as sites for trading, being located on rivers or at sea, ofter at the intersection of two bodies of water. Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and consumption were located as close to each other as feasible.
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2、【21】中科院报告:我国现代物流2007年将保持快速发展，中央政府门户网站，2007年2月24日，这里写具体网址。
3、【22】2006年全国物流运行情况通报，中国仓储与物流网，2007年4月29日，这里写具体网址。
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提供一些物流管理毕业论文的参考文献，供写作参考。[1] 刘凌. 第三方物流的发展现状及对策研究[J]. 中国高新技术企业, 2009,(02) . [2] 于承恩. 第三方物流与供应链绩效分析[J]. 现代商贸工业, 2009,(01) . [3] 李明睿. 第三方物流的价值分析[J]. 商场现代化, 2009,(03) . [4] 章思平. 浅议我国第三方物流企业核心竞争力培育[J]. 现代商业, 2009,(02) . [5] 靳荣利. 基于供应链一体化的第三方物流增值服务模式实践的研究[J]. 浙江国际海运职业技术学院学报, 2007,(03) . [6]第三方物流能为客户创造哪些经济效益[J]. 北京物资流通, 2008,(01) . [7]何谓第三方物流[J]. 广东交通, 2008,(05) . [8] 王玲玲,李晓萍. 第三方物流企业核心竞争力评价研究[J]. 交通科技与经济, 2009,(01) . [9] 马普. 第三方物流组织运作模式探讨[J]. 机械管理开发, 2009,(01) . [10] 杜鸣. 扫除沟通障碍 提高物流效率———浅析第三方物流企业的沟通障碍及对策[J]. 陕西国防工业职业技术学院学报, 2006,(03) .