我是在VIP英语论文找他们帮忙的，半个月的时间就帮我搞定了，之后导师要什么参考文献，数据演示和截图，他们都给我搞好了，觉得服务挺周到的，呵呵wqtedlmapz
用accounting supervision搜到的,全英,无中~PDF 1.The Role of Accounting Data in Performance Evaluation, Budgetary Participation, and Organizational Effectiveness 2.The uses of role hierarchies in access control3.International Survey of Integrated Financial Sector Supervision 更多accounting supervision是关于banking的,我弄错没?
你用EI检索啊（要钱）。
Accounting, the Environment and Sustainability（会计、环境与可持续发展） Sustainability relates to both present and future generations. It is discuss that the needs of all peoples are met. Those needs are both social and environmental. The link between accounting and environmental degradation is well-established in the literature (see, for example, Eden, 1996; Gray et all 1993). The crucial point is that accounting which takes the business agenda as given should include much environmental and social accounting. Thus, central to any discussion of accounting and the environment is a basic, challenging, and deeply unsettling question: do we believe that the organizations which accounting serves and supports can deliver environmental security and sustainability? At the same time as the technical implementation of social accounting and reporting has been developing the philosophical basis for such accounting has also been developed. Thus, Benston (1982, 1984) and Schreuder and Ramanathan (1984) consider the extent to which accountants should be involved in this accounting. Donaldson (1982) argues that such accounting can be justified by means of the social contract as benefiting society at large. Batley and Tozer (1990) and Geno (1995) have argued that “sustainability” is the “cornerstone” of environmental accounting. 6. Social and Environmental Reporting（社会与环境报告） The questions of how business should report its social performance and how that performance should be assessed have been dominant themes in the social accounting literature (Gray et al, 1996) and the social issues in management literature (Wood 1991) over the past decade. We are now witnessing both a number of initiatives that seek to set guidelines or standards for social accounting, for example the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). If there is one area which accounting researchers have embraced with enthusiasm it is the phenomenal growth in environmental reporting by organizations. The research in this area has been dominated, initially at any rate, primarily by studies descriptive in orientation. Such studies typically employ some variant of content analysis (see, for example, Milne and Adler, 1999; Gray et all, 1995). Both country specific studies and comparative studies have recorded an upward trend in environmental disclosure both through the annual report and through stand-alone environmental reports. However, analyses of the phenomenon ( Hackston and Milne1996; Fekrat et al1996; Pava and Krause 1996 ; Adams et al 1998) confirm that such reporting is principally restricted to the very largest companies and is, to a degree at least, country and industry variant. Research into environmental disclosure is developing rapidly with examinations of the impact of pressure groups (Tilt, 1994) and other external forces (Gray et all, 1995; Deegan and Gordon, 1996), exploration of user’s needs (Epstein and Freedman, 1994; Deegan and Rankin, 1997), focus on particular aspects of reporting such as environmental policies (Tilt, 1997), exploration of the truthfulness of environmental disclosure (Deegan and Rankin, 1996) and much needed theoretical development (see, for example, Patten, 1992; Roberts, 1992; Gray et al, 1995, Buhr, 1998; Adams et al, 1998; Brown and Deegan, 1998; Neu et all, 1998). Environmental reporting takes place in a predominantly voluntary regime and with the continuing interest in voluntary guidelines for such reporting (see, for example, KPMG 1997), such survey of practice are crucial in keeping attention focused on the doubtful quality and, especially, the global paucity of such reporting. If environmental reporting is important (for social accountability reasons even if it is of dubious “financial user need” value) then the predominant view of business – that environmental reporting is adequate in voluntary regime – must be challenged. Whilst the early research into environmental disclosure appeared to be so delighted that any such disclosure was taking place, this acquiescence has given way to a more critical analysis of practice. This analysis, primarily informed by the “critical school” (Laughlin, 1999), comprises three main themes. The first two of these themes are, in essence, the same critique made of social accounting. First, accounts of any kind are necessarily partial and biased constructions of a complex world. Not only do such constructions, by making some things visible, make other things invisible (Broadbent, 1994) but they are most likely to limit and even destroy the essential nature of the thing accounted for. (See, for example, Maunders and Burritt, 1991; Maunders, 1996; Cooper, 1992; Johnson, 1998). Second, the critical theorist would argue that environmental reporting is voluntary activity it can only reflect those aspects of environmental performance which organizations are willing to release. It can, therefore, only be a legitimation device and not an accountability mechanism. Consequently, the critical theorist argue, environmental accounting- including environmental reporting- is almost certain to do more environmental harm than it does good. These two themes are now developing into an important – if, as yet, unresolved – theoretical debate which seeks to counter the inherent managerialism of most accounting (and environmental accounting) research. The final theme in the critique of environmental disclosure develops the issue of the voluntary nature of environmental disclosure and brings a much-needed re-assessment of the importance and role of law in the construction of society. Specifically, Gallhofer and Haslam (1997) could be taken to use researchers’ views on the role of regulation in governing environmental reporting as an indicator of the researcher’s managerialist or alternative perspective. In essence, a non-managerialist environmental reporting would have to challenge an organization’s legitimacy and, in particular, the legitimacy of the means by which it earned the reported profit and gained its growth. The critical challenges to environmental reporting are not ill-founded when they remark that too little environmental reporting research examines this question to any substantial degree. One of the more inexplicable, although exceptionally welcome, consequences of the growing environmental agenda has been the re- emergence of a serious interest in social accounting. This is not the place to try and review, in any detail, the broad social accounting literature (see, for example, Gray et al 1996) – although a few general observations seems opposite. Social Accounting had its principal heyday in the 1970s but, although some researchers maintained an active interest in the field, it virtually disappeared from the popular consciousness of accounting academe during the 1980s and 1990s. Its re-emergence seems to be a response to a number of factors. One such factor seems to be the recognition that separation of environmental from social issues is difficult at best and pernicious at worst. As environmental issues are explored more carefully, the underlying implications for employment, communities, health and safety and even the organization’s very posture on ethics and social responsibility inevitably resurface. Equally, corporate practice has re-discovered social accounting and when organizations as diverse as Ben and Jerry’s, the Body Shop and Shell commit to social accounting, the wider business community begins to take notice. Finally, as we shall see, the environmental debate leads us inexorably towards discussions of sustainability. Such discussions must, by definition, embrace social accounting matters. The recent research literature on social accounting is still a little sparse but examples exist. The Adams/Roberts project has maintained a focus across both social and environmental disclosure (see, for example, Adams et al, 1998; Gray et al 1995; Hackston and Milne, 1996). Work by Roberts (1992), Pinkston and Carroll (1996), Patten (1995), Epstein and Freedman (1994), Mathews (1995) and Robertson & Nicholson (1996) continues to keep the social responsibility accounting debate moving forward whilst simultaneously, we are starting to see a re-emergence of normative work designed to guide how social accounting might be accomplished and what it might look like (See, Zadek et al, 1997; Gray et al, 1997; Gonella et al, 1998).
ccounting is a very practical subject, after three and a half years of professional study, master some basic knowledge of accounting under the premise, in order to further consolidate the theoretical knowledge, will organically combine the theory with the practice, I in XX years from March 5th to April 15th in the financial department of Tianjin screen printing equipment supply and marketing company six week professional internship, here are some experience in the practice and experience. Through the practice, the various steps to be familiar with and master the accounting process and the concrete operation, including understanding of account of the content and basic structure, understand the account method of accounting rules, master opened and Registration accounts and prepare accounting entries operation, original vouchers to fill and audit operations and methods according to the original certificate to fill accounting documents. So I have more rational understanding of accounting and master the basic skills of accounting.I will enter the work to lay a solid foundation, this is the purpose of the internship! Previously, I always thought that their accounting more solid theoretical knowledge, as all the work, the master of the law, copy it, through this practice, only to find, in fact more sophisticated accounting of its actual operational and practical. The book seems to be just empty talk. If these highly theoretical things onto the practice application, it is impossible to start. The internship, I do accounting, just started to really not used to, to do two days, felt that the human's rickety, mood naturally become irritable, but the biggest taboo accounting is tired and upset, so the first few days, it was full of mistakes!! Fortunately, the old accountant Yang Jie's guidance and teachings I is gradually entering the state.A few days later I'm in speed and accuracy are improved a lot, for each account has a more profound and comprehensive understanding and for me to combine book knowledge and practice played a big role. The school textbooks of knowledge is the most basic knowledge, no matter how changes in reality, grasp the most basic can with changeless should. Nowadays many students would feel the classroom knowledge do not appear, frustration, but I think, if not the book knowledge, and which vary from minute to minute payable social. After the practice, although time is very short, but I learned is my one semester to learn at school. Than how to get along with colleagues, I believe that relationships are present, many students just taken a big social problem encountered, so in practice when I had intended to observe how the predecessors to get along with colleagues and superiors, and he also humbly ask for advice, make the two week internship more meaningful. The practice of our society, provides a rare opportunity to experience life, let us feel the life in the practical social activities, to understand the survival ability should have in society.Use of this rare opportunity, I work hard, strict demands on themselves, with an open mind to financial personnel to consult, to seriously study the accounting theory, learning accounting laws, regulations and other related knowledge, knowledge and use their spare time to seriously study some textbook content outside, master some of the basic accounting skills, so as to realize that I should also learn what, added urgency to enter the society, the real show our talent, and lay the foundation on the job!会计是一门实践性很强的学科，经过三年半的专业学习后，在掌握了一定的会计基础知识的前提下，为了进一步巩固理论知识，将理论与实践有机地结合起来，本人于XX年3月5日至4月15日在天津丝印器材供销公司财务部进行了为期六周的专业实习，以下是此次实习中的一些心得和体会。通过实习，熟悉并掌握会计流程的各个步骤及其具体操作--包括了解账户的内容和基本结构，了解借贷账户法的记账规则，掌握开设和登记账户以及编制会计分录的操作、原始凭证填制和审核的操作以及根据原始凭证判填制记账凭证的方法。使我对会计有更深的理性认识并掌握会计基本操作技能。我将来步入工作打下坚实的基础，这是本次实习的目的！以前，我总以为自己的会计理论知识扎实较强，正如所有工作一样，掌握了规律，照葫芦画瓢准没错，经过这次实习，才发现，会计其实更讲究的是它的实际操作性和实践性。书本上似乎只是纸上谈兵。倘若将这些理论性极强的东西搬上实际上应用，那真的是无从下手。这次实习，我是做会计，刚开始还真不习惯，才做了两天，就感觉人都快散架了，心情自然就变得烦躁了，而会计最大的忌讳就是心烦气燥，所以刚开始做的几天，那真是错误百出啊！！幸好有老会计杨姐的指导和教诲才是我逐步进入状态。几天过后我在速度和准确度上都提高了不少，对于各个会计科目有了更加深刻而全面的了解并且对于我把书本知识和实践的结合起到了很大的作用。课本上学的知识都是最基本的知识，不管现实情况怎样变化，抓住了最基本的就可以以不变应万变.如今有不少学生实习时都觉得课堂上学的知识用不上，出现挫折感，可我觉得，要是没有书本知识作铺垫，又哪应付瞬息万变的社会呢。经过这次实践，虽然时间很短，可我学到的却是我一个学期在学校难以了解的。就比如何与同事们相处，相信人际关系是现今不少大学生刚踏出社会遇到的一大难题，于是在实习时我便有意观察前辈们是如何和同事以及上级相处的，而自己也虚心求教，使得两周的实习更加有意义。此次的实习为我们深入社会，体验生活提供了难得的机会，让我们在实际的社会活动中感受生活，了解在社会中生存所应该具备的各种能力。利用此次难得的机会，我努力工作，严格要求自己，虚心向财务人员请教，认真学习会计理论，学习会计法律，法规等知识，利用空余时间认真学习一些课本内容以外的相关知识，掌握了一些基本的会计技能，从而意识到我以后还应该多学些什么，加剧了紧迫感，为真正跨入社会施展我们的才华，走上工作岗位打下了基础！
iwilltrymybesttostudysubjects,iwillcorrectmyfaultsandputdownmymostlyhearttothenextturn.studyismymostimportantthings,imustknow.i'manactive，lovelyandclevergirl.intheschool，myfavouritesubjectismaths.perhapssomeonethinksit'sdifficulttostudywell.butilikeit.ibelivethatifyoutryyourbest，everythingcanbedonewell.thenewtermwasbegin,butitismyfirstyearinmyhighschoollife.ithinkit'llbeveryinterestingandbusy.duringthefirstyear,imustdomoreexersicesonmyenglish.becauseiverylikestudyenlish.notonlyimustworkhardonmyenglish,butalsoimustworkhardonmyothersubjects.theyareallveryimportant.ihopeicanenjoymyselfinthefirstyear,andhaveagoodgrades!我会尽我最大努力来学习，我会纠正我的缺点和静心来学，我主要是学习，它是我最重要的事，我是知道的。我是一个积极的，可爱和聪明孩子，在学校，我最喜欢的科目是数学.也许有人认为是很困难的，但是我喜欢它。相信我，如果你拼尽全力，什么都可以做得很好。新一届的开始，但它是我的第一年，我的高中生活。我认为这会非常有趣而繁忙的。在第一年，我必须做我的英语更好。因为我很喜欢学习英语。不仅我要努力的我的英语水平，但必须在我的其他科目的努力。他们都是非常重要的。我希望我可以享受第一年自己，并有好成绩！
What is Accounting? Accounting is an information science used to collect, classify, and manipulate financial data for organizations and individuals. Accounting is instrumental within organizations as a means of determining financial stability. Accountants are responsible for determining an organization’s overall wealth, profitability, and liquidity. Without accounting, organizations would have no basis or foundation upon which daily and long-term decisions could be made. The budgets for marketing activities, profit reinvestment, research and development, and company growth all stem from the work of accountants. Accounting is one of the oldest and most respected professions in the world, and accountants can be found in every industry from entertainment to medicine. The accounting program at Saunders College of Business prepares students for a variety of career paths. Saunders College of Business, as a college within RIT, places an emphasis on technology and innovation in every program we offer. Our accounting program graduates have more than just a deep rooted understanding of the numbers side of accounting, they are also involved in the implementation of new accounting technologies; as well as taking leadership positions within the field.我自己试翻一下 会计是什么 会计是一种为单位或个人用来收集，分类和操控金融数据的信息学。 会计是决定单位金融稳定的有效手段。会计从业者负责为一个单位的整体财富，盈利和流动资产作抉择。没有会计，单位将没有对日常或长线投资作决定的基础。对市场活动，利益再投资，研究，发展和公司扩展的预算都以会计从业者的工作为根据。会计是世界上最古老和最受人尊敬的职业之一。
At present, almost every school hundreds of colleges and universities in our country have a financial professional, especially in the accounting profession.There are tens of thousands of university graduates in accounting into the talentmarket every year, although accounting is a popular occupation, in this situationthe ordinary and primary financial personnel also apparent oversupply.International accounting professional talent demand gradually heat. According to statistics from related departments, as at present, lacking of 90000 with the international market international accounting talents in China, a huge gap talentsmeans that we are facing to broaden international vision and the ability to deal with new challenges, to the internationalization, specialization. Students can also be the development of.According to their own understanding and evaluation, found himself still exist in the learning problem, although able to constantly update their knowledge, canquickly accept new things; but learning is not careful enough, resulting ininefficient. Doing things are always hard. Careful, careless but do financial a taboo, so it must be in the future study, life and work in the continuous improvement.
经济环境下的财务会计.Financial accounting in an economic context = 原书第6版:(美)杰米·帕拉特(Jamie Pratt)著/来明佳，彭红英，徐虹等译 财务会计 北京;机械工业出版社:2009 978-7-111-24756-2 CNY78.00 12,545页 共14章，分为五部分。第一部分是财务会计概述；第二部分介绍财务报表的计量、结构及其使用；第三部分详细地介绍与资产有关的事项；第四部分介绍负债和股东权益；第五部分介绍收益和现金流量表。 管理会计.Management accounting = 第5版:安东尼·A. 阿特金森(Anthony A.Atkinson...[等]著/王立彦，陆勇，樊铮译 管理会计 北京;清华大学出版社:2009 978-7-302-18858-2 CNY59.00 20,523页 包括：创造价值的信息、成本管理的概念与成本习性、传统的成本管理系统、作业成本系统、利用预算实现组织目标等。 高级会计学.Advanced accounting = 第9版:(美)Joe B.Hoyle，(美)Thomas F.Schaefer，(美)Timothy S.Doupnik著/王鑫改编 会计学 高等学校 英文 北京;北京大学出版社:2009 978-7-301-14752-8 CNY56.00 490页 实证会计理论.Positive Accounting Theory:罗斯·L. 瓦茨(Ross L. Watts)，杰罗尔德·L. 齐默尔曼(Jerold L. Zimmerman)著 会计学 英文 北京;中国人民大学出版社:2009 978-7-300-10133-0 CNY49.00 22,381页 内容包括：会计理论的作用、竞争性假说的辨识、会计与政治活动、会计选择的经验检验等。 税务会计.TAX ACCOUNTING = 第七版 SEVENTH EDITION:盖地[主编] 税务会计 上海;立信会计出版社:2009 978-7-5429-2240-3 CNY38.00 9,676页 系统介绍税务会计有关基础知识，其内容包括纳税基础、增值税会计、消费税会计、关税会计、营业税会计、资源税会计、土地增殖税会计、出口货物免退税会计和税务筹划等。
你用EI检索啊（要钱）。
英文参考文献格式举例
参考文献是毕业论文的重要组成部分，对其进行统计分析，不仅有利于本科生的.教育和管理，而且能为图书馆文献保障和读者服务等工作提供一定的参考依据。下面是我整理的英文参考文献格式举例，希望大家重视。
一、参考文献的类型
参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告
对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：
①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母.如：MalcolmRichardCowley应为：Cowley，M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：FrankNorris与IrvingGordon应为：Norris，F.&I.Gordon.;
②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：MasteringEnglishLiterature，EnglishWeekly。
二、参考文献的格式及举例
1.期刊类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号(期号)：起止页码.【举例】
[1]王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004，21(1)：56-58.[2]夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52.
[3]Heider，E.R.&D.C.Oliver.Thestructureofcolorspaceinnamingandmemoryoftwolanguages[J].ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch，1999，(3):62–67.
2.专著类
【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.【举例】[4]葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42.
[5]Gill，R.MasteringEnglishLiterature[M].London:Macmillan，1985:42-45.
3.报纸类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期(版次).【举例】
[6]李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N].光明日报，1998-12-27(3).
[7]French，W.BetweenSilences:AVoicefromChina[N].AtlanticWeekly，198715(33).
4.论文集
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】
[8]伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C].上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17.
[9]Spivak，G.“CantheSubalternSpeak?”[A].InC.Nelson&L.Grossberg(eds.).VictoryinLimbo:Imigism[C].Urbana:UniversityofIllinoisPress，1988，pp.271-313.
会计学硕士毕业论文参考文献「汇总」
参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明，不再出现于文后参考文献中。下面三我为大家整理的会计学硕士毕业论文参考文献，仅供参考!
会计学硕士毕业论文参考文献一
[1] William Beaver ， Financial Ratios as Predictors of Failure [J] ， Journal ofAccounting Research，1966，2：71-111
[2] Altman,E.L.Financial Ratios，Discriminant Analysis and Prediction of CorporateBankruptcy[J]，Joural of Finance，1968，9：3-5
[3] Altman，E. Haldeman，R.Narayann，Zeta analysis：A New Model to IdentifyBankruptcy Risk of Corportions[J]，Journal of Banking &Finance，1977，9：29-54
[4] Aziz，A.D.Emanuel，G.L.Lawson，Bankruptcy Prediction- AnInvestigation of CashFlow Based Model[J]，Journal of Management Studies，1988，9：419- 437
[5] Green J.P，The Impact of The Quality of Earnings on The Valuation Relevance ofCash
[6]吴世农，卢贤义，我国上市公司财务困境的预测模型研究[J]，经济研究，2001，6：46-55
[7]章之旺，现金流量信息含量与财务困境预测[J]，现代财经，2004，8：26-31
[8]周娟，王丽娟，基于现金流量指标的财务危机预警模型分析[J]，财会通讯，2005，12：107-119
[9]梁飞媛，基于现金流的财务危机预警指标体系初探[J]，贵州财经学院学报，2005，4：44-47
[10]简燕玲，企业偿债能力分析与安全经营[J]，财经问题研究，2005，5：87-90
[11]张玮，企业财务风险预警模型构建中现金流量分析法的运用，2007，6：40-45
[12]聂丽洁，赵艳芳，高一帆，基于现金流的财务危机预警指标体系构建研究—基于我国制造业上市公司数据[J]，经济问题，2011，3：108-112
[13]朱卫东，李朝阳，吴勇，ST公司现金流量特征分析—基于2003-2010年首次ST公司[J]，会计之友，2011，9：81-84
[14]秦志敏，我国上市公司财务预警变量选择研究[D]，东北财经大学博士学位论文，2012，32-56
[15]鲁爱民，财务分析(第二版)[M]，北京：机械工业出版社，2008，121-132
[16]景欣，机械制造业上市公司财务预警研究[D]，北方工业大学硕士学位论文，2010，16-19
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会计学硕士毕业论文参考文献二
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财务论文的英文参考文献大全
财务是非常有前途的一个职业,也是一个很容易规划自己发展路径的职业。下面是我为大家整理的财务论文英文参考文献，欢迎阅读。
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Accounting for R&D in the National Accounts Dennis Fixler Bureau of Economic Analysis 24 February 2009 Paper presented at ASSA meetings in San Francisco, January 2009 Accounting information as political currency* Karthik Ramanna Harvard Business School and Sugata Roychowdhury MIT Sloan School of Management This draft: March 31, 2008 Abstract: We test whether accounting can be used as political currency. Our setting is the US congressional election of 2004, where outsourcing of US jobs was a campaign issue. We find that the largest corporate donors to principal candidates in closely watched congressional races manage earnings downwards in the two quarters immediately preceding the 2004 election. We find no evidence of such downwards earnings management among corporate donors to candidates in all other congressional races. Election outcomes for candidates are also systematically associated with the extent of donors' downwards earnings management in closely watched races, but not all other races. The findings are consistent with firms managing accounting information in circumstances where this is likely to benefit allied politicians. 哈佛商学院2008年3月31日
Accounting, the Environment and Sustainability（会计、环境与可持续发展） Sustainability relates to both present and future generations. It is discuss that the needs of all peoples are met. Those needs are both social and environmental. The link between accounting and environmental degradation is well-established in the literature (see, for example, Eden, 1996; Gray et all 1993). The crucial point is that accounting which takes the business agenda as given should include much environmental and social accounting. Thus, central to any discussion of accounting and the environment is a basic, challenging, and deeply unsettling question: do we believe that the organizations which accounting serves and supports can deliver environmental security and sustainability? At the same time as the technical implementation of social accounting and reporting has been developing the philosophical basis for such accounting has also been developed. Thus, Benston (1982, 1984) and Schreuder and Ramanathan (1984) consider the extent to which accountants should be involved in this accounting. Donaldson (1982) argues that such accounting can be justified by means of the social contract as benefiting society at large. Batley and Tozer (1990) and Geno (1995) have argued that “sustainability” is the “cornerstone” of environmental accounting. 6. Social and Environmental Reporting（社会与环境报告） The questions of how business should report its social performance and how that performance should be assessed have been dominant themes in the social accounting literature (Gray et al, 1996) and the social issues in management literature (Wood 1991) over the past decade. We are now witnessing both a number of initiatives that seek to set guidelines or standards for social accounting, for example the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). If there is one area which accounting researchers have embraced with enthusiasm it is the phenomenal growth in environmental reporting by organizations. The research in this area has been dominated, initially at any rate, primarily by studies descriptive in orientation. Such studies typically employ some variant of content analysis (see, for example, Milne and Adler, 1999; Gray et all, 1995). Both country specific studies and comparative studies have recorded an upward trend in environmental disclosure both through the annual report and through stand-alone environmental reports. However, analyses of the phenomenon ( Hackston and Milne1996; Fekrat et al1996; Pava and Krause 1996 ; Adams et al 1998) confirm that such reporting is principally restricted to the very largest companies and is, to a degree at least, country and industry variant. Research into environmental disclosure is developing rapidly with examinations of the impact of pressure groups (Tilt, 1994) and other external forces (Gray et all, 1995; Deegan and Gordon, 1996), exploration of user’s needs (Epstein and Freedman, 1994; Deegan and Rankin, 1997), focus on particular aspects of reporting such as environmental policies (Tilt, 1997), exploration of the truthfulness of environmental disclosure (Deegan and Rankin, 1996) and much needed theoretical development (see, for example, Patten, 1992; Roberts, 1992; Gray et al, 1995, Buhr, 1998; Adams et al, 1998; Brown and Deegan, 1998; Neu et all, 1998). Environmental reporting takes place in a predominantly voluntary regime and with the continuing interest in voluntary guidelines for such reporting (see, for example, KPMG 1997), such survey of practice are crucial in keeping attention focused on the doubtful quality and, especially, the global paucity of such reporting. If environmental reporting is important (for social accountability reasons even if it is of dubious “financial user need” value) then the predominant view of business – that environmental reporting is adequate in voluntary regime – must be challenged. Whilst the early research into environmental disclosure appeared to be so delighted that any such disclosure was taking place, this acquiescence has given way to a more critical analysis of practice. This analysis, primarily informed by the “critical school” (Laughlin, 1999), comprises three main themes. The first two of these themes are, in essence, the same critique made of social accounting. First, accounts of any kind are necessarily partial and biased constructions of a complex world. Not only do such constructions, by making some things visible, make other things invisible (Broadbent, 1994) but they are most likely to limit and even destroy the essential nature of the thing accounted for. (See, for example, Maunders and Burritt, 1991; Maunders, 1996; Cooper, 1992; Johnson, 1998). Second, the critical theorist would argue that environmental reporting is voluntary activity it can only reflect those aspects of environmental performance which organizations are willing to release. It can, therefore, only be a legitimation device and not an accountability mechanism. Consequently, the critical theorist argue, environmental accounting- including environmental reporting- is almost certain to do more environmental harm than it does good. These two themes are now developing into an important – if, as yet, unresolved – theoretical debate which seeks to counter the inherent managerialism of most accounting (and environmental accounting) research. The final theme in the critique of environmental disclosure develops the issue of the voluntary nature of environmental disclosure and brings a much-needed re-assessment of the importance and role of law in the construction of society. Specifically, Gallhofer and Haslam (1997) could be taken to use researchers’ views on the role of regulation in governing environmental reporting as an indicator of the researcher’s managerialist or alternative perspective. In essence, a non-managerialist environmental reporting would have to challenge an organization’s legitimacy and, in particular, the legitimacy of the means by which it earned the reported profit and gained its growth. The critical challenges to environmental reporting are not ill-founded when they remark that too little environmental reporting research examines this question to any substantial degree. One of the more inexplicable, although exceptionally welcome, consequences of the growing environmental agenda has been the re- emergence of a serious interest in social accounting. This is not the place to try and review, in any detail, the broad social accounting literature (see, for example, Gray et al 1996) – although a few general observations seems opposite. Social Accounting had its principal heyday in the 1970s but, although some researchers maintained an active interest in the field, it virtually disappeared from the popular consciousness of accounting academe during the 1980s and 1990s. Its re-emergence seems to be a response to a number of factors. One such factor seems to be the recognition that separation of environmental from social issues is difficult at best and pernicious at worst. As environmental issues are explored more carefully, the underlying implications for employment, communities, health and safety and even the organization’s very posture on ethics and social responsibility inevitably resurface. Equally, corporate practice has re-discovered social accounting and when organizations as diverse as Ben and Jerry’s, the Body Shop and Shell commit to social accounting, the wider business community begins to take notice. Finally, as we shall see, the environmental debate leads us inexorably towards discussions of sustainability. Such discussions must, by definition, embrace social accounting matters. The recent research literature on social accounting is still a little sparse but examples exist. The Adams/Roberts project has maintained a focus across both social and environmental disclosure (see, for example, Adams et al, 1998; Gray et al 1995; Hackston and Milne, 1996). Work by Roberts (1992), Pinkston and Carroll (1996), Patten (1995), Epstein and Freedman (1994), Mathews (1995) and Robertson & Nicholson (1996) continues to keep the social responsibility accounting debate moving forward whilst simultaneously, we are starting to see a re-emergence of normative work designed to guide how social accounting might be accomplished and what it might look like (See, Zadek et al, 1997; Gray et al, 1997; Gonella et al, 1998).
B的第八小组表明,对我们所有的样品,均无显著性差异的强、弱银行的国家的发病率广为接受的公司。如果有什么区别的话,几乎没有证据表明是具有强烈的银行有更多国家广为接受的公司。小组的表第八表明更多的银行金融方面有更大的发病率,在广泛持有公司的直接对比”bank-centered“金融体系的假设。这个结果是一致的,然而,找到了洛杉矶胆囊等。那个国家(1997)和成功的股市也有成功的债务市场。总之,在某种程度上,我们已经测试”银行-以“成功,我们的结果似乎没有受到区别bank-centered”和“market-centered”的公司治理结构。 第三个关心的是,我们的结果被差异税收规则。毫无疑问,我们已经在不同国家的税收规则的所有权结构的影响。我们有了更多的困难理解为什么税收规则与规定保护中小股东,除非税收规则本身是内生(例如,浓缩的所有者可能游说税收规则,阻碍所有权分散)。虽然如此,我们认为两种类型的税收规则可能影响广泛持有公司的发生率。首先,如果intercorporate股息纳税,因为他们是在一些国家,它可能是有利于企业或合并完全分离完全不是自己的股票在对方。这可能会有效果,增加了企业的广泛发病率。第二,如果税收规则允许使用合并会计为了避税,它可能更有利于公司的其他公司的部分股权,因为他们将能够用一个公司的亏损抵消了利润。我们会因此希望看到更广泛的国家里,公司合并会计是被禁止的。D、E目前面板除国家的结果针对这两方面的税法。我们还没有找到证据表明这些特别的规则影响广泛持有公司的发生率。
我是在VIP英语论文找他们帮忙的，半个月的时间就帮我搞定了，之后导师要什么参考文献，数据演示和截图，他们都给我搞好了，觉得服务挺周到的，呵呵wqtedlmapz
CONCLUSION The Committee believes that calls for separate private company GAAP should be framed within the legal and institutional environment of each country. If public and private companies are subject to the same financial reporting requirements, as in many IASB countries, then the need for separate private company GAAP might be justified within an appropriate cost-benefit framework. In contrast, private companies in the U.S. are not required to comply with public company GAAP. Given this difference in the institutional environment, calls for private company GAAP in the U.S. must consider the demand for and supply of financial reporting information in the current private company marketplace. Survey research in the U.S. indicates that private company users find public company GAAP financial statements to have significant decision usefulness, and to be cost-benefit effective. In addition, evidence suggests that when the cost-benefit calculus is not favorable, market forces lead to deviations from GAAP. While some assert that the needs of private company financial statement users differ from those of public company stakeholders, the Committee does not find clear evidence of differential user needs or a clear articulation of how differential needs would lead to a framework for GAAP that differs from the current public company financial reporting requirements in the U.S. Overall, if there is demand for separate private company GAAP, then market forces, rather than standard setters, may be better at meeting the differential information needs of variousprivatecompanystakeholders. The Committee does not see a persuasive argument for standard setters to create a separate private company GAAP in the U.S.结论 该委员会认为要求独立的私人公司一般公认会计原则应裱在法律和制度环境的。如果公共和私人公司有相同的财务报告的要求,在许多国家,并在此基础上,需要IASB进行为独立的私人公司公认会计准则的称义在适当的财政框架。相比之下,私营企业在美国也不需要符合上市公司一般公认会计原则。鉴于此,分别在制度环境呼吁私人公司一般公认会计原则在美国必须考虑需求和供给的财务报告信息在当前的私人公司的市场。 调查研究表明,在美国上市公司,用户找到私人公司财务报表有显著的公认会计准则决策有用性、利益有效。此外,有证据表明,在财政微积分并非有利,市场力量导致偏离公认会计准则的前提下。虽然有些断言的需要,民营企业财务报表使用者不同利益相关者的上市公司,委员会不会发现明显的证据表明微分用户需求或一个清晰的清晰度的需求导致了差,不同于一般公认会计原则框架当前上市公司财务报告的要求,在美国的整体,如果有需求,独立的私人公司公认会计准则的前提下,市场力量,而非标准者,可以更好地满足需求. variousprivatecompanystakeholders微分信息该委员会也不觉得有说服力的论据为准则制定者去创造一个独立的私人公司一般公认会计原则在美国