[经济管理] 浅谈会计人才评价 [佚名][2007年4月24日][2] 简介：无 内容： 在以人为本、人才兴国的战略指导下，财政部从去年开始直接组织高层次会计人才培训，计划用10年左右的时间，培养和造就一批精通业务、善于管理、熟悉国际惯例、具有国际视野和战略思维的高素质、复合型领军人才，发挥会计人才在强化会计职能、宣传会计政策、组织继续教育、研究实务问题等方面的组织推动和辐射作用。这是促进我国会计队伍整体素质全面、迅速提高的一个重要举措。国家通过组织会计从业资格考试、会计技术职称考试、…… [Economic Management] on the evaluation of accounting personnel [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [2] Description: None Content: In people-oriented, human resources strategy of rejuvenating the country, under the guidance of the Ministry of Finance last year directly from high-level accounting personnel training, plans to use about 10 years time, to cultivate and foster a number of good business, good management, familiar with international practice, with an international perspective and strategic thinking of high-quality, complex-type leader personnel, accounting personnel to play in strengthening the accounting functions, accounting policies publicity, organization of continuing education, research and other aspects of the practical problems of organizations to promote the role and radiation. This is to promote the overall quality of China's accounting comprehensive, rapid increase in an important initiative. Through the organization of national accounting qualification examination, the examination of accounting titles, ... ... 12. [Economic Management] On Budget Accounting Problems and Solutions [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [7] Description: None Content: To 1 January, 1998 full implementation of "a total budget of the financial accounting system", "administrative accounting system", "accounting standards and institutions" (pilot), "Accounting systems and institutions" as the signs that have been out of our budget accounting under the planned economy model, embarked on the establishment of the need to adapt to a market economy with Chinese characteristics, scientific norms of the road budget for the accounting model. In recent years, with the financial management to accelerate the pace of structural reform, designed in accordance with the theory of public finance budget management model has to start building, budgeting, implementation and other aspects of the management system is undergoing a fundamental change in the budget accounting of customer ... ... 13. [Economic Management] of the bank accounting management [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [7] Description: None Content: Bank accounting is the emergence of banks and at the same time the birth. Each bank's business operation, that is, the operation of bank accounting, the accounting process to achieve through accounting. In other words, the bank accounts of the accounting process, that is specific for banking business and the realization of the basic functions of the banking process. Bank accounting is not only an important basis for the work of banks, the banks can be an objective starting to reflect the operations, accounting and supervisory role, and of these three banks accounting functions can also be counterproductive in the operation of banks, which are complementary to each other. Accounting functions of the bank to play properly, it may be to promote the bank's business ... ... 14. [Economic Management] of accession to the WTO to meet in rural areas, economic and accounting challenges [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [1] Description: None Content: I. Analysis of the current situation: the 21st century, peace and development remain the two main themes of the world. However, we are faced with the times and changes in the competitive environment. (-) Modern science and technology, the rapid development of knowledge-based economy. The 21st century, state-to-state competition in comprehensive national strength, the key is the competitive scientific and technological strength, the use of high precision, the new science and technology to improve the social productive forces, has been to increase the overall national strength has become an important tool. The overall development of science and technology, integrated and cross-cutting nature, science and technology of an unprecedented rapid spread of knowledge into application and production, will greatly promote the economic and social development. (B) of the whole ... ... 15. [Economic Management], after joining the WTO China's CPA industry supply and demand analysis [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [1] Description: None Content: After China's accession to the WTO Institute of Certified Public Accountants industry analysis of supply and demand has joined the World Trade Organization, which China's reform and opening up will enter a new phase. Accession to the WTO on China's accounting market is bound to a certified public accountant and have a profound impact on the industry, this has been done on a number of experts and scholars. This article from the perspective of supply and demand of China's accession to the WTO a certified public accountant, after an analysis of the industry and pointed out that China's CPA industry will face in the WTO situation and problems, and countermeasures to be taken. A needs analysis: a huge market demand and development of space after China's WTO entry, China's CPA industry needs to face the main ... ... 16. [Economic Management] on the application of a number of issues of Management Accounting Thoughts [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [1] Description: None Content: Management accounting is to meet the needs of economic management within the organization need to be gradually formed and developed, its main function is to improve operational efficiency and effectiveness of a variety of established system of internal accounting controls, preparation and delivery of internal management needs of the kinds of data, information and so on. Ways and means of its needs depending on the design, depending on its mode of economic organization in nature, size, operation and management mode to another. It is the most important function is the best business decisions for maximum operational efficiency and provide a variety of useful programs and information. At present, the Management Accounting in China in the application of business management are at a critical turning point ... ... 17. [Economic Management] Accounting for the current problems and countermeasures [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [0] Description: None Content: The current issue of Accounting and Accounting Measures of the work of my late start, from the 20th century until the late 70s, has experienced trying to stage, stage of development of spontaneous and organized, planned and steady development stage, to current management accounting software-based phase of development. More than 20 years in this course of development, has made great progress, the commercialization of GM of the financial software is widely used. Many of the accounting software development is moving toward specialization, commercialization and socialization of the track. However, due to the financial characteristics of the work itself, as well as the rapid development of networks, the rapid emergence of e-commerce, etc., some ... ... 18. [Economic Management] accounting integrity remodeling [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [2] Description: None Content: Securities market in 2001, the Guangxia, MACAT, ST Dawn of listed companies, such as a series of accounting fraud cases came to light, like a nuclear bomb, the explosion of China's accounting profession, and the outbreak of the end of last year the United States the wake of the Enron case, as well as the recent WorldCom, Xerox, the company's accounting fraud case, it led to a serious crisis in international accounting, the past was known as the iron abacus accounting staff, as a rat running across the street. The credibility of accounting has been severely damaged, resulting in Premier Zhu Rongji in Shanghai National Accounting Institute made no inspection of the school motto accounting. Facing a serious crisis of confidence, how to rebuild the credibility of accounting, ... ... 19. [Economic Management] The essence of strategic management accounting research and analysis of the characteristics [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [0] Description: None Content: First, the nature of strategic management accounting studies, the nature of Strategic Management Accounting Strategic Management Accounting (Strategic Management Accounting hereinafter SMA) is the development of management accounting, but also of the SMA did not form a unified understanding. Although many people have heard their is a clear lack of understanding. Here the author and from the strategic management of SMA, SMA, and the meaning and the development of SMA with the traditional distinction between the management of three areas of accounting, the nature of the SMA. (A) Strategic Management and the SMA SMA-shaped ... ... 20. [Economic Management] Internet era accounting system of innovation: to define property rights and market-oriented [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [10] Description: None Content: 【Abstract】 The development of network technology, making accounting information in order to lower cost is expected to be completed to define property rights, which means private products to sell in the market; to negotiate lower costs, so that the original accounting controls may become loose; information distance real-time transmission costs decline, making the production functions of accounting information may be completed by the market, that is, shareholders can be the production of accounting information entrusted to the enterprise other than the trustee, and so on. Finally, this paper, the direction of future research. 【Key Words】 accounting information network technology to hand over power market transaction costs of technology innovation, as well as existing accounting in many ... ...12. [经济管理] 试论我国预算会计存在的问题与对策 [佚名][2007年4月24日][7] 简介：无 内容： 以1998年1月1日起全面执行《财政总预算会计制度》、《行政单位会计制度》、《事业单位会计准则》(试行)、《事业单位会计制度》为标志，表明我国预算会计已摆脱计划经济体制下的模式，走上了建立适应市场经济需要，具有中国特色、科学规范的预算会计模式的道路。近几年，随着财政管理体制改革的步伐加快，按照公共财政理论设计的预算管理模式已开始建立，预算编制、执行等环节的管理制度正在发生根本性的变化，预算会计的客…… 13. [经济管理] 浅谈银行会计管理 [佚名][2007年4月24日][7] 简介：无 内容： 银行会计是与银行的出现而同时诞生的。银行每一笔经营业务的运作过程，也就是银行会计的运作、核算过程，都要通过会计来实现。也就是说，银行会计的核算过程，就是具体办理银行业务和实现银行基本职能的过程。 银行会计不仅是银行的重要基础工作，可以客观地对银行的经营运作起反映、核算和监督作用，而且银行会计的这三个职能还可以反作用于银行的经营运作，它们是相辅相成的。银行会计的职能发挥得当，就可能会促进银行的经营…… 14. [经济管理] 浅谈加入世贸组织,迎接农村、经济、会计的挑战 [佚名][2007年4月24日][1] 简介：无 内容： 一、当前形势分析： 21世纪，和平与发展仍然是世界的两大主题。但是我们正面临着时代条件和竞争环境的变化。（—）现代科技、知识经济迅速发展。21世纪，国与国之间综合国力的竞争，关键是科技实力的竞争，利用高、精、尖、新的科学技术提高社会生产力，己成为各国提高综合国力的一个重要手段。科学技术发展的整体性、综合性和交叉性，科技知识的空前快速传播、转化应用和生产，将极大地推动经济和社会的发展。（二）全…… 15. [经济管理] 入世后我国注册会计师行业的供求分析 [佚名][2007年4月24日][1] 简介：无 内容： 入世后我国注册会计师行业的供求分析 我国已经加入世界贸易组织，这标志着我国改革开放将进入一个新阶段。入世必将对我国会计市场和注册会计师行业产生深刻影响，对此已有许多专家学者做过论述。本文仅从供给和需求角度，对入世后我国的注册会计师行业进行分析，并指出我国注册会计师行业在入世后将面临的形势和问题，以及应采取的对策。 一、需求分析：巨大的市场需求和发展空间 入世后，我国注册会计师行业面临的需求主…… 16. [经济管理] 关于我国管理会计应用若干问题思考 [佚名][2007年4月24日][1] 简介：无 内容： 管理会计主要是为适应经济组织内部的经营管理需要而逐步形成和发展起来的，它的主要职能是为提高经营效率和效益而建立的各种内部会计控制制度，编制和提供内部管理需要的各种数据、资料等。它的方法和手段视不同的需要而设计，其模式视不同的经济组织性质、规模大小、经营管理方式而异。它是最重要的职能是为最优经营决策和最高经营效率提供各种有用的方案和资料。 目前，管理会计在我国企业管理中的应用正处在一个关键的转折点…… 17. [经济管理] 会计电算化目前的问题及对对策 [佚名][2007年4月24日][0] 简介：无 内容： 会计电算化目前的问题及对对策 我国的会计电算化工作起步较晚，从20世纪70年代末才开始，经历了尝试阶段、自发发展阶段和有组织、有计划地稳步发展阶段，到目前的管理型会计软件发展阶段。在这20多年的发展过程中，已取得了长足的进步，商品化、通用化的财务软件得到了广泛的应用。许多会计软件的开发已经走向专业化、商品化、社会化的轨道。但由于财务工作本身的特点，以及网络的迅速发展、电子商务的迅速兴起等等，一些…… 18. [经济管理] 重塑会计诚信 [佚名][2007年4月24日][2] 简介：无 内容： 在2001年的证券市场上,银广夏、麦科特、ST黎明等一系列上市公司会计造假案件曝光，像一枚枚重磅炸弹，在我国会计界炸开，而在去年年底美国爆发的安然事件，以及近来的世界通信公司、施乐公司的会计造假案，则引发了一场严重的国际性会计危机，昔日被称为铁算盘的会计人员，成为过街老鼠。会计的信誉已受到了严重损害，以致于朱总理在上海国家会计学院视察时提出了不做假账的校训。面临严重的信任危机，如何重塑会计的诚信，…… 19. [经济管理] 战略管理会计的本质研究和特点分析 [佚名][2007年4月24日][0] 简介：无 内容： 一、战略管理会计的本质研究 一、战略管理会计的本质 战略管理会计（Strategic Management Accounting以下简称SMA）是对管理会计的发展，但目前人们对SMA还没有形成统一的认识。许多人虽然对其有所耳闻，却缺乏一个清晰的理解。这里笔者从战略管理与SMA、SMA的发展及含义和SMA与传统管理会计的区别三个方面，阐述SMA的本质。 （一）战略管理与SMA SMA的形…… 20. [经济管理] 网络时代会计的制度创新：产权界定与市场化 [佚名][2007年4月24日][10] 简介：无 内容： 【摘要】网络技术的发展,使得会计信息可望以较低的成本完成产权界定,从而以私人产品的方式在市场上出售;谈判成本的降低,使原本的会计管制可能变得宽松；信息远程实时传送成本的下降，使得会计信息的生产职能可能由市场来完成，即股东可将会计信息的生产委托给企业经营者以外的受托人，等等。最后，本文提出了未来的研究方向。【关键词】会计信息 网络技术 交易成本 交权市场化 技术的不断创新以及现行会计在许……
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Teachers' teaching behaviors, including teachers of the aspects of teaching content, teaching organization, implementation method and small aspect is in words and deeds of teachers, teaching behavior and the relationship between the quality of classroom teaching is obvious. Proceeding from the classroom teaching behavior problems, affects the effect of classroom teaching, teaching conduct analysis of the current teaching behavior change trend, its purpose is to enhance the quality of classroom teaching differentiates the classroom behavior, and develop the defects, and practice.
The teachers' teaching behavior in the classes includes not only the organizing forms and teaching ways of the teaching content in the big aspect，but also in every word and action of the teachers.It also has a close connection to the quality of teaching.From the aspect of the teaching behaviors,this thesis mainly deeply discusses the behaviors which influences the teaching effects and then analyses the change trend of it.It aims to find out the way that can improve the quality of teaching so that the teachers can improve themselves.
The teachers' teaching behavior in the classes includes not only the organizing forms and teaching ways of the teaching content in the big aspect，but also in every word and action of the teachers.It also has a close connection to the quality of teaching.From the aspect of the teaching behaviors,this thesis mainly deeply discusses the behaviors which influences the teaching effects and then analyses the change trend of it.It aims to find out the way that can improve the quality of teaching so that the teachers can improve themselves.
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[经济管理] 浅谈会计人才评价 [佚名][2007年4月24日][2] 简介：无 内容： 在以人为本、人才兴国的战略指导下，财政部从去年开始直接组织高层次会计人才培训，计划用10年左右的时间，培养和造就一批精通业务、善于管理、熟悉国际惯例、具有国际视野和战略思维的高素质、复合型领军人才，发挥会计人才在强化会计职能、宣传会计政策、组织继续教育、研究实务问题等方面的组织推动和辐射作用。这是促进我国会计队伍整体素质全面、迅速提高的一个重要举措。国家通过组织会计从业资格考试、会计技术职称考试、…… [Economic Management] on the evaluation of accounting personnel [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [2] Description: None Content: In people-oriented, human resources strategy of rejuvenating the country, under the guidance of the Ministry of Finance last year directly from high-level accounting personnel training, plans to use about 10 years time, to cultivate and foster a number of good business, good management, familiar with international practice, with an international perspective and strategic thinking of high-quality, complex-type leader personnel, accounting personnel to play in strengthening the accounting functions, accounting policies publicity, organization of continuing education, research and other aspects of the practical problems of organizations to promote the role and radiation. This is to promote the overall quality of China's accounting comprehensive, rapid increase in an important initiative. Through the organization of national accounting qualification examination, the examination of accounting titles, ... ... 12. [Economic Management] On Budget Accounting Problems and Solutions [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [7] Description: None Content: To 1 January, 1998 full implementation of "a total budget of the financial accounting system", "administrative accounting system", "accounting standards and institutions" (pilot), "Accounting systems and institutions" as the signs that have been out of our budget accounting under the planned economy model, embarked on the establishment of the need to adapt to a market economy with Chinese characteristics, scientific norms of the road budget for the accounting model. In recent years, with the financial management to accelerate the pace of structural reform, designed in accordance with the theory of public finance budget management model has to start building, budgeting, implementation and other aspects of the management system is undergoing a fundamental change in the budget accounting of customer ... ... 13. [Economic Management] of the bank accounting management [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [7] Description: None Content: Bank accounting is the emergence of banks and at the same time the birth. Each bank's business operation, that is, the operation of bank accounting, the accounting process to achieve through accounting. In other words, the bank accounts of the accounting process, that is specific for banking business and the realization of the basic functions of the banking process. Bank accounting is not only an important basis for the work of banks, the banks can be an objective starting to reflect the operations, accounting and supervisory role, and of these three banks accounting functions can also be counterproductive in the operation of banks, which are complementary to each other. Accounting functions of the bank to play properly, it may be to promote the bank's business ... ... 14. [Economic Management] of accession to the WTO to meet in rural areas, economic and accounting challenges [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [1] Description: None Content: I. Analysis of the current situation: the 21st century, peace and development remain the two main themes of the world. However, we are faced with the times and changes in the competitive environment. (-) Modern science and technology, the rapid development of knowledge-based economy. The 21st century, state-to-state competition in comprehensive national strength, the key is the competitive scientific and technological strength, the use of high precision, the new science and technology to improve the social productive forces, has been to increase the overall national strength has become an important tool. The overall development of science and technology, integrated and cross-cutting nature, science and technology of an unprecedented rapid spread of knowledge into application and production, will greatly promote the economic and social development. (B) of the whole ... ... 15. [Economic Management], after joining the WTO China's CPA industry supply and demand analysis [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [1] Description: None Content: After China's accession to the WTO Institute of Certified Public Accountants industry analysis of supply and demand has joined the World Trade Organization, which China's reform and opening up will enter a new phase. Accession to the WTO on China's accounting market is bound to a certified public accountant and have a profound impact on the industry, this has been done on a number of experts and scholars. This article from the perspective of supply and demand of China's accession to the WTO a certified public accountant, after an analysis of the industry and pointed out that China's CPA industry will face in the WTO situation and problems, and countermeasures to be taken. A needs analysis: a huge market demand and development of space after China's WTO entry, China's CPA industry needs to face the main ... ... 16. [Economic Management] on the application of a number of issues of Management Accounting Thoughts [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [1] Description: None Content: Management accounting is to meet the needs of economic management within the organization need to be gradually formed and developed, its main function is to improve operational efficiency and effectiveness of a variety of established system of internal accounting controls, preparation and delivery of internal management needs of the kinds of data, information and so on. Ways and means of its needs depending on the design, depending on its mode of economic organization in nature, size, operation and management mode to another. It is the most important function is the best business decisions for maximum operational efficiency and provide a variety of useful programs and information. At present, the Management Accounting in China in the application of business management are at a critical turning point ... ... 17. [Economic Management] Accounting for the current problems and countermeasures [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [0] Description: None Content: The current issue of Accounting and Accounting Measures of the work of my late start, from the 20th century until the late 70s, has experienced trying to stage, stage of development of spontaneous and organized, planned and steady development stage, to current management accounting software-based phase of development. More than 20 years in this course of development, has made great progress, the commercialization of GM of the financial software is widely used. Many of the accounting software development is moving toward specialization, commercialization and socialization of the track. However, due to the financial characteristics of the work itself, as well as the rapid development of networks, the rapid emergence of e-commerce, etc., some ... ... 18. [Economic Management] accounting integrity remodeling [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [2] Description: None Content: Securities market in 2001, the Guangxia, MACAT, ST Dawn of listed companies, such as a series of accounting fraud cases came to light, like a nuclear bomb, the explosion of China's accounting profession, and the outbreak of the end of last year the United States the wake of the Enron case, as well as the recent WorldCom, Xerox, the company's accounting fraud case, it led to a serious crisis in international accounting, the past was known as the iron abacus accounting staff, as a rat running across the street. The credibility of accounting has been severely damaged, resulting in Premier Zhu Rongji in Shanghai National Accounting Institute made no inspection of the school motto accounting. Facing a serious crisis of confidence, how to rebuild the credibility of accounting, ... ... 19. [Economic Management] The essence of strategic management accounting research and analysis of the characteristics [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [0] Description: None Content: First, the nature of strategic management accounting studies, the nature of Strategic Management Accounting Strategic Management Accounting (Strategic Management Accounting hereinafter SMA) is the development of management accounting, but also of the SMA did not form a unified understanding. Although many people have heard their is a clear lack of understanding. Here the author and from the strategic management of SMA, SMA, and the meaning and the development of SMA with the traditional distinction between the management of three areas of accounting, the nature of the SMA. (A) Strategic Management and the SMA SMA-shaped ... ... 20. [Economic Management] Internet era accounting system of innovation: to define property rights and market-oriented [Anonymous] [April 24, 2007] [10] Description: None Content: 【Abstract】 The development of network technology, making accounting information in order to lower cost is expected to be completed to define property rights, which means private products to sell in the market; to negotiate lower costs, so that the original accounting controls may become loose; information distance real-time transmission costs decline, making the production functions of accounting information may be completed by the market, that is, shareholders can be the production of accounting information entrusted to the enterprise other than the trustee, and so on. Finally, this paper, the direction of future research. 【Key Words】 accounting information network technology to hand over power market transaction costs of technology innovation, as well as existing accounting in many ... ...12. [经济管理] 试论我国预算会计存在的问题与对策 [佚名][2007年4月24日][7] 简介：无 内容： 以1998年1月1日起全面执行《财政总预算会计制度》、《行政单位会计制度》、《事业单位会计准则》(试行)、《事业单位会计制度》为标志，表明我国预算会计已摆脱计划经济体制下的模式，走上了建立适应市场经济需要，具有中国特色、科学规范的预算会计模式的道路。近几年，随着财政管理体制改革的步伐加快，按照公共财政理论设计的预算管理模式已开始建立，预算编制、执行等环节的管理制度正在发生根本性的变化，预算会计的客…… 13. [经济管理] 浅谈银行会计管理 [佚名][2007年4月24日][7] 简介：无 内容： 银行会计是与银行的出现而同时诞生的。银行每一笔经营业务的运作过程，也就是银行会计的运作、核算过程，都要通过会计来实现。也就是说，银行会计的核算过程，就是具体办理银行业务和实现银行基本职能的过程。 银行会计不仅是银行的重要基础工作，可以客观地对银行的经营运作起反映、核算和监督作用，而且银行会计的这三个职能还可以反作用于银行的经营运作，它们是相辅相成的。银行会计的职能发挥得当，就可能会促进银行的经营…… 14. [经济管理] 浅谈加入世贸组织,迎接农村、经济、会计的挑战 [佚名][2007年4月24日][1] 简介：无 内容： 一、当前形势分析： 21世纪，和平与发展仍然是世界的两大主题。但是我们正面临着时代条件和竞争环境的变化。（—）现代科技、知识经济迅速发展。21世纪，国与国之间综合国力的竞争，关键是科技实力的竞争，利用高、精、尖、新的科学技术提高社会生产力，己成为各国提高综合国力的一个重要手段。科学技术发展的整体性、综合性和交叉性，科技知识的空前快速传播、转化应用和生产，将极大地推动经济和社会的发展。（二）全…… 15. [经济管理] 入世后我国注册会计师行业的供求分析 [佚名][2007年4月24日][1] 简介：无 内容： 入世后我国注册会计师行业的供求分析 我国已经加入世界贸易组织，这标志着我国改革开放将进入一个新阶段。入世必将对我国会计市场和注册会计师行业产生深刻影响，对此已有许多专家学者做过论述。本文仅从供给和需求角度，对入世后我国的注册会计师行业进行分析，并指出我国注册会计师行业在入世后将面临的形势和问题，以及应采取的对策。 一、需求分析：巨大的市场需求和发展空间 入世后，我国注册会计师行业面临的需求主…… 16. [经济管理] 关于我国管理会计应用若干问题思考 [佚名][2007年4月24日][1] 简介：无 内容： 管理会计主要是为适应经济组织内部的经营管理需要而逐步形成和发展起来的，它的主要职能是为提高经营效率和效益而建立的各种内部会计控制制度，编制和提供内部管理需要的各种数据、资料等。它的方法和手段视不同的需要而设计，其模式视不同的经济组织性质、规模大小、经营管理方式而异。它是最重要的职能是为最优经营决策和最高经营效率提供各种有用的方案和资料。 目前，管理会计在我国企业管理中的应用正处在一个关键的转折点…… 17. [经济管理] 会计电算化目前的问题及对对策 [佚名][2007年4月24日][0] 简介：无 内容： 会计电算化目前的问题及对对策 我国的会计电算化工作起步较晚，从20世纪70年代末才开始，经历了尝试阶段、自发发展阶段和有组织、有计划地稳步发展阶段，到目前的管理型会计软件发展阶段。在这20多年的发展过程中，已取得了长足的进步，商品化、通用化的财务软件得到了广泛的应用。许多会计软件的开发已经走向专业化、商品化、社会化的轨道。但由于财务工作本身的特点，以及网络的迅速发展、电子商务的迅速兴起等等，一些…… 18. [经济管理] 重塑会计诚信 [佚名][2007年4月24日][2] 简介：无 内容： 在2001年的证券市场上,银广夏、麦科特、ST黎明等一系列上市公司会计造假案件曝光，像一枚枚重磅炸弹，在我国会计界炸开，而在去年年底美国爆发的安然事件，以及近来的世界通信公司、施乐公司的会计造假案，则引发了一场严重的国际性会计危机，昔日被称为铁算盘的会计人员，成为过街老鼠。会计的信誉已受到了严重损害，以致于朱总理在上海国家会计学院视察时提出了不做假账的校训。面临严重的信任危机，如何重塑会计的诚信，…… 19. [经济管理] 战略管理会计的本质研究和特点分析 [佚名][2007年4月24日][0] 简介：无 内容： 一、战略管理会计的本质研究 一、战略管理会计的本质 战略管理会计（Strategic Management Accounting以下简称SMA）是对管理会计的发展，但目前人们对SMA还没有形成统一的认识。许多人虽然对其有所耳闻，却缺乏一个清晰的理解。这里笔者从战略管理与SMA、SMA的发展及含义和SMA与传统管理会计的区别三个方面，阐述SMA的本质。 （一）战略管理与SMA SMA的形…… 20. [经济管理] 网络时代会计的制度创新：产权界定与市场化 [佚名][2007年4月24日][10] 简介：无 内容： 【摘要】网络技术的发展,使得会计信息可望以较低的成本完成产权界定,从而以私人产品的方式在市场上出售;谈判成本的降低,使原本的会计管制可能变得宽松；信息远程实时传送成本的下降，使得会计信息的生产职能可能由市场来完成，即股东可将会计信息的生产委托给企业经营者以外的受托人，等等。最后，本文提出了未来的研究方向。【关键词】会计信息 网络技术 交易成本 交权市场化 技术的不断创新以及现行会计在许……
Abstract: Behavior of teachers in the teaching classroom, including manner in ognanizaitons of teaching contents and way of implement teaching from the main aspect, representing in words and deeds of teachers from secondary aspect, then we can see the relations of behavior in the teaching classroom and qualities of teaching from this. This text researches behavior in the teaching classroom that affects impacts of teaching and analyses transform trends of behavior in the teaching classroom now. The purpose is finding behavior in the teaching classroom which is in favor of improving qualities of teaching.See defects and encourage ourself, know more and do better in practice.Keywords: behavior in the teaching classroom, behavior problem in the teaching classroom, transform trends
找到一些看看适合你吗？要是不适合的话就不用给分了，要是适合的话就……（自己也是找了N久才找到的呢）genetically modified organism (GMO);oligonucleotide microarray;GMO screening;multiplex-PCR;event-specific;integration junction sequence随着转基因农作物检测技术的不断发展，PCR技术已经成为最主要的检测方法之一。但是常规的PCR每次只能扩增一个基因，而单独的多重PCR和常规电泳相结合的技术由于受多重PCR技术自身限制，每次扩增的基因数目也很有限，因此不能满足当前转基因农作物检测的要求。 寡核苷酸芯片是一种在基片上点有若干寡核苷酸探针的基因芯片，每个点都含有序列特异的探针以和感兴趣的基因相互补结合。因此，寡核苷酸芯片可以和多重PCR技术相结合用来同时检测多种目标基因。 在这篇论文中，我们开发了多重PCR技术和DNA芯片技术相结合的方法，在同一个反应中同时检测多个目标基因，以达到检测转基因农作物的目的。 我们设计了两大类芯片，其中一类用来检测样本是否是转基因农作物，另一类用来检测样本来自于哪一种转基因品系。 对于第一类芯片，我们使用了20种探针用以检测转基因农作物，按照具体功能可以分为三种：第一种，根据一些普通元件例如启动子、终止子、报告基因等来检测是否为转基因农作物；第二种，根据目标基因例如抗除草剂或是抗虫害基因来做特定基因的检测确认；第三种，根据物种特异性基因来检测该样本来自于哪种作物。为保证方法的有效性，设立不同的阳性对照和阴性对照来鉴定该实验方法，并且通过常规PCR反应和测序来进一步验证。结果表明这种方法可以快速识别样本是否为转基因农作物，并且花费少，效率提高。这种方法可以检测目前95％以上的转基因作物，并且对于大豆的最低检出率是0.5％，玉米是1％。 对于第二类芯片，根据唯一的、品系特异的宿主与插入片断间连接区域的基因序列，通过多重PCR和寡核苷酸芯片相结合的技术，以达到检测出样本来自于哪种转基因品系的目的。转基因农作物商品大豆(GTS 40-3-2)和六种转基因玉米(MON810，MON863，Bt176，Bt11，GA21和T25)通过这种方法进行检测。结果表明对于这些转基因大豆和玉米，该方法均可以适用。 以上两种芯片被证明是一种新的转基因农作物检测的常规方法。With the increasing development of genetically modified organism (GMO) detection techniques, the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique has been the mainstay for GMO detection. And an oligonucleotide microarray is a glass chip to the surface of which an array of oligonucleotides was fixed as spots, each containing numerous copies of a sequence-specific probe that is complementary to a gene of interest. So it is used to detected tens or more targets synchronously. In this research, we developed a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (multiplex-PCR) coupled with a DNA microarray system simultaneously aiming at many targets in a consecutive reaction to detect a GMO. We designed two types DNA microarray, one to detect whether the sample was from GMO, the other to detect which event the sample was from. For the first type, there are a total of 20 probes for detecting a GMO in a DNA microarray which can be classified into three categories according to their purpose: the first for screening GMO from un-transgenic plants based on the common elements such as promoter, reporter and terminator genes; the second for specific gene confirmation based on the target gene sequences such as herbicide-resistance or insect-resistance genes; the third for species-specific genes which the sequences are unique for different plant species. To ensure the reliability of this method, different kinds of positive and negative controls were used in DNA microarray. Commercial GM soybean, maize, rapeseed and cotton were identified by means of this method and further confirmed by PCR analysis and sequencing. The results indicate that this method discriminates between the GMOs very quickly and in a cost-saving and more time efficient way. It can detect more than 95％of currently commercial GMO plants and the limits of detection are 0.5％for soybean and 1％for maize. For the second type, an event-specific detection strategy based on the unique and specific integration junction sequences between the host plant genome DNA and the integrated gene is being developed for its high specificity using multiplex-PCR together with oligonucleotide microarray. Commercial GM soybean (GTS 40-3-2), six GM maize events (MON810, MON863, Bt176, Bt11, GA21, and T25) were detected by this method. The results indicate that it is a suitable method for the identification of these GM soybean and maizes. This method is proved to be a new method for routine analysis of GMOs.这里还有个网站有N多！自己慢慢看吧！只能帮助你到这里了。刘冰制作
With the coming of the 21 century,everyone seems to be "micro-ed"in every corner of the world.Microblog,Wechat,microfilm and micro-contacts...This is a year,in which the microfilm is germinated and flourishing in China,and also the moment that advertising on movie and TV is booming.In recent years,TV advertisings of microfilm style can be seen on both TV and networks.This kind of TV advertising is becoming a hot trend and dominating the ads industry rely on its unique design of plots,ingenious artistic conception,abundant creative concepts and the deep emotion.The essay will analyze the phenomenon from three aspects,and probe into the future of the advertisings of microfilm style.Specifically,the article anaylze the current situation of 21 century advertising media on TV in China,and both reason and background of the rising of the TV advertising of microfilm style.Secondly,it give the advantages of the the latter when comparing the traditional advertising on TV and the one of microfilm style .Finally,it takes some of the mostly photographed and well-reacted TV advertising of microfilm style as the example,and have a precise analysis of the creative concept and the emotional appeal.TV advertising of microfilm style is still on a stage of development and popularizing.And I hope the article may have some reference functions to the research on TV advertising of microfilm style and the thriving and prosperous development of the ads industry in the future.微电影式广告和微电影式电视广告，全部译成了"TV advertising of microfilm style"（不然一会儿这个一会儿那个很怪），而且这是全文唯一不确定的专有名词，如果找到替代的和你认为更好的可以全文替换。排比多的还好，但是句子太长的我也没办法，只能一样长了。
毕业论文thesis[英][ˈθi:sɪs][美][ˈθisɪs]n.论文，毕业论文; 论点，论题; 命题; 复数：theses易混淆单词：THESIS例句:1.He completed his doctorate in 1999 with his thesis on the technical subject of structural design. 1999年，朱竞翔获得博士学位，博士论文写的是结构设计的技术问题。2.It is a beguilingly simple thesis, one particularly attractive to the western business executives who have joinedthe china gold rush. 但这是一个具有欺性的简单论点，对参与中国淘金浪潮的西方企业高管尤其有吸引力。3.We have a grand new thesis of the emerging markets. 我们现在得出了一套全新的新兴市场理论。4.The question now is whether the overstretch thesis was wrong or simply premature. 目前问题是，过度扩张说是错误命题还是只是言之过早。5.The thesis is that women still do so badly at work mainly because we are not ambitious enough. 书的主题是：女性的工作表现仍如此糟糕，主要是因为我们不够有雄心。同义词：dissertation[英][ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn][美][ˌdɪsərˈteɪʃn]n.专题论文，学位论文; 学术演讲; essay[英][ˈeseɪ][美][ˈɛsˌe, ɛˈse]n.散文; 随笔，杂记文; 尝试，企图; 试验; vt.尝试; 试验; 经常说的：English dissertation(英语论文)Graduation thesis(毕业论文)
毕业论文的英文翻译是thesis，音标是英 [ˈθi:sɪs] 美 [ˈθisɪs] 。
n.论文，毕业论文;论点，论题;命题
1、There is no empirical evidence to support his thesis.
他的论文缺乏实验证据的支持。
2、How well does this thesis stand up to close examination?
这个命题经得起推敲吗？
3、He has finished his thesis.
他的论文完成了。
4、She's finished writing her thesis.
她那篇论文写出来了。
5、Please write an abstract of this article 〔 thesis 〕.
请写一份这本书〔这篇论文〕的摘要。
The article has a clear-cut thesis and arguments, but lacks reasoning.
文章论点、论据鲜明，但缺乏论证。
体验营销在房地产企业中的应用随着体验经济时代的到来，房地产业传统的战略优势，如自然资源、规模经济、资金与技术优势，随着竞争的加剧正在缩小而不再成为必然的优势；企业在产品、价格、渠道及促销、服务等营销操作层面上的竞争，则由于市场运作规范与信息的透明化，而使得相互间模仿和借鉴的速度越来越快，想以此建立起长久的竞争优势也越来越不可能；同时，购房者在物质极大丰富的现代社会，也不再满足于单纯地购买产品，产品或服务所带来的心理上效益也开始占据越来越重要的位置，原有的营销模式已经不能很好的满足消费者需求。三种变化的复合作用，使得开发商只有用创新心理和精神上的营销手段，才能在未来的房地产竞争中打开局面，并最终带来了强调在提高产品本身的使用价值时，开展各种沟通活动，增强顾客体验需求，从而使顾客物质上和精神上得到双重满足的营销理念——体验式营销，在房地产业中得以出现。一、价值观的演进对房地产营销的影响很多时候，顾客可能对产品铺天盖地的广告置若罔闻。因为现在花里胡哨的广告太多了，而且许多广告承诺的兑现出现了不少的诚信问题，随着价值观的改变，顾客对于广告的信任正在日益降低。其实顾客更在意的是体现在细节上的实实在在的体验，一个优秀的品牌如果在细节上让顾客获得实实在在的舒适体验其实胜过广告十倍百倍。房地产开发商必须清楚的认识到：现代营销已进入“体验时代”，房地产行业的环境、特性已经发生了变化，消费者的行为也有了较大的改变，这就要求企业采取合适的营销手段。到底什么样的营销方式才是适合自己的？笔者认为，房地产开发商必须改变创造价值的方式，与消费者共创价值，让消费者成为体验的共同创造者。消费者价值是营销关注的核心，向顾客提供何种价值是企业制胜的基本问题。传统的教科书列举了4种消费者价值，即功能价值、情感价值、社交价值和个人价值。当前，企业已经“体验”到了“体验经济”所带来的新的价值。“消费者的体验”已经成为第5种消费者价值，即消费者购买和追求的是体验价值。[1]二、房地产体验营销的特点在企业开展体验营销之前，首先应该对“体验营销”的特点有所认识：房地产体验营销主要有个性化、无形性、延续性、互动性、主观性等特点。其一，个性化。产品营销中强调提供标准化的产品，服务营销强调产品和服务的定制，而在体验营销中,由于个体存在巨大差异性，要吸引个体参与达到互动，在营销活动设计中就必须体现较强的个性化。房地产的每个项目都有自己的特点，因此各自定位也不同，除了山水等不可复制的资源，任何特点都可以作为体验营销的内容。其二，无形性。房地产是一个综合性的行业，除了开发房子，服务更是非常重要的一方面，但是服务本身是以产品为依托的，具有无形性，开发商们通常的做法是将房子和服务捆绑式销售，以更完善地服务消费者，当然许多服务本身也是一种体验。但在体验营销中的无形性更强调顾客所能感受到的一种难忘的、身临其境的体验，它是一种被感知的效果。其三，延续性。消费者在购房前所获得的感受并不会因一次体验的完成而马上消失，而是具有一定的延续性，如消费者对体验的各种回忆等，有时消费者事后甚至会对这种体验重新评价，产生新的感受。因此房地产体验营销的效果是长期性的，一旦消费者对体验满意，他们对开发商及产品往往产生高度忠诚。其四，互动性。在产品营销中，消费者是企业的“用户”；在服务营销中，消费者被称为“客户”；而在体验营销中，消费者是企业的“客人”，也是体验活动的“主人”。因为房地产体验活动必须要有消费者的参与，进而在消费者和开发商及产品之间发生一种互动行为。消费者的“主动参与”是体验营销的根本所在，这是区别于“商品营销”和“服务营销”的最显著的特征。离开了消费者的主动性，所有的“体验”都是不可能产生并被消费者自己消费的。其五，主观性。在产品营销中，企业用价格或其他差异化手段区别于其他企业，在服务营销中企业通过服务价值等让渡使顾客获得更大的利益；而房地产体验营销活动的最终效果是建立在购房者主体印象(主要包括时间、空间、技术、真实性、质地、规格等方面的特征)的基础上的，它包含了个体差异的影响，对不同的印象不同的个体有不同的感受，表现为一种购房者个体的主观性。三、体验营销在房地产行业的应用国内房地产商所实践的房地产体验营销就是在整个营销行为的过程中，把消费者的感性行为划分为看(See)、听(Hear)、使用(Use)和参与(Participate)四个连贯的环节，充分利用感性信息的能力，通过影响消费者的更多的感官感受来介入其行为过程，从而影响消费者的决策过程与结果。笔者认为，房地产体验营销就是利用传统文化、现代科技、艺术和大自然等整合手段来影响消费者的看、听、使用和参与行为，充分刺激和调动消费者的感官、情感、思考、行动、关联等感性因素和理性因素，在产品、服务、情境等方面为消费者创造值得回忆和持续愉悦的丰富体验，从而促进产品的销售和顾客价值最大化。笔者认为，房地产体验营销可以分为三个阶段进行：体验前营销、体验中营销和体验后营销。(一)体验前营销体验前营销是一个非常重要的阶段，这一阶段的主要任务包括开发商内部和外部情况及营销模式分析、顾客体验期望分析和体验设计。通过分析消费者的体验世界，能够获得消费者内心最深处的想法，房地产开发商要分析消费者的商业环境和生存环境包括社会文化因素、消费者的体验需求和期望以及生活方式。开发商需要将广泛的生活方式联系到产品的使用情况上，包括产品的质量和功能、品牌的知名度和美誉度、产品的销售情况。同时还要考虑竞争对手、合作伙伴，以及整个产业的有关情况，最后联系到品牌上，也就是说开发商不是以产品而是以顾客体验即以人们购房时的消费意境来把自己和别的开发商区分开来。现在从顾客的立场出发，梳理出顾客体验世界的4个层次：Ⅰ.品牌提供的体验；Ⅱ.产品的品类提供的体验；Ⅲ.品牌的使用和消费环境提供的体验；Ⅳ.广义的体验与顾客的社会文化环境或与房地产投资的大环境相关联。[3]房地产的品牌是从品牌提供的特定体验开始的，然后上升到更广泛的意义上。品牌体验就是住宅看起来怎么样、环境如何、配套设施是否完善等，这种品牌体验一部分是由产品品类驱动的，如房型、结构的不同，普通住宅、别墅的不同等，都会引起不同的产品品类体验。更重要的是品牌和产品品类融合在更广义的消费环境中，即住宅能够提供最基本的挡风遮雨、居住的使用功能。最后，这种消费环境(居住)是社会文化的一部分，消费者所购买居住、投资的住宅往往和自身的身份、社会地位、生活方式等联系在一起。从特定的体验上升到更广义的层次上，就能够更理解住宅对现在的顾客意味着什么。一旦融合进个人职业生活的环境，产品本身看起来就那么不显眼了，房地产产品就有了新的意义，提供了新的市场机会。了解顾客对体验的期望是为顾客创造体验价值的前提，因为顾客的满意来自于体验感知与体验期望之间的比较，符合顾客体验期望的产品和服务才能创造顾客满意；而超越顾客期望的体验经历将创造顾客忠诚，最终实现企业的长期可持续赢利。设计顾客体验、搭建体验平台，这是分析顾客体验世界与传递体验之间最主要的连接点。(二)体验中营销体验中营销就是体验实施的过程，这个过程中顾客直接参与体验，体验平台要在与顾客的接触中实施。因此，需要对体验现场进行控制，引导顾客体验按照体验设计的主题线索有效开展活动，从而最大限度地实现顾客的体验期望。房地产开发商可通过定期组织开展活动让购房者及业主参与进来，地点最好是选择在产品实景区，购房者通过参与活动实实在在地感受到社区的环境及文化，还可增进邻里之间的感情，这对促进购房者消费是十分见效的。现在越来越多的开发商意识到这点，篝火节、业主游、美食节等活动不断在开发商中上演，事实证明这对促进房子销售确实很有效果。(三)体验后营销体验后营销就是进行沟通与反馈。体验是为了加深购房者对产品和服务的了解，促进销售，但也是为了进一步认识购房者的心理需求。因此，要能够在购房者体验的时候获得购房者的反馈信息，了解购房者的期望，同时加强与购房者的沟通。一方面对购房者感到不满意的地方进行期望再分析，以备重新设计体验，不断改善体验，使之更符合购房者的需要；另一方面，可以超越购房者期望，实现购房者的全面满意，建立企业的顾客忠诚，维持企业的长期成长和赢利。万科地产在这方面有很多值得我们借鉴的地方，体验后的问卷填写、销售代表的电话回访、项目建设进度的定期汇报等都是了解购房者体验感受的好方法。四、我国房地产体验营销误区由于对体验营销的概念、框架、策略以及消费者行为的变化没有足够的了解，我国房地产开发商在实践中对体验营销的认识和应用出现了一些误区。(一)体验营销就是让客户在样板房里住几天让客户在样板房里住上几天就能得到一个良好的客户满意度？其实不然。因为，用于体验的样板房往往是建在尚未完全竣工的在建楼里，并不能够完全提供全套的生活设备，如上下水不通、室外园林未完成等，难以满足实际使用功能。这样客户就很难得到真实的居住体验。如果是在现楼中体验，由于房地产的预售特性，到那时候再展示，意义也不大。所以，好的体验应该是从客户参观朋友新居开始，从对园林的观感认识开始。(二)眼球经济代表万能体验营销应该让消费者、业主受益，而不应干扰正常的生活和工作秩序。当年深圳拒绝蜘蛛人攀爬地王大厦和赛格广场，理由在于写字楼就是用来办公的，不应该受到不必要的干扰。诸多商业秀仅仅以娱众的方式获取眼球，却忽视了是否会影响受众客户的心理，很难让消费者对项目本身产生足够的信心，必然会遭到失败。(三)通宵排队是体验营销有众多楼盘在开盘前日出现通宵排队的现象，这其中有许多消费者为了选到满意的房号不得不连夜排队。开发商或代理商的确希望出现这种楼盘热销、供不应求的场面，以便促成客户尽快签订购房合同，但此举往往拉开了与客户之间的心理距离。其实，目前并不存在短缺经济，房地产市场尤其如此，排队选房不是好的体验方式。(四)售楼处过分舒适售楼处适当的装修是必要的，但过分铺张，就是一种浪费。其实客户最为关注的仍然是楼盘的实际品质，对售楼处的感知仅仅是停留在环境和服务的感性层面上，而过分追求客户感受不到的层面是没意义的。(五)宣传造势越热越好即便是成功的宣传造势往往也过度地提高了业主的期望值，常使得业主入住后产生落差，最后往往对项目认知形成不良印象。而网络是一个非常公共的、虚拟的空间，许多不可测因素在网络里都可能发生，一些情绪化的宣泄甚至能给项目带来破坏性影响。一、价值链的概念和构成企业要生存和发展，必须为企业的股东和其他利益集团包括员工、顾客、供货商以及所在地区和相关行业等创造价值。如果把“企业”这个“黑匣子”打开，我们可以把企业创造价值的过程分解为一系列互不相同但又相互关联的经济活动，或者称之为“增值活动”，其总和即构成企业的“价值链”。任何一个企业都是其产品在设计、生产、销售、交货和售后服务方面所进行的各项活动的聚合体。每一项经营管理活动就是这一价值链条上的一个环节。企业的价值链及其进行单个活动的方式，反映了该企业的历史、战略、实施战略的方式以及活动自身的主要经济状况。价值链可以分为基本增值活动和辅助性增值活动两大部分。企业的基本增值活动，即一般意义上的“生产经营环节”，如材料供应、成品开发、生产运行、成品储运、市场营销和售后服务。这些活动都与商品实体的加工流转直接相关。企业的辅助性增值活动，包括组织建设、人事管理、技术开发和采购管理。这里的技术和采购都是广义的，既可以包括生产性技术，也包括非生产性的开发管理，例如，决策技术、信息技术、计划技术；采购管理既包括生产原材料，也包括其他资源投入的管理，例如，聘请有关咨询公司为企业进行广告策划、市场预测、法律咨询、信息系统设计和长期战略计划等。价值链的各环节之间相互关联，相互影响。一个环节经营管理的好坏可以影响到其他环节的成本和效益。比方说，如果多花一点成本采购高质量的原材料，生产过程中就可以减少工序，少出次品，缩短加工时间。虽然价值链的每一环节都与其他环节相关，但是一个环节能在多大程度上影响其他环节的价值活动，则与其在价值链条上的位置有很大的关系。根据产品实体在价值链各环节的流转程序，企业的价值活动可以被分为“上游环节”和“下游环节”两大类。在企业的基本价值活动中，材料供应、产品开发、生产运行可以被称为“上游环节”；成品储运、市场营销和售后服务可以被称为“下游环节”。上游环节经济活动的中心是产品，与产品的技术特性紧密相关；下游环节的中心是顾客，成败优劣主要取决于顾客特点。不管是生产性还是服务性行业，企业的基本活动都可以用上价值链来表示，但是不同的行业价值的具体构成并不完全相同，同一环节在各行业中的重要性也不同。例如，在农产品行业，由于产品本身相对简单，竞争主要表现为价格竞争，一般较少需要广告茗销，对售后服务的要求也不是特别强烈，与之相应，价值链的下游环节对企业经营的整体效应的影响相对次要；而在许多工业机械行业以及其他技术性要求较高的行业，售后服务往往是竞争成败的关键。二、价值链与企业的竞争优势“价值链”理论的基本观点是，在一个企业众多的“价值活动”中，并不是每一个环节都创造价值。企业所创造的价值，实际上来自企业价值链上的某些特定的价值活动；这些真正创造价值的经营活动，就是企业价值链的“战略环节”。企业在竞争中的优势，尤其是能够长期保持的优势，说到底，是企业在价值链某些特定的战略价值环节上的优势。而行业的垄断优势来自于该行业的某些特定环节的垄断优势，抓住了这些关键环节，也就抓住了整个价值链。这些决定企业经营成败和效益的战略环节可以是产品开发、工艺设计，也可以是市场营销、信息技术，或者认识管理等等，视不同的行业而异。在高档时装业，这种战略环节一般是设计能力；在卷烟业，这种战略环节主要是广告宣传和公共关系策略（也就是如何对付各种政府和消费者组织的戒烟努力）；在餐饮业，这种战略环节主要是餐馆地点的选择。虽然如前所述不同行业有不同的价值链，同一环节在各行业的作用也不相同，但是，对于具有较大规模的企业，例如跨国公司则可以通过价值链上的关键环节也就是核心能力在相关行业中进行扩散和移植，从而提高企业尤其是跨国公司的竞争优势。跨国公司在国际营销活动中拥有全球跨行业营销的范围经济效应。这种范围经济效应是跨国公司通过最佳广度（范围）地使用通用型要素和资源而获得的。这种通用型要素可以是通用的生产设备、管理经验、营销技能和研究开发能力。由于在价值链的每一个环节几乎都能发现通用型要素的存在，那么，当两个行业的价值链上的关键环节也就是核心能力需要相同的通用型要素时，跨国公司就将自己在一个行业中的核心能力扩散到另一个相关行业，使得范围经济效应转化为范围经济优势。因此，跨国公司在一个行业的营销沟通活动中获得的先进知识、经验和技能，可以不需要很大的追加投资就能转移到其他相关行业。如美国的菲利浦一莫利斯公司是著名的烟草商，创造了万宝路这样的全球性香烟品牌，该公司进入食品行业后，带入了其卓越的广告、营销推广等营销沟通技巧，使得像米勒啤酒等品牌也迅速成为美国的领先品牌，并走向世界。当跨国公司进行全球营销时，范围经济优势又可以同时转移到新进入的国别市场。根据该国的特定市场环境，跨国公司有计划地选择相关行业的产品相继导入，在市场研究、促销技巧和共同渠道等方面形成范围经济效应，尤其是促销行为的协同效应对树立跨国公司在当地的整体形象具有重要的战略意义。如飞利浦公司在包括中国在内的许多国家都引入其照明、微电子、计算机硬件、家用电器等相关行业的多种产品，并使用相同的广告语“让我们做得更好”，使得公司形象非常鲜明。尽管其多年营运状况不佳，但据调研显示在中国市场上飞利浦公司的知名度要远高于通用电气等强劲的竞争对手。其他如日用消费品行业的跨国公司在各国市场上都如出一辙地引入家用洗涤剂、消费纸品、个人护理用品和食品保健品，这些都是跨国公司获得范围经济效应的例证。很显然，要保持企业对某一产品的垄断优势，关键是保持这一产品价值链上的战略环节的垄断优势，并不需要在所有的价值活动上都保持垄断优势。战略环节要紧紧控制在企业内部，很多非战略性的活动则完全可以通过合同的方式承包出去，尽量利用市场以减低成本，增加灵活性。对战略环节的垄断可以采取许多形式，既可以是垄断关键原材料，垄断关键人才，也可以是垄断关键销售渠道、关键市场，等等。比如说，在很多靠特殊技能竞争的行业，例如广告业、表演业、体育业，这种垄断优势通常来自于对若干关键人才的垄断；在很多靠产品特色竞争的行业，这种垄断优势往往是来自于对关键技术或原料配方的垄断，例如可口可乐的配方，麦当劳“巨无霸”汉堡包的专用调料配方，都是绝密级别的商业秘密。在高科技产品行业，这种垄断优势通常来自于对若干关键生产技术，例如对计算机的芯片生产技术的垄断造就了全球芯片巨头IN-TEL公司。而微软（Microsoft）则在电脑软件领域拥有无与伦比的创新能力。广州宝洁从成立开始就以“世界一流产品，美化您的生活”作为企业的经营理念，树立“宝洁公司，优质产品”的形象。为了维护其优质产品概念，公司动用其在全世界拥有的超过100名的专业技术人员，每年都花费其销售额的8％-10％（约5亿到7亿元）的费用进行专门的产品研究，宝洁认为，只有不断开发产品功能，提高科技含量，才能占领市场。优质产品概念不等同于国家、行业的标准。为了开发一个优质产品概念，宝洁每年花费销售额的1％－3％进行各方面的市场研究，用宝洁的话说，优质产品必须是消费者合同的产品，产品核心功能和外围功能都成为满足Experiential Marketing in Real Estate EnterprisesWith the experience economy era, the strategic advantages of traditional real estate industry, such as natural resources, economies of scale, capital and technological advantages, with the increased competition is narrowing rather than as a natural advantage; enterprises in product, pricing, channels and promotion, marketing services, operating at the level of competition, due to the operation of the market norms of transparency and information, and made to imitate and learn from each other at an increasing rate, I would like to establish long-term competitive advantage has become increasingly impossible; At the same time, buyers great material wealth of modern society, are no longer simply satisfied with the purchase of products, goods or services brought about by the psychological benefits have begun to occupy an increasingly important location, the original Marketing can not be a good model to meet consumer demand. Three changes in the role of the composite, making developers use the innovative marketing of psychological and spiritual means, in order to compete in the future to open real estate situation, and eventually brought in to increase emphasis on the value of the product itself, the various communication activities, and enhance the customer experience needs, so that customers receive the material and spiritual concept of the dual meet marketing - Experiential marketing, to appear in the real estate industry.First, the evolution of the values of the impact of the real estate marketingIn many cases, customers may have turned a deaf ear to product advertising overwhelming. Because there are too many ads, and many advertising commitments to honor the integrity of a number of emerging issues, with the changes in values, the confidence of customers for the advertisers are increasingly reduced. In fact, customer care is reflected in the details of the real experience, a good brand in the details for customers to get real comfortable experience times in fact, a hundred times better than advertising.Real estate developers a clear understanding of the need to: modern marketing has entered the "Experience Era", the real estate industry, the environment, characteristics has changed, consumers also enjoy a greater degree of change, which requires enterprises to adopt an appropriate marketing. In the end what kind of marketing is appropriate for their own? I believe that real estate developers must change the way of creating value, and consumers to create value, so that consumers become co-creators of experience.Consumer value is the core of marketing attention to what customers value is the fundamental question of winning. Traditional textbook lists four kinds of consumer value, namely, functional value, emotional value, social value and personal value. At present, the company has "experience" to the "experience economy" brought about by the new value. "Consumer experience" has become the first five kinds of consumer value, namely, the pursuit of consumer purchases and the value of the experience.
工程热力学 热力学是研究热现象中，物质系统在平衡时的性质和建立能量的平衡关系，以及状态发生变化时，系统与外界相互作用的学科。 工程热力学是热力学最先发展的一个分支，它主要研究热能与机械能和其他能量之间相互转换的规律及其应用，是机械工程的重要基础学科之一。 工程热力学的基本任务是：通过对热力系统、热力平衡、热力状态、热力过程、热力循环和工质的分析研究，改进和完善热力发动机、制冷机和热泵的工作循环，提高热能利用率和热功转换效率。 为此，必须以热力学基本定律为依据，探讨各种热力过程的特性；研究气体和液体的热物理性质，以及蒸发和凝结等相变规律；研究溶液特性也是分析某些类型制冷机所必需的。现代工程热力学还包括诸如燃烧等化学反应过程，溶解吸收或解吸等物理化学过程，这就又涉及化学热力学方面的基本知识。 工程热力学是关于热现象的宏观理论，研究的方法是宏观的，它以归纳无数事实所得到的热力学第一定律、热力学第二定律和热力学第三定律作为推理的基础，通过物质的压力 、温度、比容等宏观参数和受热、冷却、膨胀、收缩等整体行为，对宏观现象和热力过程进行研究。 这种方法，把与物质内部结构有关的具体性质，当作宏观真实存在的物性数据予以肯定，不需要对物质的微观结构作任何假设，所以分析推理的结果具有高度的可靠性，而且条理清楚。这是它的独特优点。 古代人类早就学会了取火和用火，不过后来才注意探究热、冷现象的实质。但直到17世纪末，人们还不能正确区分温度和热量这两个基本概念的本质。在当时流行的“热质说”统治下，人们误认为物体的温度高是由于储存的“热质”数量多。1709～1714年华氏温标和1742～1745年摄氏温标的建立，才使测温有了公认的标准。随后又发展了量热技术，为科学地观测热现象提供了测试手段，使热学走上了近代实验科学的道路。 1798年，朗福德观察到用钻头钻炮筒时，消耗机械功的结果使钻头和筒身都升温。1799年，英国人戴维用两块冰相互摩擦致使表面融化，这显然无法由“热质说”得到解释。1842年，迈尔提出了能量守恒理论，认定热是能的一种形式，可与机械能互相转化，并且从空气的定压比热容与定容比热容之差计算出热功当量。 英国物理学家焦耳于1840年建立电热当量的概念，1842年以后用不同方式实测了热功当量。1850年，焦耳的实验结果已使科学界彻底抛弃了“热质说”。公认能量守恒、能的形式可以互换的热力学第一定律为客观的自然规律。能量单位焦耳就是以他的名字命名的。 热力学的形成与当时的生产实践迫切要求寻找合理的大型、高效热机有关。1824年，法国人卡诺提出著名的卡诺定理，指明工作在给定温度范围的热机所能达到的效率极限，这实质上已经建立起热力学第二定律。但受“热质说”的影响，他的证明方法还有错误。1848年，英国工程师开尔文根据卡诺定理制定了热力学温标。1850年和1851年，德国的克劳修斯和开尔文先后提出了热力学第二定律，并在此基础上重新证明了卡诺定理。 1850～1854年，克劳修斯根据卡诺定理提出并发展了熵的概念。热力学第一定律和第二定律的确认，对于两类“永动机”的不可能实现作出了科学的最后结论，正式形成了热现象的宏观理论热力学。同时也形成了“工程热力学”这门技术科学，它成为研究热机工作原理的理论基础，使内燃机、汽轮机、燃气轮机和喷气推进机等相继取得迅速进展。 与此同时，在应用热力学理论研究物质性质的过程中，还发展了热力学的数学理论，找到了反映物质各种性质的相应的热力学函数，研究了物质在相变、化学反应和溶液特性方面所遵循的各种规律 。1906年，德国的能斯脱在观察低温现象和化学反应中发现热定理；1912年，这个定理被修改成热力学第三定律的表述形式。 二十世纪初以来，对超高压、超高温水蒸汽等物性，和极低温度的研究不断获得新成果。随着对能源问题的重视，人们对与节能有关的复合循环、新型的复合工质的研究发生了很大兴趣。 =============Engineering Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the study of thermal phenomena, the material system in equilibrium and the establishment of the nature of the relationship between energy balance, as well as the state changes, the system of academic interaction with the outside world. Engineering thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of the first development of its main research in heat and mechanical energy and other energy conversion between the law and its application in mechanical engineering is an important foundation for one subject. Thermodynamics of the basic tasks of the project is: through the thermal system, heat balance, heat, and thermal processes, and working fluid thermodynamic cycle analysis, improve and perfect heat engine, refrigerator and heat pump working cycle, to improve energy utilization and heat conversion efficiency. To this end, the basic law of thermodynamics must be based on a variety of thermodynamic properties of the process; study the thermal gas and liquid physical properties, as well as evaporation and condensation, such as phase-change rule; study analysis of solution properties is necessary for certain types of refrigerator . Modern Engineering Thermodynamics include chemical reactions such as combustion processes, such as dissolving the physical absorption or desorption chemical processes, which also involves the aspects of chemical thermodynamics of basic knowledge. Engineering Thermodynamics is on the macro-theory of thermal phenomena, the study is a macro, it has been summarized by numerous facts of the first law of thermodynamics, and the second law of thermodynamics third law of thermodynamics as a basis for reasoning by the material pressure, temperature , specific volume and other macro parameters and heating, cooling, expansion, contraction, such as the overall behavior of the macro-phenomena and to study the thermal process. In this way, the internal structure and material to the specific nature, as a macro-physical properties of real data to be sure, do not need to micro-structure of the material to make any assumptions, so analysis of the results of reasoning with a high degree of reliability, and coherent . This is its unique advantages. Ancient man long ago learned to make fire and use of fire, but then pay attention to explore the hot, cold real phenomenon. However, until the end of the 17th century, people still can not correctly distinguish between temperature and heat of these two basic concepts of nature. Popular at that time, "said Heat and Mass Transfer" under the rule, people mistakenly believe that the high temperature object is stored as a result of "thermal mass" number. 1709 ~ Fahrenheit temperature scale in 1714 and 1742 ~ 1745 Celsius temperature to establish the subject to move the temperature with accepted standards. Followed by calorimetry technology developed for Earth observation science and thermal testing means is provided so that thermal embarked on the path of modern experimental science. 1798, Langford was observed drilling with drill barrel, the consumption of mechanical work and the result are warming bit. In 1799, the British David with two resulting in friction between the ice surface melting, which is obviously not from the "Heat and Mass said," be explained. 1842, Meyer made the conservation of energy theory, that heat is a form of energy can be transformed into mechanical energy with each other, and the air pressure from the specific heat capacity with constant volume specific heat capacity to calculate the difference between the mechanical equivalent of heat. British physicist Joule heating in the equivalent in 1840 to establish the concept in 1842 measured in different ways beyond the mechanical equivalent of heat. In 1850, the experimental results of Joule has completely abandoned the scientific community, "Heat and Mass said." Recognized conservation of energy can be interchangeable in the form of first law of thermodynamics for the objective laws of nature. Energy unit Joule is named after him. Thermodynamics of the formation and practice at the time the production of an urgent need to find a reasonable large-scale, highly efficient heat engine-related. In 1824, the French out of the famous Kano theorem, the work specified in a given temperature range the heat engine's efficiency can reach the limit, which essentially has established the second law of thermodynamics. However, by the "heat and mass transfer that" the impact that his methods are proven wrong. 1848, British engineer Kelvin theorem formulated in accordance with Carnot thermodynamic temperature scale. In 1850 and 1851, Germany and the Clausius Kelvin has made the second law of thermodynamics, and on this basis re-prove theorems Kano. 1850 ~ 1854, according to Carnot theorem Clausius proposed and developed the concept of entropy. First law of thermodynamics and second law of recognition, for two types of "perpetual motion machine" make the impossible to realize the final conclusions of science, the official formation of the thermal theory of thermodynamics of macro phenomena. At the same time the formation of the "Engineering Thermodynamics" This technological sciences, it became the study of heat engine working principle of the theoretical foundation for the internal combustion engine, steam turbine, gas turbines and jet propulsion, etc. have to make rapid progress. At the same time, research in the application of thermodynamic theory of the nature of the course material, but also developed the mathematical theory of thermodynamics, the various substances found in nature to reflect the corresponding thermodynamic function was studied in the phase-change material, chemical reaction and the solution properties followed by a variety of laws. 1906, Germany Nernst observed phenomena and chemical reactions at low temperature found in heat theorem; in 1912, the theorem is modified into the third law of thermodynamics expression. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, on the ultra-high pressure, super-heated steam and other physical properties, and very low temperature research to gain new achievements. With the issue of energy, and energy of the combined cycle, a new type of composite refrigerant great research interest.===【希望可以帮助你】
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Measures for Administration of the Levy of Income Tax on Non-tax-resident Enterprises by Assessment 非居民企业所得税核定征收管理办法 Issue: June 2010CLP Reference: 3230/10.02.20PRC Reference: 国税发 [2010] 19号
要。毕业论文中的英文缩写是放在需要中英文对照里，这样一共别人进行阅读。毕业论文（graduation study）是专科及以上学历教育为对本专业学生集中进行科学研究训练而要求学生在毕业前撰写的论文。毕业论文一般安排在修业的最后一学年（学期）进行，论文题目由教师指定或由学生提出，学生选定课题后进行研究，撰写并提交论文，目的在于培养学生的科学研究能力，加强综合运用所学知识、理论和技能解决实际问题的训练，从总体上考查学生大学阶段学习所达到的学业水平。
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