英语文学是英语专业学生的一门重要的课程,对于英语学生的自身能力的提升具有十分重要的意义。下面是我为大家整理的英语文学方向毕业论文，供大家参考。
摘要：教师在教学中从多方面注重学生英语文学素养的培养，同时大学生也要积极进行英语文学素养的培养，不断提升自身的英语文学素养，促进自身的全面发展。
关键词：英语文学;大学生
一、大学生英语文学素养培养的现状
大学生的英语文学素养的培养非常重要，然而在大学的英语教学中教师对于学生文学素养的重视不够，并且学生自身没有较强的意识注重文学素养的培养。大学的英语教学，尤其是非英语专业的英语教学，主要是大学英语课程的教学，在教学中对于学生的文学素养培养没有足够的重视。第一，大学英语的教学主要以学生语言技巧为主，以英语词汇、知识点、语法等为主要讲授内容，教师很少讲授到英美文学的知识，也较少布置有关文学阅读的任务，对于大学生的英语文学素养培养非常不利。第二，英语四级、六级考试，作为国家级考试对于学生的学习要求也主要为英语语言自身的应用，但是对于英语文学方面没有很多的要求,影响着全国大学生的英语学习。从学生角度来说，大学生尤其是非英语专业的学生对于英语兴趣不高，很少学生去阅读英语文学的相关资料，或者有兴趣但是英语能力不足，慢慢失去了对于英语文学的喜爱
二、大学生英语文学素养培养的策略
针对大学生英语文学素养的现状，我们必须注重大学生英语文学素养的培养，从多方面提高大学生的英语文学素养，促进大学生的全面发展。
第一，英语课堂上教师注意培养学生对于英语文学的兴趣。大学的英语课，多是大学英语的课程，很多非英语专业学生英语基础较差，对英语不感兴趣，对于英语文学的兴趣就更小。为了提高大学生的英语文学素养，在英语课堂上教师可以注意学生文学的兴趣培养。在讲授教学内容时，继续增强学生对英语语言的喜爱，恰当地为学生介绍文学作品，联系更多的文学信息，将教学内容与英美的文学知识结合在一起，引起学生对英语文学的兴趣。
第二，教学内容多介绍英语文学的相关知识，带领学生学会文学赏析、评论等。大学英语教学的主要内容都是大学英语课程的内容，教师讲授教学内容时比较偏重与英语语言的应用，对于文学作品的分析、文学作品的赏析进行地很少。为了培养学生的英语文学素养，教师可以讲课时注意突出与教学内容相关的文学知识，在为学生讲解知识点的同时带领学生去学习如何赏析文学作品，对于文学作品进行分析评论，为学生推荐适合的文学作品，让学生从文学作品中获得更多的知识，也获得更多的关于世界、人生的思考。
第三，课上教师采取灵活多样的教学方法来进行英语文学的熏陶。在英语教学过程中，教师采取丰富多彩的教学方式和手段来引导学生对英语文学的兴趣，提升学生对文学的敏感度，促进学生的文学积累。一方面，教师可以将文学学习与电影结合起来。很多的文学作品，尤其是经典的文学作品都被后人拍成电影或者电视，而电影、电视是学生容易接受的方式，而且对于学生来说更具吸引力，在电影中学生对于文学作品有所了解，对于英语语言的应用也更清晰。另一方面，教师应该充分利用网络资源，引导学生接触更多的英语文学知识和作品。在当今时代，接触文学不仅靠书籍，还可以更好地利用网络资源。在信息飞速的时代，教师可以积极引导学生利用网络进行文学阅读和文学思考。
第四，布置课下文学的延伸任务，定期检验学生的完成情况。在英语教学过程中，教师要布置恰当的文学阅读任务和文学赏析作业。根据教学内容，向学生推荐英语文学作品，要求学生完成文学作品的相关任务，鼓励学生在进行文学阅读和赏析的任务过程中，进行思考分析，获得更多的知识和思考。对于布置的文学任务，可以定期进行检查，通过写阅读反思、影评等来检验学生对于文学作业的完成情况。
第五，学生自身要转变观念，变被动培养为主动提高。大学生为了就业，更多的人都选择学习实用性强的课程，对于短期内实用效果较小的文学学习却很忽略。要提高大学生的英语文学素养，学生首先要从思想上转变以前的观念，意识到文学学习和提高文学素养对于自身发展的重要性，重视自身英语文学素养的培养。其次在课堂上和课下主动进行文学作品的阅读和学习，配合教师的文学学习的教学，积极完成教师布置的文学相关作业将文学素养的培养当成一项长期的活动。教师在教学中从多方面注重学生英语文学素养的培养，同时大学生也要积极进行英语文学素养的培养，不断提升自身的英语文学素养，促进自身的全面发展。
参考文献
1、基于思维过程的高中英语文学阅读思维型课堂教学架构兰春寿课程.教材.教法2015-12-01期刊1
2、 英语专业体裁文本依托文学课程体系改革效果分析景婧外语界2015-08-25期刊
摘要：总之，动词汉译英的过程就是由“动态”向“静态”转化、由展开型句法结构向浓缩型句法结构转化的过程，也体现了由汉民族思维方式向英民族思维方式转化的过程。
关键词：英语文学;研究生
一、汉语的“动态”与英语的“静态”
动词是表示人或事物动作、行为、发展、变化的词，是最复杂、最活跃的一种词类。英、汉两种语言对动词的概括意义是一样的，但动词的数量及使用频率与方式却并不一样。从总体修辞效果来看，英语呈“静态”，汉语呈“动态”，亦即，英语有一种少用(谓语)动词而用其他手段;而汉语则有一种多用动词的固有习惯。英语每个句子中只能使用一个限定式动词(并列谓语除外);而汉语中却存在着“连动式”和“兼语式”，如“他到了火车站发现火车已经开走了”，及紧缩句，如“我们下雨也去”。英语的限定动词只能做谓语，而汉语中的动词(包括动宾词组、主谓词组等)不仅做谓语，也可做主语，如“理论联系实际是我们党的优良传统”，宾语，如“鲁迅主张打落水狗”，定语，如“讨论的问题很重要”，状语，如“一定要批判地继承我国的文学艺术遗产”和补语，如“小溪旁那些女人们听得笑起来了”。汉语是一种离不开动词的语言，除了部分句子(即名词谓语句如“今天星期六”和形容词谓语句如“他这几天心情很好”)以外，大量的句子都不止使用一个动词，有的句子几乎全句都是动词，如“打得赢就打，打不赢就走，不怕没办法”。汉语的动词还可以重叠和组合构成新的动词，如“走走”、“商量商量”、“看一看”、“打打闹闹”，而英语的动词却不能。另外汉语中为数不多的介词，也大都是从古代汉语动词演变而来的，有些还具备动词的一般特点，称为“半动词”，“副动词”，“汉语中的绝大多数的‘介词’，应该划归动词的范畴，只是入句时，表现了相当于英语介词的作用”，如“他在家”中的“在”为动词，而“他在家看书”中的“在”则为介词。
二、“动态”与“静态”的思维根源
汉语“动态”与英语“静态”之差异，其深层原因在于汉、英民族思维方式的差异：即汉民族重形象思维、重悟性，而西方人重抽象思维、重理性。汉文化的重要特征之一是“尚象”，汉民族习惯于“观物取像”，即取万物之象，加工成为象征意义的符号来反映、认识客观事物的规律，形成了偏重形象，即偏重具体的思维方式;西方文化的重要特征之一是“尚思”，注重逻辑与形式论证，形成了以概念、判断和推理为思维形式，偏重抽象的思维方式。这种思维形式的不同在语言上表现为：英语语言常常使用大量的涵义概括、指称笼统的抽象名词来表达复杂的理性概念，因而显得“虚”和“静”;而汉语则习惯于形象语言，用形象的方法来表达抽象的事物，动词的形象性即满足了中文的需求，由于大量地使用动词，汉语言因而显得“实”和“动”。另外，汉民族相比于西方人更倾向于注重悟性，汉语由意念贯通，行文造句不需要严格的语法规则来规范，词的用法也非常灵活，动词的使用即非常灵活。汉语的动词由于没有形态变化的约束，使用起来十分自由、灵活，可以充当句子的各种成分，也可以连用形成连动式和兼语式，还可以重叠和组合构成新的动词，动词的大量使用使汉语的表达呈现“动态”的倾向。与之相反，西方人更注重理性，注重形式论证，在语言上表现为形态的外漏和形式上的完整，因此行文造句需要严格的语法规则来规范。英语句子有严谨的主谓结构，一个句子结构通常只使用一个谓语动词，大量本应该用动词表达的概念，只能用非谓语动词来表达，或借助于动词以外的词类，主要是由动词派生而来的名词，有时还要借助于介词、副词及由动词转化而来的形容词，这样便产生了动词的虚化和弱化，使得英语的表达呈现“静态”的倾向。
三、汉译英中动词的处理
鉴于学生动态英译文的问题，从“动态”与“静态”这一修辞差异入手来探讨汉译英中汉语动词(不包括判断动词和能愿动词)的处理，应是汉译英教学中的非常重要的一讲。
(一)单动词汉语句子中动词的处理
“英语的静态修辞的实质是名词优势和介词优势，而介词优势又是名词优势的必然结果。因为名词与名词之间要借助介词来联结”。英语倾向于用名词(词组)来表达汉语用动词所表达的概念，即动作、行为、状态等，尤其在科技、法律、政治等正式文体中更是如此。这不仅使英语句子简洁紧凑，也避免了将人牵涉进来，从而使语句意义更加含蓄、间接，符合英民族表达习惯，因而句子优美。因此，在有些情况下，汉语动词并不是译成英语动词，而是要遵循英语的这一修辞特点，进行必要的词性转换，即动词向名词和介词的转化(如a和b)，有时也转化成副词和形容词(如c和d)等，使译文符合英语的句法规律，因而更加地道、更显文采。a.他很贪嘴。Heisagreedyeater.b.这不符合我们党的政策.ThisisnotinkeepingwithourParty’spolicies.c.桌布铺上了吗?Istheclothon?d.他怀疑我的动机。Heissuspiciousofmyintentions.
(二)多动词汉语句子中动词的处理
汉语注重“动态”描写，一个句子中往往会涌现大量的动词，但并不会引起句子的臃肿和混乱.汉语的动词可以作句子的不同成分;一个句子中可以连用两个或更多的动词作谓语，有时一个句子中会集结异常大量的动词，按照各动作实际上的时间顺序或逻辑上的因果次序，将事件一一如实说出，甚至尽量省略关系词以达到动词集中、动词突出的效果。因此在将汉语句中充当主语、宾语、定语、状语、宾补的动词译成英语时，有的可以省译，有的要进行词性转换或译成非限定动词;在将汉语的连动式结构译成英文时，首先要确定一个主要动词，作为谓语动词，与主语形成SV主干，构成全句中心，其他动词有的可以省译，有的作为次要动词进行词性转换或译成非限定动词、独立主格结构，打破汉语的时间或事理顺序，运用英语所富有的各种关系词或关系手段，适当地将它们嫁接到句子的中心主干上，形成空间立体布局，使句子语义层次分明。当然，在将连动式结构译成英文时，若有两个或以上动词都该是英译文中的谓语动词，则应将其译成并列谓语。但译文谓语动词如果铺排过多，就会显得很累赘，语义层次很不分明，带有浓厚的汉语色彩，这时，应首先采取断句处理。
总之，动词汉译英的过程就是由“动态”向“静态”转化、由展开型句法结构向浓缩型句法结构转化的过程，也体现了由汉民族思维方式向英民族思维方式转化的过程。这个过程完成得好，译文就符合英语语言的规范，这个过程完成得不好，译文就会汉化，妨碍了原文内容的确切表达。我们的学生动辄用动词写英语句子，而且多是小短句或简单的复合句，带有浓厚的汉语气息，主要是受汉语“动态”修辞的影响。因此在汉译英教学中，我们一定要引导学生用英语的“静态”修辞进行思维，克服汉语“动态”修辞的影响，为汉译英实践打下良好的基础。
参考文献
1、加拿大英语文学在中国的译介(1949—2009)——兼论社会文化对文学翻译的制约朱振武; 綦亮上海大学学报(社会科学版)
大学生活在不经意间即将结束，毕业生要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种有准备、有计划、比较正规的、比较重要的检验大学学习成果的形式，那么什么样的毕业论文才是好的呢？以下是我帮大家整理的英语专业毕业论文，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
浅析商务英语教学中计算机网络利弊
摘要： 本文通过分析计算机网络在商务英语中的利与弊，探讨计算机网络在商务英语教学中的作用，指出随着信息技术的发展，计算机网络的作用早已远远超出其辅助功能。培养复合型涉外商务英语人才，应打破传统的商务英语教学模式，建立新的以学生为中心的教学模式，强调商务环境下的语言训练。同时，学生不仅要掌握商务英语知识和技能，也要掌握计算机方面的知识和技能。
关键词： 商务英语教学；计算机辅助；教学模式
随着全球经济一体化和我国对外经贸的迅速发展，社会需要越来越多既懂英语，又懂商务的高素质复合型人才。在培养复合型涉外商务英语人才的过程中，商务英语起到了重要作用。通过商务英语教学，一方面，学生可以掌握国际贸易主要术语和必要的商务知识，熟悉经贸业务流程，提高听、说、读、写、译方面的基本能力；另一方面，学生还能掌握商务基本礼仪、经济、贸易等基础理论知识，提高跨文化交际能力，从而最终能够胜任用英语进行对外经贸活动的工作，成为复合型涉外商务英语人才。
一、计算机网络对商务英语教学环境的改善。
商务工作的过程实质上是一种交际过程。商务英语的教学目标是培养在国际商务环境中用英语进行沟通的能力。传统的商务英语教学环境基本上局限在教室和课本上，给学生提供的是零商务环境，导致学生在走上工作岗位时极有可能遭遇“环境休克”，难以将所学知识应用到实际工作中去。
计算机辅助语言学习在我国已经得到重视和应用，并使许多新的教育理念在英语教学中得以实现。
(一)计算机网络能够营造自主学习环境。
Henri Holec提出，学校应该设立两个教学目标：一是帮助学生获得语言和交际能力；二是帮助学生获得自主学习能力。
在商务英语教学过程中，计算机网络使学生能够利用多媒体课件和网络丰富的学习资源进行自学，而不受时间、地点的限制。学生可以根据自身需求和兴趣爱好，自主选择学习内容，调控学习进度，探索学习方法，掌握与商务英语相关的经济、贸易、金融等知识，不断在自身原有经验的基础上建构其对新知识的理解并发展其认知结构。
除了丰富的商务知识外，计算机网络还为学生提供了大量的语言资料，使学生可以不必依赖教师和教材。
各种媒体资源及专门的商务英语教学网站为学生提供了丰富的资源，学生可以自主选择阅读或通过原声电影、英文歌曲、英文广播等多种手段，提高商务英语的听、说、读、写、译基本能力。
以计算机网络为媒介，学生还可以通过电子邮件( e- mail) 、聊天室( chatroom) ，或者MOO (multiuser domainobject oriented)进行一人对一人、一人对多人，或多人对多人的共时( synchronous) ，或非共时交流( asynchronous) ，解决自主学习时遇到的困难。
(二)多信息通道的配合使用有利于改善信息的识记效果。
乔姆斯基(Avram Noam Chomsky)曾指出：“我们大概应该努力为正常人本身拥有的本能的直观判断能力创造一个丰富的语言环境。”人类自然接受信息是通过人的各种感官来进行的，其中包括视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉和味觉等，其中视觉和听觉起着最重要的作用。
多媒体技术在商务英语教学中，可以提供丰富的画面、视频、影像和文字，使学生在学习过程中视听结合，图像和声音信息同步输入，有效刺激大脑皮层，提高记忆能力，从而比传统的、单一的以语言为主的教学方式达到更好的教学效果。
(三)大量真实的商务英语材料使语言输入有足够的“重复率”。
Van Patten在谈到语言吸收时认为：“能够被吸收的语言知识在语言输入中必须有足够的‘重复率’( frequen2cy) 和‘凸显性’( salience) ”。计算机、网络和商务英语教学的有机结合，将商务活动方方面面的情景真实地展现在学生面前。学生不仅可以通过计算机、网络找到关于接待、谈判、会议、询盘、发盘、装运、保险等各种商务活动的文字材料，也可以找到相关的听力、视频、音像资料。
就商务活动的某一主题而言，比如询盘，学生可以在网上找到多种对话资料、听力资料、阅读资料、写作资料及文化背景资料。多种资料中商务术语、商务知识的重复出现，使学生潜移默化地提高了语言运用能力，扩大了自己的知识层面。另外，通过计算机网络，教师可指导学生通过网上实时进行国际贸易业务实训，或通过教学软件进行贸易流程的训练。这种真实的商务英语材料不受课本知识的局限，能够激发学生的学习兴趣和热情，将学生的理论知识和真实的商务环境连接起来，帮助学生有效地克服“环境休克”现象。
二、商务英语教学中计算机网络应用的'误区。
与传统的商务英语教学相比，计算机网络的应用使商务英语教学朝着个性化学习和自主式学习的方向发展。
但是，在许多高校的商务英语教学课堂上，教学的本质并未发生改变，还是一种传统的以教师为中心的教学模式。
与传统的黑板+粉笔+录音机的教学形式相比，只是多了光盘、计算机和网络，商务英语课堂教学仍是教师讲、学生听的局面。以商务英语教学中的课文讲解为例，一方面，教师过度依赖课件。教师往往将课本内容完全照搬到多媒体课件中，然后借助课件进行讲解。即使学生课后上网学习和网络版的内容也基本是课本内容的重复，意义不大。在这种情况下，要激发学生的学习潜能，促进学生自主化学习和突出学生的个性化学习之中，就显得非常困难。另一方面，计算机其及网络自身客观上存在局限性，多媒体教学固然生动，但是教师往往在教学过程中给学生提供过大的信息量，而忽视了学生的个体差异。学生在短时间内获得大量的教学信息，在一定程度上抑制了学生的想象力，不利于其解决问题、分析问题能力的发展。
由此可见，在许多高校的商务英语课堂上，普遍认为计算机作为辅助工具用于教学的目的是要帮助教师提高教学手段，其特点是：第一，辅助教师的演示工具(辅助教授难点或重点) ；第二，教学内容基于课本；第三，学生是被灌输知识的对象；第四，不改变教学内容和教学结构；第五，以教师为中心的教学结构。教学上使用的计算机被认为能够增强教师所传授的信息，因为信息被放大在屏幕上。因此，计算机作为一种技术只能起到增强教学效果的辅助作用，而不能真正成为人们用以解决实际问题的工具(Morrison and Lowther， 2005) 。
当今时代，随着信息技术的发展，计算机网络的作用早已远远超出其辅助功能。尤其是在商务领域，人和计算机已经成为一个整体，不能分离。商务活动中，许多具体业务都必须通过计算机及其网络来完成。比如，在电子商务( e - business)中，询盘、发盘、谈判、签订合同等都需要通过电子邮件( e - mail) 、网络聊天等方式来完成。
如果单把计算机网络看做是辅助的工具，是远远不够的。
因为计算机辅助大大削弱了计算机网络本身的功能和作用，不能够从根本上帮助培养复合型涉外商务英语人才，因此需要打破传统的商务英语教学模式，建立新的以学生为中心的教学模式，使学生的知识来源可以扩大到教育网站、数据库、电子书、音像制品、学习课件、报刊杂志、电视广播、教科书、虚拟图书馆、学习软件、网络交流平台及其它材料，教师不再是课堂上的“知识灌输者”，学生变成知识的主动构建者。同时，学生也要在学习商务英语知识、技能的同时，掌握计算机方面的知识和技能。
参考文献：
[ 1 ]陈坚林。 大学英语教学新模式下计算机网络与外语课程的有机整合———对计算机“辅助”外语教学概念的生态学考察[ J ]. 外语电化教学， 2006， (12) : 23.
[ 2 ]黄秀红。 商务英语自主学习环境的构建策略[ J ]. 教育传播与技术， 2006， (2) : 15.
[ 3 ]肖芳菲。 多媒体网络环境下的大学英语教学刍议[ J ]. 琼州大学学报， 2007， (2) : 37.
[ 4 ] Holec H. Autonomy and Foreign Language Learning[M ]. Oxford: Pergamon， 1981.
[ 5 ]Morrison， G. R and Lowther， D. L. Integrating Comput2er Technology into the Classroom [M ]. Pearson EducationAsia L imited， 2005.
英语教育方向毕业论文
英语是印欧语系-日耳曼语族-西日耳曼语支下的语言，是国际指定的官方语言，也是世界上最广泛的第一语言，也是欧盟以及许多国际组织和英联邦国家的官方语言，拥有世界第三位的母语使用者人数，仅次于汉语和西班牙语母语使用者人数。下面是我为大家整理的英语教育方向毕业论文，欢迎阅读。
【摘 要】 英语教学由于受种种条件的限制，大多数学生只是在课堂上接触英语，那么怎样才能提高英语课堂教学效率呢？笔者根据自己的教学工作经验，认为应从教师自身业务水平的提高和师生课堂教学的灵活互动上下功夫，从而激发学生的学习兴趣。兴趣是最好的老师，只有激发学生学习英语的兴趣，才能调动其主观能动性，才能向学好英语迈进，提高英语教学的效果。
【关键词】 教学效率；音标教学法；兴趣
教师自身业务水平的提高是搞好教学活动的基础。但要搞好教学光靠教师自身素质的提高不行，对于教学来说，发挥学生的能动作用非常重要，在课堂上师生的灵活互动，激发学生学习兴趣，才能有效的提高教学效率。那么如何使教学效率提高呢？结合我自身的教学实践，我认为要做到以下几点：
一、发音永远第一位！
——在课堂中巧妙运用音标教学和手势教学
（一）把音标涉入课堂能使英语课堂活跃起来，尤其做到避免枯燥的单词教学。课堂授课就生动，学生就肯学，愿学。因为每个音标都让人觉得生动有趣。如在教授音【i】时，我会给他取个好听的外号为“经典收小腹减肥短‘衣’音，既经常出现的短元音。”手势：手掌在空中，手背向外，手心向里，向自己的方向挥动。挥动的同时，小腹部向里收。【au】的外号为“‘鬼哭狼嚎’合口双元音”，手势：手臂向里画一个大圈。
（二）掌握先进的教学理论，努力学习教学法。明白英语的五大发音规则：1.长元音要长；2.短元音要短，急促有力；3.双元音要饱满；4.省略；5.咬舌头。它可以给教学带来无穷的力量。
二、优化师生关系
师生关系是以“传道、授业、解惑”为中介而形成的一种特殊的社会关系，良好、协调、一致的师生关系是有效进行教育活动、完成教育任务的必要条件。教师应一视同仁，做到严格要求优等生，提携中等生，倾斜学困生，帮他们学会学习，树立自信心。
三、通过开发学生的`创新思维来激发学生学习兴趣
第一、营造氛围、激发创新思维及想象空间。培养学生的创新思维，要在课堂上创设一种平等、民主、和谐、宽松的氛围，要尊重学生、关心学生、赏识学生，要以积极的态度和发展的眼光去看待学生，相信每个学生都有巨大的发展潜能。
第二、在语言实践的情景中创新。教师应努力为学生创设语言实践的情景，抓住课文中的重点句型，精心设计练习，引发学生的求知欲望，激发学生的学习兴趣，让学生在运用语言的过程中及时把课文语言转化为自己的语言。
教师可以利用插图来创设情景，培养学生的创新精神。插图是语言的形象再现，语言是插图的理性表述。例如，在练习句型“What is it like?”时，教师可以出示一幅图，图中有两个小朋友在对话，其中一个手里拿着一支长的、蓝色的铅笔。请学生根据图画的内容编一段对话。学生会运用所学过的知识，编成各种对话。反之，也可以让学生根据一段对话或小短文来画画。
第三、在小组合作中创新。教师可以在教学中采取小组合作的方法，让学生在合作中动脑、动手、动口。通过小组学习，给爱动、爱玩的小学生提供了一个自主参与表现的机会，并且使学生拓展了思维，提高了创新能力。
四、运用现代化教学手段来激发学生学习兴趣
第一、利用各种教学媒体，激“活”教科书，让学生更易理解接受。利用电教器材如TV、VCD、电脑、录像等，让教科书“活”起来、动起来、形象起来、发出声来，让“活”的教科书震撼学生的心灵、开发学生的智力，培养学生的创新能力。
第二、重视学生的主体地位，发扬教学民主，创设和谐气氛，增强学生的参与意识，让学生在课堂中“活”起来。
一是诱发学习动机、激发学习兴趣。学生的学习活动总是由一定的学习动机引起的，只有当学生喜欢学、要求学，有迫切的学习愿望时，才能自觉积极地投入到学习活动中去。二是树立学生的自信心与勇气，增强学生的参与意识。英语的教学特色是充分发挥其语言功能，讲究对话的艺术，这就要求全体主动参与，克服羞于开口的毛病，积极开展语言交际活动。三是发扬民主，营造和谐气氛，让学生动起来。心理学家告诉我们，爱动是孩子的天性。将“动中学，学中动”有机结合，使学生动脑、动口、动眼、动耳、动手以及动表情，以最佳心理状态投入到学习中去。
五、培养学生良好学习习惯
（一）良好的听的习惯。要求认真听示范发音，听清后再模仿。学习英语是从"听"起步的。“听”是“说”的前提，没有“听”就无从模仿“说”。只有听得清，听得懂，才能说得准，说得好。
（二）良好的说的习惯。要求大胆开口说英语、音量适度、仪表大方。积极参加语言实践活动，大胆开口说英语，是英语学习所必需的。
（三）良好的写的习惯。要求书写姿势、方法正确，斜体行书规范书写，大小写、笔顺、标点符号和格式正确。教师要继续坚持不懈地抓好单词、句子、段、篇的书写及标点符号的正确使用，切实做到英文书写规范，使学生养成良好的写的习惯。
六、扮演角色，进行会话表演
把表演带进课堂或经常在课堂上把句型、对话、课文编成短剧，让学生表演，把讲台变成舞台，学生是演员，教师是导演，或师生共同表演。尽量让学生把所学内容，按设定的情景结构演出来，做到声情结合，使学生得到大量的听说机会。做好会话表演教师应注意四点：
1.要让学生模仿原声带中的语音、语调。
2.老师领读时声音、语调要有感情色彩，要把各个角色的性格、特点淋漓尽致地表现出来。
3.随着情节的发展，要有逼真表情和贴切的动作，使学生有身临其境之感。
4.要做些头饰之类的简单道具；尽量使学生在表演时更有真实感。
【参考文献】
1.胡春洞，张思中。《教学法与交际法之差异》（上下）。《中小学外语教学法》，19xx年
2.张正东。《外语教学技巧新论》。科学出版社，19xx年
3.贾冠杰。《外语教育心理学》。广西教育出版社，20xx年
4.李阳。《疯狂英语》。口语教学
5.吴效锋。《新课程怎样教》。沈阳出版社，20xx年
6.提高农村小学英语教学质量的策略。基础教育研究。20xx/02，中国期刊全文数据库
7.农村小学英语教学的忧与思。湖南教育。20xx/19，中国期刊全文数据库
8.农村小学英语教学的几点做法。吉林教育。20xx/04，中国期刊全文数据库
9.克服困难，提高农村小学英语教学水平。天津教育。19xx/10，中国期刊全文数据库
姐姐支个招儿呗。。。
英语教学法毕业论文不难的，主要是题目要创新。当时也是在莫文网上看到很多，有人帮忙快多了正确处理英语教学法与其他学科的关系我国英语教学法的发展及其语言学基础探究论初中英语教学法的传统性与时尚性基于杜威实用主义思想的“小学英语教学法”课程教学新形式浅析英语教学法及其发展趋势关于“英语教学法”课程建设的思考本科院校英语教学法教材出版的现状分析与对策论“中学英语教学法”师资队伍建设英语教学法课程与英语专业研究生教学能力的培养项目教学法在高师英语教学法课程改革中的运用探析高校师范英语教学法课互动教学模式研究互动式英语教学法在英语课堂的应用英语教学法的主要学派浅析英语教学法与相关学科的关系参与式教学法在高师院校《英语教学法》课堂教学中的应用浅议英语教学法英语教学法的应用性阐释“小学英语教学法”教学改革研究——基于陶行知“教学做合一”思想地方本科院校小学英语教学法课程的改革探索——陶行知“教学做合一”的教学实践高师“英语教学法”教材和教法改革的思考英语教学法立体化教材编写模式探究英语教学法综述 优先出版情境模拟在英语教学法课堂的运用浅谈传统英语教学法和任务型教学法在大学英语教学中的利与弊高等师范院校《英语教学法》教学改革建议多媒体技术在英语教学法课程中的应用英语教学法课程多维教学模式的构建英语教学法课程的问题与改进策略英语教学法的历史转变及促进因素分析
(英语系毕业论文)浅析“以学生为中心”的大学英语教学模式(英语系毕业论文)中学英语教学中课堂活动的组织和实施(英语系毕业论文)大学英语与高中英语教学的过渡与衔接(英语系毕业论文)课堂英语教学与网络英语教学的对比(英语系毕业论文)浅谈多媒体在中学英语教学中的应用(英语系毕业论文)报刊杂志词频分析与大学英语教学中词频分析的比较(英语系毕业论文)快乐教学法在中学英语教学中的应用(英语系毕业论文)情境教学法在初中英语教学中的应用
我告诉你一个网站，我的英语毕业论文的英文原版的书就是在这上面找的， 你还可以根据你论文里面的英语关键字在书里面 搜索，当然你要知道那本外文书的书名啦
网上应改有吧
一般来说外文资料的原文就是外文而不是中文，也正因为原文是英文，每个人翻译出来的都不一样，因此不用担心与他人重复。除非专业的翻译愿意花时间和精力去一个词一个词的翻。由于毕业论文有一定的专业知识，所以让单纯的英语专业的翻译不太愿意去触碰，而本专业的研究者有能直接读得懂中文，因而难找到所谓的翻译原文。经验拓展：（就本科及本科以下）毕业论文开题时，导师给出翻译外文文献的任务，一般来说导师是看得懂这些外文翻译的，比较好的导数或许会帮你翻译出来，大多是让你自己翻译，其目的是为了锻炼你英语翻译能力，查阅资料的能力，提高对论文的了解程度，知道一些基本的专业词的前提下，用百度或者谷歌翻译工具，基本可以大体翻译出来，整理通顺也就过关了，不会有人深究你翻译的到底怎么样。
只有十分想让别人给你发论文，你做梦吧！
英文毕业论文致谢信范文(五篇)
【第1篇】论文致谢词范文（英文版）
First of all, I would like to exPss my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms**, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the Pparation of this thesis， she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.
Second, I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically Ppared for the thesis.
Last, I should finally like to exPss my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of complaint.
【第2篇】论文致谢词范文（英文版）
I would like to exPss my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms. Sun Yanlan, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the Pparation of the thesis， she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.
I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically Ppared for the thesis.
I should finally like to exPss my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of complaint.
【第3篇】论文致谢词范文（英文版）
My study at the College of International Studies will soon come to an end and, at the completion of my graduation thesis; I wish to exPss my sincere apPciation to all those who have offered me invaluable help during the four years of my undergraduate study here atTai Zhou Institute of Nanjing university of Science and Technology.
Firstly, I would like to exPss my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Xu Guixiang, for her constant encouragement and guidance. She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its Psent form.
Secondly, I should give my hearty thanks to all the other faculty members of the Department of English for their patient instructions in various courses and their Pcious suggestions for my study here.
Lastly, my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.
【第4篇】论文致谢词范文（英文版）
First of all, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Zhang Hong, for her instructive advice and useful suggestions on my thesis. I am deeply grateful of her help in the completion of this thesis.
High tribute shall be paid to Ms. Geng Li, whose profound knowledge of English triggers my love for this beautiful language and whose earnest attitude tells me how to learn English.
I am also deeply indebted to all the other tutors and teachers in Translation Studies for their direct and indirect help to me.
Special thanks should go to my friends who have put considerable time and effort into their comments on the draft.
Finally, I am indebted to my parents for their continuous support and encouragement.
【第5篇】论文致谢词范文（英文版）
At the very first, I am honored to exPss my deepest gratitude to my dedicated supervisor, Miss Wang Chao, with whose able guidance I could have worked out this thesis. She has offered me valuable ideas, suggestions and criticisms with her profound knowledge and rich research experience. Her patience and kindness are greatly apPciated. Besides, she always puts high priority on our dissertation writing and is willing to discuss with me anytime available. I have learnt from her a lot not only about dissertation writing, but also the professional ethics. I am very much obliged to her efforts of helping me complete the dissertation. I am also extremely grateful to Prof. Wei Xiaohong whose patient and meticulous guidance and invaluable suggestions are indispensable to the completion of this thesis.
Thanks are also due to my roommates, who never failed to give me great encouragement and suggestions. Special thanks should go to Miss Dong, Miss Ma, and Miss Wei for their brainstorming with me when I failed in coming up with ideas.
At last but not least, I would like to thank my family for their support all the way from the very beginning of my study. I am thankful to all my family members for their thoughtfulness and encouragement.
如今,在很多国外大学要求的毕业论文也是英文的,因此他们在面对英文的毕业论文时一定能够用得上英文毕业论文致谢词。下面是我带来的关于的内容，欢迎阅读参考! ***一*** At the very first, I am honored to express my deepest gratitude to my dedicated supervisor, Miss Wang Chao, with whose able guidance I could have worked out this thesis. She has offered me valuable ideas, suggestions and critici *** s with her profound knowledge and rich research experience. Her patience and kindness are greatly appreciated. Besides, she always puts high priority on our dissertation writing and is willing to discuss with me anytime available. I have learnt from her a lot not only about dissertation writing, but also the professional ethics. I am very much obliged to her efforts of helping me plete the dissertation. I am also extremely grateful to Prof. Wei Xiaohong whose patient and meticulous guidance and invaluable suggestions are indispensable to the pletion of this thesis. Thanks are also due to my roommates, who never failed to give me great encouragement and suggestions. Special thanks should go to Miss Dong, Miss Ma, and Miss Wei for their brainstorming with me when I failed in ing up with ideas. At last but not least, I would like to thank my family for their support all the way from the very beginning of my study. I am thankful to all my family members for their thoughtfulness and encouragement. ***二*** First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms**, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the preparation of this thesis， she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful critici *** and expert guidance, the pletion of this thesis would not have been possible. Second, I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the thesis. Last, I should finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of plaint. ***三*** First of all, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my supervisor,***, for her instructive advice and useful suggestions on my thesis. I am deeply grateful of her help in the pletion of this thesis. High tribute shall be paid to Ms. ***** whose profound knowledge of English triggers my love for this beautiful language and whose earnest attitude tells me how to learn English. I am also deeply indebted to all the other tutors and teachers in Translation Studies for their direct and indirect help to me. Special thanks should go to my friends who have put considerable time and effort into their ments on the draft. Finally, I am indebted to my parents for their continuous support and encouragement. （四） Acknowledgements My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor aaa , my supervisor, for her constant encouragement and guidance. She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not havereached its present form. Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor aaa, who led me into the world of translation. I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the Department of English: Professor dddd, Professor ssss, who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years. Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow clas *** ates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.
英语毕业论文之英美文学研究论文（共54篇2008年5月30日更新）1.海丝特与卡米拉爱情观的对比分析 A Comparative Analysis of the Attitudes Towards Love Between Hester and Camillahttp://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/A-Comparative-Analysis-of-the-Attitudes-Towards-Love/2.解读《简.爱》的帝国主义意识On the Imperialistic Consciousness of Jane Eyre http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/On-the-Imperialistic-Consciousness-of-Jane-Eyre/3.像鲁滨逊一样在逆境中创造精彩The Creation of Splendor in Adversity like Robinson Crusoe http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/The-Creation-of-Splendor-in-Adversity-like-Robinson-Crusoe/4.《三国演义》对诸葛亮和《教父》对考利昂的描述对比 A Comparison Between the Depiction of Zhuge Liang in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Corleone in The Godfatherhttp://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/On-the%20Depiction-of-Positive-Figures/5.论《美国悲剧》中萝贝塔的悲剧性The Tragedy of Roberta in American Tragedyhttp://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/The-Tragedy-of-Roberta-in-American-Tragedy/6.从《鲁滨逊漂流记》看人的性格对命运的决定作用 The Decisive Effect of Character on Fate From Robinson Crusoehttp://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/Cong_LuBinXunPiaoLiuJi_KanRenDeXingGeDuiMingYunDeJueDingZuoYong/7.《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧因素The Tragedy Aspects in Hamlet http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/The-Tragedy-Aspects-in-Hamlet/8.从电影《美丽人生》看完美男人形象 About the Perfect Man Viewed from the Movie Life Is Beautiful http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/About-the-Perfect-Man-Viewed-from-the-Movie-Life-Is-Beautiful/9.从《宠儿》透视美国黑人女性的悲剧与成长 The Tragedy and Growth of the Black Women Embodied in Belovedhttp://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/The-Tragedy-and-Growth-of-the-Black-Women-Embodied-in-Beloved/10.从《哈利波特》看儿童的成长Harry Potter and the Growth of Children http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/Harry-Potter-and-the-Growth-of-Children/11.苔丝的反叛精神The Rebellion of Tess http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/The-Rebellion-of-Tess/12.一位坚强独立的女性简爱A Tough and Independent Woman http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/A-Tough-and-Independent-Woman/13.《德伯家的苔丝》悲剧成因探析Causes of Tragedy of Tess of the D’Urbervilles http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/Causes-of-Tragedy-of-Tess-of-the-DUrbervilles/15.浅析苔丝之死The Death of Tess http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/The-Death-of-Tess/16.《老人与海》象征主义探究The Inquiry of the Symbolism in The Old Man and the Sea http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/The-Inquiry-of-the-Symbolism-in-The-Old-Man-and-the-Sea/17.论《白象似的群山》中海明威独特的写作风格Hemingway’s Unique Writing Style in Hills like White Elephants http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/Hills-like-White-Elephants/18.浅析爱默生的《论自助》人生自主的源泉On Emerson’s Self-reliance —The Source of Life’s Reliance http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/On-Emerson-Self-reliance/19.盖茨比美国梦的幻灭—透视现实生活中的爱情 The Disillusionment for Gatsby American Dream Analysis of Love in Realityhttp://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/The-Disillusionment-for-Gatsby-American-Dream/20.从《西风颂》看英国积极浪漫主义的特征 Analyzing the Features of British Positive Romanticism from the Poem of Ode to the West Windhttp://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/the-Poem-of-Ode-to-the-West-Wind/21.我看简爱的爱情An Analysis of the Concept of Jane Eyre’s Love http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/An-Analysis-of-the-Concept-of-Jane-Eyre-Love/22.谈如何理解海明威《一个干净明亮的地方》On Hemingway’s Short Story A Clean, and Well-Lighted Place http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/Clean-and-Well-Lighted-Place/23.从《简爱》看知识改变女性命运Knowledge Changes Female’s Fate Through Jane Eyre http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/Knowledge-Changes-Female-Fate-Through-JaneEyre/24.从《红字》和《荆棘鸟》看宗教禁欲主义下的爱情 The Love under Asceticism in The ScarletLetter and The Thorn Birdshttp://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/The-Love-under-Asceticism/25.解读《皆大欢喜》中的浪漫主义An Analysis of Romanticism in As You Like it http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/An-Analysis-of-Romanticism-in-As-You-Like-it/26.基于作品人物浅析菲茨杰拉德 Elementary Analysis on Fitzgerald Based on the Characters of The Great Gatsbyhttp://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/JiYuZuoPinRenWuQianXiFeiCiJieLaDe/27.《老人与海》的悲剧色彩:对完美主义的质疑 The Tragic Color of The Old Man and the Sea:Challenge to the Perfectionismhttp://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/Challenge-to-the-Perfectionism/28.分析简爱的美An Analysis of the Beauty in JaneEyre http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/An-Analysis-of-the-Beauty-in-JaneEyre/29.论《红字》中的孤独因素On the Aspects of Loneliness in The Scarlet Letter http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/On-the-Aspects-of-Loneliness-in-The-Scarlet-Letter/30.从《喧哗与骚动》中凯蒂的悲剧看20世纪初女性的社会地位 Social Status of Women in the Early 20th Century Reflected from Caddys Tragedy in The Sound and the Furyhttp://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/Tragedy-in-The-Sound-and-the-Fury/31.论福斯塔夫的性格The Character of Falstaff http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/The-Character-of-Falstaff/32.斯佳丽：旧时代的新女性Scarlett：A “New”Woman in the “Old” Time http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/Scarlett-A-New-Woman-in-the-Old-Time/33.美国社会的葛朗台现象 Grandet Phenomenon in Americahttp://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/Grandet-Phenomenon-in-America/34.透过《飘》看现代女性对待生活的态度 Analysis of modern females attitudes toward life through Gone with the Windhttp://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/females-attitudes-toward-life-through-Gone-with-the-Wind/35.从迷茫的玛尔特的悲剧看女性存在的社会价值 An Analysis of the Social Value of Womens Existence from the Tragedy of Confused Mathlidehttp://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/An-Analysis-of-the-Social-Valu-%20of-Women-Existence/36.从伊丽莎白一世的婚姻看现代爱情观 About the Notion of Modern Love from ElizabethⅠs Love Experiencehttp://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/About-the-Notion-of-Modern-Love/37.《倾城之恋》与《飘》的女性主义解读 Feminism in Love in a Fallen City and Gone With the Windhttp://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/Feminism-in-Love-in-a-Fallen-City-and-Gone-With-the-Wind/38.《简?爱》的浪漫主义解读 Romanticism in Jane Eyrehttp://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/Romanticism-in-Jane-Eyre/39.从《鲁宾逊漂流记》看创新精神和知足长乐The Spirit of Innovation and Satisfaction－The Thought of The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoehttp://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/The-Spirit-of-Innovation-and-Satisfaction/40.从《变形记》透视家庭环境对塑造儿童健康心理的影响 The Family Influence on Molding Childrens Healthy Psychology Through The Metamorphosis41.论《傲慢与偏见》中的爱情观和婚姻观Analysis on Love and Marriage in Pride and Prejudice http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/Analysis-on-Love-and-Marriage-in-Pride-and-Prejudice/42.从劳伦斯及其作品《儿子与情人》看恋母情结 Mother Fixation in D.H.Lawrence and His Work Sons and Lovershttp://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/CongLaoLunSiJiQiZuoPin_ErZiYuQingRen_KanLianMuQingJie/43.论雪莱的自由之路Analysis of Shelley's Freedom Road http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/Analysis-of-Shelley-Freedom-Road/44.《威尼斯商人》中的人物形象分析An Analysis of the Characters in the Merchant of Venice http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/An-Analysis-of-the-Characters-in-the-Merchant-of-Venice/45.论盖茨比悲剧的必然性On Inevitability of Gatsby’s Tragedy http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/On-Inevitability-of-Gatsby-Tragedy/46.从《喜福会》透视中美文化冲突与融合 The Cultural Conflicts and Blending Embodied in the Joy Luck Clubhttp://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/Conflicts-and-Blending-Embodied-in-the-Joy-Luck-Club/47.《乱世佳人》对21世纪女性的启示 Enlightenment for Women of 21st Century from Gone with the Windhttp://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/Enlightenment-for-Women-of-21st-Century-from-Gone-with-the-Wind/48.《喜福会》中母爱主题的文化阐释A Cultural Interpretation of Maternal Love in the Joy Luck Club http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/A_Cultural_Interpretation_of_Maternal_Love_in_the_Joy_Luck_Club/49.试析《老人与海》的悲喜色彩 An Analysis of the Combination of Tragic and Delightful Facets in The Old Man and the Seahttp://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/Tragic-and-Delightful-Facets-in-The-Old-Man-and-the-Sea/50.解析《长腿叔叔》少女茱蒂 成长的日志A Girl’s Growing- up Story in Daddy-Long-Legs http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/Daddy-Long-Legs/51.莎士比亚的悲剧世界的分析An Analysis of Shakespeare’s Tragedy World http://www.qqcate.cn/english-essay-research/Shakespeare-Tragedy-World/52.《鲁滨逊漂流记》中殖民文化对殖民地文化影响解读 the Women’s Status Seen in Pride and Prejudice Fixation in D.H.Lawrence and His Work Sons and Lovers
小学英语教育存在的若干问题及对策摘要当前我市小学英语教育存在着教师资源配笠不足、教师整体素质偏低、教学教法相对落后等问题，本文从实际出发，正确分析我市小学英语教育的现状，并试图从不同层次寻求对策，为提高小学英语教育整体水平提供参考。关键词小学英语教育问题对策中根据国家教育部新一轮课程改革进程安排，新课程将于2005年秋在全国范围内全面推行。按照新的课程标准，小学3年级将开设英语课，3一6年级英语教学有了目标和内容上的级别要求。《英语课程标准》对英语教育提出了较高的要求:激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣，使学生树立自信心，养成良好的学习习惯和学习策略，发展自主学习的能力和合作精神;使学生掌握一定的英语基础知识和听、说、读、写技能，形成一定的综合语言运用能力;培养学生观察、记忆、思维、想象能力和创新精神;帮助学生了解世界和中西方文化的差异，拓展视野，培养爱国主义精神，形成健康的人生观，为他们的终身学习和发展打下良好的基础。从学生发展的角度看，小学英语教育比中学、大学教育更重要，更关键，因为良好的语言开端将直接影响学生今后乃至终身正确掌握和使用语言，因此对照新课程标准，联系当前我市小学英语教育水平现状，找出存在的问题，研究切实可行的对策和措施，是提高小学英语教育整体水平迫在眉睫的工作。一、影响我市小学英语教育中的几个问题l、地方方言严重影响小学生正确英语发音。新课程标准对小学英语教育的语言技能教学提出了“在口语表达中做到发音清楚、语调达意”的基本要求。虽然普通话教学的要求在我市已经推行多年，但我市地处闽北山区，在相当多的农村地区和部分城郊，小学生的课堂用语仍常使用当地方言，英语与汉语本身在发音上就有着较大的区别，学生在接受普通话教育的同时接受英语教育，存在着一定的难度和障碍。而且，我市是地方方言种类繁多的地区，各地的方言不仅影响了农村地区的学生英语的正确发音，同样影响着城市的孩子。同时，多数小学英语教师也受地方方言的影响，自身的英语语音不准确。2、小学专业英语教师队伍配置严重不足。目前我市小学教师明显不足，特别是农村和部分县市的小学几乎没有，且许多现有的英语教师属非英语专业或是其他科任教师兼任英语教学，或是从其他学科“改行”教英语。3、小学英语教学理念和方法相对落后。从目前情况来看，我市的许多小学英语教育还大都停留在传统应试教育的教学理念和方法上，对英语语言的教学理念和方法还相对落后，一部分教师不了解语言学习的规律，教学经验不足，不能创设情景激发学生学习英语的兴趣，只让学生死记硬背，教学方法单一。教学基本上是照本宣科，重知识传授，轻能力培养。同时许多教师的教学观念仍停留在传统的“以教师为中心”的层次上，课堂是教师一言堂，填鸭式的灌输，忽视语言实践。对小学英语教学理念的研究和创新不够。4、小学英语教师的整体素质偏低。主要表现在几个方面:一是英语专业的水平有待提高。现有的小学英语教师多为中师、高中毕业或从其他专业改行，专业基础差，英语语言知识掌握不够正确、词汇量不足、发音不准等现象比较普遍，教师的英语口语和交际能力不强，不能用英语组织课堂教学，大部分教师听力水平较差，难以指导学生进行听说训练。二是缺乏教育学、心理学理论知识。相当一部分的教师对教育学、心理学理论知识不系统，不全面，教学中不能按小学生的心理特.点和生理要求、认识规律设计教学环节，安排教学活动。三是动手操作能力差。现有的许多小学英语教师在这方面存在着很大的欠缺，导致课堂气氛不活跃，学生厌学英语。四是教师的教研能力差。许多教师不注重学习教育理论、研究教学现状和信息动态，不研究总结教学经验，不乐于撰写教科研论文，更不知道如何从教科研中获取经验和信息来充实自己。二、解决我市小学英语教育的荃本对策提高我市小学英语教育的整体水平，最关键是要培养一支高素质的小学英语教师队伍。这是一项长期的系统工程，需要教师、学校、政府等各方面的努力和付出。笔者认为，可以从以下几个层次寻求对策:1、教师要加强自我素质的提高。小学英语教师应该清楚地看到自身存在的不足，有针对性地加强英语专业知识和其他有关教学理论的自我进修，坚持采取读英语书报杂志、听英语广播等多种形式，不断更新和正确掌握英语知识，提高教学能力，以《英语课程标准》中“准确把握新课程标准的理念、目的和内容，运用教育学和心理学理论，研究语言教学的规律。”、“善于结合实际教学的需要，灵活地和有创造性地使用教材，对教材的内容、编排顺序、教学方法等方面进行适当的取舍和调整”等的要求严格要求自己。2、学校要创造良好的教师发展环境。教师的专业发展离不开学校的改革与教研实践的紧密结合。校本教育对教师的专业发展有着不可替代的作用，既能适应教师教学和学校改革的需要，又促进教育理论和教育实践的有效结合。学校应为教师的反思实践、行动研究、参与课题研究提供资源和制度支持，及时提供载有学科前沿的读物给英语教师阅读，扩大他们的知识面。同时，学校要充分发挥教研组的作用，广泛开展说课交流，举行各类英语教学教育研讨会，开展“创优课”评选和“教改实验”等活动，不断促进教师理论与实践相结合，不断创新，推动教学向纵深方向发展。3、高师院校要有重点地培养小学英语教师。世界各国早在20世纪80年代初就取消了中等师范学校，小学教师必须由师范大专或大专以上毕业。我国近年来也将高师院校作为小学教师的摇篮。为此，我市小学输送急需的高素质的小学英语教师，加快小学英语教师大专化进程。同时，高师院校要根据新课改要求，在培养小学英语教师方面做好英语专业和教育理论的课程设置，改革过去英语教法课的教学内容和教学方法和只注重培养初中教师的做法，突出小学英语教师的理论与职业技能的系统培训，着力培养小学英语教师的基本教学能力、处理教材能力和教研能力。4、教育等部门要充分发挥职能。各地教育部门、负责教师继续教育的机构以及其他有关部门，要按照《英语课程标准》，全面系统地分析我市小学英语教育的现状，根据各自的职能，从高师院校的招生、课程设置、教师队伍人事的合理配置、教师继续教育和培训、小学教师教研目标要求以及开展素质教育所需经费的安排等各方面，综合研究和制定出合理有效的小学英语教师的培养计划，逐步建立起一套多渠道、多形式的培训网络，统筹安排英语教师的培训工作，全面提高我市小学英语教师的整体素质。综上所述，为了适应新课程标准的要求，顺利开展好我市小学开设英语课程工作，建设一支高素质的小学英语教师队伍，需要教育行政部门、学校、教师等各方面都责无旁贷。参考文献〔l]英语课程标准(实验稿)【M」.北师大出版社，Zonl.〔2」英语课程标准解读(实脸稿)〔M」，北师大出版社，2001.【3」刘昌春.农村小学英语师资培训当议【J〕.中国农村教育，2(X)3(12).【4」苏仁平.小学英语教师队伍存在的问题与对策【J].教学实践与研究，2001(12).
华文版本 Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked web pages and other resources of the World Wide Web (WWW).HistoryCreationThe USSR's launch of Sputnik spurred the United States to create the Advanced Research Projects Agency, known as ARPA, in February 1958 to regain a technological lead.[1][2] ARPA created the Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) to further the research of the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program, which had networked country-wide radar systems together for the first time. J. C. R. Licklider was selected to head the IPTO, and saw universal networking as a potential unifying human revolution.Licklider moved from the Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory at Harvard University to MIT in 1950, after becoming interested in information technology. At MIT, he served on a committee that established Lincoln Laboratory and worked on the SAGE project. In 1957 he became a Vice President at BBN, where he bought the first production PDP-1 computer and conducted the first public demonstration of time-sharing.At the IPTO, Licklider recruited Lawrence Roberts to head a project to implement a network, and Roberts based the technology on the work of Paul Baran,[citation needed] who had written an exhaustive study for the U.S. Air Force that recommended packet switching (as opposed to circuit switching) to make a network highly robust and survivable. After much work, the first two nodes of what would become the ARPANET were interconnected between UCLA and SRI International in Menlo Park, California, on October 29, 1969. The ARPANET was one of the "eve" networks of today's Internet. Following on from the demonstration that packet switching worked on the ARPANET, the British Post Office, Telenet, DATAPAC and TRANSPAC collaborated to create the first international packet-switched network service. In the UK, this was referred to as the International Packet Stream Service (IPSS), in 1978. The collection of X.25-based networks grew from Europe and the US to cover Canada, Hong Kong and Australia by 1981. The X.25 packet switching standard was developed in the CCITT (now called ITU-T) around 1976. X.25 was independent of the TCP/IP protocols that arose from the experimental work of DARPA on the ARPANET, Packet Radio Net and Packet Satellite Net during the same time period. Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn developed the first description of the TCP protocols during 1973 and published a paper on the subject in May 1974. Use of the term "Internet" to describe a single global TCP/IP network originated in December 1974 with the publication of RFC 675, the first full specification of TCP that was written by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine, then at Stanford University. During the next nine years, work proceeded to refine the protocols and to implement them on a wide range of operating systems.The first TCP/IP-wide area network was made operational by January 1, 1983 when all hosts on the ARPANET were switched over from the older NCP protocols to TCP/IP. In 1985, the United States' National Science Foundation (NSF) commissioned the construction of a university 56 kilobit/second network backbone using computers called "fuzzballs" by their inventor, David L. Mills. The following year, NSF sponsored the development of a higher-speed 1.5 megabit/second backbone that became the NSFNet. A key decision to use the DARPA TCP/IP protocols was made by Dennis Jennings, then in charge of the Supercomputer program at NSF.The opening of the network to commercial interests began in 1988. The US Federal Networking Council approved the interconnection of the NSFNET to the commercial MCI Mail system in that year and the link was made in the summer of 1989. Other commercial electronic e-mail services were soon connected, including OnTyme, Telemail and Compuserve. In that same year, three commercial Internet Service Providers were created: UUNET, PSINET and CERFNET. Important, separate networks that offered gateways into, then later merged with, the Internet include Usenet and BITNET. Various other commercial and educational networks, such as Telenet, Tymnet, Compuserve and JANET were interconnected with the growing Internet. Telenet (later called Sprintnet) was a large privately funded national computer network with free dial-up access in cities throughout the U.S. that had been in operation since the 1970s. This network was eventually interconnected with the others in the 1980s as the TCP/IP protocol became increasingly popular. The ability of TCP/IP to work over virtually any pre-existing communication networks allowed for a great ease of growth, although the rapid growth of the Internet was due primarily to the availability of commercial routers from companies such as Cisco Systems, Proteon and Juniper, the availability of commercial Ethernet equipment for local-area networking and the widespread implementation of TCP/IP on the UNIX operating system.Common uses of the InternetE-mailFor more details on this topic, see E-mail.The concept of sending electronic text messages between parties in a way analogous to mailing letters or memos predates the creation of the Internet. Even today it can be important to distinguish between Internet and internal e-mail systems. Internet e-mail may travel and be stored unencrypted on many other networks and machines out of both the sender's and the recipient's control. During this time it is quite possible for the content to be read and even tampered with by third parties, if anyone considers it important enough. Purely internal or intranet mail systems, where the information never leaves the corporate or organization's network, are much more secure, although in any organization there will be IT and other personnel whose job may involve monitoring, and occasionally accessing, the e-mail of other employees not addressed to them.The World Wide WebMany people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web (or just the Web) interchangeably, but, as discussed above, the two terms are not synonymous.The World Wide Web is a huge set of interlinked documents, images and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. These hyperlinks and URLs allow the web servers and other machines that store originals, and cached copies, of these resources to deliver them as required using HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). HTTP is only one of the communication protocols used on the Internet.Web services also use HTTP to allow software systems to communicate in order to share and exchange business logic and data.Software products that can access the resources of the Web are correctly termed user agents. In normal use, web browsers, such as Internet Explorer and Firefox, access web pages and allow users to navigate from one to another via hyperlinks. Web documents may contain almost any combination of computer data including graphics, sounds, text, video, multimedia and interactive content including games, office applications and scientific demonstrations.Through keyword-driven Internet research using search engines like Yahoo! and Google, millions of people worldwide have easy, instant access to a vast and diverse amount of online information. Compared to encyclopedias and traditional libraries, the World Wide Web has enabled a sudden and extreme decentralization of information and data.Using the Web, it is also easier than ever before for individuals and organisations to publish ideas and information to an extremely large audience. Anyone can find ways to publish a web page or build a website for very little initial cost. Publishing and maintaining large, professional websites full of attractive, diverse and up-to-date information is still a difficult and expensive proposition, however.Many individuals and some companies and groups use "web logs" or blogs, which are largely used as easily updatable online diaries. Some commercial organisations encourage staff to fill them with advice on their areas of specialization in the hope that visitors will be impressed by the expert knowledge and free information, and be attracted to the corporation as a result. One example of this practice is Microsoft, whose product developers publish their personal blogs in order to pique the public's interest in their work.Collections of personal web pages published by large service providers remain popular, and have become increasingly sophisticated. Whereas operations such as Angelfire and GeoCities have existed since the early days of the Web, newer offerings from, for example, Facebook and MySpace currently have large followings. These operations often brand themselves as social network services rather than simply as web page hosts.Advertising on popular web pages can be lucrative, and e-commerce or the sale of products and services directly via the Web continues to grow.In the early days, web pages were usually created as sets of complete and isolated HTML text files stored on a web server. More recently, websites are more often created using content management system (CMS) or wiki software with, initially, very little content. Contributors to these systems, who may be paid staff, members of a club or other organisation or members of the public, fill underlying databases with content using editing pages designed for that purpose, while casual visitors view and read this content in its final HTML form. There may or may not be editorial, approval and security systems built into the process of taking newly entered content and making it available to the target visitors.Social impactThe Internet has made possible entirely new forms of social interaction, activities and organizing, thanks to its basic features such as widespread usability and access.Social networking websites such as Facebook and MySpace have created a new form of socialization and interaction. Users of these sites are able to add a wide variety of items to their personal pages, to indicate common interests, and to connect with others. It is also possible to find a large circle of existing acquaintances, especially if a site allows users to utilize their real names, and to allow communication among large existing groups of people.Sites like meetup.com exist to allow wider announcement of groups which may exist mainly for face-to-face meetings, but which may have a variety of minor interactions over their group's site at meetup.org, or other similar sites.Political organization and censorshipFor more details on this topic, see Internet censorship.In democratic societies, the Internet has achieved new relevance as a political tool. The presidential campaign of Howard Dean in 2004 in the United States became famous for its ability to generate donations via the Internet. Many political groups use the Internet to achieve a whole new method of organizing, in order to carry out Internet activism.Some governments, such as those of Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Myanmar, the People's Republic of China, and Saudi Arabia, restrict what people in their countries can access on the Internet, especially political and religious content. This is accomplished through software that filters domains and content so that they may not be easily accessed or obtained without elaborate circumvention.In Norway, Denmark, Finland and Sweden, major Internet service providers have voluntarily (possibly to avoid such an arrangement being turned into law) agreed to restrict access to sites listed by police. While this list of forbidden URLs is only supposed to contain addresses of known child pornography sites, the content of the list is secret.[citation needed]Many countries, including the United States, have enacted laws making the possession or distribution of certain material, such as child pornography, illegal, but do not use filtering software.There are many free and commercially available software programs with which a user can choose to block offensive websites on individual computers or networks, such as to limit a child's access to pornography or violence. See Content-control software.Leisure activitiesThe Internet has been a major source of leisure since before the World Wide Web, with entertaining social experiments such as MUDs and MOOs being conducted on university servers, and humor-related Usenet groups receiving much of the main traffic. Today, many Internet forums have sections devoted to games and funny videos; short cartoons in the form of Flash movies are also popular. Over 6 million people use blogs or message boards as a means of communication and for the sharing of ideas.The pornography and gambling industries have both taken full advantage of the World Wide Web, and often provide a significant source of advertising revenue for other websites. Although many governments have attempted to put restrictions on both industries' use of the Internet, this has generally failed to stop their widespread popularity.One main area of leisure on the Internet is multiplayer gaming. This form of leisure creates communities, bringing people of all ages and origins to enjoy the fast-paced world of multiplayer games. These range from MMORPG to first-person shooters, from role-playing games to online gambling. This has revolutionized the way many people interact and spend their free time on the Internet.While online gaming has been around since the 1970s, modern modes of online gaming began with services such as GameSpy and MPlayer, to which players of games would typically subscribe. Non-subscribers were limited to certain types of gameplay or certain games.Many use the Internet to access and download music, movies and other works for their enjoyment and relaxation. As discussed above, there are paid and unpaid sources for all of these, using centralized servers and distributed peer-to-peer technologies. Discretion is needed as some of these sources take more care over the original artists' rights and over copyright laws than others.Many use the World Wide Web to access news, weather and sports reports, to plan and book holidays and to find out more about their random ideas and casual interests.People use chat, messaging and e-mail to make and stay in touch with friends worldwide, sometimes in the same way as some previously had pen pals. Social networking websites like MySpace, Facebook and many others like them also put and keep people in contact for their enjoyment.The Internet has seen a growing number of Web desktops, where users can access their files, folders, and settings via the Internet.Cyberslacking has become a serious drain on corporate resources; the average UK employee spends 57 minutes a day surfing the Web at work, according to a study by Peninsula Business Services.[9]Complex architectureMany computer scientists see the Internet as a "prime example of a large-scale, highly engineered, yet highly complex system".[10] The Internet is extremely heterogeneous. (For instance, data transfer rates and physical characteristics of connections vary widely.) The Internet exhibits "emergent phenomena" that depend on its large-scale organization. For example, data transfer rates exhibit temporal self-similarity. Further adding to the complexity of the Internet is the ability of more than one computer to use the Internet through only one node, thus creating the possibility for a very deep and hierarchal sub-network that can theoretically be extended infinitely (disregarding the programmatic limitations of the IPv4 protocol). However, since principles of this architecture date back to the 1960s, it might not be a solution best suited to modern needs, and thus the possibility of developing alternative structures is currently being looked into.[11]According to a June 2007 article in Discover magazine, the combined weight of all the electrons moved within the Internet in a day is 0.2 millionths of an ounce.[12] Others have estimated this at nearer 2 ounces (50 grams).[13]MarketingThe Internet has also become a large market for companies; some of the biggest companies today have grown by taking advantage of the efficient nature of low-cost advertising and commerce through the Internet, also known as e-commerce. It is the fastest way to spread information to a vast number of people simultaneously. The Internet has also subsequently revolutionized shopping—for example; a person can order a CD online and receive it in the mail within a couple of days, or download it directly in some cases. The Internet has also greatly facilitated personalized marketing which allows a company to market a product to a specific person or a specific group of people more so than any other advertising medium.Examples of personalized marketing include online communities such as MySpace, Friendster, Orkut, Facebook and others which thousands of Internet users join to advertise themselves and make friends online. Many of these users are young teens and adolescents ranging from 13 to 25 years old. In turn, when they advertise themselves they advertise interests and hobbies, which online marketing companies can use as information as to what those users will purchase online, and advertise their own companies' products to those users.
Along with the our country economic development rapid development, the lives of the people level unceasing enhancement, the city uses to be day by day anxious, urges the building to face the direction is developing. This kind of high level civil construction repair needed materials and the way also more hasten the diversification, and along with uses electricity the load and coal gas consumption quantity enlarging, proposed to the fire auto-alarm system design is higher, a stricter request. In order to guarantee the people life and property the security, the fire auto-alarm system design has become in the high level civil construction design one of most important design contents. Presently based on the author fire of auto-alarm system design overseeing work in the high level civil building experience, proposed in present national related standard and standard unclear true detail shallow opinion, by for the colleagues to discuss and to point out mistakes.First, design basis The fire auto-alarm system design is a specialized very strong technology work, at the same time also has the very strong policy-type. Therefore, first should be clear about the following design basis: 1st, must grasp the architectural design fire protection standard, the system design standard, the equipment manufacture standard, the installment construction approval standard and the administration laws and regulations and so on five big aspects fire laws and regulations, and in practical understanding present country related standard and standard positive word: "Must", "be supposed", "to be suitable", "may" and the reverse side word: "Strictly prohibits", "should not", "not have", "not to be suitable" the meaning.2nd, must aim at high level civil building function, use and the protection object fire protection rank, earnestly carries out the present national related standard and the standard, earnestly treats the public security fire prevention surveillance department the examination and approval opinion.Second, fire auto-alarm system equipment establishmentFire detector establishmentOpens wide either the seal or the stair hall should alone divide the search coverage, and each 2 ~ 3 establish a fire detector.The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against the front room which smoke stair hall comes in handy) and the aisle should distinguish alone to divide the search coverage, specially front the room and the lift well, the scattered stair hall and the aisle are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be easier to gather or to flow, is the personnel disperses which saves goal with the fire prevention, therefore should install the fire detector. Regarding common elevator in front of room although is not the personnel disperses , but this front room and the lift well are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be also easy to gather or to flow, suitably alone divides the search coverage and installs the fire detector. The electric cable shaft therefore is easy to form pulls out the smoke inflammation the channel; Has when the fire the fire intensity not easily extends along the electric cable burns, for this, "the high level civil construction design fire protection standard" and "the civil construction electricity design standard" separately proposes the detailed specific stipulation in the construction and in the electric wire or on the electric cable shaping. But considered implements specifically the difficulty and the present situation, the electric cable shaft installs the fire detector is extremely essential, and coordinates the shaft the fire protection separation request, each 2 ~ 3 or each level installs.The elevator machine room should install the fire detector, its elevator is the important vertical transportation vehicle; Its two elevator machine room has has the fire risk; Its three lift well existence essential opens the hole, like the level gate opens between the hole, the air vent, the between permanence opens the hole with the elevator machine room or the pulley and so on; Its four when has the fire, the lift well often becomes the fire intensity spread the channel, is easy to threaten the elevator machine room the facility. Therefore, the elevator machine room establishes the fire detector is necessary, crown of also suitable establishment fire detector lift well.2nd, the manual fire reports to the police the button establishment(Including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in view of various floors front room in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, should report to the police the button first choice spot as the establishment manual fire. In addition, the room also should establish the manual fire to the common elevator in front of to report to the police the button.In the public active place (including hall, hall, dining room, multi-purpose hall and so on) and the main thoroughfare and so on place, the personnel very is all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should report to the police the button in these public active places main access establishment manual fires; The manual fire establishes which in the main thoroughfare reports to the police the button to guarantee "to a manual fire which most is close to reports to the police the button distance from a fire protection district any position not to be supposed to be bigger than 30 meters".3rd, the fire emergency broadcasts the speaker the establishmentThe aisle, the hall, the dining room and so on the public place personnel very are all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should press in these public places "to a recent speaker distance is not bigger than 25 meters from a fire protection district any spot" and "in the aisle last should not be bigger than 12.5 meters the speaker to the aisle terminal distance" the establishment fire emergency to broadcast the speaker; Next also should establish the fire in the public bathroom place emergency to broadcast the speaker.The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, also has the fire door separation and the sounds of people is confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. In front of the common elevator the room also should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. Disperses the stair hall also is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with the fire prevention, also the sounds of people are confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker, by favors the fire emergency broadcast to disperse the instruction.4th, fire alarm installment establishmentThe establishment fire emergency broadcast fire auto-alarm system, the author thought also should install the fire alarm installment, but its control procedure should be: The alarm apparatus should confirm after the fire, uses manual or the automatic control mode unification to the fire correlation region transmission warning, stops the alarm apparatus work in the stipulation time, the rapid linkage fire emergency broadcast and broadcasts to the people disperses the instruction.The fire alarm installment establishment position, the author thought should report to the police the button position with the manual fire to be same, its wall surface installment should for be apart from the ground 1.8 meters highly5th, fire special use telephone establishmentInstalls the fire special use telephone extension telephone, should be located the engine room which related also some people is on duty frequently with the fire linkage control (including fire water plant, spare electricity generation engine room, matches substation, mainly ventilates with air conditioning engine room, discharges fume engine room, fire prevention elevator machine room and other), the fire fighting control system operates the equipment place or the control room, the fire duty officers observation room, the security manages spot and so on public room. Sedan of theater box the fire elevator and in the ordinary elevator all should suppose the special use telephone, requests the elevator machine room and the elevator sedan theater box, the elevator machine room and the fire control room, the elevator sedan theater box and the fire control room and so on three compositions is reliable to speaks the correspondence telephone system. Usually in fire control room; The establishment elevator monitoring demonstration plate (including position indicator, direction indicating lamp, to speaks correspondence telephone, trouble lamp and so on), in order to carries on the necessity to the elevator running status which in the surveillance and the emergency case controls.Is equipped with the manual fire to report to the police position and so on button, fire hydrant button also should install the fire special use telephone receptacle.Third, fire linkage control 1st, the fire linkage control should include the control fire pump to open, to stop, also should demonstrate opens pumps the button the position and the fire pump work and the malfunction. When the fire hydrant is equipped with the fire hydrant button, its electric installation work spot also should demonstrate the fire pump the working mode active status (namely establishment fire pump work indicating lamp). 2nd, the fire linkage control should include the control spraying of water and the water atomization fire fighting system opens, stops, also should demonstrate the fire pump the work and the malfunction and the fluent display, reports to the police the valve, the safety signal valve working mode active status. In addition, to the basin, the water tank water level also should carry on the demonstration monitor; In order to prevent the overhaul signal valve is shut down, the author thought should use the belt electric signal the control signal valve by to demonstrate it opens the condition. 3rd, the fire linkage control other controls and the demonstration function, should carry out the present national related standard and the standard specific stipulation.Fourth, fire auto-alarm system wiringIn order to prevent the fire occurs when the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line severance, causes the fire fighting work to be unable to carry on, creates the bigger economic loss; Also for the suppression electronmagetic interference (for example transformer, electric motor, electric cable and so on) the influence which produces to the fire auto-alarm system. The fire auto-alarm system transmission line and the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line should use the being flame-resistant electric cable, and should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. The fire manual positive governing installment line should use the fireproof electric cable, its electric cable also should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. Uses Ming Fushi, should takes the fire protection protective measures on the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking.Fifth, concluding remarkThe author rests on the concrete project to implement the experience, elaborated the design basis, fire auto-alarm design actual problem and so on system equipment establishment, fire linkage control and its wiring pulls out some shallow opinions, its goal is enhances the fire auto-alarm system the design quality, discovered early and the notification fire, prevented and reduces the fire to harm, by protects the person and the property safety.随着我国经济发展快速发展，人民生活的水平不断提高，城市使用是每天着急，敦促建设面临着发展的方向。这种高层次的民间建筑维修所需的材料和方式也更加多样化加快，而且随着使用电力负荷和煤气消费量扩大，提议消防自动报警系统设计较高，更严格的要求。为了保证人民生命和财产的安全，消防自动报警系统的设计已经成为在高级别民间建筑设计的一个最重要的设计内容。目前的基础上撰文火灾自动报警系统设计监督工作的高层次的民间建设的经验，建议在目前国家相关标准和标准不清楚真正详细浅见解，为同事们的讨论，并指出错误。 首先，设计依据 火灾自动报警系统的设计是一家专业非常强的技术工作，同时还具有很强的政策性。因此，首先应明确以下设计依据： 第一，必须紧紧抓住的建筑设计防火标准，该系统的设计标准，标准的设备制造，安装施工审批标准和管理的法律和规章等五大方面的消防法律法规，并在实际了解国家有关本标准和标准积极字： “必须” ， “必须假定” ， “不适合” ， “可能”和反面词： “严格禁止” ， “不应该” ， “没有” ， “不适合“的含义。 第二，必须着眼于高层次的民间建筑的功能，利用和保护对象的防火等级，认真开展本标准和国家有关标准，认真对待公安防火监督部门的审批意见。 其次，火灾自动报警系统设备的建立 建立火灾探测器 要么全打开的印章或楼梯大厅应单独划分搜索范围，每个2 〜 3建立火灾探测器。 第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防前面房间烟雾楼梯大会堂来用场）和过道应区分单独划分搜索范围，特别是前面的房间，以及电梯，分散楼梯大厅和走道都是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾比较容易收集或流动，是人员分散保存目标与防火，因此，应该安装火警探测器。关于共同电梯前室虽然不是人员分散，而且这方面的空间和良好的电梯是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾也很容易被收集或流动，适当地划分为单独的搜索覆盖面和安装消防探测器。 电缆轴因此很容易形成掏出烟炎症渠道，拥有火灾时的火强度不容易延伸沿电缆燃烧，为此， “高级别民间建筑设计防火标准”和“民用建筑电气设计标准“分别提出了详细具体的规定，在建筑和在电线或电缆塑造。但认为具体实施的难度和目前的情况下，电缆竖井安装了火灾探测器是非常必要的，坐标轴的防火分隔要求，每2 〜 3或每一级安装。 电梯机房应安装火灾探测器，它的电梯是重要的垂直交通工具，其两个电梯机房已具有火灾危险性，其存在的三个基本解除以及打开洞，像打开闸门的水平之间的球洞，在气孔，持久的关系打开了洞与电梯机房或滑轮等，其时，有四个火，升降机以及往往成为火灾强度传播渠道，很容易危及电梯机房设施。因此，电梯机房建立了火灾探测器是必要的，也适用于皇冠建立火灾探测器举井。 2 ，手动火警报警按钮建立 （包括防前面的烟雾楼梯大厅鉴于各层前房间前面的房间，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时人员驱散节省目标，防火，应立即向警方举报的按钮，首选地点设立手动火警。此外，该室也应建立防火手册的共同电梯前，向警方报案的按钮。 在公共活动场所（包括会堂，礼堂，餐厅，多功能厅等）和主要通道等场所，是所有工作人员非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应立即向警方举报的按钮，在这些公共活动场所主要通道设立手册火灾;该手册规定的火灾中的主要通道报警按钮，以保证“ ，以手动火警最接近报警按钮距离防火区的任何位置不应该超过30米。 “ 第三，消防紧急广播喇叭建立 走道，大厅，餐厅等公共场所的工作人员都非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应该按这些公共场所的“最近的一项发言距离不超过25米的防火保护区的任何位置”和“在走道上不应大于十二点五米扬声器的过道末端距离”建立消防应急广播喇叭;下一步还应当建立消防在公共浴室的地方紧急广播喇叭。 第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也有分离和防火门的声音，人民的混乱和嘈杂，因此，应建立消防应急广播喇叭。在前面的共同电梯房也应建立消防应急广播喇叭。分散大厅楼梯也已经火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也是人民的声音和嘈杂的混淆，因此应建立消防应急广播喇叭，由主张消防紧急广播驱散指令。 第四，建立火灾报警装置 建立消防应急广播火灾自动报警系统，笔者认为还应该安装消防报警装置，但它的控制程序应该是：该报警器应确认火灾后，利用手动或自动控制模式统一消防相关区域传输预警，报警器停止工作时间的规定，迅速联系消防应急广播和电视节目，并且分散了人们的指示。 火警警报装置建立的立场，笔者认为应该向警方报案的按钮位置的手动火警是相同的，它的墙面安装应为距地面1.8米高度 第五，消防专用电话设立 安装消防专用电话分机电话，应设机房其中也涉及一些人是在工作地点经常与消防联动控制（包括消防给水设备，备件发电机房，火柴变电站，主要ventilates空调引擎室，排放烟气轮机室，防火电梯机房及其他） ，消防控制系统的经营场所或设备的控制室，消防责任人员观察室，现场的安全管理等公共空间。轿车的影院中消防电梯和普通电梯应假设所有使用的特殊电话，请电梯机房和电梯轿车影院中，电梯机房及消防控制室，电梯轿车影院方块和消防控制室等三个成分是可靠的讲通信电话系统。通常在消防控制室;建立电梯监测演示板（包括位置指示器，显示方向灯，以讲信函电话，麻烦灯等） ，以进行必要的电梯在运行状态的监视和紧急情况下的控制。 配备了手动火警报警位置等按钮，消火栓按钮，还应该安装消防专用电话插座。 第三，消防联动控制 第一，消防联动控制应包括控制消防泵开启，停止，也应表现出的按钮，打开泵的位置和消防泵的工作和故障。当消火栓设有消火栓按钮时，其电气安装工程现场也应表现出的消防泵的工作模式有效状态（即建立消防泵工作表明灯） 。 第二，消防联动控制应包括控制喷洒水和水雾化灭火系统打开，停止，也应表现出的消防泵的工作和故障和流利显示，报警阀，安全信号阀工作模式积极的地位。此外，该盆地，水箱水位也应进行示范监测;为了防止检修信号阀关闭，作者认为应该使用带电信号控制信号阀证明它打开条件。 第三，消防联动控制其他控制和示范作用，应进行本标准和国家有关标准的具体规定。 第四，火灾自动报警系统布线 为了防止火灾发生时，消防控制，通信和警戒线遣散，使灭火工作无法进行，造成了更大的经济损失，也为抑制electronmagetic干扰（例如变压器，电电机，电缆等）的影响而产生的火灾自动报警系统。火灾自动报警系统的输电线路和消防控制，通信和预警线应使用被阻燃电缆，并应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。消防手册积极理事分期付款行应使用防火电缆，其电缆也应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。使用明复，应采取防火保护措施的金属管或封闭金属trunking.Fifth ，结论备注 作者取决于具体的项目实施经验，阐述了设计依据，火灾自动报警设计和实际问题，以便建立系统设备，消防联动控制及其接线拿出一些肤浅的意见，其目的是增强了火灾自动报警系统的设计质量，早期发现，并通知消防，预防和减少火灾危害，通过保护个人和财产安全。