小学英语教育存在的若干问题及对策摘要当前我市小学英语教育存在着教师资源配笠不足、教师整体素质偏低、教学教法相对落后等问题，本文从实际出发，正确分析我市小学英语教育的现状，并试图从不同层次寻求对策，为提高小学英语教育整体水平提供参考。关键词小学英语教育问题对策中根据国家教育部新一轮课程改革进程安排，新课程将于2005年秋在全国范围内全面推行。按照新的课程标准，小学3年级将开设英语课，3一6年级英语教学有了目标和内容上的级别要求。《英语课程标准》对英语教育提出了较高的要求:激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣，使学生树立自信心，养成良好的学习习惯和学习策略，发展自主学习的能力和合作精神;使学生掌握一定的英语基础知识和听、说、读、写技能，形成一定的综合语言运用能力;培养学生观察、记忆、思维、想象能力和创新精神;帮助学生了解世界和中西方文化的差异，拓展视野，培养爱国主义精神，形成健康的人生观，为他们的终身学习和发展打下良好的基础。从学生发展的角度看，小学英语教育比中学、大学教育更重要，更关键，因为良好的语言开端将直接影响学生今后乃至终身正确掌握和使用语言，因此对照新课程标准，联系当前我市小学英语教育水平现状，找出存在的问题，研究切实可行的对策和措施，是提高小学英语教育整体水平迫在眉睫的工作。一、影响我市小学英语教育中的几个问题l、地方方言严重影响小学生正确英语发音。新课程标准对小学英语教育的语言技能教学提出了“在口语表达中做到发音清楚、语调达意”的基本要求。虽然普通话教学的要求在我市已经推行多年，但我市地处闽北山区，在相当多的农村地区和部分城郊，小学生的课堂用语仍常使用当地方言，英语与汉语本身在发音上就有着较大的区别，学生在接受普通话教育的同时接受英语教育，存在着一定的难度和障碍。而且，我市是地方方言种类繁多的地区，各地的方言不仅影响了农村地区的学生英语的正确发音，同样影响着城市的孩子。同时，多数小学英语教师也受地方方言的影响，自身的英语语音不准确。2、小学专业英语教师队伍配置严重不足。目前我市小学教师明显不足，特别是农村和部分县市的小学几乎没有，且许多现有的英语教师属非英语专业或是其他科任教师兼任英语教学，或是从其他学科“改行”教英语。3、小学英语教学理念和方法相对落后。从目前情况来看，我市的许多小学英语教育还大都停留在传统应试教育的教学理念和方法上，对英语语言的教学理念和方法还相对落后，一部分教师不了解语言学习的规律，教学经验不足，不能创设情景激发学生学习英语的兴趣，只让学生死记硬背，教学方法单一。教学基本上是照本宣科，重知识传授，轻能力培养。同时许多教师的教学观念仍停留在传统的“以教师为中心”的层次上，课堂是教师一言堂，填鸭式的灌输，忽视语言实践。对小学英语教学理念的研究和创新不够。4、小学英语教师的整体素质偏低。主要表现在几个方面:一是英语专业的水平有待提高。现有的小学英语教师多为中师、高中毕业或从其他专业改行，专业基础差，英语语言知识掌握不够正确、词汇量不足、发音不准等现象比较普遍，教师的英语口语和交际能力不强，不能用英语组织课堂教学，大部分教师听力水平较差，难以指导学生进行听说训练。二是缺乏教育学、心理学理论知识。相当一部分的教师对教育学、心理学理论知识不系统，不全面，教学中不能按小学生的心理特.点和生理要求、认识规律设计教学环节，安排教学活动。三是动手操作能力差。现有的许多小学英语教师在这方面存在着很大的欠缺，导致课堂气氛不活跃，学生厌学英语。四是教师的教研能力差。许多教师不注重学习教育理论、研究教学现状和信息动态，不研究总结教学经验，不乐于撰写教科研论文，更不知道如何从教科研中获取经验和信息来充实自己。二、解决我市小学英语教育的荃本对策提高我市小学英语教育的整体水平，最关键是要培养一支高素质的小学英语教师队伍。这是一项长期的系统工程，需要教师、学校、政府等各方面的努力和付出。笔者认为，可以从以下几个层次寻求对策:1、教师要加强自我素质的提高。小学英语教师应该清楚地看到自身存在的不足，有针对性地加强英语专业知识和其他有关教学理论的自我进修，坚持采取读英语书报杂志、听英语广播等多种形式，不断更新和正确掌握英语知识，提高教学能力，以《英语课程标准》中“准确把握新课程标准的理念、目的和内容，运用教育学和心理学理论，研究语言教学的规律。”、“善于结合实际教学的需要，灵活地和有创造性地使用教材，对教材的内容、编排顺序、教学方法等方面进行适当的取舍和调整”等的要求严格要求自己。2、学校要创造良好的教师发展环境。教师的专业发展离不开学校的改革与教研实践的紧密结合。校本教育对教师的专业发展有着不可替代的作用，既能适应教师教学和学校改革的需要，又促进教育理论和教育实践的有效结合。学校应为教师的反思实践、行动研究、参与课题研究提供资源和制度支持，及时提供载有学科前沿的读物给英语教师阅读，扩大他们的知识面。同时，学校要充分发挥教研组的作用，广泛开展说课交流，举行各类英语教学教育研讨会，开展“创优课”评选和“教改实验”等活动，不断促进教师理论与实践相结合，不断创新，推动教学向纵深方向发展。3、高师院校要有重点地培养小学英语教师。世界各国早在20世纪80年代初就取消了中等师范学校，小学教师必须由师范大专或大专以上毕业。我国近年来也将高师院校作为小学教师的摇篮。为此，我市小学输送急需的高素质的小学英语教师，加快小学英语教师大专化进程。同时，高师院校要根据新课改要求，在培养小学英语教师方面做好英语专业和教育理论的课程设置，改革过去英语教法课的教学内容和教学方法和只注重培养初中教师的做法，突出小学英语教师的理论与职业技能的系统培训，着力培养小学英语教师的基本教学能力、处理教材能力和教研能力。4、教育等部门要充分发挥职能。各地教育部门、负责教师继续教育的机构以及其他有关部门，要按照《英语课程标准》，全面系统地分析我市小学英语教育的现状，根据各自的职能，从高师院校的招生、课程设置、教师队伍人事的合理配置、教师继续教育和培训、小学教师教研目标要求以及开展素质教育所需经费的安排等各方面，综合研究和制定出合理有效的小学英语教师的培养计划，逐步建立起一套多渠道、多形式的培训网络，统筹安排英语教师的培训工作，全面提高我市小学英语教师的整体素质。综上所述，为了适应新课程标准的要求，顺利开展好我市小学开设英语课程工作，建设一支高素质的小学英语教师队伍，需要教育行政部门、学校、教师等各方面都责无旁贷。参考文献〔l]英语课程标准(实验稿)【M」.北师大出版社，Zonl.〔2」英语课程标准解读(实脸稿)〔M」，北师大出版社，2001.【3」刘昌春.农村小学英语师资培训当议【J〕.中国农村教育，2(X)3(12).【4」苏仁平.小学英语教师队伍存在的问题与对策【J].教学实践与研究，2001(12).
华文版本 Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked web pages and other resources of the World Wide Web (WWW).HistoryCreationThe USSR's launch of Sputnik spurred the United States to create the Advanced Research Projects Agency, known as ARPA, in February 1958 to regain a technological lead.[1][2] ARPA created the Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) to further the research of the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program, which had networked country-wide radar systems together for the first time. J. C. R. Licklider was selected to head the IPTO, and saw universal networking as a potential unifying human revolution.Licklider moved from the Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory at Harvard University to MIT in 1950, after becoming interested in information technology. At MIT, he served on a committee that established Lincoln Laboratory and worked on the SAGE project. In 1957 he became a Vice President at BBN, where he bought the first production PDP-1 computer and conducted the first public demonstration of time-sharing.At the IPTO, Licklider recruited Lawrence Roberts to head a project to implement a network, and Roberts based the technology on the work of Paul Baran,[citation needed] who had written an exhaustive study for the U.S. Air Force that recommended packet switching (as opposed to circuit switching) to make a network highly robust and survivable. After much work, the first two nodes of what would become the ARPANET were interconnected between UCLA and SRI International in Menlo Park, California, on October 29, 1969. The ARPANET was one of the "eve" networks of today's Internet. Following on from the demonstration that packet switching worked on the ARPANET, the British Post Office, Telenet, DATAPAC and TRANSPAC collaborated to create the first international packet-switched network service. In the UK, this was referred to as the International Packet Stream Service (IPSS), in 1978. The collection of X.25-based networks grew from Europe and the US to cover Canada, Hong Kong and Australia by 1981. The X.25 packet switching standard was developed in the CCITT (now called ITU-T) around 1976. X.25 was independent of the TCP/IP protocols that arose from the experimental work of DARPA on the ARPANET, Packet Radio Net and Packet Satellite Net during the same time period. Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn developed the first description of the TCP protocols during 1973 and published a paper on the subject in May 1974. Use of the term "Internet" to describe a single global TCP/IP network originated in December 1974 with the publication of RFC 675, the first full specification of TCP that was written by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine, then at Stanford University. During the next nine years, work proceeded to refine the protocols and to implement them on a wide range of operating systems.The first TCP/IP-wide area network was made operational by January 1, 1983 when all hosts on the ARPANET were switched over from the older NCP protocols to TCP/IP. In 1985, the United States' National Science Foundation (NSF) commissioned the construction of a university 56 kilobit/second network backbone using computers called "fuzzballs" by their inventor, David L. Mills. The following year, NSF sponsored the development of a higher-speed 1.5 megabit/second backbone that became the NSFNet. A key decision to use the DARPA TCP/IP protocols was made by Dennis Jennings, then in charge of the Supercomputer program at NSF.The opening of the network to commercial interests began in 1988. The US Federal Networking Council approved the interconnection of the NSFNET to the commercial MCI Mail system in that year and the link was made in the summer of 1989. Other commercial electronic e-mail services were soon connected, including OnTyme, Telemail and Compuserve. In that same year, three commercial Internet Service Providers were created: UUNET, PSINET and CERFNET. Important, separate networks that offered gateways into, then later merged with, the Internet include Usenet and BITNET. Various other commercial and educational networks, such as Telenet, Tymnet, Compuserve and JANET were interconnected with the growing Internet. Telenet (later called Sprintnet) was a large privately funded national computer network with free dial-up access in cities throughout the U.S. that had been in operation since the 1970s. This network was eventually interconnected with the others in the 1980s as the TCP/IP protocol became increasingly popular. The ability of TCP/IP to work over virtually any pre-existing communication networks allowed for a great ease of growth, although the rapid growth of the Internet was due primarily to the availability of commercial routers from companies such as Cisco Systems, Proteon and Juniper, the availability of commercial Ethernet equipment for local-area networking and the widespread implementation of TCP/IP on the UNIX operating system.Common uses of the InternetE-mailFor more details on this topic, see E-mail.The concept of sending electronic text messages between parties in a way analogous to mailing letters or memos predates the creation of the Internet. Even today it can be important to distinguish between Internet and internal e-mail systems. Internet e-mail may travel and be stored unencrypted on many other networks and machines out of both the sender's and the recipient's control. During this time it is quite possible for the content to be read and even tampered with by third parties, if anyone considers it important enough. Purely internal or intranet mail systems, where the information never leaves the corporate or organization's network, are much more secure, although in any organization there will be IT and other personnel whose job may involve monitoring, and occasionally accessing, the e-mail of other employees not addressed to them.The World Wide WebMany people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web (or just the Web) interchangeably, but, as discussed above, the two terms are not synonymous.The World Wide Web is a huge set of interlinked documents, images and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. These hyperlinks and URLs allow the web servers and other machines that store originals, and cached copies, of these resources to deliver them as required using HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). HTTP is only one of the communication protocols used on the Internet.Web services also use HTTP to allow software systems to communicate in order to share and exchange business logic and data.Software products that can access the resources of the Web are correctly termed user agents. In normal use, web browsers, such as Internet Explorer and Firefox, access web pages and allow users to navigate from one to another via hyperlinks. Web documents may contain almost any combination of computer data including graphics, sounds, text, video, multimedia and interactive content including games, office applications and scientific demonstrations.Through keyword-driven Internet research using search engines like Yahoo! and Google, millions of people worldwide have easy, instant access to a vast and diverse amount of online information. Compared to encyclopedias and traditional libraries, the World Wide Web has enabled a sudden and extreme decentralization of information and data.Using the Web, it is also easier than ever before for individuals and organisations to publish ideas and information to an extremely large audience. Anyone can find ways to publish a web page or build a website for very little initial cost. Publishing and maintaining large, professional websites full of attractive, diverse and up-to-date information is still a difficult and expensive proposition, however.Many individuals and some companies and groups use "web logs" or blogs, which are largely used as easily updatable online diaries. Some commercial organisations encourage staff to fill them with advice on their areas of specialization in the hope that visitors will be impressed by the expert knowledge and free information, and be attracted to the corporation as a result. One example of this practice is Microsoft, whose product developers publish their personal blogs in order to pique the public's interest in their work.Collections of personal web pages published by large service providers remain popular, and have become increasingly sophisticated. Whereas operations such as Angelfire and GeoCities have existed since the early days of the Web, newer offerings from, for example, Facebook and MySpace currently have large followings. These operations often brand themselves as social network services rather than simply as web page hosts.Advertising on popular web pages can be lucrative, and e-commerce or the sale of products and services directly via the Web continues to grow.In the early days, web pages were usually created as sets of complete and isolated HTML text files stored on a web server. More recently, websites are more often created using content management system (CMS) or wiki software with, initially, very little content. Contributors to these systems, who may be paid staff, members of a club or other organisation or members of the public, fill underlying databases with content using editing pages designed for that purpose, while casual visitors view and read this content in its final HTML form. There may or may not be editorial, approval and security systems built into the process of taking newly entered content and making it available to the target visitors.Social impactThe Internet has made possible entirely new forms of social interaction, activities and organizing, thanks to its basic features such as widespread usability and access.Social networking websites such as Facebook and MySpace have created a new form of socialization and interaction. Users of these sites are able to add a wide variety of items to their personal pages, to indicate common interests, and to connect with others. It is also possible to find a large circle of existing acquaintances, especially if a site allows users to utilize their real names, and to allow communication among large existing groups of people.Sites like meetup.com exist to allow wider announcement of groups which may exist mainly for face-to-face meetings, but which may have a variety of minor interactions over their group's site at meetup.org, or other similar sites.Political organization and censorshipFor more details on this topic, see Internet censorship.In democratic societies, the Internet has achieved new relevance as a political tool. The presidential campaign of Howard Dean in 2004 in the United States became famous for its ability to generate donations via the Internet. Many political groups use the Internet to achieve a whole new method of organizing, in order to carry out Internet activism.Some governments, such as those of Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Myanmar, the People's Republic of China, and Saudi Arabia, restrict what people in their countries can access on the Internet, especially political and religious content. This is accomplished through software that filters domains and content so that they may not be easily accessed or obtained without elaborate circumvention.In Norway, Denmark, Finland and Sweden, major Internet service providers have voluntarily (possibly to avoid such an arrangement being turned into law) agreed to restrict access to sites listed by police. While this list of forbidden URLs is only supposed to contain addresses of known child pornography sites, the content of the list is secret.[citation needed]Many countries, including the United States, have enacted laws making the possession or distribution of certain material, such as child pornography, illegal, but do not use filtering software.There are many free and commercially available software programs with which a user can choose to block offensive websites on individual computers or networks, such as to limit a child's access to pornography or violence. See Content-control software.Leisure activitiesThe Internet has been a major source of leisure since before the World Wide Web, with entertaining social experiments such as MUDs and MOOs being conducted on university servers, and humor-related Usenet groups receiving much of the main traffic. Today, many Internet forums have sections devoted to games and funny videos; short cartoons in the form of Flash movies are also popular. Over 6 million people use blogs or message boards as a means of communication and for the sharing of ideas.The pornography and gambling industries have both taken full advantage of the World Wide Web, and often provide a significant source of advertising revenue for other websites. Although many governments have attempted to put restrictions on both industries' use of the Internet, this has generally failed to stop their widespread popularity.One main area of leisure on the Internet is multiplayer gaming. This form of leisure creates communities, bringing people of all ages and origins to enjoy the fast-paced world of multiplayer games. These range from MMORPG to first-person shooters, from role-playing games to online gambling. This has revolutionized the way many people interact and spend their free time on the Internet.While online gaming has been around since the 1970s, modern modes of online gaming began with services such as GameSpy and MPlayer, to which players of games would typically subscribe. Non-subscribers were limited to certain types of gameplay or certain games.Many use the Internet to access and download music, movies and other works for their enjoyment and relaxation. As discussed above, there are paid and unpaid sources for all of these, using centralized servers and distributed peer-to-peer technologies. Discretion is needed as some of these sources take more care over the original artists' rights and over copyright laws than others.Many use the World Wide Web to access news, weather and sports reports, to plan and book holidays and to find out more about their random ideas and casual interests.People use chat, messaging and e-mail to make and stay in touch with friends worldwide, sometimes in the same way as some previously had pen pals. Social networking websites like MySpace, Facebook and many others like them also put and keep people in contact for their enjoyment.The Internet has seen a growing number of Web desktops, where users can access their files, folders, and settings via the Internet.Cyberslacking has become a serious drain on corporate resources; the average UK employee spends 57 minutes a day surfing the Web at work, according to a study by Peninsula Business Services.[9]Complex architectureMany computer scientists see the Internet as a "prime example of a large-scale, highly engineered, yet highly complex system".[10] The Internet is extremely heterogeneous. (For instance, data transfer rates and physical characteristics of connections vary widely.) The Internet exhibits "emergent phenomena" that depend on its large-scale organization. For example, data transfer rates exhibit temporal self-similarity. Further adding to the complexity of the Internet is the ability of more than one computer to use the Internet through only one node, thus creating the possibility for a very deep and hierarchal sub-network that can theoretically be extended infinitely (disregarding the programmatic limitations of the IPv4 protocol). However, since principles of this architecture date back to the 1960s, it might not be a solution best suited to modern needs, and thus the possibility of developing alternative structures is currently being looked into.[11]According to a June 2007 article in Discover magazine, the combined weight of all the electrons moved within the Internet in a day is 0.2 millionths of an ounce.[12] Others have estimated this at nearer 2 ounces (50 grams).[13]MarketingThe Internet has also become a large market for companies; some of the biggest companies today have grown by taking advantage of the efficient nature of low-cost advertising and commerce through the Internet, also known as e-commerce. It is the fastest way to spread information to a vast number of people simultaneously. The Internet has also subsequently revolutionized shopping—for example; a person can order a CD online and receive it in the mail within a couple of days, or download it directly in some cases. The Internet has also greatly facilitated personalized marketing which allows a company to market a product to a specific person or a specific group of people more so than any other advertising medium.Examples of personalized marketing include online communities such as MySpace, Friendster, Orkut, Facebook and others which thousands of Internet users join to advertise themselves and make friends online. Many of these users are young teens and adolescents ranging from 13 to 25 years old. In turn, when they advertise themselves they advertise interests and hobbies, which online marketing companies can use as information as to what those users will purchase online, and advertise their own companies' products to those users.
Along with the our country economic development rapid development, the lives of the people level unceasing enhancement, the city uses to be day by day anxious, urges the building to face the direction is developing. This kind of high level civil construction repair needed materials and the way also more hasten the diversification, and along with uses electricity the load and coal gas consumption quantity enlarging, proposed to the fire auto-alarm system design is higher, a stricter request. In order to guarantee the people life and property the security, the fire auto-alarm system design has become in the high level civil construction design one of most important design contents. Presently based on the author fire of auto-alarm system design overseeing work in the high level civil building experience, proposed in present national related standard and standard unclear true detail shallow opinion, by for the colleagues to discuss and to point out mistakes.First, design basis The fire auto-alarm system design is a specialized very strong technology work, at the same time also has the very strong policy-type. Therefore, first should be clear about the following design basis: 1st, must grasp the architectural design fire protection standard, the system design standard, the equipment manufacture standard, the installment construction approval standard and the administration laws and regulations and so on five big aspects fire laws and regulations, and in practical understanding present country related standard and standard positive word: "Must", "be supposed", "to be suitable", "may" and the reverse side word: "Strictly prohibits", "should not", "not have", "not to be suitable" the meaning.2nd, must aim at high level civil building function, use and the protection object fire protection rank, earnestly carries out the present national related standard and the standard, earnestly treats the public security fire prevention surveillance department the examination and approval opinion.Second, fire auto-alarm system equipment establishmentFire detector establishmentOpens wide either the seal or the stair hall should alone divide the search coverage, and each 2 ~ 3 establish a fire detector.The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against the front room which smoke stair hall comes in handy) and the aisle should distinguish alone to divide the search coverage, specially front the room and the lift well, the scattered stair hall and the aisle are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be easier to gather or to flow, is the personnel disperses which saves goal with the fire prevention, therefore should install the fire detector. Regarding common elevator in front of room although is not the personnel disperses , but this front room and the lift well are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be also easy to gather or to flow, suitably alone divides the search coverage and installs the fire detector. The electric cable shaft therefore is easy to form pulls out the smoke inflammation the channel; Has when the fire the fire intensity not easily extends along the electric cable burns, for this, "the high level civil construction design fire protection standard" and "the civil construction electricity design standard" separately proposes the detailed specific stipulation in the construction and in the electric wire or on the electric cable shaping. But considered implements specifically the difficulty and the present situation, the electric cable shaft installs the fire detector is extremely essential, and coordinates the shaft the fire protection separation request, each 2 ~ 3 or each level installs.The elevator machine room should install the fire detector, its elevator is the important vertical transportation vehicle; Its two elevator machine room has has the fire risk; Its three lift well existence essential opens the hole, like the level gate opens between the hole, the air vent, the between permanence opens the hole with the elevator machine room or the pulley and so on; Its four when has the fire, the lift well often becomes the fire intensity spread the channel, is easy to threaten the elevator machine room the facility. Therefore, the elevator machine room establishes the fire detector is necessary, crown of also suitable establishment fire detector lift well.2nd, the manual fire reports to the police the button establishment(Including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in view of various floors front room in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, should report to the police the button first choice spot as the establishment manual fire. In addition, the room also should establish the manual fire to the common elevator in front of to report to the police the button.In the public active place (including hall, hall, dining room, multi-purpose hall and so on) and the main thoroughfare and so on place, the personnel very is all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should report to the police the button in these public active places main access establishment manual fires; The manual fire establishes which in the main thoroughfare reports to the police the button to guarantee "to a manual fire which most is close to reports to the police the button distance from a fire protection district any position not to be supposed to be bigger than 30 meters".3rd, the fire emergency broadcasts the speaker the establishmentThe aisle, the hall, the dining room and so on the public place personnel very are all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should press in these public places "to a recent speaker distance is not bigger than 25 meters from a fire protection district any spot" and "in the aisle last should not be bigger than 12.5 meters the speaker to the aisle terminal distance" the establishment fire emergency to broadcast the speaker; Next also should establish the fire in the public bathroom place emergency to broadcast the speaker.The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, also has the fire door separation and the sounds of people is confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. In front of the common elevator the room also should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. Disperses the stair hall also is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with the fire prevention, also the sounds of people are confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker, by favors the fire emergency broadcast to disperse the instruction.4th, fire alarm installment establishmentThe establishment fire emergency broadcast fire auto-alarm system, the author thought also should install the fire alarm installment, but its control procedure should be: The alarm apparatus should confirm after the fire, uses manual or the automatic control mode unification to the fire correlation region transmission warning, stops the alarm apparatus work in the stipulation time, the rapid linkage fire emergency broadcast and broadcasts to the people disperses the instruction.The fire alarm installment establishment position, the author thought should report to the police the button position with the manual fire to be same, its wall surface installment should for be apart from the ground 1.8 meters highly5th, fire special use telephone establishmentInstalls the fire special use telephone extension telephone, should be located the engine room which related also some people is on duty frequently with the fire linkage control (including fire water plant, spare electricity generation engine room, matches substation, mainly ventilates with air conditioning engine room, discharges fume engine room, fire prevention elevator machine room and other), the fire fighting control system operates the equipment place or the control room, the fire duty officers observation room, the security manages spot and so on public room. Sedan of theater box the fire elevator and in the ordinary elevator all should suppose the special use telephone, requests the elevator machine room and the elevator sedan theater box, the elevator machine room and the fire control room, the elevator sedan theater box and the fire control room and so on three compositions is reliable to speaks the correspondence telephone system. Usually in fire control room; The establishment elevator monitoring demonstration plate (including position indicator, direction indicating lamp, to speaks correspondence telephone, trouble lamp and so on), in order to carries on the necessity to the elevator running status which in the surveillance and the emergency case controls.Is equipped with the manual fire to report to the police position and so on button, fire hydrant button also should install the fire special use telephone receptacle.Third, fire linkage control 1st, the fire linkage control should include the control fire pump to open, to stop, also should demonstrate opens pumps the button the position and the fire pump work and the malfunction. When the fire hydrant is equipped with the fire hydrant button, its electric installation work spot also should demonstrate the fire pump the working mode active status (namely establishment fire pump work indicating lamp). 2nd, the fire linkage control should include the control spraying of water and the water atomization fire fighting system opens, stops, also should demonstrate the fire pump the work and the malfunction and the fluent display, reports to the police the valve, the safety signal valve working mode active status. In addition, to the basin, the water tank water level also should carry on the demonstration monitor; In order to prevent the overhaul signal valve is shut down, the author thought should use the belt electric signal the control signal valve by to demonstrate it opens the condition. 3rd, the fire linkage control other controls and the demonstration function, should carry out the present national related standard and the standard specific stipulation.Fourth, fire auto-alarm system wiringIn order to prevent the fire occurs when the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line severance, causes the fire fighting work to be unable to carry on, creates the bigger economic loss; Also for the suppression electronmagetic interference (for example transformer, electric motor, electric cable and so on) the influence which produces to the fire auto-alarm system. The fire auto-alarm system transmission line and the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line should use the being flame-resistant electric cable, and should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. The fire manual positive governing installment line should use the fireproof electric cable, its electric cable also should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. Uses Ming Fushi, should takes the fire protection protective measures on the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking.Fifth, concluding remarkThe author rests on the concrete project to implement the experience, elaborated the design basis, fire auto-alarm design actual problem and so on system equipment establishment, fire linkage control and its wiring pulls out some shallow opinions, its goal is enhances the fire auto-alarm system the design quality, discovered early and the notification fire, prevented and reduces the fire to harm, by protects the person and the property safety.随着我国经济发展快速发展，人民生活的水平不断提高，城市使用是每天着急，敦促建设面临着发展的方向。这种高层次的民间建筑维修所需的材料和方式也更加多样化加快，而且随着使用电力负荷和煤气消费量扩大，提议消防自动报警系统设计较高，更严格的要求。为了保证人民生命和财产的安全，消防自动报警系统的设计已经成为在高级别民间建筑设计的一个最重要的设计内容。目前的基础上撰文火灾自动报警系统设计监督工作的高层次的民间建设的经验，建议在目前国家相关标准和标准不清楚真正详细浅见解，为同事们的讨论，并指出错误。 首先，设计依据 火灾自动报警系统的设计是一家专业非常强的技术工作，同时还具有很强的政策性。因此，首先应明确以下设计依据： 第一，必须紧紧抓住的建筑设计防火标准，该系统的设计标准，标准的设备制造，安装施工审批标准和管理的法律和规章等五大方面的消防法律法规，并在实际了解国家有关本标准和标准积极字： “必须” ， “必须假定” ， “不适合” ， “可能”和反面词： “严格禁止” ， “不应该” ， “没有” ， “不适合“的含义。 第二，必须着眼于高层次的民间建筑的功能，利用和保护对象的防火等级，认真开展本标准和国家有关标准，认真对待公安防火监督部门的审批意见。 其次，火灾自动报警系统设备的建立 建立火灾探测器 要么全打开的印章或楼梯大厅应单独划分搜索范围，每个2 〜 3建立火灾探测器。 第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防前面房间烟雾楼梯大会堂来用场）和过道应区分单独划分搜索范围，特别是前面的房间，以及电梯，分散楼梯大厅和走道都是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾比较容易收集或流动，是人员分散保存目标与防火，因此，应该安装火警探测器。关于共同电梯前室虽然不是人员分散，而且这方面的空间和良好的电梯是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾也很容易被收集或流动，适当地划分为单独的搜索覆盖面和安装消防探测器。 电缆轴因此很容易形成掏出烟炎症渠道，拥有火灾时的火强度不容易延伸沿电缆燃烧，为此， “高级别民间建筑设计防火标准”和“民用建筑电气设计标准“分别提出了详细具体的规定，在建筑和在电线或电缆塑造。但认为具体实施的难度和目前的情况下，电缆竖井安装了火灾探测器是非常必要的，坐标轴的防火分隔要求，每2 〜 3或每一级安装。 电梯机房应安装火灾探测器，它的电梯是重要的垂直交通工具，其两个电梯机房已具有火灾危险性，其存在的三个基本解除以及打开洞，像打开闸门的水平之间的球洞，在气孔，持久的关系打开了洞与电梯机房或滑轮等，其时，有四个火，升降机以及往往成为火灾强度传播渠道，很容易危及电梯机房设施。因此，电梯机房建立了火灾探测器是必要的，也适用于皇冠建立火灾探测器举井。 2 ，手动火警报警按钮建立 （包括防前面的烟雾楼梯大厅鉴于各层前房间前面的房间，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时人员驱散节省目标，防火，应立即向警方举报的按钮，首选地点设立手动火警。此外，该室也应建立防火手册的共同电梯前，向警方报案的按钮。 在公共活动场所（包括会堂，礼堂，餐厅，多功能厅等）和主要通道等场所，是所有工作人员非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应立即向警方举报的按钮，在这些公共活动场所主要通道设立手册火灾;该手册规定的火灾中的主要通道报警按钮，以保证“ ，以手动火警最接近报警按钮距离防火区的任何位置不应该超过30米。 “ 第三，消防紧急广播喇叭建立 走道，大厅，餐厅等公共场所的工作人员都非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应该按这些公共场所的“最近的一项发言距离不超过25米的防火保护区的任何位置”和“在走道上不应大于十二点五米扬声器的过道末端距离”建立消防应急广播喇叭;下一步还应当建立消防在公共浴室的地方紧急广播喇叭。 第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也有分离和防火门的声音，人民的混乱和嘈杂，因此，应建立消防应急广播喇叭。在前面的共同电梯房也应建立消防应急广播喇叭。分散大厅楼梯也已经火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也是人民的声音和嘈杂的混淆，因此应建立消防应急广播喇叭，由主张消防紧急广播驱散指令。 第四，建立火灾报警装置 建立消防应急广播火灾自动报警系统，笔者认为还应该安装消防报警装置，但它的控制程序应该是：该报警器应确认火灾后，利用手动或自动控制模式统一消防相关区域传输预警，报警器停止工作时间的规定，迅速联系消防应急广播和电视节目，并且分散了人们的指示。 火警警报装置建立的立场，笔者认为应该向警方报案的按钮位置的手动火警是相同的，它的墙面安装应为距地面1.8米高度 第五，消防专用电话设立 安装消防专用电话分机电话，应设机房其中也涉及一些人是在工作地点经常与消防联动控制（包括消防给水设备，备件发电机房，火柴变电站，主要ventilates空调引擎室，排放烟气轮机室，防火电梯机房及其他） ，消防控制系统的经营场所或设备的控制室，消防责任人员观察室，现场的安全管理等公共空间。轿车的影院中消防电梯和普通电梯应假设所有使用的特殊电话，请电梯机房和电梯轿车影院中，电梯机房及消防控制室，电梯轿车影院方块和消防控制室等三个成分是可靠的讲通信电话系统。通常在消防控制室;建立电梯监测演示板（包括位置指示器，显示方向灯，以讲信函电话，麻烦灯等） ，以进行必要的电梯在运行状态的监视和紧急情况下的控制。 配备了手动火警报警位置等按钮，消火栓按钮，还应该安装消防专用电话插座。 第三，消防联动控制 第一，消防联动控制应包括控制消防泵开启，停止，也应表现出的按钮，打开泵的位置和消防泵的工作和故障。当消火栓设有消火栓按钮时，其电气安装工程现场也应表现出的消防泵的工作模式有效状态（即建立消防泵工作表明灯） 。 第二，消防联动控制应包括控制喷洒水和水雾化灭火系统打开，停止，也应表现出的消防泵的工作和故障和流利显示，报警阀，安全信号阀工作模式积极的地位。此外，该盆地，水箱水位也应进行示范监测;为了防止检修信号阀关闭，作者认为应该使用带电信号控制信号阀证明它打开条件。 第三，消防联动控制其他控制和示范作用，应进行本标准和国家有关标准的具体规定。 第四，火灾自动报警系统布线 为了防止火灾发生时，消防控制，通信和警戒线遣散，使灭火工作无法进行，造成了更大的经济损失，也为抑制electronmagetic干扰（例如变压器，电电机，电缆等）的影响而产生的火灾自动报警系统。火灾自动报警系统的输电线路和消防控制，通信和预警线应使用被阻燃电缆，并应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。消防手册积极理事分期付款行应使用防火电缆，其电缆也应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。使用明复，应采取防火保护措施的金属管或封闭金属trunking.Fifth ，结论备注 作者取决于具体的项目实施经验，阐述了设计依据，火灾自动报警设计和实际问题，以便建立系统设备，消防联动控制及其接线拿出一些肤浅的意见，其目的是增强了火灾自动报警系统的设计质量，早期发现，并通知消防，预防和减少火灾危害，通过保护个人和财产安全。
论文 汗。。。
这里有个范文你看看吧3月26日 20:09 国际商务谈判的定义： 是指在国际商务活动中，处于不同国家或不同地区的商务活动当事人为了达成某笔交易，彼此通过信息交流、就交易的各项要件进行协商的行为过程。 商务谈判是商务活动的重要组成部分，不仅是谈判双方基于经济利益的交流与合作，也是双方所具有的不同文化之间的碰撞与沟通。因为参与谈判的人员来自不同的国家、不同的民族，因此国际商务谈判受到各自国家、民族的政治、经济、文化等多种因素的影响。其中文化因素的影响是不可忽视的。 在不同的社会里有着不同的文化影响着谈判者的风格。因此在商务谈判中，了解谈判者的文化因素是很重要的。中国入世之后，涉及国际商务的谈判与日俱增，如何进行商务谈判的命题被提上可意识日程，文化差异对商务谈判过程而言，是极其重要而繁琐的变量。从贸易费用角度来看，有效的文化沟通可以节约商务谈判费用，在利益上也能达到预期的目的。因此作为谈判人员必须要了解谈判的文化背景，以便取得谈判的成功。 二， 影响商务谈判的文化因素： 英语哲学家弗朗西斯•培根曾在《谈判论》中指出：与人相处，俗话说：“百里不同风，十里不同俗”，由于世界各国历史传统、政治制度、经济状况、文化背景、风俗习惯以及价值观念存在明显差异，因此在进行跨文化的商务谈判时，作为谈判人员，就应该先了解各国文化差异，认真研究对方谈判人员的文化背景极其特点。因此为了取得谈判的成功、争取利益，就要求了解谈判人员不同的谈判风格，也就要从影响谈判风格的文化因素来研究，其因素包括以下几点： （1） 语言及非语言行为 在商务活动中，语言上的差异是明显的，解决这一问题也就相对简单不同的语言 中，作为信息交流的技巧的种种语言行为方式的使用是有一定差异的，如果不了解这 些差异，谈判者将很容易误解谈判对手所传递的信息，从而影响商务谈判目标的实现。 然而，非语言行为方面的文化差异往往是较为隐蔽、难以被意识到的。不同文化 客观存在着交流技巧的差异。如沉默时段，插话次数和疑视时间差异等，在商务谈判 中，染盘人员一非语言的更含蓄的方式发出或接收大量的比语言信息更重要的信息， 谈判对方极易误解这些信号，而且没有意识到已经发生了错误，这将会影响商业关系 的正常展开。 （2） 风俗习惯 在国际商务谈判中，常会有许多正式或非正式的社交活动，而这些活动常受文化 因素的的影响，并制约着谈判的进行。 如阿拉伯人在社会活动中常请对方喝咖啡，如果客人不喝是很失礼的行为，并且 将会造成很大麻烦。一位美国商人拒绝了邀请，这位美国人也因此丧失了一次合作 的机会。 （3） 思维差异 在商务谈判过程中，来自不同文化的谈判者往往会遭受思维方式的冲突，以中东 方文化与英美为例： 东方文化偏好形象思维、综合、注重统一；而英美国家则偏好抽象、分析思维并 注重对立。 因此不同文化的谈判者呈现出决策上的差异，会形成顺序决策方法和通盘决策方 法间的冲突。 （4） 价值观 在商务谈判中价值观方面的差异远比其他方面的文化隐蔽得深，因此更难克服。 其主要表现在客观性，时时、竞争和平等观念的差异也会引起误解，美国人较客观， 不讲人情只注重经济和业绩，并且时间观念也很强，对他们来说时间就是金钱。然而 竞争的平等性差异也是不好把握的，美国人对利益较为公平，而日本人则有所区分， 因此价值观的差异也会影响谈判的进行。 （5） 人际关系 成功的谈判要求始终保持畅通无阻的信息交流，然而不同的文化背景又会使国际 商务谈判者之间的信息交流面临许多障碍和冲突。因此商务谈判人员必须保持和谈判 对手有良好的人际关系、保持良好的沟通以便谈判顺利进行。比如法国人天性比较开 朗，注重人情味的传统，因而很珍惜交往过程中的人际关系，在与法国人谈判时不能 只想做生意，否则会被认为太枯燥无味而影响谈判的成功。 当我们了解在商务谈判中的文化因素以后，就要注重其影响下的谈判者的谈判风 格及应采取怎样的对策才能取得成功。 三、不同的谈判风格及采取的技巧 谈判风格是指谈判者在谈判中一向表现的态度，行为极其内含的人品等。由于世 界各民族之间政治、经济、文化、科技发展具有不平衡的特性，因此在国际贸易谈判 中形成了各具特色的生活方式、消费习惯、价值观念和文化背景等，因而谈判风格也 各具特点，带给谈判对手思维的影响也大。因此作为谈判者应该了解不同谈判者的谈 判风格，这样才能有的放矢，采取相应的谈判策略，取得谈判成功。 不同的谈判风格： 不同国家的商人，在文化差异的影响下，有着不同的谈判风格，下面来举几个国 家的人的谈判风格作代表。 1美国人 美国是世界上经济、技术最发达的国家之一，英语几乎是国际谈判的常用语言， 并且世界贸易中有一半以上是用美元计算。这使美国人对自己的国家深感自豪，对 自己的民族有强烈的自豪感和荣誉感。因此美国人的性格外向、随意，表现为直率、 开朗、豪爽、热情、自信、果断、善于交际、不拘礼节、追求物质生活、富有冒险 精神和竞争意识。 然而，在谈判中他们表现出的谈判风格也有其特点：自信心强，自我感觉良好；三、不同的谈判风格及采取的技巧 2德国人 德国是世界著名的工业大国，尽管东德与西德统一以后，仍有许多差别，但从整 个民族特点来看，德国人刚强、自信、谨慎、保守、刻板、严谨，办事情有计划性、 雷厉风行，工作重效率、追求完美，纪律观念强，有军旅作风。诚实和正直是德国 人最欣赏的品质。 因此德国人在谈判过程中所表现出来的谈判风格有：准备工作充分完善，仔细 研究对方；非常讲究效率，不喜欢东拉西扯；重合同，讲信用；德国人也非常自负。 他们重视并强调自己提出的方案的可行性，不轻易向对手做出较大让步。 3日本人 在众多的谈判人员的风格里，日本人是谈判者中最具个性和魅力的，各国的谈判 专家也都默认；日本人是最成功的谈判者。这来源于本国文化历史，日本资源匮乏， 人口密集，并且日本人的文化又受中国文化的影响很深，儒家思想中等级观念、忠 孝思想、宗法观念深深植根于日本人的内心深处，但日本人也有其自身独特的特点： 讲礼仪，注重人际关系，等级观念强，性格内向，不轻信人，有责任感，群体意识 强，工作认真慎重有耐心，精明能干，进取心强，勇于开拓，讲究实际，吃苦耐劳， 富于实干精神。 而他们在谈判中表现出的风格就有以礼求让；讲究面子；具有强烈的具体意识、 慎重决策；重视人际关系和信誉；不易退让；不喜欢依法解决纠纷。 因此在了解不同国家的谈判者的不同谈判风格之后，就其他们的特点：要采取相 应的对策，以至能在谈判中取得成功。 三， 技巧 因为在商务谈判过程中，受文化背景影响，各国的谈判者都表现出不同的谈判风格。 要想在商务谈判中取胜，就应采取相应的技巧。 就美国而言，鉴于他们表现出来的谈判风格，我们可以利用并采取相应的措施：a、 利用性格优点，创造良好的谈判气氛，并以相应的态度鼓励他们。B、利用心理特征， 他们比较喜欢表现自己，可以适当激将他们的自信，但不能激怒他们；c、以实对实， 对于他们追求实利；应进行实际论，但一定要体现公正。 希望对你有帮助 U箱发太麻烦了 呵呵
一.关于本专业毕业论文的选题英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和翻译学。各个大方向中又可以选择小的方向，具体解释如下：1.英语文学：选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中的某一经典作家（如海明威），某一经典作品（如《双城记》），某一写作手法（如象征手法的运用）或某一文学思潮（如浪漫主义运动）作深入研究。但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典的作家或作品。有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生的兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象。在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在的深刻含义，不能流于肤浅的分析。文学批评理论的选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识的学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论的知识结构。这个方向的选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语的阐释或某两种或以上的文学批评理论的比较。比较文学研究就是将两个以上的作家或作品进行比较。这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别的（如“雪莱与拜伦的诗歌比较”），也可以是不同国别的（如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）2.语言学：选择语言学的毕业论文选题可以在两个大的方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学。普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的任何一个方面的研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）。应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围的选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习的影响”等。3.翻译学：翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动。对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。相比之下，对翻译活动的研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究（如“汉语成语的英译”）。应该注意的是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。 二.英语专业毕业论文格式要求 学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分。（一）前置1．英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成。2．目录：由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成，排在英文封面之后另页。3．中、英文内容摘要：摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论，是一篇完整的短文，可以独立使用，中文摘要一般在200字左右4关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。为便于文献检索，学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”，这些关键词就是论文的中心词，以显著的字符另起一行，分别排在中、外文摘要的左下方。各关键词之间用“分号”隔开。外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应。（二）主体部分主题部分包括引言（Introduction）、正文(Body)、结论(Conclusion)、参考文献(Bibliography)。主体部分必须由另页右页开始。1．引言：主要说明研究工作的目的、涉及范围、相关领域的前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面的概述、理论意义和实用价值等。2．正文：论文的正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅。一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证。要求论据充分，论点明确。行文必须实事求是，客观真切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读。正文部分要有分级标题，章、条、款、项的序号编码方法，采用阿拉伯数分级系列编号法，论文中的章、条、款、项依次排列，依次从1开始，连续编号，中间用“．”相隔，最末级编号之后不加点。示例：1．2．…… 2.1 2.2…… 2.2.12.2.22.2.3.… 2.2.3.13．结论：学位论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论，它是对正文部分的论述的概述，也可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、尚待解决的问题等。4．参考文献：写作学位论文过程中，阅读或运用过某些文献所列出的书目清单，置于正文之后，另页开始。参考文献的著录按原文献语种为原则。（1）文献目录应另页书写，外文文献排前，中文文献排后。外文文献书名须用斜体。（2）文献目录一律按作者姓氏汉语拼音或外文字母顺序排列。（3）每条文献必须顶格写，回行时空两字或五个英语字母。（4）将各文献的类型代号（即文献英文名的首字母）注明在文献之后：专著[M] 学位论文[D] 论文集〔C〕 报纸文章〔N〕 期刊文章〔J〕 报告[R]专利 [P] 专著、论文集的析出文献[A] 其他未说明文件 〔Z〕电子文献中光盘图书 [M／CD]（MONOGRAPH ON CD）网上期刊〔J/OL〕（serial online）5．文内所引文献：要求附夹注，应在引文后加括号注明作者姓名（英文只注姓），出版年和引文页码。若为转引文献，则加quoted in 字样。 例：（王佐良，1982：38） （Newmark，8：26-33）6.文献中列出的文献应该与正文中标注的文献一一对应。正文中没有出现的，不应出现在参考文献中。（三）附录部分附录包括所有与论文有关的补充材料，如图表或照片等。
浅谈商务英语翻译中的几点问题 [论文关键词〕商务英语国际贫易翻译 [论文摘要」商务英语翻译与普通英语的翻译差别甚大，不论是在专业词汇还是译法方面都需要特别的注意。而随着我国全球化的加深，商务英语翻译也显得越来越重要。此文，笔者从几个方面总结了商务英语翻译的重点和难点。 随着我国经济金融以及全球化的进一步发展，越来越多也越频繁的各种国际贸易在被展开;除此之外，与海外市场其他形式的接触也是与日俱增，例如:中外商务会谈、招商引资、跨国并购、国际性招投标等;英语作为一种国际性的语言，在这些事务中都是离不开的。现如今的中国也早已意识到了这一点，于是掀起了一浪又一浪的英语学习狂潮。说明国家和社会对英语教育的重视进一步加深。但上面所提到的方方面面都属于英语学习中一个更加细分的部分—商务英语。虽然商务英语现如今也算是一个热点词，很多办学机构都有开设商务英语类似课程，但社会对商务英语的重视度仍较低，还是远远不够的。专业的商务英语人才少之又少，系统的商务英语专业课程也是很缺乏。另外，商务英语的翻译也和普通英语大不相同。很多人认为，只要有一本商务英语词典，即使普通英语专业的毕业生也可做商务英语翻译，而且，这正是现在正在发生的事实情况，很多商务英语翻译者都不是专业学习商务英语的，因为早前还没有这个专业。其实这种观点是相当错误的。对商务英语的翻译，无论在词汇上还是译法上都是要专门研究学习的。以下笔者总结了其中的几点。 一、缩略词的翻译 在国际化的商务英语环境中，很多报刊文章、新闻报道或者研究著作等，对一些特定或是常用的英文词普遍采用缩略形式。这些词通常包括机构名称、国际组织名称、国际上普遍认可的商业惯例、普遍使用的投资形式、经常发生的商业行为等等。这便更加大了商务英语翻译的难度。因为缩略词可以用许多不同形式展开，而这些缩略词往往在全文中又占了很重要的地位，所以一旦发生错译，便会影响整篇文章的理解。下面举几个例子: IMF = International Monetary Fund国际货币基金组织 WTO = World Trade Organization世界贸易组织 EU=European Union欧盟 NAFTA=North American Free Trade Agreement 北美自由贸易协定 EFTA二Emvpean Free Trade Association 欧洲自由贸易联盟 FDI二Foreign Direct Investment外国直接投资 L/C = letter of credit信用证 B/L=bill of lading提单 以上举的这些例子只是冰山一角，在真正的国际环境中，缩略词的使用频率很高，数量也很多。并且来自国际商务的各个环节。我们可以发现，有些非常常用的，比如WTO，还可以说耳熟能详，人人知道;但另外一些，就不是单纯学习英语的人所能了解的了，这就需要专业的商务英语的培训和长期大量的接触并识记，才能在以后的工作中发挥作用。 二、合同用语的翻译 另外一个备受大家关注的便是合同的翻译了。合同是交易双方执行责任义务并享有权利的最终法律依据，是有法律效力的。不论哪个交易中，都难免出现冲突和摩擦，是否能够在最短的时间、用最少的人力财力、最有效地被解决，全看合同的订立了。所以，在合同中，一个词一个字都要求做到最严谨最合理。因此，对合同翻译的要求也远远高过于普通文件。而在合同的翻译中，有些特定的用词和方法，也是需要系统地学习和长期经验的积累的。 1.用here, there, where和after, by, in, of, on, to, un-der, upon, with等词结合使用，可以更简洁准确地表达合同中的一些意思: This contract shall come into force from the date of execu- tion hereof by the buyer and the builder. 本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。 The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products where-to this trade name is more appropriate are made in China. 下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品，其品牌以此为合适。 2. abide by和comply with表达不同的遵守: Both parties shall abide by the contractual stipulation. 双方都应遵守合同规定。 All of the activities of both parties shall comply with thecontractual stipulation. 双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。 可见，当句子的主语为“人”时，使用abide by，句子主语“非人”时，使用comply with o 3. Change A to B和change A into B Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to Au-gust and change US dollar into RMB. 双方都同意将交货期改为8月并将美元折合成人民币。 可见前者是“改为”而后者翻译成“折合成”。 4. ex / per / by的使用中，ex表示货物由某船运来，per表示货物是由某船运走的，而by则表示货物由某船承运。 The last batch per S. S. " Victoria" will arrive at London onOctober.(S. S.二steamship汽船，轮船) 由维多利亚号轮运走的最后一批货将于10月抵达伦软。(维多利亚号从出发港出发，但到达目的港伦软的并不一定是维多利亚号)。 The last batch ex S. S. " Victoria" will arrive at London onOctober. 由维多利亚号轮运来的最后一批货将于10月抵达伦敦。(从出发港出发时是哪艘船起运的未知，但是维多利亚号运送到目的港伦敦的)。 5. by和before The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee before June 15. 卖方须在6月15日之前将货交给买方。 The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15. 卖方须在6月15日之前(包括当天)将货交给买方。 所以可见，在给合同做翻译时，一个词的使用错误就会使整个合同发生歧义，影响到将来正常顺利的交易，产生贸易摩擦和冲突，浪费时间、人力和财力。三、广告用语的翻译 在商务英语翻译中，还有一个领域是较难的领域，同时也是乐趣最多惊喜最多的翻译领域，那就是广告用语的翻译。国际商务英语中，广告词往往带有跨文化、跨语言的色彩，所以翻译的难度较大。由于不同的文化背景、成长环境、生活态度和思维方式造就了不同的理解，有些广告语在东道主国很出彩，但是被翻译成外语之后便显得平淡无味、毫无新意。所以对于这种翻译，我们多采用四字成语、生活谚语等来延续它的说服力与感染力，而且更重要的是翻译时的灵感和经验。 Good to the last drop滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。 Hi一Fi, Hi一Fun, Hi一Fashion, only from Sony. 高保真，高乐趣，高时尚，只来自索尼。 Where there is a road, there is Toyota. 车到山前必有路，有路必有丰田车。 Intelligence everywhere智慧演绎，无处不在。 Nothing can come of nothing.物有其本，事有其源。 For the road ahead.康庄大道 看这些经典的广告语翻译，翻译之后语言的力道更强，更富有创新性和感染力。这就是成功的翻译，要通过不停地尝试与磨炼，系统地学习与研究才可能达到的境界。只凭几本字典和基础的英语学习是远远不够的。 四、专业词汇的翻译 其次，商务英语翻译当中的一个难点便是专业词汇的翻译。这是最需要专业商务英语学习之后才能胜任的一项任务。在商务英语中，专业的词汇数量很多，涉及的层面很广。也是靠系统学习以及在工作生活中点点滴滴的积累才行的。这些词，表面看起来很简单，很容易翻译，但是其实意思是和普通英语是大不相同的，有些有细微差别的，如果翻译错误，显得不专业，太通俗，而有些意思差别较大的，如果翻译错误，整篇文章的意思都会被扭曲。也正是这些词，才能反映一个翻译者的专业程度是否深。下面笔者举几个例子，大家便可以理解商务英语之所以被细分出来的原因了。 1.在信用证(letter of credit)的交易中，买方银行需要开立的信用证中要标明付款行的付款方式，常用两个词:by ne-gotiation和by payment来表示，前者是议付行垫付货款后无论发生什么事情，都不可再向卖方追回已付货款，而后者表示议付行在垫付货款后，如果无法从买方处得到交款，便可回头向卖方追回已付货款。然而，单看字面negotiation和payment，是看不出这点区别的。 2. shipper和carrier，这两个词，在普通英语中显得差别不大，但在商务英语中，尤其是国际贸易中，却便是完全不同的两方。Shipper指运送货物的人，即将货物交出的人，是卖方或卖方委托的人;而carrier指承运人，即运送公司，在卖方与买方之间承担运送货物获取酬劳的中间方。 3. incoterms，这个词本身在普通英语中是不存在的，但在商务英语长期的使用变化过程中，人们会将耳熟能详的一些常见词缩写变成一个新的英语词。Incoterms是interna-tional commercial terms的缩写，即国际贸易术语解释通则，这个贸易术语在国际贸易中使用的频率非常高，所以对于所有从事国际贸易的人来讲，international commercial terms再熟悉不过了，因此，人们将之简化成为incoterms流传下来了。 在成千上万的商务英语用词中，专业的学习者都不一定全部了解，更何况非专业者呢?所以，使用非商务英语专业的人来进行商务英语的翻译是大错特错的，除非其进行了专业的进修培训，或者有很多年的相关工作经验。 五、多意词的翻译 很多简单的英语用词，到了商务英语中就要给予特定的翻译，而不能随便来。例:document我们可以翻译为文件、公文，文档等等，很多意思，但是都比较相似;而在国际贸易中，常常被翻译为单据;posi-lion我们通常翻译为位置、职位、立场等，而在金融中，被翻译为‘。头寸”，与之匹配的有long position多头头寸、short posi-lion空头头寸、close position平仓等。 六、结语 商务英语是英语教学的一个细分，专业化更深，所以商务英语翻译也对英语的运用能力提出了更高的要求。在国际交流越来越频繁的今天，我们需要的商务英语人才也随之越来越多，专业化要求也越来越强。而笔者的这篇文章，只是从很少的几个方面谈了商务英语翻译中现存的几个问题或者难点，难免会不全面。相关的学者可做进一步的研究。也望社会能够更加重视商务英语这个专业，培养足够多的商务英语人才，来应对全球化的发展。
Published in 1847, WUTHERING HEIGHTS was not well received by the reading public, many of whom condemned it as sordid, vulgar, and unnatural--and author Emily Bronte went to her grave in 1848 believing that her only novel was a failure. It was not until 1850, when WUTHERING HEIGHTS received a second printing with an introduction by Emily's sister Charlotte, that it attracted a wide readership. And from that point the reputation of the book has never looked back. Today it is widely recognized as one of the great novels of English literature. Even so, WUTHERING HEIGHTS continues to divide readers. It is not a pretty love story; rather, it is swirling tale of largely unlikeable people caught up in obsessive love that turns to dark madness. It is cruel, violent, dark and brooding, and many people find it extremely unpleasant. And yet--it possesses a grandeur of language and design, a sense of tremendous pity and great loss that sets it apart from virtually every other novel written. The novel is told in the form of an extended flashback. After a visit to his strange landlord, a newcomer to the area desires to know the history of the family--which he receives from Nelly Deans, a servant who introduces us to the Earnshaw family who once resided in the house known as Wuthering Heights. It was once a cheerful place, but Old Earnshaw adopted a "Gipsy" child who he named Heathcliff. And Catherine, daughter of the house, found in him the perfect companion: wild, rude, and as proud and cruel as she. But although Catherine loves him, even recognizes him as her soulmate, she cannot lower herself to marry so far below her social station. She instead marries another, and in so doing sets in motion an obsession that will destroy them all. WUTHERING HEIGHTS is a bit difficult to "get into;" the opening chapters are so dark in their portrait of the end result of this obsessive love that they are somewhat off-putting. But they feed into the flow of the work in a remarkable way, setting the stage for one of the most remarkable structures in all of literature, a story that circles upon itself in a series of repetitions as it plays out across two generations. Catherine and Heathcliff are equally remarkable, both vicious and cruel, and yet never able to shed their impossible love no matter how brutally one may wound the other. As the novel coils further into alcoholism, seduction, and one of the most elaborately imagined plans of revenge it gathers into a ghostly tone: Heathcliff, driven to madness by a woman who is not there but who seems reflected in every part of his world--dragging her corpse from the grave, hearing her calling to him from the moors, escalating his brutality not for the sake of brutality but so that her memory will never fade, so that she may never leave his mind until death itself. Yes, this is madness, insanity, and there is no peace this side of the grave or even beyond. Many people in the world are trying to find a perfect companion.Some of these may marry and not know what their new husband or wife is like.This kind of situation often leads to separation or hostility. Other situations may develop between two friends that stem from jealousy, desire for revenge, uncaring parents, etc. Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights displays several characteristics of destructive relationships. Three of these are uncaring parents, marriage without knowing the person, and jealousy. Uncaring or unsympathizing parents are shown throughout this story to be an element of destructive relationships. Because Heathcliff gained all the attention from Mr. Earnshaw, Hindley became disassociated from his father. This separation continued until after Mr. Earnshaw had died.Another example is between Hindley and Hareton. Hindley became such a drunk and a gambler that he could not properly care for young Hareton. This led to a separation between Hareton and his father as well. One primary example of an uncaring parent is shown between Heathcliff and his son Linton.Heathcliff did not even want his son for anything except enacting a part of his revenge. This is shown by Linton's fear of Heathcliff and Heathcliff's enmity toward his son. Linton even says "... my father threatened me, and I dread him - I dread him!"(244) to express his feeling about Heathcliff.The hostility and separation between father and son in this book shows that uncaring parents can cause serious damage in relationships with their children. This element of destructive behavior may stem from an unhappy marriage in which the husbands or wives don't know each other. This had happened between Isabella and Heathcliff. Isabella did not really know Heathcliff when she married him, but after she had married him she saw that Heathcliff was not a gentleman at all. To declare her feelings she wrote "Is Heathcliff a man? If so, is he mad? And if not, is he a devil? I shan't tell my reasons for making this inquiry; but I beseech you to explain, if you can, what I have married ..."(125). Another example of this is when Catherine married Edgar Linton. Although she had been happy at the beginning of the marriage, she thought having parties all the time was going to be fun. Yet, after a while, she became bored. She also realized that she loved Heathcliff more than Edgar and would always love Heathcliff.This enlightenment created separation between Edgar and Catherine during the final hours of Cathy's life. An additional marriage which was made that was doomed was the one between Catherine and Linton. Because this was a forced marriage, Cathy had not yet learned all she could about Linton.Because she did not know until after the marriage that Linton was selfish and inconsiderate, she became distressed and grew isolated in the house.These three failed marriages described in this novel show that knowing the person you will marry is very important.While these marriages took place, jealousy also took a hold in some relationships. One example of this is when Mr. Earnshaw starts to favor Heathcliff over his own son, Hindley. Because of this, Hindley becomes jealous of young Heathcliff and sets out to make Heathcliff's life a nightmare. Hindley's jealousy becomes evident when he says ,"... be damned you beggarly interloper! and wheedle my father out of all he has; only afterwards show him what you are, imp of Satan."(35). Jealousy was also found very notably in the relationship between Heathcliff and Edgar Linton. The jealousy between them is expressed when Heathcliff and Edgar start a hostile conversation after Cathy's homecoming at Christmas near the beginning of the book. As the story progresses these two become bitter enemies who will not speak to one another. Another relationship which jealousy ruined is the one between Hareton and Linton. These two become jealous of each other over Cathy's affections. This relationship ends as Hareton and Linton hating each other. These relationships show that jealousy can ruin a relationship very quickly. The housekeeper Ellen Dean, or we can call her Nelly, tells most of the story. She witnesses the life of the three-generations in the two families. She is a good storyteller but we mustn’t believe all of what she said. She always thinks and considers things in a simple way. She couldn’t understand the deep love between Catherine and Heathcliff. She thinks it is a kind of madness. She is a limited narrator. In a certain way, this helps readers to understand Heathcliff better because he has no chance to defend himself. An outsider will see the whole thing more clearly. However, we should pay more attention not to be affect by her opinions and try to find the truth between the lines. As a main character Catherine is a paradox. She is attracted by Linton but doesn’t love him. She knows that clearly but she marries Linton without listening to the call of her heart. Many critics believe that what makes her marry Linton is only his high social status and wealth. I think this comment is unfair. In fact, she folly thinks to marry Linton will help Heathcliff “to rise and place him out of my brother’s power.” Her decision ruins herself, Heathcliff and the two families. She has to endure serious suffering because she knows clearly she love Heathcliff whole-heartedly but can’t become his wife. She confesses to Nelly her own thoughts: “…I am Heathcliff—he’s always, always in my mind—not as a pleasure, any more than I am always a pleasure to myself—but as my own being…” She loves Heathcliff because he is more like her than herself. His existence is natural to her for they are the same in nature. They could understand each other without obstacles. Talking about Heathcliff, he is an evil person but I admire him because his love and hate is straight. Everyone has a devil in his heart. The one in Heathcliff’s heart is especially strong. In spite of this, I believe and can read between the lines that Amily Bronte also has her favor to Heathcliff. She wants to tell us evil and love are deeply planted in everyone’s heart and it is human nature.
In 2002 will be implemented in three 10 X college entrance examination system. College entrance examination system in the reform of English teaching reforms. The key lies in establishing the class-based teaching system (1) listening and speaking. Against the status quo of poor listening and speaking ability of students to open every Monday of English listening and speaking sections. Use the latest teaching listening "to the future", "traveled the United States," "expect English," and other tapes, video tapes and newspapers, using advanced listening equipment in the classroom teaching through listening, speaking, dialogue, performances, lectures and other lively, interesting students heard about the form of training to improve the communication skills of students, training students in the level of oral expression, reversing the pre-existing "dumb-style" English teaching status quo. (2) the addition of extensive reading classes, the establishment of Foreign Language Reading Room. Although the new textbooks to read the current increased, but far from what is needed. In order to expand the scope of the students exposure to English, optional printing a variety of genres, subjects suitable for students to read the article. According to the requirements of content and reading test, teachers will be articles to classify each article in the post-coupled with an appropriate amount of reading comprehension questions. In order to broaden the teaching of English extension, so that extensive reading in English from the curricular and extra-curricular extension to the establishment of foreign language reading acquisition have been published in a variety of domestic suitable for high school students to read English books, will be in English Extensive Reading from the classroom extended to Yuelan Shi to further stimulate students interest in reading and initiative. Subscribe for students in English newspapers and magazines, the establishment of English specialty health system, at any time to give them an open reading rooms and study rooms. Teaching through extensive reading, students can not only consolidate the textbooks and the basics, but also can improve the self-learning ability to develop intelligence, reading to be fun. (3) The creation of writing classes. Poor writing skills for students in English and Chinese-style English sentences in the written expression of uncommon situation, the school can fully use my existing computer software, according to the new textbooks written request, step by step training on the students writing. "English written expression and training", will be Practical, descriptive text, description text and carry out the purpose of discussion, sub-level guidance training. Writing Course opened for the entrance examination is not merely to prepare for the written expression, but also enable students to learn a variety of English style of writing methods and techniques to meet the future requirements of the community of foreign language experts. (4) The implementation of the different levels of English teaching, the successful introduction of English classes and increase class. Students according to their actual English proficiency, the free selection of the successful lessons to enhance our lessons. School teachers to take a listing. The basis of less successful lessons where students can make up for deficiencies in knowledge and a good grasp of double-base implementation, to develop their own non-intellectual factors, promote the improvement of performance and enjoy the joy of success. The basis of good students can participate in improving the high level of English classes comprehensive training to promote their own standard of English to the "high, precision and advanced the" development and outline the task ahead of schedule to prepare for the contest. 2002年全国将实施3十X高考制度。高考制度在改革，英语教学改革势在必行。 关键在于建立各课型教学体系 （1）听说课。针对学生听说能力差的现状，开设每周一节次的英语听说课。选用最新听力教材“走向未来”，“走遍美国”，“希望英语”等录音带，录像带及报纸，利用先进的听音设备，在课堂教学中通过听，说，对话，表演，演讲等各种生动，有趣的形式对学生进行听说训练，提高学生的交际能力，训练学生的口语表达水平，扭转以前存在的“哑巴式”英语教学的现状。 （2）增设泛读课，建立外文阅览室。现行新教材尽管阅读量增加，但远远不能满足需要。为了扩大学生对英语的接触范围，可选印各种体裁，题材适于学生阅读的文章。根据内容和阅读测试的要求，教师将文章进行分类，在每篇文章后配以适量的阅读理解题。为了拓宽英语课堂教学的外延，使英语泛读由课内延伸到课外，建立外文阅览室，购置国内现已出版发行的各种适合中学生阅读的英语读物，将英语泛读由教室扩展到阅览室，进一步激发学生的阅读兴趣和主动性。为学生订阅英文报刊和杂志，建立英语特长生制度，随时给他们开放阅览室和自修室。通过泛读课教学，学生不仅能巩固课本中出现的基础知识，而且能提高自学能力，开发智力，从阅读中得到乐趣。 （3）开设写作课。针对学生英文写作能力差，中国式英语句子在书面表达屡见不鲜的状况，可充分利用我校现有的电脑软件，根据新教材写作要求，循序渐进地对学生进行写作训练。 “英语书面表达与训练”，将应用文，描写文，说明文和论述进行有目的，分层次的指导训练。开设写作课不仅仅是单纯为高考的书面表达做准备，也是让学生学会各种英语文体的写作方法与技巧，适应未来社会对外语人才的要求。 （4）实施英语分层次教学，开设英语成功课与提高课。学生可以根据自己的实际英语水平，自由挑选上成功课还是提高课。教师采取挂牌上课。基础较差的学生可以在成功课里弥补知识的缺陷，抓好双基落实，开发自己的非智力因素，促进成绩的提高，享受成功的喜悦。基础较好的学生可以参加提高班的较高水平的英语综合训练，促使自己的英语水平向“高，精，尖”发展，提前完成大纲任务并为竞赛作好准备。
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猪群的健康管理 养猪业市场行情的轮回波动，总是让养猪人几多欢喜几多愁。但这是正常规律，是市场调节的结果，以后也将循环往复下去。生产水平低下、猪病接连不断，才是养猪业的真止灾难，才是让养猪人承受痛苦的根本原因!就拿每头母猪每年提供的肥育猪数来说，全国平均不到千头，可见有相当数量的猪场是赚不到钱的! 市场行情的跌宕起伏，固然影响着养猪效益;把猪养好实现每头猪的效益最大化，才是养猪人最应该关注的焦点。采取综合措施，加强猪群的健康管理，才能实现猪群的健康、高产、高效。1加强人员管理和培训 猪群的健康管理是山人来执行的，员工素质的高低将直接影响执行的结果。 首先，要对猪有一颗爱心。要热爱养猪事业，应该以轻松卞俞决的心情投入养猪工作。“要我干”与“我要干”，所得到的结果将是大相径庭的!要设身处地为猪群着想，要无微不至地关心照顾猪群。对小猪，要给予孩子般的呵护;对怀孕母猪，要给予孕妇般的呵护;对哺乳母猪，要给予产妇般的呵护;对公猪，要给予贵宾般的呵护。只有这样，猪群才能源源不断地为我们创造则富。如果仅仅把猪当成畜生来对待，漠不关心，甚至野蛮粗暴，猪群在没有适宜的环境、得不到良好的饮食、凄苦恐惧的状态下，连最起码的生存都谈不上，更何祝为我们创造则富了! 其次，员工队伍要有坚强的执行力。通俗地讲，执行力就是将一各种思想观念、规章制度和操作规程执行到位、落到实处的能力。有很多猪场在专家或者专业技术人员指导下，制定了一系列切实可行的猪场管理方案，但最终的结果还是问题不断。这在很大程度上与执行有关。“目标十执行=结果”，缺乏执行力，即使有再好的方案、再止确的目标，也不可能得出好的结果。拿消毒这个环节来讲，假设规定3天消毒1次，在实际施行过程中就可能出现多个问题:消毒没消毒?用的什么消毒药?刺激性多大?浓度多大?舍温及水温多高?一天当中的什么时间消毒的?是否和疫茁接种相冲突?猪舍或猪群的卫生状祝如何?猪群反应如何?.••…能否得到强有力的、止确的执行，将在很大程度上影响消毒效果。 第三，在确保猪场生物安全的基础上，想方设法，给员工创造一个相对宽松白山的环境。猪场享有“文明监狱”的“美誉”，这似乎是降低职业风险的需要，但也成了很多养猪人的无奈。一天24小时蹲在猪场里，一年难得回家儿次，环境极脏，伙食极差，整天机械式地重复着枯燥乏味的生活和劳作。在这种“监狱”似的环境中，员工的情绪往往是低落和烦躁的;在这样的环境中，员工很难表现出旺盛的工作热情，很难发挥出攻无不克的战斗力。于是，很多猪场都出现了“用工难”的尴尬局面:畜牧兽医技术人员难找，像样的饲养员也难找，跳槽现象频频发生。员工队伍不仅素质低，‘非常不稳定。在这种局面下，要确保猪群的健康、要达到较高的生产水平，儿乎是不可能的!因此，要不断改善员工的饮食和居住条件，以缓解员工被压抑的感觉;要改变过于严苛的管理模式，lfu代之以人性化的管理模式;采用“请进来、派出去”的方式，定期进行技术和管理培训，使员工有一种成长的白豪感;不断采用先进的生产设备和技术，从降低员工的劳动强度和工作难度;营造积极、乐观、团结、向上的企业文化氛围，增强员工对企业的认同感和归属感。2在种猪选育工作中，要坚持把“健康、高产”当作}几要目标，lfu不是一味地追求漂亮的体形健康，即没有特定病原体、适应性强、抗病力强;高产，即繁殖性能好、生长速度快、产肉性能好。平均一头母猪一年提供的断奶仔猪或者肥育猪的头数，是决定一个猪场盈利与否的重要指标。平均一年提供育肥猪不足14头，盈利的可能性不大;超过18头，则，损的可能性不大。如果没有健康、高产的猪群，则猪场的经营状祝是不可能达到盈5平衡线以上的! 在实际养猪生产中，却有相当多的猪场热衷于引进类似于健美运动员体形的种猪，有的甚至声称“非双肌臀”不要!为了迎合市场需求，很多种猪场也不得不调整选育方向，把培育外观漂亮的猪当成首要目标。这样一来，猪的体形的确越来越漂亮了，随之带来的弊端也越来越让养猪人头痛:抗应激能力差、发病率高，母猪发情不明显、配种准胎率低、产活仔数低、难产的比例大幅度提升。 必须明确:养猪的目的是为了赚钱不是为了好看;要养赚钱的猪，lfu不是养好看的猪。具备和谐健康体形、能多产仔、生长快、饲料一效率高、生产更多优质猪肉的种猪，应该是育种学家、种猪场、商品猪场、屠宰)‘共同追求的目标，不应片面追求某项体形目标，走向极端，那将会产生很大的负面影响。3调整疾病防制观念，彻底摒弃“病来乱求医”的治疗方式，树立“养重于防、防重于治”的观念 侧重于“治”的猪场，往往是漏洞百出、危机四伏的猪场，员工充当了“消防队员”的角色，为了“火火”lfu忙得焦头烂额;侧重于“防”的猪场，一般是管理水平和生产水平较高的猪场，员工能够有条不紊地从事防疫和保健工作，很少出现大的疫情;1fO侧重于“养”的猪场，则是进入了“出神入化、游刃有余”境界的猪场:员工轻松快乐，猪群悠哉游哉! 这里的“养”是广义的养，包括良好的环境控制、良好的营养供给和良好的饲养管理。 良好的环境控制。合格的养猪人必须具备很强的环境意识:没有好的环境，就不可能有好的猪群;要想养好猪，首先要创造良好的环境。猪场大的环境应力求绿树成荫、花草遍地、没有异味、极少蚊蝇。栋舍之间应适当拉大距离，以利于通风、采光和防疫。进入办公区，应感觉不是进了猪场，lfi!是进了修身养性的庄园。猪舍小的环境应力争达到“干、净、暖、通风”4项标准。“干”指干燥，潮湿的环境不利于任何猪的生长、发育和繁殖;“净”指清洁卫生、及时清除污染物;“暖”指舍内温度适宜，冬天不寒冷、夏天不炎热;“通风”指换气良好、空气新鲜，空气中有害气体、灰尘、病原微生物浓度大幅降低。 良好的营养供给。饲料一成本是应该考虑的，但不可一味追求饲料一成本的降低，因为低的营养水平往往导致低的养殖水平。除了蛋白质、能量等应满足猪的营养需要外，更要确保足够的、比例均衡的多种维生素、微量元素和氨基酸等营养物质的供给。好的饲料一所起的作用，远远超过任何“灵月一妙药”。近年来大面积流行的所谓“高热病”，在一定程度上与养猪场、户过分追求降低饲养成本有关，用便宜饲料一、便宜药物和疫茁，包括在员工使用上也优先选择月薪要求低的员工，从lfu导致猪群健康状祝差、生产水平低。 良好的饲养管理。关键是对猪要有一颗“爱心”，这点在前面已述及。善待猪群者，猪会给以丰厚的回报:产得多、活得多、长得快;lfu虐待猪群者，猪只能给以微薄的回报:产得少、活得少、长得慢，这种回报可能连成本都不够。要尽可能减少诸如转群、换料一、注射、环境突变等对猪群造成的应激，使猪群充分发挥其遗传潜能。4对关键性的疾病进行净化，可使疾病控制难度大大降低 近儿年困扰养猪业的严峻疫情当中，病原是复杂多变的。有病毒:猪瘟病毒、蓝耳病病毒、伪狂犬病病毒、圆环病毒2型、流感病毒;有细菌:副猪嗜血杆菌、链球菌、巴氏杆菌、大肠杆菌、放线杆菌;还有支原体、弓形虫、附红细胞体等等。想把所有病原体都消火掉是困难的，也是不现实的。在全国一各地众多的疫情当中，猪瘟、蓝耳病和伪狂犬病都扮演了重要角色。对猪瘟和伪狂犬病进行净化，实践证明是切实可行的，也是行之有效的。 从2004年起，在中国兽医药品监察所丘惠深研究员指导下，山东省济宁原种猪场在山东省率先开展了全群猪瘟净化工作，每年两次对公猪、母猪和后备猪进行全群采样检测，至今已有5年多的时间。从2008年下半年起，济宁原种猪场又开始了猪群伪狂犬病的净化工作。尽管在这方面还存在一些争议，比如有无净化的必要、采用何种方法净化、能否达到顶期目的等等，但从全场生产水平的不断提高和引种客户的良好反映来看，疾病净化工作已经取得了巨大成效，我们将坚持不懈地做下去。 猪瘟净化方法:逐头活体采集扁桃体，到有条件的研究机构用荧光抗体法检测，凡抗原阳性者即为带毒猪，应坚决淘汰。净化的难度不在于技术难关，也不在于检测费用，lfi!在于巨大的淘汰成本，但这对本场和客户的长期利益都是值得的。5不要把“救死扶伤”当成养猪人的职责，应执行严酷的淘汰制度 在人医方面提倡“救死扶伤，发扬革命的人道}几义精神”，这是I}所当然的。lfi!在养猪生产实践中，如果一味追求“救死扶伤”，必将造成猪病的进一步泛滥。养猪的目的是为了赚钱，lfu不是研究疾病。对疾病的研究，应该是高等院校、利一研院所的专家和教授们的工作。 热衷于研究、治疗一各种疑难杂症的猪场，不可能是高效益的猪场，反倒有可能成为一各种病毒、细菌、支原体等病原微生物的乐园!吴增坚教授提出的“五不治”原则，具有很现实的指导意义:无法治疗的病猪不治，治疗费用高的病猪不治，费时费工的病猪不治，愈后经济价值不高的病猪不治，传染性强的病猪不治。经过一段时期的严酷淘汰，病净化将发挥积极的作用，猪群的健康状祝和生产性能会明显提高。6高度重视霉菌毒素对猪群的危害 2003年前后，霉菌毒素的危害开始引起养猪业的重视。回首过去匕八年的时间，霉菌毒素对养猪业造成的危害，已经远远超过单独的某一种疾病。近儿年闹得沸沸扬扬的所谓“高热病”中，霉菌毒素“功不可没”。 饲料一的作用胜过一切灵月一妙药，但如果饲料一原料一发生霉变，霉菌毒素就会对猪产生一定的毒害作用，甚至引起猪群发病死亡。玉米、豆粕、鼓皮、鱼粉等原料一都有可能受到霉菌毒素污染。在我国危害养殖业最}几要的是镰刀菌毒素，有玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马菌素和去氧瓜萎镰菌醇(呕叶毒素)，还有黄曲霉毒素、储曲霉毒素等，可引起猪群采食量下降、生长不良、泌乳力下降、发情不止常、流产、死胎等现象。霉菌毒素的免疫抑制作用，是尤其令养猪人头痛的问题!可以导致免疫效果降低甚至免疫失败，还可以造成用药无效。接种了猪瘟疫茁还照发猪瘟，接种了伪狂犬病疫茁还照发伪狂犬病，不一定是疫茁不好，也不一定是程序有问题，很可能是出现了免疫抑制。在实验室中证明很敏感的药物，应用到猪群中防治某些细菌性疾病，也有可能毫无效果。 2003年，很多玉米受到霉菌毒素污染，该年度猪群发病率明显升高;2006年，全国很多地区发生了猪的“高热病”，养猪业损失更为惨重，这在很大程度上与2005年收获的玉米受霉菌毒素污染有关。2009年9月，北方很多地区阴雨天气比较多，尤其应该警惕霉菌毒素可能造成的危害。 减轻霉菌毒素造成的危害，关键是要严把原料-采购关，宁可每斤多花儿分钱进好货，也不可贪图便宜进劣质原料一。有条件的可使用种子精选机对玉米等原料一进行精选，筛除小的霉粒及杂质。根抓霉菌毒素的污染情祝，在饲料一里面加入一定量的高效霉菌毒素处理剂，可以在一定程度上降低霉菌毒素的危害。7制定切实可行的防疫保健程序 要因地制宜、因场制宜、因时制宜，制定利一学的防疫保健程序，并确保落到实处。这里说的防疫保健程序，包括疫茁接种，也包括通过注射给药、饮水投药、饲料一投药等形式进行的药物保健。这些措施非常重要，直接关系到猪场的生存和发展。应该强调的是，任何专家推荐的任何防疫保健程序，都不可能是“放之四海lfu皆准”的真理，必须具体情祝具体分析。在某些问题上，一直是有不同观点的，不同的专家教授之间甚至争论不休，比如:哪些疫茁应列入防疫程序、猪瘟可否做超前免疫、蓝耳病疫茁有无接种的必要、若接种蓝耳病疫茁则应选火活茁还是弱毒茁、口蹄疫的防疫效果为何常常不理想等等。 专家教授的观点要虚心学习，其他先进猪场的成功经验也要积极借鉴，这样可以使白己少走弯路。但不加分析地对防疫保健程序进行照搬照抄，将是很危险的!必须经过小群试验，经过一段时间的对比、分析和总结，才可以确定适合白己的程序。对猪场lfi!言，稳定才是硬道理，合适的才是最好的
英语专业毕业论文
大学生活在不经意间即将结束，毕业生要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种有准备、有计划、比较正规的、比较重要的检验大学学习成果的形式，那么什么样的毕业论文才是好的呢？以下是我帮大家整理的英语专业毕业论文，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
浅析商务英语教学中计算机网络利弊
摘要： 本文通过分析计算机网络在商务英语中的利与弊，探讨计算机网络在商务英语教学中的作用，指出随着信息技术的发展，计算机网络的作用早已远远超出其辅助功能。培养复合型涉外商务英语人才，应打破传统的商务英语教学模式，建立新的以学生为中心的教学模式，强调商务环境下的语言训练。同时，学生不仅要掌握商务英语知识和技能，也要掌握计算机方面的知识和技能。
关键词： 商务英语教学；计算机辅助；教学模式
随着全球经济一体化和我国对外经贸的迅速发展，社会需要越来越多既懂英语，又懂商务的高素质复合型人才。在培养复合型涉外商务英语人才的过程中，商务英语起到了重要作用。通过商务英语教学，一方面，学生可以掌握国际贸易主要术语和必要的商务知识，熟悉经贸业务流程，提高听、说、读、写、译方面的基本能力；另一方面，学生还能掌握商务基本礼仪、经济、贸易等基础理论知识，提高跨文化交际能力，从而最终能够胜任用英语进行对外经贸活动的工作，成为复合型涉外商务英语人才。
一、计算机网络对商务英语教学环境的改善。
商务工作的过程实质上是一种交际过程。商务英语的教学目标是培养在国际商务环境中用英语进行沟通的能力。传统的商务英语教学环境基本上局限在教室和课本上，给学生提供的是零商务环境，导致学生在走上工作岗位时极有可能遭遇“环境休克”，难以将所学知识应用到实际工作中去。
计算机辅助语言学习在我国已经得到重视和应用，并使许多新的教育理念在英语教学中得以实现。
(一)计算机网络能够营造自主学习环境。
Henri Holec提出，学校应该设立两个教学目标：一是帮助学生获得语言和交际能力；二是帮助学生获得自主学习能力。
在商务英语教学过程中，计算机网络使学生能够利用多媒体课件和网络丰富的学习资源进行自学，而不受时间、地点的限制。学生可以根据自身需求和兴趣爱好，自主选择学习内容，调控学习进度，探索学习方法，掌握与商务英语相关的经济、贸易、金融等知识，不断在自身原有经验的基础上建构其对新知识的理解并发展其认知结构。
除了丰富的商务知识外，计算机网络还为学生提供了大量的语言资料，使学生可以不必依赖教师和教材。
各种媒体资源及专门的商务英语教学网站为学生提供了丰富的资源，学生可以自主选择阅读或通过原声电影、英文歌曲、英文广播等多种手段，提高商务英语的听、说、读、写、译基本能力。
以计算机网络为媒介，学生还可以通过电子邮件( e- mail) 、聊天室( chatroom) ，或者MOO (multiuser domainobject oriented)进行一人对一人、一人对多人，或多人对多人的共时( synchronous) ，或非共时交流( asynchronous) ，解决自主学习时遇到的困难。
(二)多信息通道的配合使用有利于改善信息的识记效果。
乔姆斯基(Avram Noam Chomsky)曾指出：“我们大概应该努力为正常人本身拥有的本能的直观判断能力创造一个丰富的语言环境。”人类自然接受信息是通过人的各种感官来进行的，其中包括视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉和味觉等，其中视觉和听觉起着最重要的作用。
多媒体技术在商务英语教学中，可以提供丰富的画面、视频、影像和文字，使学生在学习过程中视听结合，图像和声音信息同步输入，有效刺激大脑皮层，提高记忆能力，从而比传统的、单一的以语言为主的教学方式达到更好的教学效果。
(三)大量真实的商务英语材料使语言输入有足够的“重复率”。
Van Patten在谈到语言吸收时认为：“能够被吸收的语言知识在语言输入中必须有足够的‘重复率’( frequen2cy) 和‘凸显性’( salience) ”。计算机、网络和商务英语教学的有机结合，将商务活动方方面面的情景真实地展现在学生面前。学生不仅可以通过计算机、网络找到关于接待、谈判、会议、询盘、发盘、装运、保险等各种商务活动的文字材料，也可以找到相关的听力、视频、音像资料。
就商务活动的某一主题而言，比如询盘，学生可以在网上找到多种对话资料、听力资料、阅读资料、写作资料及文化背景资料。多种资料中商务术语、商务知识的重复出现，使学生潜移默化地提高了语言运用能力，扩大了自己的知识层面。另外，通过计算机网络，教师可指导学生通过网上实时进行国际贸易业务实训，或通过教学软件进行贸易流程的训练。这种真实的商务英语材料不受课本知识的局限，能够激发学生的学习兴趣和热情，将学生的理论知识和真实的商务环境连接起来，帮助学生有效地克服“环境休克”现象。
二、商务英语教学中计算机网络应用的'误区。
与传统的商务英语教学相比，计算机网络的应用使商务英语教学朝着个性化学习和自主式学习的方向发展。
但是，在许多高校的商务英语教学课堂上，教学的本质并未发生改变，还是一种传统的以教师为中心的教学模式。
与传统的黑板+粉笔+录音机的教学形式相比，只是多了光盘、计算机和网络，商务英语课堂教学仍是教师讲、学生听的局面。以商务英语教学中的课文讲解为例，一方面，教师过度依赖课件。教师往往将课本内容完全照搬到多媒体课件中，然后借助课件进行讲解。即使学生课后上网学习和网络版的内容也基本是课本内容的重复，意义不大。在这种情况下，要激发学生的学习潜能，促进学生自主化学习和突出学生的个性化学习之中，就显得非常困难。另一方面，计算机其及网络自身客观上存在局限性，多媒体教学固然生动，但是教师往往在教学过程中给学生提供过大的信息量，而忽视了学生的个体差异。学生在短时间内获得大量的教学信息，在一定程度上抑制了学生的想象力，不利于其解决问题、分析问题能力的发展。
由此可见，在许多高校的商务英语课堂上，普遍认为计算机作为辅助工具用于教学的目的是要帮助教师提高教学手段，其特点是：第一，辅助教师的演示工具(辅助教授难点或重点) ；第二，教学内容基于课本；第三，学生是被灌输知识的对象；第四，不改变教学内容和教学结构；第五，以教师为中心的教学结构。教学上使用的计算机被认为能够增强教师所传授的信息，因为信息被放大在屏幕上。因此，计算机作为一种技术只能起到增强教学效果的辅助作用，而不能真正成为人们用以解决实际问题的工具(Morrison and Lowther， 2005) 。
当今时代，随着信息技术的发展，计算机网络的作用早已远远超出其辅助功能。尤其是在商务领域，人和计算机已经成为一个整体，不能分离。商务活动中，许多具体业务都必须通过计算机及其网络来完成。比如，在电子商务( e - business)中，询盘、发盘、谈判、签订合同等都需要通过电子邮件( e - mail) 、网络聊天等方式来完成。
如果单把计算机网络看做是辅助的工具，是远远不够的。
因为计算机辅助大大削弱了计算机网络本身的功能和作用，不能够从根本上帮助培养复合型涉外商务英语人才，因此需要打破传统的商务英语教学模式，建立新的以学生为中心的教学模式，使学生的知识来源可以扩大到教育网站、数据库、电子书、音像制品、学习课件、报刊杂志、电视广播、教科书、虚拟图书馆、学习软件、网络交流平台及其它材料，教师不再是课堂上的“知识灌输者”，学生变成知识的主动构建者。同时，学生也要在学习商务英语知识、技能的同时，掌握计算机方面的知识和技能。
参考文献：
[ 1 ]陈坚林。 大学英语教学新模式下计算机网络与外语课程的有机整合———对计算机“辅助”外语教学概念的生态学考察[ J ]. 外语电化教学， 2006， (12) : 23.
[ 2 ]黄秀红。 商务英语自主学习环境的构建策略[ J ]. 教育传播与技术， 2006， (2) : 15.
[ 3 ]肖芳菲。 多媒体网络环境下的大学英语教学刍议[ J ]. 琼州大学学报， 2007， (2) : 37.
[ 4 ] Holec H. Autonomy and Foreign Language Learning[M ]. Oxford: Pergamon， 1981.
[ 5 ]Morrison， G. R and Lowther， D. L. Integrating Comput2er Technology into the Classroom [M ]. Pearson EducationAsia L imited， 2005.
不同学校要求不一样哦。专业不一样，要求也不一样哦。这个问题，你直接问你的指导老师吧。
3000字到5000字左右。
要看学校要求！因为学校的有不同的等级之分，所以国家对学校所培养的学生毕业论文的要求也是不一样的！一般来说地方院校的外语系论文是3000字左右，省一级的学校的话要求大概是4000到5000左右，而且论文的要求是大不一样的！
格式要求：
1、书写格式要求：填写项目必须用碳素或蓝黑墨水钢笔书写。
2、文稿要求：文字通顺，语言流畅，版面整洁，便于装订。Word文稿A4纸打印。
3、图纸要求：图面整洁，布局合理，线条粗细均匀，圆弧连接光滑，尺寸标准规范，文字注释必须使用工程字书写。
4、曲线图表要求：所有曲线、图表、线路图、流程图、程序框图、示意图等不得简单徒手画，须按国家规范标准或工程要求绘制。
5、公式要求：所有公式不得徒手书写，利用Microsoft公式编辑器或Mathtype编辑。
本科生英语论文 范文
范文一：英语本科 毕业 论文
The Spirit of Revolt of Tess --Study in Tess of the D'Urbervilles
Thesis statement:
Everyone knows that Tess’s life is a great tragedy, but she is still a courageous woman who dares to fight by all means. In order to defeat the unfortunate fate she always resists the decadent society, the traditional concept, and the hypocrisy religion.
Outline
Ⅰ.Brief Introduction to Tess of the d'Urbervilles
A. Women’s role in industrial movements during 19th century in England
B. A brief commentary of the novel
1. the writer --Thomas hardy
2. general introduction of the novel
Ⅱ.Tess’s spirit of revolt all through her life
A. Tess’s fight to the moribund society
1. the moribund society
2. Tess’s fight to the moribund society
B. Tess’s resistance to the traditional moral concept
1. the traditional moral concept
2. Tess’s resistance to the traditional moral concept
C. Tess’s resistance to the hypocritical religion
1.the hypocritical religion in that time
2. Tess’s resistance to the hypocritical religion
D. Tess’s resistance to the unfortunate marriage
1.Tess’s unfortunate marriage
2. Tess’s resistance to the unfortunate marriage
Ⅲ.Conclusion: In a word, Tess has shown a powerful woman's image to common people with her unyielding spirit of revolt. She, to the moribund society, traditional old morals, hypocritical religion, capitalist marriage system, has carried on the strongest revealing and criticism. Her kindhearted enlightenment, noble emotion, strong personality, and her resistance in imbuing all rooted in the hearts of the people forever, worth savoring.
Abstract
This paper mainly focuses on the spirit of revolt of Tess. First of all, this paper begins with a brief introduction to the novel. Then, this paper makes a brief commentary of the novel. Moreover, it concentrates on :(1) Tess’s fight to the moribund society. (2) Tess’s resistance to the traditional moral concept. (3) Tess’s resistance to the hypocritical religion. (4) Tess’s resistance to the unfortunate marriage. And at last the paper reveals that Tess is actually a character with the spirit of revolt all through her life.
key words:tragedy,Spirit of revolt,industrial movement,unfortunate fate
内容提要
本文研究的是小说主人公“苔丝”的“反抗精神”。首先，本文对小说的背景做了介绍。然后，对文本进行简要评论。再次，本文主要从以下四个方面对文本主人公“苔丝”的“反抗精神”进行集中讨论：(1) 苔丝对腐朽社会的抗争;(2) 苔丝对传统的道德观念的反抗;(3) 苔丝对伪善的宗教的反抗;(4) 苔丝对不幸婚姻的反抗。最后，揭示出苔丝整个人生经历中的反抗精神。
关键词：悲剧,反抗精神,工业运动,不幸命运
范文二：英语专业毕业论文格式要求
1、主要任务
毕业论文写作是完成本科教学计划、实现本科培养目标的重要阶段，是英语人才培养不可或缺的重要环节，是英语专业本科教学计划的重要组成部分，是培养学生综合应用所学的基本理论、基础知识和基本技能，并分析和解决实际问题的重要途径，是对学生进行科学研究的初步训练。毕业论文是学生大学毕业前的最后学习阶段，是英语教学深化和升华的重要过程;是对学生的英语实践技能、英语 语文知识 及其他相关学科知识、综合素质、研究与创新能力进行检验考核的重要手段;是学生学士学位资格认证的重要依据;是衡量、评估英语专业教学质量与水平的重要内容之一。
2、知识要求
英语专业的毕业论文按专业方向的不同可分为“文学”、“语言及语言学研究”、“语言教学”、“翻译研究”和“ 文化 与跨文化”等不同类别。按论文性质的不同，又可分为理论型研究论文、应用型研究论文、综述型论文和研究 报告 型论文。每个专业方向都可以有这4种不同的类型。
(1)理论型研究论文指对已有的语言、文学、翻译、教学、文化等学科领域的理论性和应用性的研究成果，在翔实、可靠的事实材料的基础上进行有一定新意的探讨，这种新意可包括新的命题、新的视角、新的材料、新的 方法 、新的论证、新的结论。理论型研究应熟识与了解现有的科学观点、结论和评价，并进行消化、吸收，针对现有理论中的不足、不确切和未涉及之处进行局部的修正、改进、补充或完善。写理论型研究论文的学生要有较好的理论准备，能够熟练运用已学的理论知识，正确、科学地分析、解决论文撰写过程中出现的各种具体的理论性问题，在教师的指导下发现、提出理论性问题并对某一具体理论提出自己的看法和意见。
(2)应用型研究论文指以实际应用为目的，探讨已有的知识在实践中应用的可能性，或运用已有的研究成果探索应用的新途径。应用型研究必须与教学、研究或社会相结合，重点在于如何运用现有的知识，提出、分析、论证或解决在实践中出现的各种新问题，作出有参考或应用价值的结论。选择写应用型研究论文的学生要有一定的理论准备，能够熟练运用已学的理论知识，正确分析、解决论文撰写过程中出现的各种具体问题并在老师的指导下运用某一具体理论提出解决问题的看法和意见。
(3)综述型论文是对某一学科领域研究与发展状况作综合叙述介绍的一种论文类型。综述型论文是在大量阅读各种文献的基础上，对学科中某一具体的理论性或实际应用性问题的研究状况进行综合归纳，分析整理，去粗取精，做出判断，理出清晰而明确的研究发展脉络，从而展示研究现状和已取得的研究成果，分析问题的症结，并指出未来的研究走向和发展趋势的动态性研究成果。写综述型论文的学生应对所选课题的研究状况有比较全面的把握和正确的了解，对材料的归纳 总结 要较好地体现出综合性和概括性，要在分析、判断的基础上作出新的结论，而且要有一定的前沿性和前瞻性。
(4)研究报告型论文是就某一课题开展调查或测试并对调查或测试中获得的各种数据进行分析、综合、归纳、整理、讨论，从而作出结论的调研性论文。研究报告型论文可分为调查报告与测试报告两类。写研究报告型论文的学生需要具有正确采集、分析和处理信息和数据的方法，需要具有在理论上对调查过程进行分析和论证的能力，并能在老师的指导下独立 1
制定调查或测试方案。
3、能力培养要求
毕业论文写作是本科英语专业教学计划中规定的一项内容和组成部分，是学生毕业前提交的一份具有一定的理论或应用价值的学术论文。它是学生毕业前独立而系统地从事科学研究的初步尝试。毕业论文表明学生的英语水平和实际应用英语的能力，表明学生相关学科方面的学识水平，表明学生发现问题、提出问题和解决问题的能力以及独立从事科研工作的能力。毕业论文对能力的培养有以下几个方面的具体要求：
(1)锻炼学生运用连贯的、正确的、科学的英语语言的能力，全面提高学生综合运用英语的水平;
(2)培养学生发现问题、提出问题、分析问题的思维品质;
(3)培养学生运用所学的理论知识解决来理论性问题或英语实践技能方面的应用性问题的能力;
(4)培养学生严肃认真的科学态度和严谨踏实的工作作风;
(5)培养学生勇于实践、勇于探索、勇于创新的精神。
4、综合素质要求
毕业论文在英语人才培养中起着一般教学不可替代的作用，是对课堂教学和非课堂教学的重要补充。毕业论文跟课堂教学和非课堂教学二者的配合可有效地解决语言知识、言语技能和相关知识的活用问题，能以一种综合性的研究成果的方式把分散的知识、技能与能力要素有机地结合起来。这种结合是全方位的，即思想、观念、知识、技能、能力和文化素质等诸多方面的全面综合，这种结合同时也包括文献资料检索能力、资料筛选能力、计算机应用能力、动手能力、概括能力、归纳能力、分析问题的能力与解决问题的能力等等。总之，毕业论文教学以培养学生全方位的多方面综合素质为目的。