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旅游英语翻译论文采取的研究方法

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旅游英语翻译论文采取的研究方法

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翻译是将一种相对陌生的表达方式,转换成相对熟悉的表达方式的过程。下文是我为大家整理的关于的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考! 篇1 简论英文合同翻译概论 摘 要:随着中国成功加入世界贸易组织,商务英语的重要性是不可忽视的,尤其是在英语合同的翻译过程中。此文章就从英文合同的定义、结构以及英文合同的词语特点等方面加以论述。 关键词:英文合同 翻译 结构 词语特点 综述: 在英文合同翻译中,前提条件是弄懂合同的定义,包括合同中应有的基本要素,下面就从合同的定义着手,并提出一些在英文合同翻译中应注意的事项,笔者对英文合同作了以下论述: 第一,英文合同的定义 1.在英文中,合同一般称为Contract或者Agreement。 1999年中国《合同法》第二条将contract定义为:A contract in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations”。根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“Contract is a promise,or a set of promises,for breach of which the law gives remedy,or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种承诺,违反承诺可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看作是一种补偿。 2. 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。 它们要约和承诺构成的由协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。 L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到:“Contract generally involves” 1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance 要约和绝对接受 2. consensus ad idem 意思表示一致,也叫meeting of minds 3. intention to create legal relations 建立合同关系的意愿 4. genuineness of consent 同意的真实性 5. contractual capacity of the parties 合同当事人的缔约能力 6. legality of object标的物的合法性 7. possibility of performance 履行的可能性 8. certainty of terms条款的确定性 9. valuable consideration等价有偿 第二,英文合同的结构特点 合同类法律档案用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文缜密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。 中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头: This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ______day of______month,______year by and between Party A hereinafter called “ Party A ”and Party Bhereinafter called “ Party B ” 然后是开始陈述: WHEREAS...THEREFORE ... It is hereby agreed as follows: 或以: WITNESSETH, WHEREAS... NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 接着是正文,最后是证明部分: IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written. 随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同里搬弄是非是找不到的。 第三,英文合同翻译的用词特点formal term 合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化professional、正式formal、准确accurate。具体体现在下列方面: 1. may,shall,must,may not或shall not的使用;may,shall, must,may not 或shall not对学过英语的人来说再熟悉不过了,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。 权利义务的约定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。 may旨在约定当事人的权利可以做什么,shall约定当事人的义务应当做什么时候,must用于强制性义务必须做什么,may not 或shall not用于禁止性义务不得做什么。may do不能说成can do,shall do,不能说成should do或ought to do, may not do,在美国一些法律档案里可以用shall not,但绝不能用can not do或must not,例如,在约定解决争议的途径时,可以说: The parties here to shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People’s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. 本句中的shall和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性“约定”,如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样?前半句的shall换用may后,意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换用shall后,变成了应当诉讼解决,好像一出事,就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。 本句可译:双方首先应通过友好协商,解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成共识的,可将争议提交给有管辖权的人民法院解决。 2.正式用语formal term 合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有着很大不同之处。 例如: “因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ”,远远多于“due to”,一般不用“because of ”; “财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”; “在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”; “关于”常用“as regards”,“concerning”或“relating to”,而不会用“about”; “事实上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”; “开始”用“mencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”; “停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”; “何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by *** . “其他事项”用“miscellaneous”,而不用“other matters/events”; “理解合同”用“construe a contract”或“prehend a contract”,而不用“understand a contract”; “认为”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不用“think”或“believe”; 3.用词专业technical terms 合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、“救济”、“不可抗力”、“管辖”、“损毁”、“灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解,用以上英语表达分别为defect,remedy,force majeure /Act of God,jurisdiction,damage and/or loss。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as ,such... as ,whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词,就其中几个细说: 比如: 1. Hereby: by means of; by reason of this之意,即特此,因此,兹等意。常用于法律档案、合同协议的正式档案的开头语,在条款中需要强调时也可用。举原文说明,如:The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and pletion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may bee payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract. 文中: hereby意为 by reason of this,特此的意思。 therein意为in the Works在本工程中。 such...as是关系代词,相当于that, which,把要限定的词置于such与as之间使要限定的名词十分明确,避免合同双方在理解上发生争议。 其它的还有: “赔偿”用“indemnities”,而不用“pensation” “不动产转让”用“conveyance”,而不用“transfer of real estate” “房屋出租”用“tenancy”,而“财产出租”用“lease of property” “停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease 名词是cessation a business”,而不用“end/stop a business”。 还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文为“grace”, “当事人在破产中的和解”用“position” “依照合同相关规定”一般说成“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等,不说成“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”。 “合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”,其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”,选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。 4.同义词、近义词、相关词的序列 FOR value RECEIVED,the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to _____all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated_____, 19 _____by and between the undersigned and _____,a copy of which is annexed hereto. 在这里的同义词和近义词并列如sell, transfer, assign and set over,right和 tile and interest,在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑,有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如: This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。 For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中“for and in consideration of ”, “covenants and agreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。 The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思,都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions” 再例如:“Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”,一句中的“release”和“discharge”的意思几乎相同。 并列的词还有: ships and vessels support and maintenance licenses and permits charges, fees, costs and expenses any and all any duties, obligations or liabilities the partners, their heirs, successors and assigns 第四,英文合同翻译中的注意事项 实践证明,英文合同中容易出现差错的地方,一般来说不是大的陈述性条款,而恰恰是一些关键的细目。比如:金钱、时间、数量等。为了避免出差错,在英译合同时,常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。 A. 限定责任 众所周知,合同中要明确规定双方的责任。为英译出双方责任的许可权与范围,常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。现把最常用的此类结构举例说明如下。 1.1 and/or常用 and/or 英译合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的内容,这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。 例1:如果上述货物对船舶和或船上其它货物造成任何损害,托运人应负全责。 The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on board. 1.2 by and between 常用by and between强调合同是由“双方”签订的,因此双方必须严格履行合同的责任。例2:买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。 This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller,whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned modity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below. B. 限定时间英译与时间有关的文字,都应非常严格慎重地处理,因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时,常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。 2.1 双介词 用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。 例3:自9月20日起,甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。 Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20. 例4:我公司的条件是,3个月内,即不得晚于5月1日,支付现金。 Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1.3.2.2 not no later than用“not no later than +日期”英译“不迟于某月某日”。 例5:本合同签字之日一个月内,即不迟于12月15日,你方须将货物装船。 Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e. not later than December 15. 2.2 include的相应形式 常用include的相应形式:inclusive、including和included来限定含当日在内的时间。 例6:本证在北京议付,有效期至1月1日。 This credit expires till January 1inclusive for negotiation in Beijing. or This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing. 如果不包括1月1日在内,英译为till and not including January 1。 3.1 大写文字重复金额英译金额须在小写之后,在括号内用大写文字重复该金额,即使原文合同中没有大写,英译时也必须加上大写。在大写文字前加上“SAY”,意为“大写”;在最后加上“ONLY”意思为“整”。必须注意:小写与大写的金额数量要一致。例7:聘方须每月付给受聘方美元500元整。 Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500 SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY. 3.2. 正确使用货币符号 英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“$”既可代表“美元”,又可代表其他某些地方的货币;而“£”不仅代表“英镑”,又可代表其他某些地方的货币。必须注意:当金额用数字书写时,金额数字必须紧靠货币符号,例如:Can $891,568,不能写成:Can $ 891,568。另外,翻译时还要特别注意金额中是小数点.还是分节号,,因为这两个符号极易引起笔误,稍有疏忽,其后果是不堪设想的。 综上所述,本文从英文合同的定义、结构特点、以及从英文合同翻译的用词特点、注意事项等四个方面着手,使我们对合同自身的特点有了一定的了解,包括其构成的基本要素,在翻译过程中容易疏忽之处;从而为更好地做好英文合同翻译打下基础,并使我们在合同翻译中能够得心应手。 参考文献: [1]邱建芳.中国加入WTO与涉外经济合同的翻译[J].社会科学学报增刊,2000,82. [2]傅伟良.英文合同写作指要[M].北京:商务印分馆国际有限公司,2002. [3]葛亚军,齐恩平.合同英语[M].天津:科技翻译出版公司,2002. [4][6]李正中.国际经贸英汉翻译.北京中国国际广播出版社,1997. [5]戚云方.新编外经贸英语函电与谈判.浙江大学出版社,2002.5. [6]张莉莉.经贸翻译的多视角.外语研究,2004. 篇2 旅游资料英文翻译方法 摘要:由于在英汉两种语言文化间的存在差异,不利于翻译,而旅游资料的翻译从一定程度上讲就是向外国游客介绍一个国家独特的文化,因此,研究翻译的方法突显重要。本文分析音译、增补、简化、借喻等方法,来进一步提高旅游资料的翻译的准确性。 关键词:旅游资料 翻译 方法 来中国旅游的国外游客一般是通过阅读旅游资料,包括景点介绍、民俗风情画册、告示标牌、图片、古迹楹联解说等内容来了解我国的奇观异景。隐含文字特征的旅游资料,其译文质量直接影响外国游客对中国的了解,也是翻译的重点和难点,影响我国文化的传播。由此看来,进一步提高旅游资料翻译的准确性显得尤为重要,本文就旅游资料的英译过程中可以采用的方法进行探讨。 1、旅游英语翻译中的中西方文化差异 中西方民族在长期的社会实践中形成了不同的文化心理和思维方式,反映在语言中就是谋篇布局、写作方式等行为习惯。中文写作的功能与价值都强调“表达”,而英文写作的功能与价值都注重“阐释”。强调表达的中文写作传统使中文写作充满了主观的意识、想象和情绪。而强调阐释的英文写作传统则使英文写作充满了客观的反映、分析、推演和论证。英汉两种思维的差异,易导致翻译错误。英汉两种文化的差异,导致汉语中有些旅游词汇在英语中找不到对等词汇,中国独有的文化遗产、古迹、历史传说、典故、民族风情、宗教信仰和思维模式等,相关词语出现缺失现象。如“紫禁城”没有对等翻译。 2、旅游英语翻译方法 为了加强旅游英语翻译过程中外国旅游者对我国民族文化的理解,更直观、准确地进行语言和文字的交流与沟通,应灵活运用各种翻译技巧,进行文字的转换与文化的传播。 2.1音译法 在中国的人文景观的名称前常用汉语拼音方法给出英语对等词语。例如:岳阳楼,Yueyang Tower;峨眉山的宝光寺,Bao Guang Monastery Divine Light Monastery等。因其文化内涵需要解释性词语加以说明,有时不可避免地需要音译,音译是外国人和中国人对中国思维模式和名胜古迹的认同。 2.2增补法 因文化差异,英文读者对富含文化背景的译文往往难以理解。因此,在进行旅游资料英译时,译者可以增加相应的文化背景解释,努力将原文中的特色文化传达到译文中,即增添适当的理解原文所必需的背景知识,如历史事件发生年代,名人身份及其在历史上的贡献等。以满足国外游客对中国文化的好奇心理,从而吸引更多的游客。如:“岳阳楼”中的“岳阳”是指古时一个地名,因此得名岳阳楼。三月三节,可译为“San Yue San Festival a festival that usually takes place on the third day of the lunar third month, when minority people, especially the young get together for folk song contest or making friends with each other ”。三月三节是我国少数民族的一个传统节日,极具民族色彩,在农历三月初三的日子,青年男女聚在一起举行歌舞大赛,并借此交朋友。如果不加上解释性翻译,国外游客很难理解其真正含义。 2.3减化法 在旅游文字惯用的表达方式中,许多汉语词语往往只是为了渲染气氛或顺应行文习惯的需要,本身并无多大实际意义,而在英语中,这些介绍往往让人觉得繁琐冗长,抓不到重点。因此翻译时可以省略那些华而不实的“溢美之词”,省略原文中累赘或不重要的资讯,进行适当地简化可以使译文简洁明了。 例:崂山,林木苍翠,繁花似锦,到处生机盎然,春天绿芽红花,夏日浓廕庇日,秋天遍谷金黄,严冬则玉树琼花。其中,更不乏古树名木。景区内,古树名木有近300株,50%以上为国家一类保护植物,著名的有银杏,桧柏等。 译:Laoshna ScenicAreaisthickly covered wihttrees of many species,which add credit for its scenery.Among them over 300 ale considered rare and percious,half of which ale plants under top-level protection.Themostf~tnlous species include gingko an d cypress. 原文用许多夸张性词语形容崂山的景色,如“林木苍翠”、“繁花似锦”、“玉树琼花”。在西方人眼里,这些形容词缺乏实际内容,夸张余而真实感不足。因此,译者将这些虚化朦胧的词语省略,只译出原文主要内容,使译文景物描 *** 实客观,符合英语读者的审美习惯。 2.4 借喻法 借喻法就是借用英语文化中人们比较熟悉的人物事件,来解释中国文化中特有的内容。可以借西方文化来比喻中国文化,从而国外游客加深印象,更好地理解中国文化。例如,在翻译梁山伯与祝英台的时候,我们用“Chinese Romeo and Juliet”要比“Love legend of Liang and Zhu”好得多。这种类比的翻译可以让游客联想到罗密欧和朱丽叶凄美的爱情故事,而梁山伯与祝英台的爱情故事与此有许多类似之处,这样可以使读者在自己的文化基础之上接受异国文化,加强文化交流。 3、总结 翻译不是简单的语言的对等,而是一种文化的对接和转换,对旅游资料的翻译要和国际接轨,我们应该把重点放在译文,利用文中提到的适用翻译方法,地道的表达,才能被外国游客理解,语言才能有效传递文化资讯,将我们的传统文化有效地宣传,从而让世界更好地了解中国。 参考文献: [1]邓红顺.旅游文字翻译与中国文化的传播[J].赤峰学院学报:汉文哲学社会科学版,2010年 第3期 [2]喻颖,龙婷.浅谈旅游英语翻译中的修辞和中西方文化差异[J].今日湖北下半月,?2011年第1期 [3]赵晓丰.?谈旅游文化资讯翻译的原则和方法[J].商业时代,2009年16期

翻译是跨学科的,注定要采取多学科的视角研究翻译现象和翻译问题。一、选题范围 1、翻译与文化:可以从宏观和微观两个方面考虑。宏观方面,一般从翻译在目的语社会文化中的生产、接受、翻译在目的语社会文化中所起的功能等角度讨论,可以从社会、文化、历史、交际的...1、选题意义和背景。随着中国加入世界贸易组织,中国企业的对外联系也日益增多。中国企业要想打入国际市场,提高在国际市场上的知名度,企业网站或宣传册上的企业简介扮演着十分重要的地位。通过阅读企业宣传资料,读者可以看出企业外宣材料既有关于企业的基本信息介绍,也有企业所做的文字上、句法上、结构上的这染来达到推广企业、大市场的目的。汉语企业外宣材料的翻译在英译过程中会涉及到与目的语不同的语言习惯、行文方式以及文化因素、社会政治因素、心理因素和审美因素等,这就需要译者对原文本做出适当调整,从内容和形式上对语篇进行重构,以此实现对交际意图的顺应。根据赖斯的文本类型说,本文有三种类型,分别是“信息型”、“表达型”和“诱导型”.笔者认为,企业外宣翻译属于“信息型”和“诱导型”文本兼而有之,而且更侧重于“诱导型”.因此,外宣翻译要更加注重文本的交际功能,要更多的考虑如何使译文所传递的信息更便于目的语读者理解和接受,并让读者产生共鸣,继而付诸行动,实现译文预期的功能。比利时语用学家维索尔伦(Verschuem)提出了顺应论,将语言的使用过程看做语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态选择的过程。因而可以从顺应论的视角研究语言使用。翻译作为一种特殊的交际方式,也可以从顺应论的视角对其进行研究。优秀的企业宣传材料不仅会提高企业的知名度,还会为企业带来不可估量的经济效益,因此任何一个想打入国际市场的企业务必在其外宣材料的翻译上做足功夫。由于中西方文化背景、历史渊源、生活环境的不同,译者在翻译企业外宣材料时为了获取目的语读者的认可并激发他们付诸行动,就要顺应目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯以及心理因素、文化因素等对原文做出形式上和内容上的调整,而这一顺应的过程也是语篇重构的过程。本文突破性的将顺应论与语篇重构结合起来,并结合西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料及其翻译,试图从顺应论的视角分析企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构现象。2、论文综述/研究基础。1987年维索尔伦(Verschueren)提出顺应论之后,在语用学界引起了很大反响,不久国内学者就将其引进到中国来。国内学者不仅从理论层面对顺应论进行研究和探索,而且将顺应论应用到翻译理论和实践、外语教学、二语习得、文化传播等领域。在这些领域中,成果最大的当属顺应论对翻译理论和其应用的研究。我国真正将顺应论引入翻译研究开始于21世纪初希望能帮到你

旅游英语翻译的国内外研究论文

2012年02月13日 09时56分,《2011英语:英语论文:浅析跨文化交际下的旅游英语翻译[1]》由liuxue86.com英语我整理. 参观红楼大观园时,肯定会涉及到《红楼梦》中的人物,里面有几百号人,如果都采用音译的话,译名没有任何内涵,听者肯定是如一头雾水,大倒胃口。其情形正如我们读外国作品一样的感觉。这也可以解释我们小时候一看到外国影片就调台的缘故。实在是太多没有任何意义的姓名,纵然情节曲折,内容丰富,可由于一点都记不住纷繁复杂的人名,根本谈不上对文学作品的深层次欣赏了。因此作为译者,我们有义务帮助没有任何文化背景的读者来理解译文的内涵。 三潭印月是被誉为水上仙境一蓬莱仙岛之我们经常看到的译名是:Xiaoying Island,Xiaoyingzhou Island, Lesser Yingzhou等。其实这种译法是采用的最简单处理一音译法。但是这种处理使得外国游客根本无法领略西湖美景的绚丽,更不用说给人以“湖中有岛,岛中有湖”的意境了,只留下一堆拼音的拼凑。对旅游景点的翻译最终的目的是让外国游客看到译名不仅能产生出美妙的联想,而且对旅游境地更有向往的想法。其实我们可以按照这个构思,把它译成Fairy Is-let(海上小仙岛)。这里面就涉及到了意义对应问题。在翻译过程中,如果为了翻译简单,进行懒惰的处理,这样不仅是对外国游客的一种敷衍。使得译名没有任何内涵,而且对本国的旅游文化传播也极为不利。关于旅游景点翻译,不应该是逐字逐句地译,关键是要把它所包含的内涵显示出来。因此这类翻译是讲究活译,让读者能够领略到其中的意境之美。 2. 2对于诗词典故中的人物,尽t采取类比法 对于诗词典故中的人物,我们如何来诊释?其实,最重要的方法就是设法把我们文化中的内容类比成西方文化中的内容,这样外国游客可以一下子就懂得其中的深刻含义。如把梁山伯与祝英台比喻成中国的罗密欧与朱丽叶,孔夫子即希腊的亚里斯多德,济公为中国的罗宾汉,观音菩萨为中国的圣母玛利亚。这样,外国游客顿时感到很亲切,很容易接受眼前的中国古代文化。我们在进行此类旅游翻译时,要尽可能地考虑到这种情况的转变性。 2. 3在处理特殊情况的旅游翻译时要进行必须的删减和增添,和意义的联想 中国人在介绍名胜古迹的时候,大多数情况是有感而发,主要取决于自己的主观思想。一般它的脉络是景点的历史,历代名人和景点的关系。景点具有如此深厚的文化底蕴,才会吸引这么多的文人墨客争相一睹其风姿,当然此次游览也有所值,增添了游客对旅游景点的吸引力。如果把这些都翻译为英语的话,就显得拖沓冗长,不着重点,外国游客也不知我们到底想要表达什么概念。所以我们一定要采取相应的变通手法,删去汉语介绍中主观性比较浓的词汇,着重进行客观介绍,语言层次分明,结构严谨,主要是让外国游客体验异域的不同历史变化和风土人情。 两种文化背景下的人用语言进行交流时,一般来说,只有听懂或读懂对方所表达的内涵时这次交际的目的才能算达到,而且内涵中所具有的联想意义也是非常重要的。外国游客一听到北京,马上会联想起the Great Wall和the Forbid-den City等;一说到杭州,就会想起West Lake等;一听到少林寺,马上会摩拳擦掌地来比划几下。为什么他们会有如此反应呢?理由很简单,他们知道这些蕴含中国文化特色的专有名词所具有的意义。所以景点的翻译应尽可能地让对方知道它们的内涵意义,甚至是联想意义。让外国游客看了此类翻译能理解该名词的基本内涵,能产生出我们所希望达到的效果,这种跨文化交流应该是良性循环的。 论文论文参考网2. 4体现在中西方文化差异上的功能对等,从而引申出适宜原则和对等原则 我们根据当代翻译理论得知,由于两国语言和文化方面存在差异的原因,使得我们无法做到全方位的对等,但功能对等的提出应该是一种新思路。它要求译文尽可能的在多方面进行对等。因为世界.上没有两片完全相同的叶子,更何况我们人类语言的诊释呢? 中国古代许多思想家强调的是天人关系,天人合一,爱护自然,维持生态和谐。西方人所看重的是克服自然,战胜自然。同时中国比较重视人伦,我们每个人都应该遵守人伦的原则;西方重视个人,自由,强调个人独特性。这些都会在译文中碰到,我们怎样把这两种思想在不同文化中的出现演绎得真实自然。 当我们在看到松、竹、梅的时候,自然会联想起岁寒三友,斗霜熬雪、高风亮节的情感。可英语中的相应词语却不能使操这种语言的人引起联想,也没有类似的联想意义。这就涉及到了翻译中的适宜原则和对等原则。我们的译者一手要拉两个朋友,让他们进行默契的交流。因此必须深刻理解两种文化的差异,对这两种文化差异所持的态度,都会在旅游翻译文本中得到最真实的体现。因为我们在进行文本翻译时,肯定会无意识地对两种文化进行对比,这也是情理中的事。只要是具有不同文化

陈刚:跨文化意识导游词译者之必备(中国翻译,2002)陈刚:旅游翻译与涉外导游(中国对外翻译出版公司,2004)李文革:西方翻译理论流派研究(中国社会科学出版社,2004)廖七一:当代英国翻译理论(湖北教育出版社,2001)Newmark.P.A Textbook of Translation(Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001)《跨文化交际英语教程》,上海外语教育出版社Bast, Susan 《翻译研究》Translation Studies 上海外语教育出版社2004Gentzler, Edwin 《今世翻译定见(第二版修订本)》Contemporary Translation Theories (Revised Second Edition) 上海外语教育出版社2004Newmark, Peter《翻译教程》A Textbook of Translation 上海外语教育出版社2001《实用英汉翻译教程》申雨平、戴宁编 外语教学与研究出版社 2002《实用汉英翻译教程》曾诚编 外语教学与研究出版社 2002《西方翻译定见精选》申雨平编,外研社,2002年《翻译入门》陈德彰编,外研社向萍,旅游英语,高等教育出版社, 1998 年段开成 旅游英语,高等院校旅游专业系列教材, 1998 年 周毅,旅游英语教程,四川大学出版社, 2001王苏平,旅游英语,中国林业出版社, 2000潘惠霞,旅游英语( 1-4 册),旅游教育出版社, 2001《旅游英语》教材编写组,旅游英语,高等教育出版社, 2002《英美文化基础教程》,朱永涛编著,外语教学与研究出版社,1991年11月版;《英语国家概况》,余志远主编,外语教学与研究出版社,1996年12月版;《英语国家背景》世界图书出版公司,1995年2月版。《旅游学概论》,田里编著,南开大学出版社,1998年11月第一版;《旅游学概论》,谢彦君等编著,东北财经大学出版社,1999年6月第一版;《现代旅游学》,孙文昌、郭伟著,青岛出版社,1997年10月第一版。《中国旅游地理》,庞规荃,旅游教育出版社,1997年版;《中国旅游地理》,李娟文等,东北财经大学出版社,1999年版;《中国旅游地理》,林宛如,东北财经大学出版社,1997年版;《中国旅游地理》,戴松年等,测绘出版社,1993年版。《现代旅游英语》,曾蕾编,中山大学出版社,1998年版;《旅游英语口语教程》,丁树德、李旭编著,天津大学出版社,1996年10月版;《商务旅游英语》,北京大学出版社,1999年9月版,理查兹•沙雷特编著。

现在的大学生啊 ···哎···

On Development of Tourism Tourism, a smokeless industry, is developing n/pidly in China. With the opening and reform policy being carried out, thousands upon thousands of foreign visitors are crowding into our country. They are eager to see this old mysterious land with a splendid cultureof more than 5000 years. Tourism brings China a lot of benefits. First, it enablesitheChinese people to know more about the outside world and promotes frlendship and understanding. Second, it is financially beneficial to China, which needs more foreign currencies, for its modernization program.Tourism, however, gives rise to a number of problems. For instance, it becomes a burden to inefficient transportation system. Besides, the living standard of the average Chinese is still not: high enough to afford the many different sorts of expenses during long distance travels, As for me, with the development of our national economy, all these problems will certainly be solved Step by step. A much better and brighter future waits for us. 论旅游业的发展 旅游业——“无烟的工业”正在中国迅速发展。随着改革开放政策的贯彻执行,数以万计的,外国游人涌入中国,他们渴望看到这片拥有50舶多年灿烂文化的古.者的神秘大地。旅游业给中国带来了大量的利润。首先,旅游业使中国人民更多地了解外面的世界,促进友谊和理解。其次,这对中国的财政有利,中国的现代化需要更多地流通。然而,旅游业也带来了许多问题,例如它已成为.低效的运输体系的负担。除此之外,中国人的平均生活水平还不够高,支付不起长途旅行中的许多不同的消费。就我看采,随着我国国民经济的发展,所有这些问题都肯定会逐步得到解决,一个更加美好更加灿烂的未来在等待着我们。

论文研究方法英语翻译

观察法 - observational method(s) 文献研究法 - data studies 原文翻译如上供参考,不明白可继续提问. 若回答对您有所帮助,请点击本页面中的“选为满意回答”按钮.

background and meanings of selected topicdissertation research methods and practice plan

英语研究性论文的翻译方法

. 不能大改,只能小修。一是因为大改的话,实际上是在证明你没通过答辩,没有获得答辩专家的认可;二是因为答辩之前已经进行论文检测,那么,你最终提交的论文版本与检测版本要一致。这个“一致”的意思是,论文题目、结构、内容等不能有根本性变化。所以,改几个段落没问题,改几个小标题也没问题,但要是增加一个章节、目录大换血等操作就不行了。北京译顶科技做的不错,可以联系他们一下 加速查下。

复制论文,粘贴到一个翻译app或者网站上就会变成全中文的了。

要追求速度,就只能靠翻译软件了呗,如果担心软件不够准确,建议用软件翻完之后再自己校对一下,反正比自己翻译或者找别人翻译快多了,顺便推荐一个我用过的一个翻译网站,可以在翻译完后直接进行在线校对,网站叫翻译狗,网址自己百度一下吧

而答辩就是一群老师(答辩组)对你进行的评价,说白了论文不仅要过指导老师这一关,更重要的是过答辩组的这一关。找北京译顶科技,性价比高,我就是在那边做的。 终身满意。

旅游英语翻译论文范文

相信很多人都旅游过,如果用英文描述关于旅行,又是怎样呢?下面给大家分享一些关于旅游的 英语 作文 ,希望对大家有帮助。

关于旅游的英语作文1

I like to travel so much. When holiday comes, I will make travel plans. My friends like travel, too. So we make up the group. Travel means a lot to me. On the one hand, I can broaden my vision. Every city has its own feature and lifestyle, so I can experience different lifestyles. Books can provide us theorical knowledge, but if we go to the place to witness the real scenery, then what we learn from the book will be useful. On the other hand, travel can bring me the new mood. If I live in the same place for a long time and do the same thing every day, my life will be boring. But travel can help me to refresh my mood. When I come back, I am full of energy again.

关于旅游的英语作文2

I think nearly everyone likes traveling. Sometimes we will travel with our friends or families, but sometimes we will travel alone. I believe different ways for traveling will have different feelings. And I prefer travelling alone. Travelling alone is more excited. Just imagine, you go to a beautiful place, but you have never gone there before, so you have to deal all the things by yourself. It is very adventure, right? In addition, travelling alone can avoid many conflicts that will have when travelling in group. Last, watching the same scenery by yourself or with many people will have different feelings. Therefore, sometimes you can think about traveling alone. It is good.

关于旅游的英语作文3

Travel is a good way to refresh and broaden our horizon. During your travel, you can turn off your cellphone and keep far from the Internet. You can forget your work, your study or your family, and just enjoy the leisure time. From the moment when you start your journey, all the trifles should be locked at your house. During the travel, you can kill your time slowly to have a good rest, and you can contact with different people. They may be a window for you to know a different world. Meet various people, experience things, which make your world bigger. You just clean up your entire mind and you can get the true meaning of travel.

关于旅游的英语作文4

Winter holiday is coming. It's in December or January.I have a plan for it. I am going to Canada during this winter holiday. I will go there by plane with my parents and friends. I am going to stay with my aunt and uncle. There will be snow everywhere. We can make snowmen there. We're going to go skiing, ice-skating and have some Canadian food. We are going to visit the Niagara Falls. It's a famous waterfall in Canada. We will also take some photos of it. I hope we can have a grate time in Canada!

关于旅游的英语作文5

Since I went to college, I have made many friends and we shared the same interest. My friends and I liked traveling so much. We decided to travel abroad. The destination was Thailand. We spent ten days there and had a nice trip. It was such an unforgettable trip, and I learned a lot.

Firstly, it was my first time to travel abroad. My friends and I had made many preparations. We read the travel guide and chose the information that was useful to us. I classified the information and wrote down tourist sites. During the trip, I become much independent. Sometimes I even walked down the foreign street by myself, appreciating the beautiful scenery.

Secondly, I broadened my vision and enrich my mind. Before I came to Thailand, I needed to read some information, then I got to know this country's culture and their tradition. When I was in Thailand, I could feel its religious belief. What's more, there were so many foreigners here, and I talked to them happily.

Traveling is a good way to learn knowledge, and I know the importance of English. It is the key to know about the world.

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★ 旅游的英语作文五年级优秀范文

旅行,不仅增进见识,还丰富了我们的内心。下面给大家分享一些游 英语 作文 ,希望对大家有帮助。

旅游英语 作文1

There is a saying that “You can either travel or read,but either your body or soul must be on the way.” With the improvement of living standards, more and more people have time and money to travel. During traveling, one can meet various people, make new friends and experience various lifestyles of different places.

Almost everyone has their own favorite place to travel because of specific reasons, such as the people, climate or scenery of that place, the influence of friends or some beautiful memories and so on.

Nowadays, people do not have to think much about transportation. People can travel by car or driving themsleves to near places, or by train, plane to far places.So, if you have a place want to travel, just go and relax yourself.

旅游英语作文2

Nowadays, more and more people prefer to travel quite often. By traveling, we not only can relax ourselves but also broaden our knowledge circles. From my aspect, I think we can make many friends and travel with them.

Firstly, we can enjoy the beautiful scenery and relax ourselves. For modern life, we are busy with our work with high pressure. However, when we travel, we will be attracted by great landscape and forget pressure from both work and life.

Secondly, we can make friends by traveling. For most travelers, they tend to find many companions to travel with. If you check the internet, you will find that some people will call others to join them for travel. Through this kind of travel, we can meet many different people and make friends with them to broaden our social circle.

Thirdly, we can learn much knowledge form travel. Before you go to somewhere to travel, generally, you need to make plans for your travel. You can find lots of things you don’t know when you make a plan, such as, the origin of a certain area, the customs of different areas, local food and so on.

In conclusion, we can not only relax ourselves and make new friends but at the same time we can learn much from travel.

旅游英语作文3

I like to travel so much. When holiday comes, I will make travel plans. My friends like travel, too. So we make up the group. Travel means a lot to me. On the one hand, I can broaden my vision. Every city has its own feature and lifestyle, so I can experience different lifestyles. Books can provide us theorical knowledge, but if we go to the place to witness the real scenery, then what we learn from the book will be useful. On the other hand, travel can bring me the new mood. If I live in the same place for a long time and do the same thing every day, my life will be boring. But travel can help me to refresh my mood. When I come back, I am full of energy again.

旅游英语作文4

Travel is a good way to refresh and broaden our horizon. During your travel, you can turn off your cellphone and keep far from the Internet. You can forget your work, your study or your family, and just enjoy the leisure time. From the moment when you start your journey, all the trifles should be locked at your house. During the travel, you can kill your time slowly to have a good rest, and you can contact with different people. They may be a window for you to know a different world. Meet various people, experience things, which make your world bigger. You just clean up your entire mind and you can get the true meaning of travel.

旅游英语作文5

For most people, they will choose to travel during holiday because they want to relieve themselves from the high pressure of work. However, it happens quite often that people often ran into traffic jams on the way to travel. Some people think that we can relax ourselves by traveling no matter of how many people there. Some people would rather to stay in home than going out to travel because they think there are too many people swarm into the scenic spots. In my point of view, I would rather to stay indoors rather than going out to travel. Reasons are listed below.

Firstly, during holiday, so many people swarm into the travel spots that we can’t enjoy ourselves to the full. For most people, they want to travel because during holiday, they can have several days to relieve themselves by traveling. However, so many people crowd together will make their tour lose the original fun.

Secondly, during holiday, price will be rising drastically. It is known to all that you need to spend much more to buy things or taking bus or any other transportation since many retailers will raise goods’ price during this holiday to get fat profits.

All in all, travel during holiday is not a good choice for us since its inconvenience in traveling among a huge crowd of people and also the dramatically high price for goods and transportations will let us pay extra money.

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