环境影响评价论文参考文献中英文

The way in which businesses will react and behave depend on a range of Micro factors may be controllable, however, companies also need to be aware of the macro factors which they cannot control but will still impact on their The decision of how to react then has to be taken with consideration to a range of Nike, as an international brand name has a large number of stakeholders, from employees, contractors and customers as well as shareholders through to less direct stakeholders such as the families of employees and residents near their offices or contracts The decision they make will reflect the political, economic, social and technological There are many political factors that may impact on N As an international company, there is a strong association with their home This American based firm sells anything sports related from trainers and football boots to T-shirts and sweatbands (Thompson, 1997) As such this company has some very profound The brand name is recognised on a global basis and perceived as a good quality brand with superior It has also gained a reputation as a ‘designer’ label, and as such has become very attractive to many teenagers and fashion conscious young With the opening up of markets and a larger amount of pull factors we can see that Nike is making success international markets such as R With the current disagreement with the attitude of the US over the way in which Iraq should be dealt with there is the creation of some level of The impact may be that American goods in countries such as Russia and Germany become less popular as a result of the political

doi:1016/004 Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Ltd All rights Experimental evaluation of the growth rate of mould on finishes for indoor housing environments: Effects of the 2002/91/EC directive Marco D'Orazioa, , , Marco Palladinia, Lucia Aquilantib and Francesca Clementib aDepartment of Architecture Construction and Structures - DACS, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy bDepartment of Food Science, Agricultural-Engineering, Physics, Agricultural Economics and Landscape Science - SAIFET, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy Received 15 May 2008; revised 3 November 2008; accepted 5 November Available online 21 November Abstract We report the results of a study to evaluate the growth rate of three species of mould on plasters, finishes and paints typically used in structures with heavy weight building The aim was to determine the influence of the chemical composition (in terms of organic fraction of the materials) on the growth rate of The study was carried out in the following steps: – characterization of materials; – inoculation of mould spores (3 species) on 7 types of material (2 plasters, 3 finishes, 2 paints); – growth in a climatic chamber (23 °C and 90% RH); – analysis of the mould growth rate using various experimental techniques (fluorescence microscopy analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, ) Results show a clear correlation between the organic substances contained in paints, plasters and finishes and the growth rate of the This study is part of a more general research program which addresses the effects on indoor environment air quality based on the European directive 2002/91/EC This directive specifically indicates that energy consumption in buildings should be limited and sets threshold values for the thermal resistance of the building walls and As a consequence window manufacturers are improving the thermal property of windows by reducing the air permeability, which may increase the indoor and surface relative humidity percentage (RH%) and lead to the development of mould in the indoor Keywords: Mould; Plaster; Paint; Biocontamination Article Outline Introduction Steps, materials, methods Steps Materials Methods Results Preliminary characterization Growth rate of the mould Correlation between the mould growth area and the content of organic substances Conclusions References Introduction The tendency in industrialized countries to reduce energy consumption has been accelerated in the EC member states by the introduction of the 2002/91/EC directive [1] In fact, this directive fixed the minimum requirements which must be respected when building new structures and when renovating existing buildings so as to have a more effective reduction in energy consumption for the air-conditioning of indoor This strategy has, however, led to some undesired Windows manufacturers are currently producing systems with low permeability (class A4 UNI EN 12207, 2000) in order to obtain better thermal A reduction in permeability, in buildings which are already characterized by a limited amount of air exchange, can increase the indoor and surface RH% in winter [16] Consequently there may be an increased growth of mould species on some parts of the Numerous studies have been conducted in recent years to address the environmental aspects that favour the growth and the subsequent sporulation of fungi Rousseau [2] and Hud [3], indicate the following factors: oxygen availability; a suitable temperature range; a substrate of deposit that acts as nourishment; and a certain degree of humidity [4], [34] and [36] Krus et [5] have studied these conditions, together with a series of other specific factors that can influence the growth of fungi: pH value and the roughness of the substrate on which the mould grows, the light, the biotic interaction and the exposure Baughman and Arens [6] have underlined that, although moulds can grow at temperatures between 0 °C and 40 °C, a range going from 22 °C to 35 °C can be considered optimal for the species that are most frequently found inside On the contrary, the level of airborne spores in the indoor environment, which is one of the conditions able to influence the development of moulds, is dependent on seasonal changes in the external environment [7] Adan [7] has verified that there are a considerable number of buildings that offer favourable temperature conditions for the germination and the growth of mould on construction material and indoor environment Sedlbauer [8], [9], [10] and [11] has recently completed an important research and development study of models which are able to estimate mould growth inside buildings, classifying the various These different authors appear to be in agreement, however, in indicating that different kinds of fungi require minimum levels of humidity in the support surface material in order to proliferate and these values vary for different species [6], [12] and [35] Ayerst [12] has conducted experiments in order to characterize the ideal conditions and the minimum values of humidity required in the substrate for mildew These experiments indicate a range between 71% and 94%, according to the fungi Moulds (typically present on construction materials) can be separated into three groups on the basis of their water activity (aw) [13]: primer colonizer or storage moulds, capable of growing at aw < 8; secondary colonizer or phyllophane fungi, requiring a minimum aw between 8 and 9; and tertiary colonizer or water-damage moulds, needing aw > The last class includes the most toxic mould species for human Although each species has a preferential humidity for growth, the International Energy Agency [33] indicates an average RH% of 80% as the critical threshold for mould A reduction in moisture content in building materials to below 80% RH% is, therefore, the way to reduce mould Only a limited amount of information is available about the influence of the composition of the finish materials on the germination and development, in terms of percentage, of 可以的话留下你的联系e-MAIL 这种文章太多了 就随便搞了一篇的一部分让你看看·· 明天帮你找找！至于翻译的话比较困难··看情况，找到的话给你翻译个abstract吧·参考资料：