英文论文直接引用和间接引用的标点符号

一、英语论文的文中引述正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 （即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如:The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9) 这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名)；阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成9)；作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号；句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”is an admirable and And if one is sorry that in itWhitman is unable to conceive theextreme crises of society, one is certainthat no society would be tolerable whosescitizens could not find refreshment in itsbuoyant democratic (Chase 165) 这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起；二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如:DBeaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9)值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号)；点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如:Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and with undisguised scorn and (Nitchie 43)若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如:Professor Chen Jia's A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i)圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线；规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字；其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如:Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35)Farrington points out that Aristotle's father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15)这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all ”(1620-21)这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格；圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写；21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。二、英语论文的文献目录论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为6cm；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为6cm,不必留出更多空白。各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。Two or More Books by the Same Author Brooks, C Fundamentals of Good Writing: A Handbook of Modern R NewYork: Harcourt, ---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats,Eliot, and W New Haven: Yale UP,引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名；各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。An Author with an EditorShake speare, W The Tragedy of M E Louis BW New York: Washington Square, 本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth；如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如:Blackmur, Richard PI The Art of the Novel:Critical P By Henry J New York: Scribner's,i-如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可):Emery, D P English F By ELondon: Macmillan, v-A Multivolume WorkBrowne, T The Works of Sir Thomas B EGeoffrey K 4 London: Faber, Browne, T The Works of Sir Thomas B EGeoffrey K V London: Faber, 4 第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容；第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。A Selection from an AnthologyAbram, M H“English Romanticism: The Spirit of the A”Romanticism R E Northrop F NewYork: Columbia UP,63-被引用的英语论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英语论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。Articles in Journals, Magazines, and NewspapersOtto, Mary L“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for P”Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-报刊杂志名需划线,但其后不需任何标点符号。62为卷号或期号,如既有卷号,又有期号,则要将二者以句号分开。如:(3)；1984为出版年份,应置于圆括弧中。Arnold, M“Willa Cather's Nostalgia: A Study inA”Research Studies M1981:23-24,月刊或双月刊须同时注明出版年月；23-24,28表示该文的前一部分刊于第23和24两页,后一部分则转至第28页。Gorney, C“When the Gorilla S”Washington Post31 July,1985:B

引用名言的标点符号即引号，用右手小指击打。引号表示文中引用的部分。有双引号和单引号两种，分别标志为“”『』和‘’「」。其中『』和「」为曲尺形的引号，在“”‘’西式引号中不方便使用的时候使用，最早来自日本的钩括弧（日语的“钩括弧”在日语中不全是引号）。但是港澳台地区已经习惯在横排时使用『』和「」。引号分为单引号和双引号两大类。单引号和双引号由前引号和后引号组成。引号的作用如下：☆ 表示引用。引语指行文中引用他人的话。成语、格言、诗词等， 也包括拟声词、音译词。特定称谓指具有某些特点的名称、简称、专用术语以及纪念日等。特殊含义指引号中的词语在其具体的语言环境中产生了新的意思。使用引用时，引文末尾标点的位置要注意。 凡是把引用的话独立来用，末尾点号放在引号里边。如果引用的内容是句子的一个组成部分，即引文没有独立性，引用部分末尾不用点号（问号、叹号可保留），整个句子该停顿处则停顿，该用何点号则用何点号。 表示特定称谓。 表示特殊含义。表示讽刺或否定意义。突出强调。

应该是单引号。首字母大写，就第一个单词首字母大写。A bad beginning makes a bad 恶其始者必恶其终。 A bad bush is better than the open 有胜于无。 像这种。加上单引号即可。

给你一个外国的英语写作格式网站。 quotationsTo indicate short quotations (fewer than four typed lines of prose or three lines of verse) in your text, enclose the quotation within double quotation Provide the author and specific page citation (in the case of verse, provide line numbers) in the text, and include a complete reference on the Works Cited Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons should appear after the parenthetical Question marks and exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if they are a part of the quoted passage but after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of your For example, when quoting short passages of prose, use the following examples:According to some, dreams express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184), though others According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (184)Is it possible that dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184)?When short (fewer than three lines of verse) quotations from poetry, mark breaks in short quotations of verse with a slash, ( / ), at the end of each line of verse (a space should precede and follow the slash)Cullen concludes, "Of all the things that happened there / That's all I remember" (11-12)

打单引号。句点 句点用于当一句话完全结束时。 句点也可以用于英文单词的缩写。如：M | D | PS 等。但要注意的是当缩写 的字母形成了一个单词的时候就不要使用句点。如：IBM, DNA 等。问号要用在一个直接的问句，而不是间接的。 如：How will you solve the problem？ 是正确的用法，但用在I wonder how you  will solve the problem？就不对了，应该使用句点而不是问号。 另外，在客气的用语中，也是用句点而不是问号。如：Will you please give me a call 感叹号用于感叹和惊叹的陈述中，在商业写作中要注意感叹号的应用，因为不恰当的使 用会显得突兀及不稳重。与中文一样，分号用于分隔地位平等的独立子句。在某些情况下，使用分号比使用句 点更显出子句之间的紧密联系，另外分号也经常与连接副词 thus, however,  therefore一起使用(放在这些词语之前)。 如：I realize I need exercise; however, I’ll lie down first to think about   在句子中如果已经使用过逗点，为了避免歧义的产生，就用分号来分隔相似的内容。 如：The employees were Tom Hanks, the manager; Jim White, the engineer; and  D Jack L 需要注意的是：一个完整的句子以大写字母开始，以句点结束。写英文时用逗点代替句 点、分号、冒号或破折号叫“逗号错”，这正是中国学生所要避免的。 请比较下列例句： 错：It was raining hard, they could not work in the （上面句子中划横线的部分是两个不同的主语，而且逗点前后的句子是完整的-----单 独拿出来都能代表一个完整的意思。因此，用逗号违反了英文规定，即一个句子只能有 一套主干。） 对：It was raining hard; they could not work in the It was raining They could not work in the It was raining so hard that they could not work in the They could not work in the fields because it was raining It was raining hard, so they could not work in the As it was raining hard, they could not work in the 错：The essay is poorly organized, there is no central 对：The essay is poorly organized; there is no central The essay is poorly organized: there is no central 冒号用于对后面内容的介绍或解释。如：This is her plan: go 冒号用于名单之前，特别是一个竖排的名单。 We transferred three employees tonew branches: Tony Wang to New York City Mike Jackson to Tokyo Mark Foster to Paris 当名单横排的时候，冒号要用在一个完整的句子之后。如：We need seven people:  three students, three engineers, and a 冒号用于一个正式的引用之前。 如：The professor said: “It was ” 冒号也可用于商业或正式信函的称谓后面。 如：Dear M Lee美国英语中，信件或演说词的称呼语之后用冒号，而在英国英语中 多用逗号。) 冒号用于数字时间的表示。 如：16:45 或 4:45 冒号用于主标题和副标题之间。 如：Web Directory: World and Non-US Economic Data

你列举的感觉并不是引述句啊，引述一般都是要用你的话把别人的话转一道。你列的不就是直接引用吗引用句有时会直接引用名词和形容词引述名词引用名词可在后面加that, to do或wh词，通常用名词或形容词引述的时候，不会用到原文，而是用自己的话来描述被引用的观点事实 当遇到acknowldgement, advice, allegation, announcement, answer, argument, comment, decision, explanation, forecast, guarantee, indication, observation, promise, recommendation, reply, speculation, statement, suggestion, threat, warning，用名词+that从句的形式，且that通常不能省略。例：The claim is often made that smoking causes heart        The jury came to the conclusion that the woman was 遇到名词decison, invitation, encouragement, instruction, order, promise, recommendation, refusal, threat, warning，通常用名词+to do从句，其中部分名词后面也可以跟that从句例： I accept Luisa's invitation to visit her in R        He gave me every encouragement to take up painting        They carried out their threat to dismiss workers on （或heir threat that tehy would dismiss workers on ）遇到名词question, issue, explanation, discussion, problem时，用名词+wh从句，且名词后通常加of例：Juan raised the question of when the money would be        Our previous meeting looked at the issue of how to increase  以上很多名词还可以在后面+as to+wh从句或as to+wh词+to do来引出问题或话题，as to也可以被对应的介词替代例： She asked my advice as to what subject she should study at （或advice ）        There was some discussion as to whether the price included tax or （或discussion ）         Before we left we gave them strict instructions as to how to cook （或者about how ）引述形容词 引述某人的感受或观点时可以用形容词+that从句，此类形容词除以下例句还有adamant, agreed, angry, annoyed, grateful, insistent, sure例：The builders are certain that they'll be finished by the end of next   表示不确定的形容词后跟wh从句，这类形容词除以下例句还有doubtful（通常跟wheter），uncertain, not certain, unsure例：Scientists aren't sure where the remains of the satellite will   某些形容词后面通常跟介词+名词短语，这类形容词又apologetic, comlimentary, insulting, tactful(+about), dismissive, scornful(+of), abusive, sympathetic(+to/towards)例：Today's newspapers are very critical of the President's decision to appoint Mr W