项链莫泊桑英语专业毕业论文

论 玛 蒂 尔 德在一间低矮的小阁楼上，一位容貌衰老的“劳苦人家的粗壮耐劳”的妇女，独自坐在窗前凝神遐思，她回想起十年来经历的风风雨雨，回想起十年前那个给她带来深刻变化的舞会，回想起当年编织的梦的追求……想到此，她感慨万千，不能自已—— 一 这位名叫玛蒂尔德的女子本来不应是城市平民的一员，她出生在一个小职员的家里，完全可以象其他中产阶级妇女一样：嫁给一个同等地位的小职员，建立起温馨的小家庭，承担起社会赋予她的应尽的责任和义务——事实上，在玛蒂尔德成为路瓦载夫人后，她的人生之路仍按生活的逻辑自然向前延伸。 她婚后的生活就是如此：差强人意的住宅，“好香的肉汤”，有一个小女仆“替她做琐碎家事”；还有一万八千法郎的遗产……因此，这位不需要任何劳作的少妇风采依然，有足够的时间和精力去保养她那美丽的容貌、“粉嫩的手指”和作种种“狂乱的梦想”。 命运为她安排了这种舒适的生活，但她却对此毫不知足，不屑一顾，统统以“寒伧”、“穷酸”而鄙视之。 她凭什么不守本分、想入非非呢？ “她是一位美丽动人的姑娘。”这可不是每个女子都具备的条件。假若穿上一件漂亮的长衣裙，再戴上一挂精美的钻石项链，出现于上流社会的喜庆宴会，足使那些自视为高贵无比的太太小姐们黯然失色！——夜会上动人的一幕证明玛蒂尔德对此有着充分的自信。 她又是一位受过良好教育的女子。教会女校是贵妇人的摇篮，它赋予玛蒂尔德以高雅的气质和温柔的性情，这位“天生聪明”的玛蒂尔德当初无疑是一位优秀的学生。 更为糟糕的是，她竟然异常熟悉上流贵妇人的生活方式！与那位佛莱思节夫人——一位典型的贵妇人——的交往让玛蒂尔德得以亲眼目睹这些令人心动神摇的场面：宽敞的客厅，东方的帷幕，古式的壁衣，珍奇的古玩，粉红色的鲈鱼和松鸡的翅膀……还可以在幽静的厅堂里，带着迷人的微笑，“跟那些一般女人所仰慕最乐于结识的男子闲谈”。 玛蒂尔德的自身素质与上层贵妇人相比毫不逊色。她具备了跻身于贵族阶层的全部条件--家景的贫寒和地位的低微除外！因此，“她觉得她生来就是为着过高雅和奢侈的生活”，并为此而“不断地感到苦恼”。 于是，悲剧发生了。 假若玛蒂尔德容貌平平，假若她没有受到良好的教育而粗俗不堪，假若她没有交结"有钱的女朋友"而对上流社会的生活方式一无所知，那么，一切都不会发生，玛蒂尔德将会安分守己地充当路瓦载夫人而毫无怨言。 假若玛蒂尔德出生高贵，我们有充分理由相信，她将成为贵夫人中一朵鲜艳无比的花朵，交际场上一颗冉冉升起的耀眼明星。不是吗？那个难忘的星期一的夜晚，发生在教育部礼堂的动人一幕充分展现了她的无比魅力！ 二 但这都仅仅是假设。现实是：她丢失了项链！当她正向理想王国迈进，似乎将要叩开大门之时，忽然跌落到社会的最底层--连原先中产阶级的地位都无法保全，而成为一个普通的下层劳动妇女。 要是那时候没有丢掉项链，她现在是怎样一个境况呢？谁知道呢？谁知道呢？ 可怜的玛蒂尔德当然无法预测未来的命运，可常识告诉她：丢失项链将是灾难的降临，在未来的岁月中必须为此付出及其沉重的代价！ 夜会上，玛蒂尔德的迷人风采降服了所有的男宾，他们“都注视她，打听她的姓名，求人给介绍，部里机要处的人员（白领阶层！）都想跟她跳舞，部长也注意她了”。 多少年来朝思暮想、萦绕于怀的就在于此，还有什么比得到上层男子青睐，统统拜倒在她石榴裙下更令人陶醉的吗？至于贵妇人的羡妒的目光则让其感奋不已！虚荣心得到极度满足的直接后果必然产生更为强烈的欲望，去寻找机会再显身手。无论如何，她已不可能回复到原先那种单调、寂寞和贫寒的“路瓦载夫人式”的生活。夜会的成功意味着潘多拉盒子被打开，从此一发而不可收。 因此，夜会后的玛蒂尔德不可避免地命运面临着两种选择：一是某位上层男子不顾世俗偏见，与她倾心相爱，娶其为妻；一是玛蒂尔德投入某个男人的怀抱，成为他的情妇，手中的玩物。 在十九世纪后期的法国，资本主义制度已得到相当的发展，社会秩序的确立导致等级森严的社会关系，而中世纪以来温情脉脉的道德观念则已被铜锈蚀得面目全非，白马王子和灰姑娘的故事成了彻头彻尾的童话。那些自视高贵的正人君子们极少有勇气或者说犯不着与传统观念决裂，联姻本身是一种巩固社会地位和达到某种目的的手段--如果他尚不能将个人的前途置之度外的话，至于所谓的“爱情”生活则完全可以通过联姻之外的方法得以补偿。既然在婚前她无法"让一个有钱的体面人认识她，了解她，爱她，娶她"，婚后的路瓦载夫人——将永不可能成为豪门贵族家庭的女主人。 那么，“假若没有丢失项链”，答案不是显然的么？玛蒂尔德丢失了项链，但人性得以复归，客观上遏止了其在堕落的道路上的迅速下滑。从这个意义上讲，项链的丢失拯救了一个人的灵魂。于是，玛蒂尔德开始了真正有意义的充实的生活——城市平民的生活。 这是一场人生的悲喜剧。 三 另一个极端亦会导致堕落。 在生活中不乏一些女子经受不住贫困和债务的重压而走向堕落，她们可以去偷、去抢、去、去卖身——只要玛蒂尔德愿意，她有着得天独厚的条件，“因为在妇女，美丽、丰韵、娇媚，是她们的出身”。 我们来看看这对夫妇陷入什么样的困境：家中可怜的一点积蓄和丈夫继承的一笔遗产赔偿殆尽，外加一万八千法朗的可怕债务，还有不能如期偿还债务而面临破产或坐牢威胁的巨大精神压力--他们瘦弱的肩膀上承受得了这付重担吗？ 然而，玛蒂尔德“一下子显出了英雄气慨，毅然决然打定了主意”，迎接十年艰苦生活的严峻考验！ 是什么原因导致她没有堕落而勇敢面对现实，接受生活的挑战呢？ 在赔项链，还债务过程中所作的种种努力以及贯穿全文的字里行间，我们可以明显感到小职员的谨小慎微和诚实、天真的性格在玛蒂尔德身上是统一的--她毕竟有别于缺乏良好教育的下层平民和充满了虚伪、道德沦丧的资产阶级的。此外，对自己理想的执着追求精神亦证明她是一个性格坚强的人。 可是这并不是玛蒂尔德鼓起勇气承受十年艰苦生活磨难的根本原因。 我们还是来看看玛蒂尔德十年后的形象吧。当初引起她“狂乱的梦想”的所有资本--高雅、美丽和温柔荡然无存，“她胡乱地挽着头发，歪斜地系着裙子，露着一双通红的手，高声大气地说着话……”此刻，出现在人们面前的是一个真正的“穷苦人家的粗壮耐劳的妇女”，既不是中产阶级的小家碧玉，也不是珠光宝气的贵妇人。 但有一点是不会改变的，那就是对上层资产阶级生活的热烈向往，这种至死不渝的努力追求在十年磨难中得到淋漓尽致的表现，即对这个夜会的美好的回忆： 有时候，她丈夫办公去了，她一个人坐在窗前，就回想起当年那个舞会来。那个晚上，她多么美丽，多么让人倾倒啊。 一夜风流，十年艰辛。值，还是不值？玛蒂尔德的回答是肯定的。这个夜会是她一生中唯一的高潮，是她自身价值的第一次也是最后一次的体现，是她暗淡无光的人生经历中留下的光辉亮点。一生中能有那么一次就足够了，对这个夜会的永恒的回忆是这十年来精神的支柱，力量的源泉！ 她是一位虚荣心达到极点的女人！ 四 小说的结尾是这篇精美作品中最精美的一笔。多少年来，多少人想把它作为另一故事的开端，写出一部“《项链》第二”。其实以我愚见，大可不必劳神。因为小说情节乃至女主人公的命运发展至此已达极限，并无太多的发挥余地。 但毕竟作者给我们留下了玩味的余地。 佛莱恩节夫人告知这挂项链的真正价值，就意味着玛蒂尔德一瞬间成为一个拥有三万六千法朗的“富婆”，她可以藉此舒舒服服地度过后半生，把十年来的巨大损失弥补回来，甚而至于可以在这个金钱万能社会中获得一席之地，成为一位资产阶级妇女。 但是，有一点是永远不会寻找回来的，那就是昔日踌躇满志、跃跃欲试的那份企求，那份梦想。从项链丢失的第一天起，玛蒂尔德就明确地意识到今生已与“高雅而奢华的生活”无缘，而此时的她更是面目全非，人老珠黄，已不可逆转地成为一个城市平民——无论是外貌还是气质。 十年来，所有的艰难困苦都是为那个的成功的夜会所付出的代价，所谓“三万六千法朗”只是这一代价的“物化”而已，正因为一夜的风流是以十年艰辛和三万六千法朗为代价，才显得它的价值弥足珍贵。对夜会的美好回忆使其心理获得平衡，虚荣心得以满足，于是玛蒂尔德勇敢地承受所有的苦难。 要是玛蒂尔德终身不知那挂“精美的钻石项链”的真正的价值，那末她仍将“陶醉在幸福的云雾里”，内心异常充实地度过余生。 可是现在，无可追回的青春，一生孜孜以求的希望全部被一场误会所葬送，“栽”在一挂仅值五百法朗的赝品上，这是一个无论如何也无法接受的铁的事实。玛蒂尔德要接受这一严峻的事实远比接受十年艰辛要痛苦得多。 “我可怜的玛蒂尔德，那挂项链是假的，至多值五百法朗！……”佛莱思节夫人此话无异于在流血的伤口上放把盐，其效果却不逊于《祝福》中四婶的“你放着罢，祥林嫂！”玛蒂尔德很难因意外得到三万六千法朗而惊喜若狂——假若她果真会因此发狂的话，结局只有一个：精神的彻底崩溃。 尽管作者本人对产生玛蒂尔德悲剧命运的社会原因认识不足，而归结为偶而丢失项链之使然，尽管作者对女主人公抱有同情之心。但是，莫泊桑对她虚荣心的揭露是彻底的。从中我们可以充分感受到十九世纪批判现实主义文学强烈的理性批判精神。 十九世纪批判现实主义文学描写了许多中下层青年为改变命运而抗争，最终失败的悲剧性事件--当然并不是都遇上丢失项链之类倒霉事。德莱塞笔下的嘉罗琳·米贝（嘉莉妹妹）就没有丢失项链，于是她成了赫斯渥之流的情妇；而《红与黑》中的于连·索黑尔则已成功地获得一纸骠骑兵中尉的委任状，但最后仍不容于贵族阶级而被推上断头台。我们来听听他在法庭上的慷慨陈词吧： 先生们，我没有这个荣幸属于你们的阶级，在你们眼里，我是一个反抗自己的卑贱命运的农民……有些人要用我来杀一儆百，使这样一种年轻人永远丧失勇气，他们出生一个卑贱的阶级里，可以说是受着贫困的煎熬，但是他们在幸受到良好的教育，并且大胆地混入有钱人高傲地称为上流社会的圈子里。 这就是我的罪行。先生们，它将受到格外严厉的惩罚…… 于连只有说对一半，社会对人性的扼杀是外在的因素，而资产阶级思想对他的毒害使其性格的扭曲则是真正的原因。如若不然，社会上不过少了一些正直、善良、勤劳的中下层人民，而多了一批奸诈卑劣的绅士和寡廉鲜耻的贵妇人而已。 一 《项链》的主题 传统的看法是，这篇小说尖锐地讽刺了小资产阶级虚荣心和追求享乐的思想，出乎意料的结尾加深了这种讽刺，又带有一丝酸楚的感叹——其中有对玛蒂尔德的同情。 这种看法的根据是，小说中尽管没有一句谴责玛蒂尔德的虚荣心的话，但在人物描写和情节安排中处处流露出作者的态度。比如，开头写玛蒂尔德如何把大 资产者的奢华生活当理想，后来写她收到请帖后如何费尽心机抠出丈夫的积蓄，这一系列描写表现出这个小资产阶级妇女灵魂的庸俗鄙陋。另外，写玛蒂尔德的一个 晚上的满足带来十年的艰辛，这是对她的虚荣心的惩罚。小说最后写到十年艰辛不过是为了一件赝品，这又是对她的辛辣的讽刺。 玛蒂尔德的虚荣心不是一种个别的现象，而是阶级社会的产物，有一定的典型性。不安于辛苦劳动而得以糊口的生活，看不起比自己更穷苦的人，一心想上 升为大资产者，而且希望走捷径，借侥幸的机会发迹，这是人的劣根性的表现。当然，只有少数小资产者获得了成功，而大多数小资产者在竞争中沦落到更加悲惨的 境地。《项链》嘲讽了阶级社会这种追求虚荣的可鄙风气，而且帮助我们去认识产生这种风气的社会原因。 另外一种看法是，作者无意对人物作明确的价值判断；他所感兴趣的，或者说发生在人物身上的这种戏剧性的变化引起心灵震撼与深思的，是人自身对于这种变化的无能为力。 这种看法的根据是，第一，在玛蒂尔德看来，每个人都可以凭自己的努力去得到自己想得到的东西；何况“人”活着就是为了“享受”，而不是忍受种种贫 困与丑陋，不能因此而指责她有虚荣心和追求享受的思想。在这指责背后隐藏着“安贫乐道”的价值标准，而这种将贫困道德化的价值观是十分可疑的。第二，作者 对一心追求享乐生活并没有批判，对以十年艰辛还清债务也没有赞颂，对二者没有做出明确的倾向性选择，只是说：“人生是多么奇怪，多么变幻无常啊，极细小的 一件事可以败坏你，也可以成全你!” 我们的看法是，《项链》写的是一个小公务员的妻子玛蒂尔德以十年的含辛茹苦去赔偿一条借来的假项链的悲剧故事。作者对女主人公虽有美好的姿色却无 力打扮自己的无奈处境表示遗憾；对她为一条假项链差不多葬送自己及其丈夫一生的不幸遭遇表示同情和惋惜；对她和她丈夫偿还项链的诚实品德和奋斗精神进行了 肯定。小说也对女主人公的虚荣心进行了批评。同时，对贵族阶级的穷奢极欲和不惜弄虚作假的生活方式作了抨击和暴露。 二 《项链》的精巧构思 作者为了突出主题，为主人公设计了一个从逆境到顺境，然后再坠入逆境的曲折经历。起初，玛蒂尔德在婚姻上的失意，似乎使她陷入了逆境。但是，教育 部长举办舞会的请帖，给她打开了希望之门。舞服和首饰的解决，使她更接近成功。舞会上大出风头，眼看踏上了成功之路。不料，丢失了项链，使她再次坠入了厄 运。这样，逆境——顺境——逆境的转换，使人物的境遇越发显得悲惨，主题因此而更加突出。 《项链》中有一系列出人意料的情节。小说写女主人公一直向往上流社会，可是接到部长舞会的请帖后，却“懊恼”“发愁”。她在舞会上大获成功，眼看 要时来运转，却又丢失项链。赔了项链，最后才得知项链是假的。这些情节看似出人意料，却又合乎情理，这与作者作了一系列铺垫是分不开的。小说开端，作者大 段大段介绍玛蒂尔德向往过上流社会生活的心理，这就为下面描写人物懊恼发愁、遭到挫折提供了依据。小说还提到女主人公与她的朋友佛来思节夫人的关系，看来 无足轻重，却是下文情节发展的重要因素。女主人公借项链、失项链、赔项链、还债务、发现项链是赝品，都与此有关。在借、还项链时，佛来思节夫人毫不在意， 这蕴藏着一个暗示，项链不是值钱的东西。小说最后点出项链是假的，读者想到上文的暗示，会恍然大悟。 三 《项链》的心理描写 《项链》的心理描写细腻、深刻。作者极善于用心理分析的方法来展现人物的内心世界。例如用“她一向就想望着得人欢心，被人艳羡，具有诱惑力而被人 追求”，表现她希望摆脱寒酸、黯淡、平庸的生活，置身于上流社会，成为生活优裕、受人奉承的高贵夫人的梦想；通过“她陶醉于自己的美貌胜过一切女宾”，表 现她自觉颇有姿色，具有跳出平庸家庭，爬进上流社会的资本的自信心。这种虚荣心正是资本主义社会把女性当成玩物的要求造成的，它预示了玛蒂尔德悲剧的必然 性。

fgttdfg

The Necklace She was one of those pretty and charming girls born, as though fate had blundered over her, into a family of artisans. She had no marriage portion, no expectations, no means of getting known, understood, loved, and wedded by a man of wealth and distinction; and she let herself be married off to a little clerk in the Ministry of Education. Her tastes were simple because she had never been able to afford any other, but she was as unhappy as though she had married beneath her; for women have no caste or class, their beauty, grace, and charm serving them for birth or family, their natural delicacy, their instinctive elegance, their nimbleness of wit, are their only mark of rank, and put the slum girl on a level with the highest lady in the land. She suffered endlessly, feeling herself born for every delicacy and luxury. She suffered from the poorness of her house, from its mean walls, worn chairs, and ugly curtains. All these things, of which other women of her class would not even have been aware, tormented and insulted her. The sight of the little Breton girl who came to do the work in her little house aroused heart-broken regrets and hopeless dreams in her mind. She imagined silent antechambers, heavy with Oriental tapestries, lit by torches in lofty bronze sockets, with two tall footmen in knee-breeches sleeping in large arm-chairs, overcome by the heavy warmth of the stove. She imagined vast saloons hung with antique silks, exquisite pieces of furniture supporting priceless ornaments, and small, charming, perfumed rooms, created just for little parties of intimate friends, men who were famous and sought after, whose homage roused every other woman's envious longings. When she sat down for dinner at the round table covered with a three-days-old cloth, opposite her husband, who took the cover off the soup-tureen, exclaiming delightedly: "Aha! Scotch broth! What could be better?" she imagined delicate meals, gleaming silver, tapestries peopling the walls with folk of a past age and strange birds in faery forests; she imagined delicate food served in marvellous dishes, murmured gallantries, listened to with an inscrutable smile as one trifled with the rosy flesh of trout or wings of asparagus chicken. She had no clothes, no jewels, nothing. And these were the only things she loved; she felt that she was made for them. She had longed so eagerly to charm, to be desired, to be wildly attractive and sought after. < 2 > She had a rich friend, an old school friend whom she refused to visit, because she suffered so keenly when she returned home. She would weep whole days, with grief, regret, despair, and misery. * One evening her husband came home with an exultant air, holding a large envelope in his hand. "Here's something for you," he said. Swiftly she tore the paper and drew out a printed card on which were these words: "The Minister of Education and Madame Ramponneau request the pleasure of the company of Monsieur and Madame Loisel at the Ministry on the evening of Monday, January the 18th." Instead of being delighted, as her husband hoped, she flung the invitation petulantly across the table, murmuring: "What do you want me to do with this?" "Why, darling, I thought you'd be pleased. You never go out, and this is a great occasion. I had tremendous trouble to get it. Every one wants one; it's very select, and very few go to the clerks. You'll see all the really big people there." She looked at him out of furious eyes, and said impatiently: "And what do you suppose I am to wear at such an affair?" He had not thought about it; he stammered: "Why, the dress you go to the theatre in. It looks very nice, to me . . ." He stopped, stupefied and utterly at a loss when he saw that his wife was beginning to cry. Two large tears ran slowly down from the corners of her eyes towards the corners of her mouth. "What's the matter with you? What's the matter with you?" he faltered. But with a violent effort she overcame her grief and replied in a calm voice, wiping her wet cheeks: "Nothing. Only I haven't a dress and so I can't go to this party. Give your invitation to some friend of yours whose wife will be turned out better than I shall." He was heart-broken. "Look here, Mathilde," he persisted. "What would be the cost of a suitable dress, which you could use on other occasions as well, something very simple?" She thought for several seconds, reckoning up prices and also wondering for how large a sum she could ask without bringing upon herself an immediate refusal and an exclamation of horror from the careful-minded clerk. < 3 > At last she replied with some hesitation: "I don't know exactly, but I think I could do it on four hundred francs." He grew slightly pale, for this was exactly the amount he had been saving for a gun, intending to get a little shooting next summer on the plain of Nanterre with some friends who went lark-shooting there on Sundays. Nevertheless he said: "Very well. I'll give you four hundred francs. But try and get a really nice dress with the money." The day of the party drew near, and Madame Loisel seemed sad, uneasy and anxious. Her dress was ready, however. One evening her husband said to her: "What's the matter with you? You've been very odd for the last three days." "I'm utterly miserable at not having any jewels, not a single stone, to wear," she replied. "I shall look absolutely no one. I would almost rather not go to the party." "Wear flowers," he said. "They're very smart at this time of the year. For ten francs you could get two or three gorgeous roses." She was not convinced. "No . . . there's nothing so humiliating as looking poor in the middle of a lot of rich women." "How stupid you are!" exclaimed her husband. "Go and see Madame Forestier and ask her to lend you some jewels. You know her quite well enough for that." She uttered a cry of delight. "That's true. I never thought of it." Next day she went to see her friend and told her her trouble. Madame Forestier went to her dressing-table, took up a large box, brought it to Madame Loisel, opened it, and said: "Choose, my dear." First she saw some bracelets, then a pearl necklace, then a Venetian cross in gold and gems, of exquisite workmanship. She tried the effect of the jewels before the mirror, hesitating, unable to make up her mind to leave them, to give them up. She kept on asking: "Haven't you anything else?" "Yes. Look for yourself. I don't know what you would like best." Suddenly she discovered, in a black satin case, a superb diamond necklace; her heart began to beat covetously. Her hands trembled as she lifted it. She fastened it round her neck, upon her high dress, and remained in ecstasy at sight of herself. < 4 > Then, with hesitation, she asked in anguish: "Could you lend me this, just this alone?" "Yes, of course." She flung herself on her friend's breast, embraced her frenziedly, and went away with her treasure. The day of the party arrived. Madame Loisel was a success. She was the prettiest woman present, elegant, graceful, smiling, and quite above herself with happiness. All the men stared at her, inquired her name, and asked to be introduced to her. All the Under-Secretaries of State were eager to waltz with her. The Minister noticed her. She danced madly, ecstatically, drunk with pleasure, with no thought for anything, in the triumph of her beauty, in the pride of her success, in a cloud of happiness made up of this universal homage and admiration, of the desires she had aroused, of the completeness of a victory so dear to her feminine heart. She left about four o'clock in the morning. Since midnight her husband had been dozing in a deserted little room, in company with three other men whose wives were having a good time. He threw over her shoulders the garments he had brought for them to go home in, modest everyday clothes, whose poverty clashed with the beauty of the ball-dress. She was conscious of this and was anxious to hurry away, so that she should not be noticed by the other women putting on their costly furs. Loisel restrained her. "Wait a little. You'll catch cold in the open. I'm going to fetch a cab." But she did not listen to him and rapidly descended the staircase. When they were out in the street they could not find a cab; they began to look for one, shouting at the drivers whom they saw passing in the distance. They walked down towards the Seine, desperate and shivering. At last they found on the quay one of those old nightprowling carriages which are only to be seen in Paris after dark, as though they were ashamed of their shabbiness in the daylight. It brought them to their door in the Rue des Martyrs, and sadly they walked up to their own apartment. It was the end, for her. As for him, he was thinking that he must be at the office at ten. She took off the garments in which she had wrapped her shoulders, so as to see herself in all her glory before the mirror. But suddenly she uttered a cry. The necklace was no longer round her neck! < 5 > "What's the matter with you?" asked her husband, already half undressed. She turned towards him in the utmost distress. "I . . . I . . . I've no longer got Madame Forestier's necklace. . . ." He started with astonishment. "What! . . . Impossible!" They searched in the folds of her dress, in the folds of the coat, in the pockets, everywhere. They could not find it. "Are you sure that you still had it on when you came away from the ball?" he asked. "Yes, I touched it in the hall at the Ministry." "But if you had lost it in the street, we should have heard it fall." "Yes. Probably we should. Did you take the number of the cab?" "No. You didn't notice it, did you?" "No." They stared at one another, dumbfounded. At last Loisel put on his clothes again. "I'll go over all the ground we walked," he said, "and see if I can't find it." And he went out. She remained in her evening clothes, lacking strength to get into bed, huddled on a chair, without volition or power of thought. Her husband returned about seven. He had found nothing. He went to the police station, to the newspapers, to offer a reward, to the cab companies, everywhere that a ray of hope impelled him. She waited all day long, in the same state of bewilderment at this fearful catastrophe. Loisel came home at night, his face lined and pale; he had discovered nothing. "You must write to your friend," he said, "and tell her that you've broken the clasp of her necklace and are getting it mended. That will give us time to look about us." She wrote at his dictation. * By the end of a week they had lost all hope. Loisel, who had aged five years, declared: "We must see about replacing the diamonds." Next day they took the box which had held the necklace and went to the jewellers whose name was inside. He consulted his books. "It was not I who sold this necklace, Madame; I must have merely supplied the clasp." Then they went from jeweller to jeweller, searching for another necklace like the first, consulting their memories, both ill with remorse and anguish of mind. In a shop at the Palais-Royal they found a string of diamonds which seemed to them exactly like the one they were looking for. It was worth forty thousand francs. They were allowed to have it for thirty-six thousand. < 6 > They begged the jeweller not to sell it for three days. And they arranged matters on the understanding that it would be taken back for thirty-four thousand francs, if the first one were found before the end of February. Loisel possessed eighteen thousand francs left to him by his father. He intended to borrow the rest. He did borrow it, getting a thousand from one man, five hundred from another, five louis here, three louis there. He gave notes of hand, entered into ruinous agreements, did business with usurers and the whole tribe of money-lenders. He mortgaged the whole remaining years of his existence, risked his signature without even knowing if he could honour it, and, appalled at the agonising face of the future, at the black misery about to fall upon him, at the prospect of every possible physical privation and moral torture, he went to get the new necklace and put down upon the jeweller's counter thirty-six thousand francs. When Madame Loisel took back the necklace to Madame Forestier, the latter said to her in a chilly voice: "You ought to have brought it back sooner; I might have needed it." She did not, as her friend had feared, open the case. If she had noticed the substitution, what would she have thought? What would she have said? Would she not have taken her for a thief? * Madame Loisel came to know the ghastly life of abject poverty. From the very first she played her part heroically. This fearful debt must be paid off. She would pay it. The servant was dismissed. They changed their flat; they took a garret under the roof. She came to know the heavy work of the house, the hateful duties of the kitchen. She washed the plates, wearing out her pink nails on the coarse pottery and the bottoms of pans. She washed the dirty linen, the shirts and dish-cloths, and hung them out to dry on a string; every morning she took the dustbin down into the street and carried up the water, stopping on each landing to get her breath. And, clad like a poor woman, she went to the fruiterer, to the grocer, to the butcher, a basket on her arm, haggling, insulted, fighting for every wretched halfpenny of her money. Every month notes had to be paid off, others renewed, time gained. < 7 > Her husband worked in the evenings at putting straight a merchant's accounts, and often at night he did copying at twopence-halfpenny a page. And this life lasted ten years. At the end of ten years everything was paid off, everything, the usurer's charges and the accumulation of superimposed interest. Madame Loisel looked old now. She had become like all the other strong, hard, coarse women of poor households. Her hair was badly done, her skirts were awry, her hands were red. She spoke in a shrill voice, and the water slopped all over the floor when she scrubbed it. But sometimes, when her husband was at the office, she sat down by the window and thought of that evening long ago, of the ball at which she had been so beautiful and so much admired. What would have happened if she had never lost those jewels. Who knows? Who knows? How strange life is, how fickle! How little is needed to ruin or to save! One Sunday, as she had gone for a walk along the Champs-Elysees to freshen herself after the labours of the week, she caught sight suddenly of a woman who was taking a child out for a walk. It was Madame Forestier, still young, still beautiful, still attractive. Madame Loisel was conscious of some emotion. Should she speak to her? Yes, certainly. And now that she had paid, she would tell her all. Why not? She went up to her. "Good morning, Jeanne." The other did not recognise her, and was surprised at being thus familiarly addressed by a poor woman. "But . . . Madame . . ." she stammered. "I don't know . . . you must be making a mistake." "No . . . I am Mathilde Loisel." Her friend uttered a cry. "Oh! . . . my poor Mathilde, how you have changed! . . ." "Yes, I've had some hard times since I saw you last; and many sorrows . . . and all on your account." "On my account! . . . How was that?" "You remember the diamond necklace you lent me for the ball at the Ministry?" "Yes. Well?" "Well, I lost it." "How could you? Why, you brought it back." "I brought you another one just like it. And for the last ten years we have been paying for it. You realise it wasn't easy for us; we had no money. . . . Well, it's paid for at last, and I'm glad indeed." < 8 > Madame Forestier had halted. "You say you bought a diamond necklace to replace mine?" "Yes. You hadn't noticed it? They were very much alike." And she smiled in proud and innocent happiness. Madame Forestier, deeply moved, took her two hands. "Oh, my poor Mathilde! But mine was imitation. It was worth at the very most five hundred francs! . . . "自己打了点.复制点.累!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1

项链》读后感 《项链》这篇文章出于《莫泊桑短篇小说精选》，它是由法国著名作家莫泊桑撰写的。作者出生于诺曼底地区滨海地区一个没落的贵族家庭。因为从小受到富有母亲浪漫气质的母亲的影响，使他无法忍受贵族学校的气氛，转致一所公立学校读书。莫泊桑的文章都充满了悲观色彩，这与他的健康状况和历史背景有着密切的关系。 本文讲述的是罗塞瓦德夫人虚荣心十足，她为了在一次宴会上出风头，特意从女友那里借来一根金刚石项链。当她戴着项链在宴会上出现的时候，引起了全场人的赞叹与奉承，她的虚荣心得到了极大的满足。不幸的是，在回家的路上，这条项链丢失了。为了赔偿这价值三万六千法郎的金项链，她负了重债。之后，她事整整十年节衣缩食才还清了债务。而颇具讽刺意味的是这时对方告诉她丢失的项链是假的。罗塞瓦德夫人通过“打肿脸充胖子”的方式来显示自我，面子观念的驱动，使她吃尽了苦头。 “哦，可怜的罗瓦塞尔夫妇！命运真会捉弄人。”那是我看完文章后的第一。当再次回味起那篇文章时，我不禁回想：如果他们不为了虚荣，会耗费如此大的代价吗？虚荣心，一个可怕但无形的恶魔，是为了取得荣誉和引起普遍注意而表现出来的一种不正常的社会情感，是争名逐利的一种不良品质。虚荣会使坦诚的人走向虚伪。虚荣心强的人常常表现为一种自夸炫耀的行为，通过吹牛、隐匿等欺手段来表现自已。虚荣心强的人，常常有嫉妒冲动，看到别人的能力比自己强，地位比自己高，命运比自己好，外表比自己美，就感到不舒服、不痛快。甚至排斥、挖苦、打击、疏远、为难比自自强的人，有意或无意地做出损害这些人的事情来。还有，虚荣心强的人，特别喜欢听奉承的话、恭维的话，最不能接受的是他人当众顶撞或当面提意见，最不能容忍的是揭他的老底。因此，与他结交的可能是一些溜须拍马的“小人”。 法国哲学家柏格森说过：“虚荣心很难说是一种恶行，然而一切恶行都围绕虚荣心而生，都不过是满足虚荣心的手段。”虚假的荣誉是一个转瞬即破的肥皂泡，我们不应该追求这种并不属于自已的虚假的东西；而要脚踏实地地去干一番事业，通过奋斗，创造出属于自己的荣誉来。 Necklace "读后感 "The Necklace" the article for "Featured Maupassant short story", it is by the famous French writer Maupassant wrote. The author was born in the coastal region of Normandy region of a decline of a noble family. Since an early age by the wealthy mother of a romantic temperament her mother's influence, so that he could not endure the aristocratic atmosphere of the school, addressed to a public school reading. Maupassant's article are very pessimistic about the color, which with his health status and historical background are closely related. Described in this article are his wife罗塞瓦德full vanity, her first time at the banquet in order to enjoy the limelight, deliberately borrowed from his girlfriend a diamond necklace. Wearing a necklace when she appeared at the banquet on time, causing the audience to praise and flattery of the people, her vanity has been greatly satisfied. Unfortunately, the way home, this necklace is missing. This compensation for the value of 36,000 francs gold necklace, she has been heavily indebted negative. After a decade of her things to scrimp and save to pay off the debt. The ironic part is when she told the other side of the necklace is missing is false.罗塞瓦德his wife through "打肿脸充胖子" approach to show the self-concept of the driver face, so that she suffered. "Oh, poor couples罗瓦塞尔! Destiny really make fun of people." That was my first after reading the article. When the aftertaste from the article again, I can not help but think: If they do not for vanity, would be so much cost? Vanity, a terrible but invisible demon, are made in order to honor and caused widespread attention shown by an abnormal social emotions, are an indisputable gain of a bad quality. Vanity candid people will move toward hypocrisy. Vanity strong regular people usually boast a showing off of conduct, through the bragging, occult, etc. to express their own deception. Vanity strong person, there is usually jealous impulse, the ability to see others than themselves, and status than their higher destiny than its own good, the appearance of the United States than their own, they feel uncomfortable and not fun. And even exclusion, ridicule, attack, alienation, self-resilient than embarrass people, intentionally or unintentionally, to make the damage done to these people. Have, vanity strong person, in particular, likes to listen to the words of flattery, compliment, it is most unacceptable and others are publicly contradict or face-to-face advice, the most intolerable of老底are exposing him. As a result, making him probably are some narrow circle of the "villains." French philosopher Bergson said: "It is hard to say vanity is an evil, but all the evil all around the vanity and Health, is but a means to satisfy the vanity." False Honor is a flash that is broken bubble, we should not pursue that do not belong to their own false things; and want to go down-to-earth干一番事业, through the struggle to create their own honor to belong to.