心理学学术方向论文参考文献

要用APA格式，APA格式使用哈佛大学文章引用格式，通常来说，一个引用包含了作者名和发表日期，以括号夹注（有时会再加上页数），放在引用文字或句子之后。 APA格式规定“参考文献”部分的人名必须以名的字母顺序来排列，包括姓氏的前缀。譬如，James Smith应被改成“Smitm,J.,”；Saif Al Falasi则改成“Al-Falasi, Saif.”。（阿拉伯文名字通常在姓氏和前缀之间加上连字号“−”，所以姓氏和前缀自成一体。）纸本文献单一作者著作的书籍：Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.两位作者以上合著的书籍：Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.文集中的文章：Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.期刊中的文章（非连续页码）：Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.期刊中的文章（连续页码）：Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.月刊杂志中的文章：Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.报纸中的文章：Wrong, M. (2005, August 17). Misquotes are "Problematastic" says Mayor. Toronto Sol. p. 4.政府官方文献：Revenue Canada. (2001). Advanced gouging: Manual for employees (MP 65–347/1124). Ottawa: Minister of Immigration and Revenue.线上文献针对电子文献、网站和线上文章，APA格式的网站上有订定一些基本的规则，第一就是提供读者详细的文献内容来源，第二为提供其有效的参考来源。网络文章的打印版本Marlowe, P., Spade, S., & Chan, C. (2001). Detective work and the benefits of colour versus black and white [Electronic version]。Journal of Pointless Research, 11,123–124.电子期刊的文章（只有网络版的期刊）Blofeld, E. S. (1994, March 1). Expressing oneself through Persian cats and modern architecture.Felines & Felons, 4,Article 0046g. Retrieved October 3, 1999, from 网页地址电子短信（newsletter）的文章Paradise, S., Moriarty, D., Marx, C., Lee, O. B., Hassel, E., et al. (1957, July). Portrayals of fictional characters in reality-based popular writing: Project update.Off the beaten path, 7(3). Retrieved October 3, 1999, from 网页地址单篇线上文献（无作者及著作日期）What I did today.(n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2002, from 网页地址从大学课程或系上网站取得的文献Rogers, B. (2078).Faster-than-light travel: What we've learned in the first twenty years.Retrieved August 24, 2079, from Mars University, Institute for Martian Studies Web site: 网页地址从数据库搜寻的期刊文章的电子复制版本（3至5位作者）Costanza, G., Seinfeld, J., Benes, E., Kramer, C., & Peterman, J. (1993). Minutiæ and insignificant observations from the nineteen-nineties.Journal about Nothing, 52,475–649. Retrieved October 31, 1999, from NoTHINGJournals database.电子邮件或其他个人通讯（限定文字）(A. Monterey, personal communication, September 28, 2001).储存于光碟的书籍Nix, G. (2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr [CD]。New York: Random House/Listening Library.储存于录音带的书籍Nix, G. (2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr [Cassette Recording No. ]。New York: Random House/Listening Library.