研究欧亨利的写作手法的论文英文

欧·亨利短篇小说的创作风格 ------“欧·亨利式的手法”鉴析 内容提要： 欧·亨利（O·Henry ，原名 威廉·西德尼·波特 1862-1910） 是美国现代短篇小说的奠基人，他的作品编织了一个个幽默而伤感的短篇故事，有“美国生活的幽默百科全书”之称，他的艺术成就在于他独特的具有讽刺艺术的创作风格，其艺术风格的代表则是独特的反衬与隐蔽的批判，加之其著名的“欧·亨利式的结尾”，人们将其统称之“欧·亨利式的手法”。欧·亨利给美国短篇小说带来了“新的生命”，同时又以他那独具风格“含泪的笑”称誉世界文坛并产生了“惊人持久的影响。”① 二、妙用曲笔使得亦真亦幻 隐蔽的批判如影随形 欧·亨利生活与创作的年代，正美国资本主义飞速发展并走上帝国主义阶段的时期，国内资本主义高度集中，低层人民的生活日益贫困，而面对这样的现实生活的美国文学，已经从早期的浪漫主义逐渐转型为严峻的现实主义。作为诞生于这种典型的历史环境中的现实主义和人道主义作家，欧·亨利是扎根生活并且面对现实的。但是大众文化取向逐渐走向低级趣味与哗众取宠的社会现实也让作家认识到，出版商与杂志老板需要的是投向大众文化的猎奇故事、幽默笑话甚至是庸俗的社会诽闻，是结局要让人惊奇、给人愉快的文化快餐。为了艺术生存，也为了艺术追求，这也就迫使作家在小说创作的手法上多用些功夫，以违心求得转向，用技巧造就适应。而这种转向与适应的结果，却是崭新的欧·亨利式的创作艺术的诞生。 关键词：欧·亨利 独特的反衬 隐蔽的批判 曲笔 “欧·亨利式的结尾” 欧·亨利是美国现代短篇小说的奠基人，同时亦与法国作家莫泊桑以及俄国作家契诃夫齐名，是响誉世界的短篇小说三位大师之一。但是比起另外两人来，欧·亨利所经受的磨难与非议则更加的多，人生之路也异常的坎坷曲折。欧·亨利的一生充满了不幸，正如他在《麦琪的礼物》中的感叹：“人生是由低泣、抽臆、微笑组成的，而抽臆占了大半部分。”②然而艰辛生活给了作家灵感的源泉，并最终磨砺出一代文学巨匠，这不能不说是生活对作家本人的一种幽默，仿佛作家人生中的“欧·亨利式的结尾” 。 一、从以小见大到笑中含泪 独特的反衬无处不在 欧·亨利小说中表现出的明显的艺术特色之一既是其“以小见大”的反衬式的创作风格，作家擅长运用剧情以及人物的反差来映衬出“笑中含泪”的艺术效果，这种风格的养成是与他的生活经历息息相关的。作家的一生十分坎坷，三岁丧母的欧·亨利跟着当教员的姑姑学习，十七岁当学徒，后来到银行当出纳员，之后办过杂志，由于银行的怀疑使得他惹上了官司，被迫逃往洪都拉斯，回国探望病重的妻子后得到的却是妻子病故的噩耗与他被判监禁五年的双重打击。但是人生的艰辛与坎坷并没有击倒作家的信心，相反给了他宝贵的生活阅历这比创作上的财富，他以身边熟悉的小店员、医生、律师、潦倒的艺术家甚至小贩与小偷等社会底层的小人物来作为写作的对象，为读者们展示出小人物们的真实的生活画面和他们丰富复杂的感情世界。作家所处时代的美国并没有变成“人人享有民主、自由、幸福权利”的天堂，却成了世界上“贫富间鸿沟最深的国家之一，在那里一方面是一小撮卑鄙龌龊的沉溺于奢侈生活的亿万富翁，另一方面是千百万永远在饥饿线上挣扎的劳苦大众。”③作家将描写纽约社会生活的集子命名为《四百万》，因为他认为构成纽约的社会基础是“四百万”的纽约民众，而绝非是“四百个”富翁。在短短四十八年的人生旅途中，他为人类留下了一步长篇、将近三百个短篇小说的文学遗产，其中大多数都是在描绘平凡的小人物们的生活。

研究方面的文章网上非常不好找，但是有这方面的书出版 你可以去图书馆或者大型书店查一下，有这本书。中年文学评论家、国立华侨大学研究生导师阮温凌教授的学术论著《走进迷宫——欧·亨利的艺术世界》（40万字），新近由中国社会科学出版社出版。这是著者学术研究中的第三部力著，为我国目前唯一的一部全面系统研究欧·亨利的独家之作，被外国文学界专家、教授誉为“填补了我国学术界的一项空白”。作者 阮温凌出版社 中国社会科学出版社书名《走进迷宫——欧·亨利的艺术世界》

1862年9月11日，距华盛顿州不远的北卡罗来纳州有一个名叫格林斯波罗的小镇。小镇里一位不得志的医生和他美丽纤弱的妻子生了一个大眼睛、不大强壮的孩子。谁也不曾想到，在19世纪末20世纪初，这个孩子以欧·亨利的笔名平步文坛，成为一个深受美国和世界读者喜欢的伟大小说家，并且在百年之后仍然保持着长久的影响和魅力。 欧·亨利的人生之路崎岖、艰苦而又不幸，他三岁丧母，15岁就走向社会，从事过牧童、药剂师、�事、办事员、制图员、出纳员等多种职业。1889年，他和罗琦不顾她父母的反对私奔成婚，并在年轻妻子鼓励下走上创作道路，创办《滚石》杂志，发表幽默小品。后来，他因挪用银行资金被判五年徒刑。出狱后，他迁居纽约专门从事写作，每周为世界报提供一个短篇，但因第二次婚姻的不幸，加之饮酒过度，终于1910年6月5日在纽约病逝。 19世纪80年代至20世纪初的美国，随着资本主义逐渐向垄断发展，各种社会矛盾日益显露突出。欧·亨利长期生活在下层，形形色色的社会现象使他对这些矛盾心感身受。曲折的人生、丰富的经历、独特的视角和敏锐的观察，使他情不自禁地把社会的各种现象形象地概括在自己的作品中，如下层劳动群众生活的贫穷艰辛，道貌岸然的上流，巧取豪夺的金融寡头，肆无忌惮的买卖官爵，小偷、强盗、流浪汉的生活，以及失业、犯罪等等。对贫民他充满了同情，对资产阶级剥削者从不同角度予以批判与揭露，道出了下层劳动群众对剥削、压迫的愤怒反抗与心声。 欧·亨利一生创作了270多个短篇小说和一部长篇小说，还有数量很少的诗歌。欧·亨利的诗歌创作反映了他对自然、人生所面临的社会矛盾的态度，他写小鸟、古老的村庄，歌颂流浪者，以阴郁的笔调吟颂“唱催眠曲的男孩”，抨击不合理的社会现象。但因数量少、成就不大，因而影响很小。相反，他的许多书信倒是精彩的随笔，他同编辑谈生活，谈创作，表达作者的生活态度和创作思想。欧·亨利的代表作品是《麦琪的礼物》、《警察与赞美诗》和《最后一片叶子》。其著名小说还有《黄雀在后》、《市政报告》、《配供家具的客房》、《双料》等，真实准确的细节描写，生动简洁的语言使一系列栩栩如生的艺术形象展现在读者面前，也使他在世界短篇小说史上占有重要位置。有人曾将他比做“美国的莫泊桑”，这是有其道理的。 幽默是美国的文学传统之一。从华盛顿·欧文开始，许多作家都善于写那些有趣可笑而又意味深长的故事。欧文的幽默是在善意的揶揄之中含有淡淡的讽刺；马克·吐温的幽默以充满俚语的口语，滑稽、俏皮的描写和极夸张的形象，揭示了生活中的真理；欧文·肖的幽默则在注重描述人物性格的幽默风趣上。欧·亨利承袭这一传统，受同时代作家的影响，加之一生经历坎坷，使得他独特的幽默与众不同——充满了辛酸的笑声，在夸张、嘲讽、风趣、诙谐、机智的幽默之中，含有抑郁、凄楚的情绪。读《麦琪的礼物》让人苦笑，读《警察与赞美诗》让人悲凉辛酸。这种“含泪的微笑”，加深了作品的社会意义，具有长久的艺术魅力。 处理小说的结尾，是欧·亨利最具创造性的贡献，也使他在美国和世界文学史上享有盛名。他善于戏剧性地设计情节，埋下伏笔，作好铺垫，勾勒矛盾，最后在结尾处出现一个出人意料的结局，使读者感到豁然开朗，柳暗花明，既在意料之外，又在情理之中，不禁拍案称奇。但由于作者写作速度快且多，这种手法运用过多过滥，不免使人感到有明显的雷同和公式化的弊端。他的小说的结局常常出人意外；又因描写了众多的人物，富于生活情趣，被誉为“美国生活的幽默百科全书”。 欧·亨利不愧为“世界三大短篇小说家”之一，其高超的写作技巧，使得他的小说有了“欧·亨利式”这一称号。 以下是欧.亨利的名作《麦琪的礼物》赏析 ： 《麦琪的礼物》这篇文章，一开头就设置悬念，德拉只有一元八毛，可是明天就是圣诞节了，她不够钱给丈夫买礼物，作者接着围绕德拉一头美丽的秀发和杰姆的金表展开描写，德拉为了给吉姆买他梦寐以求的金表表链，忍痛割爱，卖掉了一头的秀发。等到吉姆回来，她发现丈夫看见她的短发，神情不对，在这里又设下了一个悬念，待德拉打开杰姆送给她的礼物，我们才恍然大悟，原来吉姆送给妻子一套发梳，德拉已经用不着了，接着，德拉送礼物给吉姆，再次出人意料，德拉的礼物也派不上用场了，因为吉姆的金表也卖掉了。故事到此结束，却给人回味无穷。这是典型的“欧·亨利式情节”和“欧·亨利结局”，欧·亨利的写作风格我们可以从这里大概了解到一些。 文章极具“欧·亨利式的语言”，幽默、风趣、诙谐、俏皮、善用夸张和比喻。如那句“现在，他的收入缩减到二十美元，‘迪林厄姆’ 的字母也显得模糊不清，似乎它们正严肃地思忖着是否缩写成谦逊而又讲求实际的字母D。”给穷人生活的无奈增添了喜剧的色彩。 文章还极为细腻地刻画了人物的形象，他描写德拉瘦小而灵巧，身材苗条，特别是形容她的头发，用了夸张和比喻的手法，“如果示巴女王也住在天井对面的公寓里，总有一天德拉会把头发披散下来，露出窗外晾干，使那女王的珍珠宝贝黔然失色。” “德拉的秀发泼撒在她的周围，微波起伏，闪耀光芒，有如那褐色的瀑布。”他描写吉姆，“吉姆站在屋里的门口边，纹丝不动地好像猎犬嗅到了鹌鹑的气味似的。他的两眼固定在德拉身上”。“‘你说你的头发没有了吗？’他差不多是白痴似地问道。”把一个疼爱妻子，甘愿把祖传家宝卖掉为妻子买礼物的丈夫的形象生动地刻画出来。 读完这篇文章，我们不免感到遗憾那对贫穷的夫妻，为了爱人，他们卖掉了自己最为珍贵的东西，可是他们送给对方的礼物却都没有用处了。尽管这样，我们还是从中体会到那对夫妻的纯洁和善良，体会到他们永恒的爱情，同时也领会到美国下层人民生活的艰难和辛酸，作者对他们事实给予了深深的同情和祝福的。 最后一段，揭示文章的深刻主题，麦琪本是指圣婴基督出生时来自东方送礼的三贤人，作者把他们称作是麦琪，表现了他对劳动人民的尊重和热爱，同时给他们的礼物披上了神圣的色彩，是具有人性的，闪烁着爱的光芒的礼物。

The Meaning of GiftO.Henry was born in Greensboro, North Carolina. His father, Algemon Sidney Porter, was a physician. When William was three, his mother died, and he was raised by his parental grandmother and paternal aunt. William was an avid reader, but at the age of fifteen he left school and then worked in a drug store and on a Texas ranch. He continued to Houston, where he had a number of jobs, including that of bank clerk. After moving in 1882 to Texas, he worked on a ranch in LaSalle County for two years. In 1887 he married Athol Estes Roach; they had one daughter and one son., he died in New York on June 5th 1910.In this novel, there are many short ficition,every of them are worth reading,but The Gift of the Magi left me a deep impression is, I think this is a good article I have ever read, it is meaningful.In this article, O.Henry used his style of writing narrated a winding and simple story with humorous and a light sad, in western literary area this theme of presenting the gift in the Christmas eve is so ordinary, some of them is wonderful, but I think The Gift of the Magi is the best one.First, let’s looked from the content. the entire article took one pair of poorly love husbands and wives in American presenting the Christmas gift as a middle line, The family housewife in order to save each coin, she count each one. Even though, entire family only left one dollar and eighty-seven cents on Christmas Eve. The author did not describe much about the poor family, he used one dollar and eighty-seven cents to draw the whole novel, the housewife Della who loves her husband deeply count the money three times, she cried sadly for she could not buy her husband an satisfactory gift. O.Henry was good at using little words to make the sketch and build atmosphere, then the reader will lost in the article, tasting and pondering the character's destiny. The gloomy atmosphere which was built by one dollar and eighty-seven cents through the whole novel, even when the couples saw gifts, it still contained a little pain. The author had written a poor husband's and wife's pain, also enlightens for the people let them obtain beautiful influencing and lead the reader’s interest to a deep boundary when he was describe the character’s thought disposition and plot. This is the true value of The Gift of the Magi.In order to give her husband an exquisite watch chain, Della sold her beautiful hair though his husband James loved it. James realized that Della had worshipped long for the set of combs, side and back, in Broadway window, he also sold his valuable watch which belonged his grandparents. Della’s hair and James’ gold watch is the most precious property which in this poor family. In order to expresses the deep sincere love to the spouse, all of them had lost these two at the Christmas eve. Happiness in a twinkling had paid the expensive price, but following is the deep pain. after consider the true life ,O Henry had screened the main plot carefully, made this ordinary theme bright again, gold watch and beautiful hair are the great wealth for the poor family which gain 20 dollar per week, This regret brought astringent feeling, caused each reader’s heart to tremble. This is condensing the real contradiction which the social real life is unable to solve multiplies really because of the writer deep style of writing, cause reader's pitying with the sympathy, and lead them to a more profound ponder. For a while sentimental impulse Della and James had extremely sacrificed most precious thing for each other. In those only money all-powerful societies, their gift can not regard as wisdom, they lost wealth, but they deepened the precious sincere love. In love and in wealth contradiction they have sacrificed the latter.The novel revelation society reality does not depend on preaching, but depend on the development of character’s emotion. Inspires the reader to touch, feels the character who have the tragedy color. In this society which money can buy love, psychology and sentiment appear the distortion, the sincere deep love between James and Della has filled with writer’s idealism. O.Hery oes not write the money to ruin love in this society, but wrote the artistic flavor in this gloomy lens, admired the intelligence of James and Della, This is certainly unusual manpower pen, Therefore, the work gives us is not depression and gloomy, But is the beautiful pursue and the attachment, Thus lead the reader to the noble boundary.Processing novel ending, Is O Henry’s most creative contribution, also causes him enjoys the great reputation in American and in the world history of literature. He is good at designing plot theatrically, lays down the foreshadowing, finally appears a beyond expectation result in the ending which makes the reader to feel suddenly sees the light, joy after sorrow, also beside anticipation and in reason, strike the table and shout bravo.O Henry is worth the world famous novelist, his excellent writing technique enabled his novel to have the title of O.Henry.I have read many kinds of article, before reading O.Henry’s article, I liked detective book, but after reading this book, I knew short fiction is better, Henry’s humors gave me a deep impression, it will never feel boring no matter how many times you have read

O. Henry's stories are famous for their surprise endings, to the point that such an ending is often referred to as an "O. Henry ending." He was called the American answer to Guy de Maupassant. Both authors wrote twist endings, but O. Henry stories were much more playful. His stories are also well known for witty narration. Most of O. Henry's stories are set in his own time, the early years of the 20th century. Many take place in New York City and deal for the most part with ordinary people: clerks, policemen, waitresses.概括一下欧 亨利的短篇小说通常以他的欧式惊奇风格结尾，它们也被称作欧亨利式结局。他的语言风格诙谐幽默，小说讲述的故事通常都发生在二十世纪早期的纽约，关于平凡人：职员，警察，或者是侍者。O. Henry's work is wide-ranging, and his characters can be found roaming the cattle-lands of Texas, exploring the art of the "gentle grafter," or investigating the tensions of class and wealth in turn-of-the-century New York. O. Henry had an inimitable hand for isolating some element of society and describing it with an incredible economy and grace of language. Some of his best and least-known work resides in the collection Cabbages and Kings, a series of stories which each explore some individual aspect of life in a paralytically sleepy Central American town while each advancing some aspect of the larger plot and relating back one to another in a complex structure which slowly explicates its own background. O.Henry's work is fundamentally a product of his time, and contains examples of casual racism这是扩展，我就不译了。。。