中西方文化因素影响毕业论文范文

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

简述中西方方化的现状，总结出两者的差异，分析差异形成的原因，最终得出结果是应该以什么样的眼光看待这些差异这样可以么？

中西方文化对比——中西方小说的比较 一、中西方小说的发展史 中西方的小说，都是以神话传说为其渊源的。古时候，科学不发达，出于对大自然的敬畏，劳动人民想象出了许多主宰世间的“神”，对神人格化的描写，就是神话；将人神化的描写，就是传说。中国的盘古开天地的故事，三皇五帝的故事，西方的希腊神话，罗马神话，北欧神话等都是其中的典型作品。 东西方最初的小说，是与历史紧密相连的，是作为史料的补充记载事件的。中国先秦散文中的寓言故事，汉代史书中的人物传记，魏晋南北朝的志怪、志人小说；西方古巴比伦的《吉加美士史诗》，古希腊的《荷马史诗》《伊索寓言》等都属于这一类小说，这类小说已具有小说讲求虚构的特点，但仍不是文人的创作，是直接从民间搜集记录下来的，所以这类小说情节比较简单，文笔比较粗糙。班固所说的“街谈巷语，道听途说者之造”是对这类小说准确、形象的评价。 中国的小说是到唐代才脱离历史记录而成为文学创作的。唐代的文化有了很大的发展，文人的思想也更加开阔，这时传奇应运而生，李朝威的《柳毅传》、白居易的《长恨歌》、陈鸿的《长恨歌传》等，都是依照传说创造而成的。唐代小说多为虚构想象而讲求文采，不仅仅是历史性质的东西了，但作为史的志怪志人小说也并没停止。传奇小说到宋代就逐渐衰落了，随之而兴起的话本，经过文人加工就变成了许多话本小说和演义小说，如《三国演义》《水浒传》《西游记》等。这类小说是文人采用民间创作而再创作的，以描绘精彩动人的情节场面和塑造生动活跃的人物性格见长，有明显的说书人的语言风格。由这里再发展，便成为文人的独立创作而不再加民间的东西来加工了，这一类代表作是《金瓶梅》，它开辟一条写平凡人和生活的道路，是现实主义文学得到了长足的发展，而后的《红楼梦》更是把中国古代现实主义小说推到了顶峰。“五四”以后，中国小说家开始借鉴西方小说的写作手法，逐步走出了一条新路。 西方小说，则是在“文艺复兴”后快速的发展、成熟起来的。中世纪的西方小说发展近乎停滞，14世纪末的“文艺复兴”推翻了教会对文学的控制后，15世纪末西方出现了提倡思想自由和个性解放，以描写现实生活和刻画各阶层的人物形象为内容的人文主义小说，这类小说是为配合当时欧洲反封建而产生的，同时它也定下了西方小说以记叙凡人凡事为主的基调。意大利 伽丘的《十日谈》，西班牙塞万提斯的《堂吉诃德》等是这类小说的代表作品。随之出现是古典主义小说，其主张用典雅的民族规范语言去写作，这种小说在17世纪的法国发展得最完备。代表作为注 高乃依的《熙德》，古典主义小说的的兴起使西方小说语言得到了一次大幅的提高。18世纪开始流行以宣传科学知识，启蒙大众意识为目的的启蒙主义小说，其中比较著名的有德国歌德的《浮士德》，英国笛福的《鲁滨逊飘流记》，斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》等，这类小说的出现是为了给当时的资产阶级革命大造舆论。19世纪，浪漫主义小说，现实主义小说和批判现实主义小说交替占据小说领域的主导地位。浪漫主义小说如法国雨果的《巴黎圣母院》、歌德的《少年维特之烦恼》等，富于想象、构思奇特、语言奔放、感情炽烈。现实小说则着力反映生活的本质，描绘典型人物和典型生活现象，英国的狄更斯、法国的都德为这类小说的代表作家。批判现实主义小说着力暴露封建制度的腐朽没落和资本主义社会的黑暗，深刻批判现实的罪恶，法国巴尔扎克和莫泊桑，英国的夏洛蒂、勃朗特，。俄国的托尔斯泰、陀斯妥耶夫斯基，美国的马克·吐温等一大批作家的作品都属于这一类。时值今日，这三类小说仍是西方文坛最主要的三类小说。 东西方小说发展史就大致如此。 二、中西方小说的特点 除了小说的基本特点外，中西方小说还具有如下各自的特点： 1、中国传统小说注意人物行动、语言和细节的描写，在矛盾冲突中展示人物形象，但性格单一，少变化，缺乏主体感。西方小说则多注重人物的心理描写，强调挖掘人物内心的潜意识，善于写出丰满、变化、主体感强的人物性格。再《林教头风雪山神庙》中只有通过人物的对话及动作引出矛盾冲突，但安娜·卡列尼娜卧轨前的一系列矛盾却只用他的心理描写就能够表达清楚；林黛玉在吟诗作对中表现她的才气，而保尔用内心独白表明他的理想；张飞只具有忠勇这一性格特点，但简·爱的性格却是由勇敢、坚强、热情、善良等许多性格揉和而成的。总之，在人物描写方面中西方各有特色。 2、中国小说较之西方小说情节更加曲折，故事更为完整。情节曲折、故事完整是中国小说独特的艺术传统。魏晋南北朝的志人志怪小说就具有曲折生动的特点。唐传奇中许多名篇的布局，异常宏伟，严谨而巧妙，故事情节发展富于戏剧性。明清的长篇小说内容参差错落，波澜起伏，错落有致，结构缜密，浑然一体。如《红楼梦》，处处设伏，回回转折，写尽贾府故事。西方于情节方面出众的作品虽也不少，但终不能与中国小说相比较。 3、中国小说语言简练生动，西方小说内容丰富翔实。中国小说吸收了民间艺人语言，同时继承了古代散文的优良传统，常常寥寥数语便能勾勒出事件、人物。西方小说中包含着作者广博知识，涉及社会许多方面，因而内容丰富翔实，人们可以从中获得许多领域的知识。恩格斯就曾说过他在巴尔扎克小说中获得有关的19世纪法国国内的状况比他从任何报告中获得的都多。中西方小说有这样不同的特点，也与中西方的美学观念不同有一定关系。 4、中西方小说都曾受封建统治文化的压迫摧残。封建文化使得中国小说发展极为艰难，明清人士更以写小说为耻辱，以致许多伟大的作家生活、创作条件都无法保障，许多伟大的作品不知道作者是谁。封建文化使得西方小说在几乎整个中世纪中发展极端缓慢，许多有才华文学家被迫为教会服务，写一些宗教性质的枯燥空洞的文章。 三、中西方小说未来的发展前景 清朝末年，中西方已开始系统的认识对方，中西方小说的优点也不断地被对方借鉴。当然，由于历史原因，中方借鉴的多一些。直到今天，中西方的小说家们仍不懈的努力研究者两方小说中的艺术魅力，虽然语言的不同对相互的艺术鉴赏有一定的影响，但美是相通的。我们有理由相信，在不久的将来，中西方小说艺术最终会取长补短，融为一体，共同发展，到达新的艺术高峰