国外对消费与收入的研究论文

The distribution of income in wages exist "income gap" phenomenon (due to the statistics annals of income gap is true, these gap and comprehensive display was not included in the us basically in front of about different income group distribution and gini coefficient of calculation and analysis, and so on, we the income gap, but not separate with statistical data of all aspects of income distribution for the analysis and conclusion mix together, here we call it "the statistics show", the income gap between). Salary income, income and illegal income is monopolistic income distribution gap caused by the main source. From the statistics, the income distribution gap with the lowest earners highest earners income gap, and every year is to expand the growth rate; 3.10% The highest earners with minimum earners of consumer spending, in every consumer spending is 1.81% growth expand, According to the distribution of income and wealth gini coefficient is 1.83% with average annual growth rate to the few who are rich.We only in housing distribution, for example, to illustrate the existing "income gap". According to the city residents per household area statistics analysis, 1998, reflect the housing area differences in 0.2927 gini coefficient is relatively modest, the scope, But if the differential rents factors taken into consideration, the housing price calculated 0.7071 gini coefficient is very wide gap (see chart 2).Income distribution rules caused by income gap is not reasonable, even illegal, society has caused concern for society, the serious negative effect, measures should be taken to focus. Of course, the "income gap" has its reasonable factors and inevitable objective factors: one is the senior management personnel, mastering high-tech talent and capital are scarce elements in the market mechanism, basic regulatory function, human capital, technology, capital, the owner of the elements of the labor and investment by himself to get rich. The salary income distribution within the system, because the average income, furthermore, it is the large gap system has its reasonable ingredient (i.e., a part of the labor compensation system should be included in the system, belong to the reasonable and did not include income; the other part of the system of income and reasonable elements into income and unreasonable or legitimate income is two parts, the unreasonable, illegal income can be divided into the black gray income, income, etc.). Three is due to the surplus labor force in town, and ordinary neutralized low-income income increase. Positive and negative aspects of the role, also can make the urban income distribution gap. To produce "income gap of rational composition, should pass into the system to be solve, For other unreasonable, illegal income, should adopt limit, cancellation, even to blow.Monopoly industries unreasonable high income problem still outstanding. Because some monopoly industries, 1999, the big industry by sixteen, worker pay the highest level is the lowest 245 times, According to the classification of industry, the highest fine points of worker wage income is the lowest income 240 times of industry worker. In 1994, the monopoly industries and the whole social worker average wage worker of average wage multiples relation is between times to 1.36 results, In 1999, rise to 138 and 2.36 times, the gap between the expansion (see chart 3). Here, not including system, such as the income gap, and the system of income. The central and western part of the area and urban residents income level and the growth rate of workers in the rankings for the phenomenon of "low", between regions, including widening income gap, "low" phenomenon in henan province is outstanding, shanxi, hebei, worrying. The development of the western region and to the western economy and urban residents (including rural residents income growth to inject new vitality into the central region, but also cannot ignore, otherwise, will drag the economy development.Whether is average or distribution of income gap, all is one kind of inequality. All of the socialist market economy and the labor value distribution distortion.2 and income distribution behaviorsOne is the salary pays not standard, Second is the salary is not standard, in the extraction efficiency, unplanned and link the base salary is popular; the extraction of Three is part of enterprise established compensatory endowment insurance exceed total wages standard of 4% higher income into cost, form, Four is enterprise management personnel, lack of arbitrary position reasonable consumption constraints, chi 5 is the institution of regulating income activities without rules, distribution, low transparency.3 and the whole structure is unreasonable income distributionOne is the salary structure unreasonable, within the system, the system of low wage labor remuneration, various projects, high salary; not 2 it is to press the income distribution of various factors, and the central about "to allow and encourage capital, technology and elements in income distribution gap" demands still. 1990-1999), urban per capita annual per capita income of the proportion of all income, not only from the relative decrease, but increased 0.56 percentage points, although it can be attributed to some extent for recent salary welfare salary played a boycott of the proportion of the relative decrease, but also can see, urban residents by various factors are not true, other elements adjust need further increases in allocation proportion (here, we have the statistical data of the system of income, outside the unreasonable income, illegal income, and this will take into consideration as another problem solved).4 and different income group distribution form insufficient ideal, the proportion of low-income peopleIn every different income groups of distribution, the medium income and medium income group is relatively small, only the total 28.62%, Due to the rapid increase of income level to other top earners minority groups in the relativity of income and low and medium downward, show the relative to income group total aggregate 64.15% of a different income distribution structure, easy to cause the group of the income gap widening psychological unbalance (due to the group of internal income gaps and the lowest low-income earners, medium slant on earners, therefore, are low-income earners in the highest position. Psychologically, these low-income looked up, they saw a head top earners, and ignored between them and the highest earners between scale less visible, causing the transitional income group is a big contrast). Different income group is not reasonable distribution of our current problems to be solved in income distribution of primary contradictions 希望你能接纳

广东消费需求扩大的制约因素和路径选择论文字数:8896,页数:15内容摘要本文首先参照国内外学者对消费需求不足问题的研究,并结合广东省的数据，研究广东省消费需求不足的原因。本文运用回归分析法，分析总收入与收入差距对消费需求的影响，发现后者对消费的影响远远大于前者，提出扩大消费需求应缩小收入差距的主张。本文运用因果联系识别法，分析创新成果增长率对消费增长率的影响，发现前一期的创新成果增长率与当期的消费增长率有相同的趋势，当期消费增长率是前一期创新成果增长率的结果，得出广东省消费需求不足的另一重要原因是创新的缓慢发展，提出鼓励企业创新、淘汰落后生产的主张。此外，还找出不确定性等因素也制约着广东消费需求的扩大，并提出相应的对策措施。关键词：消费需求 收入差距 创新AbstractAccording to domestic and foreign study about insufficiency in consumption ,this paper try to find out what leads to insufficiency in consumption in Guangdong province,then give some advices to solve the problem.I mainly study the influence on consumption by the enlargement of income gap between townsmen and farmers, by innovation as well.When I make contract between total income and income gap ,I find that income gap is by far important to consumption than total income,so I propose to shrink the income gap.When I analyse innovation’s effect on consumption ,I find that the previos innovation is close related to current consumption and find out that the low growth rate of previos innovation leads to the low growth rate of current consumption,so I suggest that govenment should encourage enterprises to creat more and eliminate backward production.In addition, there are other reasons contributing to low consumption rate,such as uncertainty. According to different reasons,I propose my different approaches.Key words: Consumption Demand Income Gap Innovation目 录一、引言 …………………………………………………………………… 1（一）合理的消费需求对经济发展的意义 ……………………………… 1（二）广东消费状况分析 ………………………………………………… 11.占总收入的比重偏低 …………………………………………………… 12.消费对总产值的贡献率偏低 …………………………………………… 23.消费增长率低于经济增长率 …………………………………………… 2二、广东消费需求不足的成因分析 ……………………………………… 2（一）国内外学者对消费需求不足问题的主要观点 …………………… 21.国外学者对消费需求不足问题的主要研究 …………………………… 22.国内学者有关消费需求不足成因的代表性观点 ……………………… 3（二）制约广东消费需求扩大的因素 …………………………………… 41.收入差距扩大 …………………………………………………………… 42.创新停滞 ………………………………………………………………… 53.不确定性问题 …………………………………………………………… 74.其他因素 ………………………………………………………………… 8三、扩大广东消费需求的路径选择 ……………………………………… 9（一）缩小收入差距 ……………………………………………………… 9（二）激发企业创新能力，淘汰落后生产 …………………………… 10（三）建立健全的社会保障体系 ………………………… …………… 10（四）发展现代信贷 …………………………………………………… 10（五）建设诚信的商业环境 …………………………………………… 10（六）增加高收入群体的消费 ………………………………………… 11注释 ……………………………………………………………………… 12参考文献 ………………………………………………………………… 13附录 ……………………………………………………………………… 14致谢1. 论转轨时期如何建立个人信用体系2. 金融危机对我国经济型酒店的负面影响及对策分析3. 关于助学贷款的财政政策研究4. 陕西省装备制造业竞争力及影响因素研究5. 陕西第三产业发展与经济增长的相关性分析6. 基于城市竞争力分析的城市定位研究——以西安市为例7. 浅谈我国上市公司增发新股的股价效8. 我国商业银行电子银行业务安全问题浅析9. 我国商业银行中间业务拓展问题浅析10. 股指期货对我国股票市场的影响分析11. 关于农村金融体制改革的思考12. 国有商业银行金融创新提高竞争力的研究13. 农村信用社在农业产业结构调整中的信贷投入策略14. 农户小额贷款存在的问题及对策探讨15. 简析我国商业银行信用卡业务的风险管理16. 浅谈信用社信贷管理中存在的风险问题及对策17. 人身保险营销问题研究18. 我国商业银行资本充足率的管理研究19. 商业银行信用风险度量模型在我国的适用性研究20. 商业银行信用卡业务信用风险管理研究21. 我国工商银行信用风险管理的对策22. 我国商业银行不良资产证券化研究23. 我国商业银行操作风险管理对策研究24. 我国商业银行贷款定价的问题及对策分析25. 我国商业银行的市场营销策略分析26. 我国商业银行个人理财业务发展策略研究27. 我国商业银行汇率风险管理研究28. 商业银行会计风险及防范措施29. 我国商业银行金融创新的策略探讨30. 我国商业银行开展投资银行业务研究31. 我国商业银行消费信贷风险管理研究32. 我国商业银行信贷风险管理研究33. 我国商业银行引进战略投资者的效用和对策分析34. 我国上市商业银行的竞争力分析35. 我国商业银行资本结构研究36. 广东房地产市场研究--金融专业37. 我国汽车金融的现状与对策38. 试析我国的网上证券交易39. 对中国创业板市场建设的探讨40. 对中国股市的宏观调控状况的研究41. 农村信用社中间业务发展的现状、问题与对策42. 农村信贷资产证券化的初步探讨43. 米德冲突下人民币均衡汇率分析44. 认沽权证及其对我国推出金融衍生品的指导意义45. 玩具市场分析及奥迪公司营销策略研究46. 我国证券市场的IPO热发行47. 不同学历水平的教育投资成本与收益48. 论我国个人理财与外汇相关的理财研究49. 中国通货膨胀的货币性分析50. 通货膨胀的成因及应对措施51. 关于在农村居民中开展个人理财的研究52. 我国化妆品品牌营销管理53. 论中国信用卡市场的创新54. 风险导向下的商业银行资本管理研究55. 中国汇率制度改革：选择有管理的浮动56. 对我国保险公估业发展的探讨57. 我国开发环境责任保险的初步探究58. 中国网上银行发展现状及对策59. 国际资本流动对我国市场体系的影响60. 解读UCP600及应对之策61. 信用卡的风险控制与管理62. 农村小额信贷可持续发展研究63. 关于我国银行资产证券化研究64. 探索我国住房抵押贷款证券化模式65. 中国资信评级业发展现状66. 我国商业银行综合竞争力分析67. 我国中小企业融资难的问题研究68. 对我国国有商业银行不良资产处置问题的探析69. 中美两国股市相关性研究70. 我国金融衍生品市场发展的税收模式71. 浅谈商业银行个人理财业务在中国的发展72. 探讨祢合农村资金供求缺口的对策73. 中国通货膨胀率与失业率关系初探74. 浅析我国农村小额信贷发展现状及对策75. 我国商业银行中间业务的发展现状及对策76. 论农村信用社产权制度的改革和创新77. 外资的引进对我国股份制商业银行的影响以及对策研究78. 中国证券投资的基金投资行为79. 外汇保证金交易在我国金融市场的发展分析80. “返券促销”对企业和国家的影响81. 中国蔬菜出口贸易发展的政策82. 我国现状信用卡发展方向研究83. 新股发行制度改革84. 国有商业银行竞争力影响因素分析85. 中国个人投资理财的初步研究86. 我国商业银行个人理财产品销售方针分析87. 探讨我国利率市场化的问题88. 谈论商业系统成长企业市场(宝石)89. 如何扩大农业利用外资规模、提高利用外资效率的对策90. 浅析怎样提高中国IPO发行效率91. 浅谈我国企业债券发展的必要性92. 浅谈独生子女时代的理财规划93. 广东省农业保险情况分析和研究94. 广东农业风险的实证研究--金融论文95. 广东外商直接投资的区位分布以及广东的区位优势因素

1、财产保险公司的机动车辆保险主险的定义：基本险包括商业第三者责任保险、车辆损失险、全车盗抢险、车上人员责任险共四个独立的险种，投保人可以选择投保其中部分险种，也可以选择投保全部险种。来源于：http://chexian.pingan.com/tiaokuan/cheliangbaoxian.shtml2.比较平安与太平洋的条款，可以看出，太平洋保险比平安保险多保一条：第四条。第三部分：计算以第二部分为例，此时就要去查找由于第四条造成的车辆损失的比例（假定为5%），由于其他5条发生的概率等可能，因此，关键就在于这第五条，那么，假设一辆车的价格为10W，那么按照概率，可以算出，买太平洋保险，可以多陪10W*0.05=5000元 第一个险算完，按照以上思路，分别计算出其他三个险，太平洋保险可以多陪的金额（若太平洋保险的某一个险种，比平安保险赔得少，则用负数表示）那么，最终，太平洋保险可以多陪的金额P=P(1)+P(2)+P(3)+P(4),P(i)表示第i个险种若P为正数，那么太平洋保险更加合算，若P为负数，则平安保险合算。第四部分：结论根据P的取值，就可以得出结论。