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英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

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How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

关于超声医学的论文范文篇二 医学超声远程现状与案例分析 摘 要： 超声远程是远程医疗的一个重要应用分支，可以远程为边远地区的患者提供高质量的专家医疗服务，节约就诊时间和成本。同时也提升了基层医生与专家的沟通平台，弥补了国内医疗资源分配不均匀的状况。依据超声诊断的特点对超声远程的应用特点、市场远程设备的情况、超声远程的应用效果，以及国内超声远程的应用案例做了介绍。 关键词： 超声远程; 远程医疗; 病例分析; 超声诊断 中图分类号： TN911?34; TP393.2 文献标识码： A 文章编号： 1004?373X(2014)20?0137?04 Current situation and case study of medical tele?ultrasound GAO Hai?juan， PING Zi?liang (Department of Communication and Information Engineering， Century College， BUPT， Beijing 102101， China) Abstract： Tele?ultrasound is an important branch of tele?medicine， which can provide high quality medical service from tertiary hospital to remote area patients， and save much treatment time and cost. Meanwhile， the tele?ultrasound can also promote the communication platform between less experienced healthcare workers in remote hospitals and specialists in tertiary hospitals， making the discussion more easily and effectively. It balances the medical resource distribution inequality to some extent. According to specialty of the medical ultrasound test， the tele?ultrasound implementation situation， tele equipment features， application effect of tele?ultrasound in clinic and some typical cases in domestic environment are introduced. Keywords： tele?ultrasound; tele?medicine; medical case analysis; ultrasonic diagnosis 0 引 言 20世纪60年代，远程医疗成为欧美新型医学课题。80年代末远程医疗概念被正式提出，并且在计算机技术迅速发展的带动下，远程医疗被广泛应用起来。90年代末国内发表不少关于远程医疗的文章，成为医学界和计算机界共同关注的热门话题[1?3]。远程医疗的核心概念是借助互联网技术、电视传播、卫星通信等一系列现代通信技术将不同地域的医生(或者医护人员)连接起来，通过医生间实时的音视频交流或者离线传输病人数据来完成对疾病的诊断。远程医疗一定程度上弥补了医疗资源分布不均匀的弊端，让医疗条件落后的患者可以快捷的得到远端专家医生的诊断建议，既节约了宝贵的治疗时间，又降低了长途就医的费用。同时，基层医生也在每一次的远程会诊过程中向专家学习了如何解决此类疑难杂症，日积月累，不断提升自己的专业技能，进而吸引更多的病人前来就诊，这对于基层医院的发展是非常有利的。而对于专家医院来讲，远程诊断这种新型医疗服务模式，可以减少非急诊患者的求诊人数，减轻医生问诊的负担，同时也避免了医院的拥挤，再加上远程会诊所带来的医疗收入，以及对医院影响力的提升都有所促进，因而也广受欢迎。远程医疗应用十分广泛，可用于放射科、病理科、皮肤科等课室。但是，远程医疗在超声课室的应用相对起步晚，在此本文将介绍超声远程的应用特点、国内外超声远程设备情况、以及超声远程的应用效果和国内的应用案例。 1 超声远程的应用特点 超声检查与X线，MRI，CT相比，一个显著的特点是它的检查方式很大程度上依赖医生的扫查手法，一个探头在一个医生的手上就像一副眼镜在一个人眼睛上一样，医生更习惯按照自己的扫描习惯，调整探头的扫描方位，选取扫描切面来诊断病人。如果借助超声远程，将A医生扫描的病人图像发送给B医生，让B医生来分析诊断，那么B医生一定会非常的谨慎，这就如同让B医生带着A医生的眼镜来走路一样，因为图像往往并不是B医生所习惯看到的图像，如果图像的信息量远远的低于B医生所期待的，那么远程会诊就会失败。A医生必须重新提供病人的超声图像，如此地重复扫描大大的降低了远程的效率和医生应用的信心，不利于超声远程的推广和发展。 目前，一些国内超声水平高的医院已经重视起超声远程规范化扫描的制定，例如北京安贞医院胎儿心脏远程会诊中心提出了胎儿超声心动图远程会诊检查流程及基本切面的规范要求。文献[4]提出胎儿远程会诊所需的图像切面、存储要求、测量参数等具体规范，重点提出对胎儿心脏畸形的产前超声远程心动图检查，明确定义16幅必存动态切面图像和14幅必存静态图像的内容，规范了胎儿超声远程的操作方法，有效提高医生之间进行远程诊断的效率。超声扫描规范化的脚步从未停止过，超声远程的规范化也会发展起来，让不同地域的医生能在一个标准的扫描框架下，有效地传输超声数据，彼此接受对方的扫描图像，有效的完成超声会诊。 另一个解决此手法依赖性问题的途径是借助超声远程设备的特殊传输功能。比如传输的超声数据中携带着大量的机器原始参数，可以在专家处理端还原超声扫查的过程，重新调整扫描的机器参数和选取扫描的切面，按照专家的习惯重新定位病灶的位置，进行病灶的测量和分析，这样将极大地提高会诊的成功率。目前美国通用电气(GE)的RAWDATA[5]扫描技术即可以满足这样的需求，从技术层面解决扫描手法依赖性问题。 2 国内外超声远程设备情况 超声远程设备按照工作模式，可以分为两种模式，一种是在线模式(也称同步模式)，一种是离线模式(也称异步模式)。 所谓在线模式，就是申请端医生和处理端医生同时在线，实时的进行视频和音频的沟通。处理端医生可以实时看到申请端超声设备的动态图像，可以看到探头的扫查位置，可以和申请端医生进行通话交流，实时指导申请端医生调整探头的扫查位置，调整病人的体位，以及根据图像的质量来调整机器参数。这种模式的特点是：指导性强，互动性强，图像质量高;对双方的时间要求有约束性，缺乏灵活，在实际的应用情况比较难实现，因为专家医生日常工作时间紧张，会诊会占有太多的时间，时间成本提高，业内专家也有同样的顾虑[6]。 所谓离线模式，是指不需要处理端医生在线的等待，处理端系统自动接受申请端发送过来的病人二维超声图像或者三维容积数据，当图像或者数据传输完毕，处理端医生即可灵活安排时间完成会诊意见。此模式的特点是： (1) 会诊时间灵活，对双方的时间约束弱，可实施性强; (2) 离线发送过来的病人图像，专家可以进行更加详细的分析和处理，准确率高; (3) 可以归纳收藏病人的图像数据，进行后期统计分析，建立病例库。 超声远程设备按照会诊需要的医生人数，也可以分为两大类，一类是需要至少两位医生共同来完成，另一类是借助机器人代替申请端医生，只需要处理端一位医生操作完成。第一类设备和常规会诊设备一样，两端设备可以视为两台计算机工作站，两端的医生分别完成各自的任务分工，申请端提出会诊申请，填写病人基本的情况和初步诊断。处理端医生根据收到的病人数据做出会诊建议，并反馈给申请端医生。第二类设备称为远程机器人辅助超声检查系统(简称机器人超声)，它是借助于并行机器人技术[7]，在申请端搭建多个机器人装置，覆盖病人待检查部位，机器人模拟医生手持常规超声探头，对病人进行超声扫查，控制机器人的是处理端的专家。此类设备的特点为可以大幅度的发挥专家的技术，保证超声数据采集的有效性。其所涉及的主要技术问题有三个： (1) 处理端专家操作远端机器人所做动作的准确性。机器人需要施加合理的力度使探头在病人的皮肤上扫查，根据不同的检查部位，机器人需要调整探头的位置，倾斜的角度，锁定部位处进行旋转和微小移动。 (2) 机器人动作的延迟。理想的系统坏境是处理端专家触发控制信号，机器人同步完成动作，超声设备实时反馈图像给专家。但是，实际的情况是机器人机械控制和电路控制环节存在一定的时间延迟。 (3) 超声图像传输的速度和质量。 比较两类设备，机器人超声的最大优点是真正的将专家的“眼睛”延伸，考虑超声检查对手法的依赖性强，这种远程超声技术更能达到预期的诊断效果。在机器人技术的带动之下，持探头机器人的机械控制涉及的机械难点会得到解决，系统的精确性会得到较大的提高。至于图像传输质量，文献[7]对图像传输中使用的图像压缩技术进行了分析对比。采取的方法是：考虑人眼视觉的灵敏度，在粗略扫查，寻找感兴趣区域的过程中，使用有损压缩或高压缩比率的压缩技术，以提高传输的速率，而在找到感兴趣区域后进行仔细鉴别检查时，则采用无损压缩的压缩技术，以保证图像的质量。超声图像的失真主要是两个方面，一是图像对比度的下降，一是图像噪声的干扰。对比度的调整将由专家来调整，因为系统自动的调整将影响专家的诊断。噪声多数是由于人体组织的不同密度而产生后场散射声场造成的，采用合适的滤波器参数可以达到降低噪声而不影响诊断的作用。基于以上分析，机器人超声将凭借其技术的优势得到快速的发展。 3 超声远程的应用优势及效果 超声远程的应用优势包括减少病人不必要的转院治疗、节约病人的就医时间和成本以及在医学教学中的作用[8?10]。文献[11]介绍在急诊情况中应用超声远程缩短病人从入院到手术的时间大约3 h，既为救治急诊病人节约了高贵的“黄金”时间，又提升了急诊中救护车医护人员与医院手术室人员的交流效率， 所以文献中作者建议应将超声远程推广应用在高风险的孕妇和复杂性分娩等情况。 文献[7]将机器人超声应用在32例病例检查上，采用了两种不同的网络连接方式，分别为ISDN综合业务数字网连接(Integrated Services Digital Network)和具备动态带宽384 Kb/s的卫星连接。设计病人完成常规的腹部扫查，包括肝脏、胰腺、门静脉、主动脉、膀胱、子宫或前列腺，脾脏等组织的扫查，并对通用的诊断数据(包括组织的大小，轮廓等)进行了记录。用远程超声会诊的方式与传统超声检查方式进行了对比，结论是：机器人超声检查出58例病变的38例，达到66%的检出率。对漏诊的病变分析如下： (1) 根据病灶大小分为三类：7例是病灶小于0.4 cm，包括胆固醇沉着症，肾结石，胆囊息肉;8例是病灶在1 cm左右，包括血管平肌瘤，肾结石，肝脏血管瘤;4例病灶在1.5～3.8 cm之间，包括囊肿，固态肾包块，肝脏多个低回声病灶。 (2)根据导致漏诊的原因分为：8例是由于图像分辨率低，3例是由于扫描参数设置的不佳，7例是由于不充分的图像数据传输，1例是由于病人的扫查条件不好。 (3)其中12位病人有症状呈现，比如黄疸，发热等，远程超声可以诊断出其中的10位，达到83%检出率。 (4)另外，超声检查常见的扫描局限性，比如病人过胖，过瘦或者年龄大也是漏诊的固有原因。 4 国内超声远程的案例 近五年国内超声远程网络得到迅速的发展，这主要得益于国家医疗改革的取向。2012年3月，国务院印发《“十二五”期间深化医药卫生体制改革规划暨实施方案》，明确指出：要让信息技术成为提升医疗机构管理效率和服务水平的重要手段。国内一些已经在远程医疗设备有一定技术积累的厂家也针对远程超声开展了研发和市场推广工作。 开展超声远程的医院和机构也在逐年增加。典型的有以北京安贞医院牵头成立的胎儿超声心动图远程会诊中心[4]，凭借在胎儿心脏的权威性，会诊中心帮助基层医院在胎儿先天性心血管结构畸形和心脏异常等方面展开会诊工作。大连市中心医院，天津市第一中心医院等也都有各自的超声远程网络系统[12?13]。值得提出的是由上海长宁区卫生部门主导发起的“上海市长宁区超声远程诊断网络项目”[14]。该项目以上海市第六人民医院为依托成立了超声远程诊断中心，并与长宁区的10家社区卫生中心实现网络联接，使市民在家门口就能享受到高水准的远程诊断服务，同时也节约了就诊时间和费用，促进了医疗资源的合理分配利用，是超声远程的典型应用。 此外，2013年在国家发改委的指导下，甘肃省卫生厅、甘肃省人民医院和通用电气医疗集团共同建立了基础医疗范畴内的超声远程省内医疗试点项目[15]，采用“1+3+3”的拓扑模式，即“1”是指一家三级医院，也就是甘肃省人民医院，第一个“3”是指3家县级医院，包括定西市第二人民医院、临洮县人民医院和岷县人民医院，另一个“3”是指3家乡镇卫生所，包括香泉镇中心卫生院、新添镇中心卫生院和闾井镇中心卫生院。据媒体报道，从2013年3月10日远程系统全面启动截止2013年5月15日，3家县级医院共完成37例会诊病例，3家乡镇卫生所共完成68例会诊病例，超声远程会诊不仅帮助当地病人及时的诊断疾病，为基层医生提供了诊断思路，也为上级医院减轻了负担。这种基层医疗机构负责治愈简单的病症，上级医院就专攻疑难、危重病症的模式正是中国整个医疗架构的理想资源分配形式。 5 结 语 本文介绍了超声远程的应用特点、常见设备分类、应用效果和国内的远程案例。技术上，伴随着计算机及网络通信技术的不断发展，超声远程设备必定会在技术上取得进一步的突破，更快，更高质量的传输图像，也可能会加入可穿戴智能辅助设备;服务模式上，随着国家全方位立体化远程医疗体系的建设，超声远程会进入社区，为居民提供远程咨询医疗服务;市场推广上，国家的政策以及地方政府都在积极的推动远程医疗的覆盖面，探索这种模式下的收费标准，用以提高医疗单位主动服务的积极性，保证超声远程的经济效益和长足发展。可见，超声远程在未来的几年一定会有较快的发展，也希望有更多的人关注超声远程的发展。 参考文献 [1] 王志中，李凌，蔡立羽，等.国内远程医疗的现状及展望[J].计算机工程，1999，25(5)：3?5. 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[11] SU M， MA H， KO C， et al. Application of tele?ultrasound in emergency medical services [J]. Telemed JE Health， 2008， 14(8)： 816?824. [12] 佚名.市中心医院省内首先实施超声远程会诊[EB/OL]. [13] 佚名.超声科远程会诊中心落成[EB/OL]. [2013?07?09]. [14] 佚名.GE医疗助力上海长宁区超声远程诊断网络建设[EB/OL]. GDM00253B0H. [15] 佚名.GE远程医疗的甘肃样本[EB/OL]. [2013?10?15]. 看了“关于超声医学的论文范文”的人还看： 1. 超声医学论文范文 2. 超声医学论文范文精选 3. 浅谈超声医学研究论文范文 4. 关于超声医学论文精选 5. 超声科个人工作自我总结范文

I am a chinese.I love China .There are many interesting places in China like the Great wall.The Great Wall is very long.I like the Tian'an men Square best.It's big and there are many persons.The food in China is nice.my favorite food is dumplings.I think China is a beautiful country.I love it.

开题报告主要涉及你所选的毕业论文在你的文献和理论准备下是否有写的必要，一般包括下面四个部分：一、课题的来源、研究的目的意义（包括在我国应用的前景）、国内外研究现状及水平。二、论文研究的主要内容、方案和准备采取的措施。三、已进行的科研工作基础和已具备的科学研究条件（包括到什么地方调查研究，在哪个实验室进行试验，主要的仪器设备），对其他单位的协作要求，指导及辅导试验，论文撰定的合作人员。三、已进行的科研工作基础和已具备的科学研究条件（包括到什么地方调查研究，在哪个实验室进行试验，主要的仪器设备），对其他单位的协作要求，指导及辅导试验，论文撰定的合作人员。四、论文总工作量，文献阅读，科学调查，试验阶段，理论分析，论文初稿，文字总结各阶段的进度（起讫日期）和要求，预期结果。－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－重点是第一、第二部分，尤其是文献准备最为重要。