六西格玛质量管理论文的参考文献

Six Sigma seeks to identify and remove the causes of defects and errors in manufacturing and business processes.[1] It uses a set of quality management methods, including statistical methods, and creates a special infrastructure of people within the organization ("Black Belts" etc.) who are experts in these methods.[1] Each Six Sigma project carried out within an organization follows a defined sequence of steps and has quantified financial targets Historical overview Six Sigma was originally developed as a set of practices designed to improve manufacturing processes and eliminate defects, but its application was subsequently extended to other types of business processes as well.[2] In Six Sigma, a defect is defined as anything that could lead to customer dissatisfaction.[1] The particulars of the methodology were first formulated by Bill Smith at Motorola in 1986.[3] Six Sigma was heavily inspired by six preceding decades of quality improvement methodologies such as quality control, TQM, and Zero Defects, based on the work of pioneers such as Shewhart, Deming, Juran, Ishikawa, Taguchi and others. Like its predecessors, Six Sigma asserts that – Continuous efforts to achieve stable and predictable process results (i.e. reduce process variation) are of vital importance to business success. Manufacturing and business processes have characteristics that can be measured, analyzed, improved and controlled. Achieving sustained quality improvement requires commitment from the entire organization, particularly from top-level management. Features that set Six Sigma apart from previous quality improvement initiatives include – A clear focus on achieving measurable and quantifiable financial returns from any Six Sigma project.[1] An increased emphasis on strong and passionate management leadership and support.[1] A special infrastructure of "Champions," "Master Black Belts," "Black Belts," etc. to lead and implement the Six Sigma approach.[1] A clear commitment to making decisions on the basis of verifiable data, rather than assumptions and guesswork.[1] The term "Six Sigma" is derived from a field of statistics known as process capability studies. Originally, it referred to the ability of manufacturing processes to produce a very high proportion of output within specification. Processes that operate with "six sigma quality" over the short term are assumed to produce long-term defect levels below 3.4 defects per million opportunities (DPMO).[4][5] Six Sigma's implicit goal is to improve all processes to that level of quality or better. Six Sigma is a registered service mark and trademark of Motorola, Inc.[6] Motorola has reported over US$17 billion in savings[7] from Six Sigma as of 2006. Other early adopters of Six Sigma who achieved well-publicized success include Honeywell (previously known as AlliedSignal) and General Electric, where the method was introduced by Jack Welch.[8] By the late 1990s, about two-thirds of the Fortune 500 organizations had begun Six Sigma initiatives with the aim of reducing costs and improving quality.[9] In recent years, Six Sigma has sometimes been combined with lean manufacturing to yield a methodology named Lean Six Sigma. [edit] Origin and meaning of the term "six sigma process" Graph of the normal distribution, which underlies the statistical assumptions of the Six Sigma model. The Greek letter σ marks the distance on the horizontal axis between the mean, µ, and the curve's inflection point. The greater this distance is, the greater is the spread of values encountered. For the curve shown in red above, µ = 0 and σ = 1. The other curves illustrate different values of µ and σ.Sigma (the lower-case Greek letter σ) is used to represent the standard deviation (a measure of variation) of a statistical population. The term "six sigma process" comes from the notion that if one has six standard deviations between the process mean and the nearest specification limit, there will be practically no items that fail to meet specifications.[5] This is based on the calculation method employed in process capability studies. In a capability study, the number of standard deviations between the process mean and the nearest specification limit is given in sigma units. As process standard deviation goes up, or the mean of the process moves away from the center of the tolerance, fewer standard deviations will fit between the mean and the nearest specification limit, decreasing the sigma number and increasing the likelihood of items outside specification.[5] [edit] Role of the 1.5 sigma shift Experience has shown that in the long term, processes usually do not perform as well as they do in the short.[5] As a result, the number of sigmas that will fit between the process mean and the nearest specification limit is likely to drop over time, compared to an initial short-term study.[5] To account for this real-life increase in process variation over time, an empirically-based 1.5 sigma shift is introduced into the calculation.[10][5] According to this idea, a process that fits six sigmas between the process mean and the nearest specification limit in a short-term study will in the long term only fit 4.5 sigmas – either because the process mean will move over time, or because the long-term standard deviation of the process will be greater than that observed in the short term, or both.[5] Hence the widely accepted definition of a six sigma process is one that produces 3.4 defective parts per million opportunities (DPMO). This is based on the fact that a process that is normally distributed will have 3.4 parts per million beyond a point that is 4.5 standard deviations above or below the mean (one-sided capability study).[5] So the 3.4 DPMO of a "Six Sigma" process in fact corresponds to 4.5 sigmas, namely 6 sigmas minus the 1.5 sigma shift introduced to account for long-term variation.[5] This is designed to prevent underestimation of the defect levels likely to be encountered in real-life operation.[5] [edit] Sigma levels See also: Three sigma rule Taking the 1.5 sigma shift into account, short-term sigma levels correspond to the following long-term DPMO values (one-sided): One Sigma = 690,000 DPMO = 68.26% efficiency Two Sigma = 308,000 DPMO = 95.24% efficiency Three Sigma = 66,800 DPMO = 99.73% efficiency Six Sigma = 3.4 DPMO = 99.9997% efficiency [edit] Methods Six Sigma has two key methods: DMAIC and DMADV, both inspired by Deming's Plan-Do-Check-Act Cycle.[9] DMAIC is used to improve an existing business process; DMADV is used to create new product or process designs.[9] [edit] DMAIC The basic method consists of the following five steps: Define high-level project goals and the current process. Measure key aspects of the current process and collect relevant data. Analyze the data to verify cause-and-effect relationships. Determine what the relationships are, and attempt to ensure that all factors have been considered. Improve or optimize the process based upon data analysis using techniques like Design of experiments. Control to ensure that any deviations from target are corrected before they result in defects. Set up pilot runs to establish process capability, move on to production, set up control mechanisms and continuously monitor the process. [edit] DMADV The basic method consists of the following five steps: Define design goals that are consistent with customer demands and the enterprise strategy. Measure and identify CTQs (characteristics that are Critical To Quality), product capabilities, production process capability, and risks. Analyze to develop and design alternatives, create a high-level design and evaluate design capability to select the best design. Design details, optimize the design, and plan for design verification. This phase may require simulations. Verify the design, set up pilot runs, implement the production process and hand it over to the process owners. DMADV is also known as DFSS, an abbreviation of "Design For Six Sigma".[9] [edit] Implementation roles One of the key innovations of Six Sigma is the professionalizing of quality management functions. Prior to Six Sigma, quality management in practice was largely relegated to the production floor and to statisticians in a separate quality department. Six Sigma borrows martial arts ranking terminology to define a hierarchy (and career path) that cuts across all business functions and a promotion path straight into the executive suite. Six Sigma identifies several key roles for its successful implementation.[11] Executive Leadership includes the CEO and other members of top management. They are responsible for setting up a vision for Six Sigma implementation. They also empower the other role holders with the freedom and resources to explore new ideas for breakthrough improvements. Champions are responsible for Six Sigma implementation across the organization in an integrated manner. The Executive Leadership draws them from upper management. Champions also act as mentors to Black Belts. Master Black Belts, identified by champions, act as in-house coaches on Six Sigma. They devote 100% of their time to Six Sigma. They assist champions and guide Black Belts and Green Belts. Apart from statistical tasks, their time is spent on ensuring consistent application of Six Sigma across various functions and departments. Black Belts operate under Master Black Belts to apply Six Sigma methodology to specific projects. They devote 100% of their time to Six Sigma. They primarily focus on Six Sigma project execution, whereas Champions and Master Black Belts focus on identifying projects/functions for Six Sigma.

Six Sigma is a business management strategy, initially implemented by Motorola, that today enjoys widespread application in many sectors of industry. Six Sigma seeks to identify and remove the causes of defects and errors in manufacturing and business processes.[1] It uses a set of quality management methods, including statistical methods, and creates a special infrastructure of people within the organization ("Black Belts" etc.) who are experts in these methods.[1] Each Six Sigma project carried out within an organization follows a defined sequence of steps and has quantified financial targets Historical overview Six Sigma was originally developed as a set of practices designed to improve manufacturing processes and eliminate defects, but its application was subsequently extended to other types of business processes as well.[2] In Six Sigma, a defect is defined as anything that could lead to customer dissatisfaction.[1] The particulars of the methodology were first formulated by Bill Smith at Motorola in 1986.[3] Six Sigma was heavily inspired by six preceding decades of quality improvement methodologies such as quality control, TQM, and Zero Defects, based on the work of pioneers such as Shewhart, Deming, Juran, Ishikawa, Taguchi and others. Like its predecessors, Six Sigma asserts that – Continuous efforts to achieve stable and predictable process results (i.e. reduce process variation) are of vital importance to business success. Manufacturing and business processes have characteristics that can be measured, analyzed, improved and controlled. Achieving sustained quality improvement requires commitment from the entire organization, particularly from top-level management. Features that set Six Sigma apart from previous quality improvement initiatives include – A clear focus on achieving measurable and quantifiable financial returns from any Six Sigma project.[1] An increased emphasis on strong and passionate management leadership and support.[1] A special infrastructure of "Champions," "Master Black Belts," "Black Belts," etc. to lead and implement the Six Sigma approach.[1] A clear commitment to making decisions on the basis of verifiable data, rather than assumptions and guesswork.[1] The term "Six Sigma" is derived from a field of statistics known as process capability studies. Originally, it referred to the ability of manufacturing processes to produce a very high proportion of output within specification. Processes that operate with "six sigma quality" over the short term are assumed to produce long-term defect levels below 3.4 defects per million opportunities (DPMO).[4][5] Six Sigma's implicit goal is to improve all processes to that level of quality or better. Six Sigma is a registered service mark and trademark of Motorola, Inc.[6] Motorola has reported over US$17 billion in savings[7] from Six Sigma as of 2006. Other early adopters of Six Sigma who achieved well-publicized success include Honeywell (previously known as AlliedSignal) and General Electric, where the method was introduced by Jack Welch.[8] By the late 1990s, about two-thirds of the Fortune 500 organizations had begun Six Sigma initiatives with the aim of reducing costs and improving quality.[9] In recent years, Six Sigma has sometimes been combined with lean manufacturing to yield a methodology named Lean Six Sigma. [edit] Origin and meaning of the term "six sigma process" Graph of the normal distribution, which underlies the statistical assumptions of the Six Sigma model. The Greek letter σ marks the distance on the horizontal axis between the mean, µ, and the curve's inflection point. The greater this distance is, the greater is the spread of values encountered. For the curve shown in red above, µ = 0 and σ = 1. The other curves illustrate different values of µ and σ.Sigma (the lower-case Greek letter σ) is used to represent the standard deviation (a measure of variation) of a statistical population. The term "six sigma process" comes from the notion that if one has six standard deviations between the process mean and the nearest specification limit, there will be practically no items that fail to meet specifications.[5] This is based on the calculation method employed in process capability studies. In a capability study, the number of standard deviations between the process mean and the nearest specification limit is given in sigma units. As process standard deviation goes up, or the mean of the process moves away from the center of the tolerance, fewer standard deviations will fit between the mean and the nearest specification limit, decreasing the sigma number and increasing the likelihood of items outside specification.[5] [edit] Role of the 1.5 sigma shift Experience has shown that in the long term, processes usually do not perform as well as they do in the short.[5] As a result, the number of sigmas that will fit between the process mean and the nearest specification limit is likely to drop over time, compared to an initial short-term study.[5] To account for this real-life increase in process variation over time, an empirically-based 1.5 sigma shift is introduced into the calculation.[10][5] According to this idea, a process that fits six sigmas between the process mean and the nearest specification limit in a short-term study will in the long term only fit 4.5 sigmas – either because the process mean will move over time, or because the long-term standard deviation of the process will be greater than that observed in the short term, or both.[5] Hence the widely accepted definition of a six sigma process is one that produces 3.4 defective parts per million opportunities (DPMO). This is based on the fact that a process that is normally distributed will have 3.4 parts per million beyond a point that is 4.5 standard deviations above or below the mean (one-sided capability study).[5] So the 3.4 DPMO of a "Six Sigma" process in fact corresponds to 4.5 sigmas, namely 6 sigmas minus the 1.5 sigma shift introduced to account for long-term variation.[5] This is designed to prevent underestimation of the defect levels likely to be encountered in real-life operation.[5] [edit] Sigma levels See also: Three sigma rule Taking the 1.5 sigma shift into account, short-term sigma levels correspond to the following long-term DPMO values (one-sided): One Sigma = 690,000 DPMO = 68.26% efficiency Two Sigma = 308,000 DPMO = 95.24% efficiency Three Sigma = 66,800 DPMO = 99.73% efficiency Six Sigma = 3.4 DPMO = 99.9997% efficiency [edit] Methods Six Sigma has two key methods: DMAIC and DMADV, both inspired by Deming's Plan-Do-Check-Act Cycle.[9] DMAIC is used to improve an existing business process; DMADV is used to create new product or process designs.[9] [edit] DMAIC The basic method consists of the following five steps: Define high-level project goals and the current process. Measure key aspects of the current process and collect relevant data. Analyze the data to verify cause-and-effect relationships. Determine what the relationships are, and attempt to ensure that all factors have been considered. Improve or optimize the process based upon data analysis using techniques like Design of experiments. Control to ensure that any deviations from target are corrected before they result in defects. Set up pilot runs to establish process capability, move on to production, set up control mechanisms and continuously monitor the process. [edit] DMADV The basic method consists of the following five steps: Define design goals that are consistent with customer demands and the enterprise strategy. Measure and identify CTQs (characteristics that are Critical To Quality), product capabilities, production process capability, and risks. Analyze to develop and design alternatives, create a high-level design and evaluate design capability to select the best design. Design details, optimize the design, and plan for design verification. This phase may require simulations. Verify the design, set up pilot runs, implement the production process and hand it over to the process owners. DMADV is also known as DFSS, an abbreviation of "Design For Six Sigma".[9] [edit] Implementation roles One of the key innovations of Six Sigma is the professionalizing of quality management functions. Prior to Six Sigma, quality management in practice was largely relegated to the production floor and to statisticians in a separate quality department. Six Sigma borrows martial arts ranking terminology to define a hierarchy (and career path) that cuts across all business functions and a promotion path straight into the executive suite. Six Sigma identifies several key roles for its successful implementation.[11] Executive Leadership includes the CEO and other members of top management. They are responsible for setting up a vision for Six Sigma implementation. They also empower the other role holders with the freedom and resources to explore new ideas for breakthrough improvements. Champions are responsible for Six Sigma implementation across the organization in an integrated manner. The Executive Leadership draws them from upper management. Champions also act as mentors to Black Belts. Master Black Belts, identified by champions, act as in-house coaches on Six Sigma. They devote 100% of their time to Six Sigma. They assist champions and guide Black Belts and Green Belts. Apart from statistical tasks, their time is spent on ensuring consistent application of Six Sigma across various functions and departments. Black Belts operate under Master Black Belts to apply Six Sigma methodology to specific projects. They devote 100% of their time to Six Sigma. They primarily focus on Six Sigma project execution, whereas Champions and Master Black Belts focus on identifying projects/functions for Six Sigma. Green Belts are the employees who take up Six Sigma implementation along with their other job responsibilities. They operate under the guidance of Black Belts.Lean six sigma(6σ)概念于1986年由摩托罗拉公司的比尔·史密斯提出,此概念属于品质管理范畴,西格玛(∑,σ)是希腊字母,这是统计学里的一个单位,表示与平均值的标准偏差。旨在生产过程中降低产品及流程的缺陷次数,防止产品变异,提升品Lean six sigma的由来 Lean six sigma（Six Sigma）是在九十年代中期开始被GE从一种全面质量管理方法演变成为一个高度有效的企业流程设计、改善和优化的技术，并提供了一系列同等地适用于设计、生产和服务的新产品开发工具。继而与GE的全球化、服务化、电子商务等战略齐头并进，成为全世界上追求管理卓越性的企业最为重要的战略举措。Lean six sigma逐步发展成为以顾客为主体来确定企业战略目标和产品开发设计的标尺，追求持续进步的一种管理哲学。20世纪90年代发展起来的6σ(西格玛)管理是在总结了全面质量管理的成功经验,提炼了其中流程管理技巧的精华和最行之有效的方法,成为一种提高企业业绩与竞争力的管理模式。该管理法在摩托罗拉、通用、戴尔、惠普、西门子、索尼、东芝行众多跨国企业的实践证明是卓有成效的。为此,国内一些部门和机构在国内企业大力推6σ管理工作,引导企业开展6σ管理。 6σ管理法的概念 6σ管理法是一种统计评估法,核心是追求零缺陷生产,防范产品责任风险,降低成本,提高生产率和市场占有率,提高顾客满意度和忠诚度。6σ管理既着眼于产品、服务质量,又关注过程的改进。“σ”是希腊文的一个字母,在统计学上用来表示标准偏差值,用以描述总体中的个体离均值的偏离程度,测量出的σ表征着诸如单位缺陷、百万缺陷或错误的概率牲,σ值越大,缺陷或错误就越少。6σ是一个目标,这个质量水平意味的是所有的过程和结果中,99.99966% 是无缺陷的,也就是说,做100万件事情,其中只有3.4件是有缺陷的,这几乎趋近到人类能够达到的最为完美的境界。6σ管理关注过程,特别是企业为市场和顾客提供价值的核心过程。因为过程能力用σ来度量后,σ越大,过程的波动越小,过程以最低的成本损失、最短的时间周期、满足顾客要求的能力就越强。6σ理论认为,大多数企业在3σ~4σ间运转,也就是说每百万次操作失误在6210~66800之间,这些缺陷要求经营者以销售额在15%~30%的资金进行事后的弥补或修正,而如果做到6σ,事后弥补的资金将降低到约为销售额的5%。 在这里面涉及到几个概念,六西格码是帮助企业集中于开发和提供近乎完美产品和服务的一个高度规范化的过程。测量一个指定的过程偏离完美有多远。 六西格码的中心思想是,如果你能“测量”一个过程有多少个缺陷,你便能有系统地分析出,怎样消除它们和尽可能地接近“零缺陷”。 在Lean six sigma里,“流程”是一个很重要的概念。举一个例子来说明。一个人去银行开账户。从他进银行开始,到结束办理开户叫一个“流程”。而在这个流程里面还套着一个“流程”,即银行职员会协助你填写开户账单,然后她把这个单据拿给主管去审核,这是银行的一个标准的程序。去银行开户的人是一线员工的“顾客”,这是当然的顾客,叫“外在的顾客”,而同时一线员工要把资料给主管审核,所以主管也是一定意义上的“顾客”,这叫“内在的顾客”。工厂与这个案例也很像,即一道工序是下一道工序的“顾客”。 另一个重要的概念是“规格”。客户去银行办账户,时间是很宝贵的。办账号需要多长时间就是客户的“规格”。客户要求在15分钟内办完,15分钟就是这个客户的规格。而如果银行一线职员要用十七八分钟才能做完,那么,这就叫做“缺陷”。假如职员要在一张单上五个地方打字,有一个地方打错了,这就叫做一个“缺陷”,而整张纸叫一个单元。 “机会”,指的就是缺陷的机会,如果一张单据上有五个地方要打,那么这个单元的缺陷机会为五。引入了西格玛这个概念以后,不同的企业、工厂、流程、服务之间都可以进行量化的比较。6西格码质量管理对经营业绩的改善在企业内部,规范的6西格码模式项目一般是由称为"6西格码模式精英小组" (SixSigmaChampion)的执行委员会选择的,这个小组的职责之一是选择合适的项目并分配资源。一个公司典型的6西格码模式项目可以是矫正关键客户的票据问题,也可以是改变某种工作程序提高生产率。领导小组将任务分派给黑带管理人员们,黑带管理人员们再依照6西格码模式组织一个小组来执行这个项目。小组成员对6西格码模式项目进行定期的严密监测。 6西格玛管理是获得和保持企业在经营上的成功并将其经营业绩最大化的综合管理体系和发展战略,是使企业获得快速增长的经营方式。经营业绩的改善包括:①市场占有率的增加；②顾客回头率的提高；③成本降低；④周期降低；⑤缺陷率降低；⑥产品/服务开发加快；⑦企业文化改变6西格码管理对企业文化建设的作用6西格玛管理将对企业文化建设或改进产生很大的作用。在分析一些成功企业,特别是处于顶层位置的企业文化建设方面的经验教训时发现,成功的企业在实施质量战略时,比别的企业多走了一步,那就是,他们在致力于产品与服务质量改进的同时,肯花大力气去改造他们与6西格码质量不相适应的企业文化,以使全体员工的信念、态度、价值观和期望与6西格码质量保持同步,从而创造出良好的企业质量文化,保证了6西格码质量战略的成功。西格码质量管理方法的流程 6西格码模式是一种自上而下的革新方法,它由企业最高管理者领导并驱动,由最高管理层提出改进或革新目标(这个目标与企业发展战略和远景密切相关)、资源和时间框架。推行6西格码模式可以采用由定义、度量、分析、改进、控制(DMAIC)构成的改进流程。DMAIC流程可用于以下三种基本改进计划: ①6西格玛产品与服务实现过程改进。 ②6西格玛业务流程改进。 ③6西格玛产品设计过程改进。 这种革新方法强调定量方法和工具的运用,强调对顾客需求满意的详尽定义与量化表述,每一阶段都有明确的目标并由相应的工具或方法辅助。 推行6西格玛模式要求企业从上至下都必须改变"我一直都这样做,而且做得很好"的惯性思维。也许你确实已经做得很好,但是距6西格码模式的目标却差得很远。6西格码模式不仅专注于不断提高,更注重目标,即企业的底线收益。假设某一大企业有1000个基层单元,每一基层单元用6西格码模式每天节约100美元,一年以300天计,企业一年将节约3千万美元。通过实施模式,企业还可清晰地知道自身的水平、改进提高的额度与目标的距离等。 典型的6西格码管理模式解决方案以DMAIC流程为核心,它涵盖了6西格玛管理的策划、组织、人力资源准备与培训、实施过程与评价、相关技术方法(包括硬工具和软工具)的应用、管理信息系统的开发与使用等方面。 6西格玛管理战略是企业获得竞争优势和经营成功的金钥匙,在已经实施6西格玛管理并获得成功的企业名单上,你可以发现摩托罗拉、联信、美国快递、杜邦、福特这样的"世界巨人"。今天,越来越多的企业加入了"6西格玛实践者"的行列,也许这其中就有你我现在的或将来的竞争对手。放不下了，原址在wikipedia 搜索Six Sigma