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Three test the text dedicate[1] king's 浩 , dehydrate the research that tomato process craft.Chinese agriculture university Master's thesis.2004 [2] the glory of 昌 , the 麻 founds a nation, waiting.The tomato powder processes the method comparison the [ J].Food technology,2001,(1):28-32[ pleased 忠 in king in 3], in just 渊 , etc..Spray fog the dry( the second version)[ M].Peking: chemistry industry publishing house,2003:385-388[4] Chen 萃仁 , etc..The dry characteristic in hot breeze in thin slice in tomato studies the [ J] with the craft.The agriculture university college journal of Zhejiang,2000,(2):133-135[5] Lee's 蔚 , etc..The tomato vacuum freezes the research of the dry craft the [ J].The highway transportation university college journal of Xian,2000,(6):32-34[6] 杜卫华 , the Sun gold is just, waiting.The vacuum freezes the craft of the dry garlic powder the [ J].Have no the light work in tin university college journal,2003,(3):18-20[7] wood 弘通 .( day)The milk powder makes the engineering the [ M].Peking: the light industry publishing house of Peking,1987:89[8] Chen's 伟 , D 霄霖 , the ether handles the method withdraws the red and plain research in tomato in inside in ketchup[ J].Food industry technology,2003,(4):65-67[9] the glory of 昌 , etc..Tomato powder is in process hoarding process red and plain stability in tomato research[ J].Food science,2002,(8):33-37[10] 郭 jade is clear, 姚智华 , etc..The vacuum freezes the dry process parameter to sublimate the aridity can consume the combination of the influence the on trial research the [ J].Agriculture engineering college journal,2004,(4):180-184梁瑜称笼商空溪克特寸萩将荪谌东蔚耕嵋竹诤口

336 评论

无锡捞王

Annex 3: Agricultural Policy and Food Security in China中国农业政策与食品安全--------------------------------------------------------------------------------IntroductionFood security and the performance of the agricultural sectorAgricultural development strategy, policies and food securityChina's food economy prospectsIssues and challengesConcluding RemarksReferences--------------------------------------------------------------------------------IntroductionChina's effort to produce enough to feed its growing population has long been recognized. It feeds over one-fifth of the world's population with only one-fifteenth of the world's arable land. In recent history, China has either exported food or imported relatively little. China was a net exporter of food, even of grain, in the 1950s. Although China became a net importer of grain in the 1960s, the share of net imports to total domestic consumption was marginal. Net import shares reached approximately three percent in the early reform period (1978-84), then declined to approximately one percent in the following period (1985-90). China has since become a net grain exporter, except in 1995 when it had a record level grain imports of nearly 20 million tons. Net exports between 1992 and 1994 were over 5 million tons annually.While China's grain imports may grow slightly in the coming decades, the nation has developed a strong position as a net exporter of food (both grain and non grain) in value terms by exporting high value-added foodstuff including livestock products and other processed foods during the reform period. Net food exports grew to 2.3 billion US dollars in 1985 and peaked at 6.3 billion dollars in 1993, from a state of balanced trade (in value terms) in 1980 (China Customs Statistics).China's future food security, however, is a subject of growing concern. First, although China's food production has grown over the last several decades, year-to-year fluctuations of food supply and prices are significant. Market stabilization and food price inflation have been among the major targets of government policy since the late 1980s. The Chinese government considers maintaining a comparatively high level of food self-sufficiency, avoiding supply shocks, and stabilizing consumer prices, a matter of national security and stability:Only when the Chinese people are free from food availability and stability of food supply worries can they concentrate on and support the current reform, thus ensuring a sustained, rapid and healthy development of the economy (The State Council, 1996).To this end, the government recently adopted measures to stabilize domestic food supply and stabilize the market - these measures include administrative and economic intervention in food distribution and marketing systems, national and local food reserve schemes, price regulations, international trade, factor markets, and rural infrastructure development.Secondly, food security and access to food are mainly poverty issues. Although national economic growth is strong, it is uneven across regions. Farmer's incomes in the central and eastern regions of China continue to grow more rapidly than those in the west and southwest. Income inequality among regions, between rural and urban areas, and within regions continues to grow (MOA, 1997). In the early 1980s, tremendous progress was made in addressing China's poverty problem, mainly due to the government's rural reform program. However, this progress has slowed down over the past ten years.Finally, China's food supply availability could be a major food security issue in the coming decades if policies were not formulated in the right directions. Worldwide, food production growth rates have outpaced population growth in recent decades, implying increased food availability per capita. Furthermore, the decline of real food and feed grain prices internationally over the same period implies that supply increases have exceeded increased demand. However, the situation differs from country to country.China faces the great challenge of feeding its growing population with declining land, water, and other food production resources, and increasing opportunity cost of labor and domestic food production cost. Food supply availability in China is important not only because it concerns a large proportion of the world's population and consumption, but also because rapid industrialization has led to competition for resources between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, strong income growth, rapid urbanization, and population growth. All of these stimulate demand for agricultural products.Government officials and scholars have focused food economy and food security concerns on the grain economy because grain (both food and feedgrain) is a major component of China's food supply. Historically, grain fundamentalism, the provision of adequate cereal grain supplies at low stable prices to urban residents, has been an overriding government concern. Recurring food shortages, particularly the famine of the early 1960s, increased the official desire for assured and secure grain supplies. This concern, coupled with rapidly increasing urbanization, domestic infrastructure and transport constraints, domestic grain price spikes in 1994/1995, Brown's 1995 prediction that China will become an importer of massive amounts of grain in the next few decades, the weaknesses of the fiscal system in the provision of public goods (particular agricultural research and extension), has attracted worldwide attention in the past 4 years.A number of recent studies conducted by both domestic and international organizations have led to a consensus that while the increases in China's grain imports will be marginal and the nation will remain at a high level of food self-sufficiency in the coming decades, China's long-term food security is an issue of both national and international significance. The sheer size of China's economy and its rapid growth will make China a crucial influence in the future development of world markets for inputs and outputs of food and agricultural products, agribusiness, and industry. Along with this growth is its gradual progress toward market-orientation and global integration, urbanization, the shift of comparative advantage from agriculture to other sectors, and dietary diversification. Small adjustments to China's food supply and demand, agricultural input demand shifts, and the Chinese government's selection of food security policy will each have large effects on world agricultural trade.This paper evaluates China's food security situation, reviews the performance of the food and agricultural sector, considers the role of food policies, particularly the most recent price and marketing reform policies, in improving the food situation, and identifies key issues related to food security which require further intervention. The next section reviews previous achievements and sources of growth in agricultural production and food security. The third section analyzes current government policies and programmes and their impacts on agricultural production and food security. The fourth section predicts the shape of China's food economy over the next three decades; while the fifth section discusses the major challenges and constraints to agricultural production and food security. Concrete measures and options towards sustainable agricultural growth and food production are suggested in the final section.Food security and the performance of the agricultural sector--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Food security: an overviewSummary of China's approaches to improved food securityOther issuesChanging role of agriculture in the economyAgricultural production growth--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Food security: an overviewChina's ability to feed over one-fifth of the world's population with only seven percent of the world's arable land is widely acclaimed. China, with more than 1.23 billion people in 1997, is the world's most populous nation. Its experience demonstrates the importance of technological development, institutional change, improved incentives, and rural development among other policies in improving food security with limited natural resources.Availability of foodChina's per capita food availability and consumption have increased over the last several decades. Average per capita food availability has grown from less than 1700 kcal in 1960 to 2570 kcal per day in 1995 (Table 1)[19]. Increased domestic production is almost solely responsible for increased food availability. Protein intake and fat consumption per capita per day increased over the same period, from 42 grams to 70 grams, and 17 grams to 45 grams, respectively. Both figures exceed average nutrient availability in countries with comparable per capita GNP levels.Nutritional composition changes of Chinese diets are consistent with growing income (Table 1). Nutrient sources are a powerful indicator of the population's economic wellbeing. In low income countries, the average diet includes a high percentage of nutrients from crops, while a typical developed country diet includes a relatively high percentage of nutrients from animal sources. In China, traditional diets were typically based on cereals, vegetables, and small quantities of meat and fish. Consumption of relatively expensive non-cereal food items, particularly livestock products and fish, have increased with rapid increases in per capita income, urbanization, and market expansion (Huang and Bouis, 1996).Aggregate household food securityAggregate household food security has improved significantly. According to the FAO's WFS (1996), Chinese household food security, as measured by the aggregate household food security index (AHFSI) and the level of food inadequacy, follow overall national averages. The AHFSI increased from a low level of 70 percent in 1969-71 to a relatively high level of nearly 80 percent in 1990-92, while food inadequacy declined from slightly over 14 percent to approximately 3 percent in the same period.Table 1. Nutrient availabilityYearEnergy(kcal)Protein(grams)Fat(grams)Crop ProductsAnimal ProductsEnergy(%)Protein(%)Fat(%)Energy(%)Protein(%)Fat(%)196016764217979376372419702087532396936747331980247064329490606104019902505683791865591445199525707045888151121949Table 2. Per capita daily nutrient intake by income group in sample provinces, 1990.Income groupSichuanNingxiaHebeiZhejiangGuangdongBeijingEnergy intake (kcal)Average233524022227246024252309Poorest 10%18891819197019712129196010% - 25%20682142209322172174185525% - 50%22712319220123142191209150% - 75%24852480225625592583237175% - 90%260626422284271125322605Richest 10%285230742559298327972972Protein intake (g)Average59.668.569.163.960.769.1Poorest 10%48.154.959.451.051.957.910% - 25%52.564.664.757.053.055.025% - 50%55.465.467.959.658.462.050% - 75%61.168.770.265.664.570.375% - 90%66.672.571.470.764.779.2Richest 10%73.684.580.879.271.890.5Fat intake (g)Average36.033.734.033.139.145.5Poorest 10%25.521.527.420.228.935.510% - 25%27.725.629.226.432.735.425% - 50%31.331.131.930.336.841.150% - 75%37.035.635.035.142.548.575% - 90%43.441.037.139.842.052.6Richest 10%57.048.946.147.650.663.9Annual per capita income (yuan)Average55864365899110271270Poorest 10%25123020429943348810% - 25%34732134950862470525% - 50%443457499739809101250% - 75%57968669210581075134675% - 90%756975948145714331748Richest 10%111513951453216320332633Household food security by income groupTables 2, 3, and 4 show household nutrient intake and source by income group based on a food and nutrition survey conducted by the Chinese Academy of Preventative Medicine (CAPM) and the State Statistical Bureau (SSB) in 1990,. Tables 5 and 6 show the physical development of children and equity as well as poverty in the rural China based on a food consumption and expenditure survey conducted by the SSB for the years 1978- 95.Nutrient intake varies greatly across income groups, although average per capita energy intake in all sample provinces topped 2200 kcal (Table 2). Daily energy intake of the 25% of the population with annual per capita income less than 500- 700 yuan (level varies by province) was below 2200 kcal. Energy intake of the poorest 10 percent was only 82 percent of the sample average. Protein and fat intakes decline as income falls in a similar pattern.Table 3. Sources of energy by income group in China's sample provinces, 1990.

280 评论

童心惠敏

论文英文参考文献格式

在社会的各个领域,大家对论文都再熟悉不过了吧,通过论文写作可以培养我们的科学研究能力。如何写一篇有思想、有文采的论文呢?下面是我收集整理的论文英文参考文献格式,希望能够帮助到大家。

英文文献采用“APA格式”:

单一作者著作的书籍:

姓,名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市:出版社.

Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.

两位作者以上合著的书籍:

姓,名字首字母., & 姓,名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市:出版社.

Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.

文集中的文章:

Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.

期刊中的文章(非连续页码):

Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.

期刊中的文章(连续页码):

姓,名字首字母.(年). 题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期,页码.

Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.

月刊杂志中的文章:

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.

php论文英文参考文献

[1]冯国良.基于Web及VRML网络教学平台的设计与实现[D].西安电子科技大学,2010.

[2]赵胜.基于B/S架构的Moodle网络教学平台的设计与实现[D].河北科技大学,2012.

[3]晏榆洋.基于web的在线网络教学平台的设计与实现[D].电子科技大学,2013.

[4]王逾西.动态网页的数据库连接技术[J].天津市财贸管理干部学院学报,2010,12(1):41-43.

[5]徐一菲,陈光柱,沈春丰等.基于PHP网站的远程控制系统研究[J].微计算机信息,2010,26(15):135-136,115.

[6]丁鲁南,康梅娟.基于WAMP的红色文化动态网站的设计[J].科技资讯,2012,(26):20-20.

[7]滕文.基于MVC模式的PHP程序开发[J].科技视界,2012,(28):262.

[8]郭雪清,肖飞,黄正东,王光华,宋莉莉,张伟.医院绩效管理信息系统的设计与实现[J].中国数字医学,2014,13(15)03:12-14+17.

[9]袁永革.试析医院管理信息系统的设计思想及其实施[J].计算机与信息技术,2014,16(18),03:91-94.

财务论文英文参考文献

[1]Adams, M. and Hardwick, P. An Analysis of Corporate Donations: UnitedKingdom Evidence [J], Journal of Management Studies, 1998,35 (5): 641-654.

[2]Aronoff,C.,and J Ward. Family-owned Businesses: A Thing of the Past or Model of the Future. [J]. Family Business Review, 1995,8(2); 121-130.

[3]Beckhard,R“Dyer Jr.,W.G. Managing continuity in the family owned business [J]. Organizational Dynamics, 1983,12 (1): 5-12.

[4Casson, M. The economics of family firms [J]. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 1999' 47(1):10 - 23.

[5]Alchian,A.,Demsetz, H. Production, information costs, and economic organization. American Economic Review [J]. 1972,62(5): 777-795.

[6]Allen, F,J, Qian and M, J. Qian. Law,Finance and Economic Growth in China [J], Journal of Financial Economics, 2005,77: pp.57-116.

[7]Amato,L. H.,& Amato,C. H. The effects of firm size and industry on corporate giving [J]. Journal of Business Ethics,2007,72(3): 229-241.

[8]Chrisman, J.J., Chua,J.H., and Steier, L. P. An introduction to theories of family business [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2003b, 18(4): 441-448

动画论文英文参考文献范例多则

[1]程曼丽、王维佳:《对外传播及其效果研究》[M],北京大学出版社,2011年,36页.

[2]冯捃、何春耕:《《功夫熊猫》的跨文化传播分层解读》[J],《电影评介》,2014年第5期37-40页.

[3]范文杰、戴雪梅:《无意识一内隐认知理论的演变历程回顾及展望》[J],《重庆工商大学学报》,2009年第6期,596-601页.

[4]管文虎等:《国家形象论》[M],电子科技大学出版社,1999年,23页.

[5]郭秀艳、崔光成:《内隐学习本质特征的实验研究》[J],《心理科学》,2002年第1期,43-46页.

[6]陈晓云:《动画电影:叙事与意识形态》[J],《上海大学学报(社会科学版)》,2010年第5期,54-60页.

[7]黄国文、徐裙:《语篇分析与话语分析》[J],《外语与外语教学》,2006年第10期,2-6页.

[8]李德顺:《普遍价值与其可观基她》[J],《中国社会科学》,1998年第6期,5-14 页.

[9]刘丽英:《国家形象研究文献述评及营销视角分析一基于CSSCI(2001-2011)的研究》卬,《学术探索》,2014年第2期,120-123页.

学术论文英文参考文献注入格式

一、学术论文英文参考文献标注格式。

按照现行规定,学术期刊中论文参考文献的.标注采用顺序编码制,即在文内的引文处按引用文献在论文中出现的先后顺序以阿拉伯数字连续编码,序号置于方括号内。同一文献在一文中被反复引用者,用同一序号标示。这一规定使得所列文献简洁明了,应该引起论文作者注意。英文参考文献和中文参考文献一样,按在文中出现的先后顺序与中文文献混合连续编码着录;英文文献用印刷体;英文书名、期刊名和报纸名等用斜体;所列项目及次序与中文文献相同,但文献类型可不标出;忌用中文叙述英文。其格式为:

专着、论文集、学位论文、报告-[序号]主要责任者。文献题名。出版地:出版者,出版年。起止页码(任选)。

示例:[1]Day,C.,Veen,D.van,& Walraven,G. Children and youth at risk and urban education. Research,policy and prac-tice. Leuven/Apeldoorn:Garant. 1997.

期刊文章-[序号]主要责任者。文献题名。刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码。

示例:[2] Driessen,G.,& Van der Grinten,M. Home language proficiency in the Netherland:The evaluation of Turkish andMoroccan bilingual programmes- A critical review,Studies in Educational Evaluation,1994,20(3):365- 386.

论文集中的析出文献-[序号]析出文献主要责任者。析出文献题名。原文献主要责任者(任选)。原文献题名。出版地:出版者,出版年。析出文献起止页码。

示例:[3] Driessen,G.,Mulder,L.,& Jungbluth,P. Structural and cultural determinants of educational opportunities in theNetherlands. In S.Weil(Ed.),Root and migration in global perspective. Jerusalem:Magnes Press.1999. pp.83- 104.[5]

报纸文章-[序号]主要责任者。文献题名。报纸名,出版日期(版次)。

示例:[4] Lgnatieff,M. Keeping an old flame burning brightly. The Guardian,1998- 12- 20(12)。

电子文献-[序号]主要责任者。电子文献题名。电子文献的出处或可获得的地址,发表或更新日期。

示例:[5] Baboescu,F. Algorithms for fast packet classification. lib.global.umi.com/dissertations/preview/3076340,2003.

二、关于英文人名的标注。

现行编排规范对英文人名如何标注未作明确要求,英文人名的标注较为混乱,有标注全名的,有标注时将名缩写、姓不缩写、保持原来顺序的,还有在姓、名之间加圆点的,后者是我国翻译作品中,中文书写外国人名经常采用的一种方式。其实,标注英文人名是有章可循的,在国外学术着作的参考文献中,关于人名的标注已约定俗成为一种统一的格式,即英文参考文献标注作者姓名时,要求姓在前、名在后,姓与名之间用逗号隔开,姓的词首字母大写,其余字母不大写;名用词首大写字母表示,后加缩写符号圆点,缩写符号不可省略。由于欧美国家人的姓名排列一般是名在前、姓在后,在标注时必须加以调整。如Georg Paghet Thomson,前面两个词是名,最后一个词是姓,应标注为Thomson,G. P为什么要如此标注呢?笔者认为有以下原因。

1.在应用计算机等信息工具进行英文文献检索时,以英文作者姓名中的姓作为依据之一,即以姓作为检索目标之一。

2.在欧美人姓名表达含义里,姓比名的重要性更强、更正式。用姓而不是名来代表作者,还有尊重、礼貌的意味。名缩写后加缩写符号圆点,也含有正式、尊重和礼貌的意味,缩写符号不可省略。

3.表示与平常书写姓名的不同,体现学术论文重要性、简约性和准确性的要求,符合科研论文文体风格。这种标注在英文学术着作、科技文献中已广泛采用,也容易被广大读者、作者理解、接受。

对于复姓情况,如Jory Albores-Saavedra等,在引用标注时,应将复姓全部写出,即Albores-Saavedra, J对于姓前带有冠词或介词的情况,如带有Mac,Le,Von,Van den等,标注时不能省略,应同姓一起提到前面标注,如Mac Donald,La Fontaina,Von Eschenbach,Van den Bery等。这里有个有趣的现象,对于北欧人常见的姓Van den Bery,如Van的词首字母大写,表示它是姓的一部分,标注时应与姓一起前置;如果作者姓名书写为Graham van den Bery,其中van的词首字母v没有大写,则表示它不是姓的一部分,姓Bery前置时,van den仍留在原来的位置,并且不可缩写或省略,标注为Bery,G. van den.另外,对于“姓名+学位”的情况,标注时一般把“学位”删去,不要将其误认为姓或姓的一部分.

一个参考文献有两位或两位以上作者时,标注时除按上述要求将每位作者的姓提前书写外,作者与作者之间用逗号分开,最后一位作者前加&符号,如示例[1],也可仅保留前三位作者,之后加etc.表示。

三、关于英文参考文献发表(出版)时间标注到年的问题。

发表(出版)时间是参考文献的一项重要内容,标示引用文献发表的历史时间位置,是判断引用文献新旧的一个根据,不可遗漏。国外学术论着中参考文献的发表(出版)时间标注到年,这与我国学术论着中参考文献的标注规定相同。国外学术论着中参考文献的发表(出版)时间的标注位置有标注在作者后的情况,并加圆括号,这是因为采用了“着者-出版年”制。我国学术期刊编排规范参考文献的标注采用“顺序编码”制,发表(出版)时间标注靠后,如示例[1]、[3],应按此要求标注为是。

四、英文析出文献名和原文献名的标注。

由于现行编排规范对英文析出文献和原文献的标注书写要求不够明确,目前有把析出文献名排成斜体,而把原文献名(论文集名或期刊名等)排成正体的情况。这种标注方式是不对的,混淆了析出文献名和原文献名的效力,正确的编排要求与此相反,国外的普遍作法与我国学者的论述[4]要求一致,因此这一现象值得编辑同行注意。

英文书名在英文文章中出现有排成斜体的习惯,论文集名、期刊名或报纸名与书名效力相同,故排成斜体,析出文献名相当于书中的章节标题,不具有书名的分量,故不可排成斜体。

在标注原文献名及作者时,原文献多指论文集或与之类似的著作,英文标注习惯上在编着者名前加词首字母大写的介词In,作者姓名前后次序不作调整,名缩写为词首大写字母,后加缩写符号圆点,姓完整标出,不缩写。作者后加编者一词的缩写形式及缩写符号圆点,词首字母大写,外加圆括号,如标注为In S. Weil(Ed.),如示例[3].然后斜体标注原文献题名,后加注出版年,起至页码的缩写形式pp.和析出文献的起至页码。当原文献有两位或两位以上作者时,作者姓名同上述情况一样,前后次序不作调整,分别标出,编者一词缩写用复数形式Eds.,如In L. Eedering,& P. Leseman(Eds.)。

文献类型不宜标出。文献类型是我国编排规范制定的标注要求,国外并未采用。在中文中标注醒目、自然,在英文中此一项目的标注容易产生误解和干扰。如果是为方便计算机在检索或统计时辨识,是技术上的要求,那么就应当统一要求标注,从“可不标出”来看,尚未有技术上的要求。因而,文献类型在英文参考文献中不作标注为妥。

五、出版地和出版社(商)的标注。

出版地和出版社(商)是参考文献的重要内容,标示版权信息,不可遗漏或省略。我国一部着作一般由一家出版社负责出版发行,出版地一般也就比较明确为出版社所在的城市。国外情况就比较复杂了,由于市场经济高度成熟,语言通用程度高,着作权被普遍保护等原因,一部着作可能由不止一家出版社(商)合作出版发行,出版地也可能在不同国家的不同城市。当出版地有两处或两处以上、出版社(商)有两个或两个以上时,应当一一标出,中间用斜杠分开。如Amsterdam/Philadephia:Ben-jamins,又如Den Haag:Sdu/DOP出版地一般是出版社(商)所在的城市,标注城市名,不可标注为国家名。

参考文献补充了文章的重要信息,涉及范围十分广泛。因而,希望在修订现行编排规范时,对英文参考文献的标注作明确规定,以便作者写作和编者编辑时皆有章可循,亦使这项工作更加规范。

java论文英文的参考文献

参考文献:

[1]王庆智.王喜富.基于供应链管理的物流信息平台设计研究[A].第五届中国工业企业物流论坛论文集[C].2007(8)

[2]张翔.基于XML与Java技术构建电子政务系统的方法研究[D].西北大学.2008(5)

[3]符强.基于Java动态编程技术的软件自愈合构架研究[D].西北工业大学.2007(3)

[4]徐伟.赵嵩正.蒋维杨,基于功能的区域物流信息平台体系结构研究[J].情报杂志.2008(27)

[5]白磊,李芙玲.基于工作过程导向的JAVA程序设计课程教学研究[J].华北科技学院学报,2013,(04):92-95.

[6]赖小平.基于工作过程导向的《Java程序设计》课程开发与实践[J].福建电脑,2015,(05):52-53.

[7]孙晓奇,李胜,张文娇.基于工作过程的教学模式在java课程中的应用[J].电脑知识与技术,2014,(02):338-339.

参考文献:

[1]李舒,陈丽君.高校学生成绩管理系统的设计与实现[J].辽宁大学学报:自然科学版,2006,3(3):283-285.

[2]徐亮.高校智能排课系统的研究[J].电子设计工程,2013,21(7):24-27.

[3]张小红.高校排课系统的设计与实现[J].电子科技,2012,25(7):45-47.

[4]苏贞,陈海关.高校智能排课系统中蚁群算法的应用探讨[J].兰州教育学院学报,2013,29(7):120-121.

[5]叶波霞浅谈大学生兼职在大学生活的重要性[J].中小企业管理与科技,2014,(33)

[6]王丽晖.关于大学生兼职现象的几点思考*高校一线思政工作者视角下的大学生兼职现象[J].2009,10(04)

参考文献:

[1]常征.功能测试中自动化测试框架的分析与应用[D].北京:北京林业大学,2007.

[2]徐骋.Android应用软件自动化测试框架的研究[D].大连:大连海事大学,2015.

[3]路静,王琪.一种基于功能测试的自动化测试框架[J].内蒙古科技与经济,2005(23):25-26.

[4]曾北溟.自动化测试框架的研究与实现[D].武汉:武汉大学,2004.

[5]步倩倩.面向GUI软件的自动化测试框架的研究与应用[D].成都:电子科技大学,2010.

[6]郝义鹏.基于关键字驱动自动化测试平台的设计与实现[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2007.

[7]侯菊敏.基于Android的关键字驱动自动化测试框架研究[D].广州:中山大学,2012.

[8]区立斌.基于层次关键字驱动的自动化测试框架设计与应用[D].广州:中山大学,2012.

[9]郝晓晓,张卫丰.基于XML的SDK自动化测试框架的设计与实现[J].计算机技术与发展,2010(4):101-104.

[10]谢文哲.基于模块化测试框架的单元自动化测试框架的设计与实现[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2007.

[11]陈健.基于模型的数据处理系统的自动化测试框架[D].北京:中国科学院大学(工程管理与信息技术学院),2013.

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一佛爷一

毕业论文(设计)要包括以下组成部分:1.封面(附1)2.扉页(附2)3.任务书(附3)4.中文摘要、关键词5.英文摘要、关键词(*)6.目录7.正文8.致谢(*)9.参考文献10.附录(*)11.指导教师评审表(附4)12.评阅人评审表(附5)13.答辩评审表(附6)14.封底一、封面与扉页常出现问题及正确写法(见范例1、2)1. 封面上的英文题目的首单词第一个字母和有实际意义的单词第一个字母要大写,其他小写(如and, the, of, in, by,a, an)如:Study on the Bio-deacidification in Hawthorn Fruit Juice2. 封面和扉页上的导师姓名后面要写上职称,职称用小括号括起来。3. 封皮上的申请学位是工学学士学位4. 封皮所填写内容的横线要长度一致5. 封面顶部左侧的“分类号”:食品科学与工程专业写:081401 食品质量与安全专业写:081407W6. 封面顶部右侧的“编号”:为当年年份加学号,如2009-21505127二、任务书常出现问题及正确写法(见范例3) 任务书按这样的格式改具体要求:(大家写一样的) 1)认真查阅相关资料,弄清实验目的、意义,搞好整体设计2)认真探索实验方法,找出实验的关键3)熟练实验操作技术,保证实验数据的准确性4)实验数据真实可靠,文献引用要合理,论文撰写要规范主要参考文献:(一个英文的,一个中文的。每个文献资料都要写全) [1] 赵玉平.山楂的综合利用和开发[D].天津科技大学博士学位论文,2004,51 [2] Johnson R L, Chandler B V. Ion exchange and adsorbent resins for removal of acids and bitter principles from citrus juices[J].Journal of Science and Food Agricultural,1985,36(6): 480-484 (超过一行的要左对齐)进度安排:老师的签名不要打上,日期不要打上三、摘要1、[摘要]黑体小四“摘要”,并外加“[]”[摘要]中文摘要的编写执行GB6447-86规定,不应出现图、表、数学公式、化学结构式和非公知公用的符号、术语和缩略语。至少5~6个整句,内容包括目的、方法、结果、结论(四要素缺一不可)等。摘要应以第三人称撰写,避免使用“本文”、“作者”等词汇,不应出现“本实验”等主语性的开头。应写成报道性文摘,并具有独立性和自明性,即不阅读全文,就能获得全文的主要信息(特别注意所述内容均应包含在正文中,且数据一致)。不要重复题目,给出文中的主要信息、关键步骤或数据,以便于检索;篇幅:报道性的以300字左右,指示性的以100字左右,报道-指示性的以200字左右为宜;英文摘要一般与中文摘要内容相对应;缩写词首次出现时请给出全称,如:基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOFMS)。(字体:宋体,小四)2、关键词:毕业;论文;设计.3、中文和英文摘要中不能出现参考文献的标识,即不能出现[x]。4.英文关键词的第一个字母不需大写5.摘要与关键词之间要空一行四、目录1、目录中不能出现参考文献标识2、 目录格式采用小四、宋体,第一层次加粗,行距18磅;用密集的点的制表符,处于字的中间。3、结论、致谢、参考文献前不标数字。4、摘要和目录都不用页眉,页脚采用阿拉伯数字标注。五、正文1、页面设置版面页边距上3cm,下、左2.5cm,右2cm;页眉加“烟台大学毕业论文”,字体为隶书3号字,居中,页眉距边界2cm;页码用小五号字,底端居中,页脚距边界1.75cm。装订线为0.8厘米左方。2、 “目录,致谢,结论”,两个字之间空两个格3、层次(级)标题的规定层次标题一律用阿拉伯数字连续编号;不同层次的数字之间用小圆点(为半角)相隔,末位数字不加标点符号。如“1”,“1.1”,“3.1.2”, “3.1.2.1”等,编号到四级为止。各层次的序号均左顶格起排,后空1个汉字距,再排标题。标题不得排在页末。正文部分一级标题一般为“0 前言”、“1 材料和方法”、“2 结果”、“3 讨论”、 “4 结论”。 一级标题序和标题用小二号黑体字。一级题序和标题居中放置,一级标题序和标题距下文双倍行距。题序和标题之间空一个汉字,不加标点,下同。正文部分汉字之间的标点符号用全角。二级、三级、四级标题的各层次题序和标题一律沿版面左侧边线顶格安排。二级标题,如:“1.1 实验方法”,左顶格排。一、二级标题后的内容另起一行排。其题序和标题用小三号黑体字。单倍行距,段前、段后分别为0.3行。三级标题,如:“1.1.1 山楂中有机酸的测定方法”,左顶格排。与后面的内容用冒号隔开,内容接排。三级题序和标题用四号黑体字。单倍行距,段前、段后0.2行。四级标题,如“1.1.1.1 山楂中总酸的测定方法”,左顶格排。四级及以下各层次题序及标题一律用小四号黑体字,单倍行距。正文即非标题文字,汉语用宋体小四号字,行间距18磅;4、正文中所有数字、英文都用Times New Roman,包括英文摘要5、标题、表头和图中都不能加参考文献的标注,表和图一般必须位于同一页面。6、图和表都要有自明性,即写清图和表所表示的内容。表的表头(表题)在表格的上部,图的图头(图题)在图的下部。7、毕业论文中对表格的要求,所有的表都应用阿拉伯数字标上号码,所有表格都必须使用三线格。如表 1 双栏表格示例(五号宋体,加黑)Table 1 Example of a double column table (Word Style “Times New Roman”)栏头column 1 栏目column 2 栏目column 3 栏目column 4 栏目column 5××× ×× ×× ××2) ×××××× ×× ×× ×× ×××注:(1) 表中文字字体为宋体,英文、数字字体为“Times New Roman” ,五号;(2)××××××。表注超过一行每行顶格。院级、校级、省级的优秀毕业论文必须有中文、英文两种表头,其它毕业论文最少应用中文表头。表头和表格内文字都使用五号字。8、插图:毕业论文中的图要求准确、清楚。图要精选,应具有自明性,切忌与表及文字表述重复。图(Figures)均应有中文和英文图题,置于图下,格式与表题相同。线条要清晰、均匀、虚实分明,准确无误。所有的Figures都应用阿拉伯数字标上号码。9、毕业论文所涉及的全部内容中的植物、动物和微生物的的学名:属名、种加词(包括亚种、变种)用拉丁文斜体。属的首字母大写其余小写;属以上用拉丁文正体。病毒一律用正体,首字母大写。限制性内切酶:内切酶前3个字母用斜体,后面的字母和编码正体平排,如:BamHⅠ、Hind Ⅲ、Sau3AⅠ等。氨基酸和碱基的缩写:氨基酸缩写用3个字母表示时,仅第一个字母大写,其余为小写,全部正体。碱基缩写为大写、正体。10、单位和分子式之间需空一格如:正确为 1mol/L NaOH, NaCl 0.5g错误的是1mol/LNaOH, NaCl0.5g11、 微生物数量的表示应该用CFU/g和 CFU/mL,常出现的错为“个/mL”“个/g”在对微生物的数量进行描述时应该正确,如正确的是1×109 cfu/mL2.5×10-6 cfu/mL,错误的是写成1×109 cfu/mL,2.5×10-6 cfu/mL,忘记了写上标。12、 单位使用体积 毫升——mL (大写)、微升——�0�8L(大写)、升——L(大写)重量g, kg,吨t溶液浓度:用mol/L和mmol/L表示,而不用M 或 NpH 的p小写 温度℃, ℉光密度:用OD表示,斜体转/分——r/min,而不用rpm 压力:用MPa、Pa或kPa表示,而不用磅或kg/cm2 放射性元素60Co热量单位Cal/g、Cal/kg、Cal/mL、Cal/m3黏度mPa�6�1s统计学符号一般统计学符号用斜体。本刊常用统计学符号如下:样本算术平均数用英文小写x;标准差用英文小写s;t检验用英文小写t;F检验用F;卡方检验用x2;相关系数用r;样本数用n;概率用P。概率P(大写斜体)等生物大分子的分子量:蛋白质用 kD,D;核酸用 bp或 kb。时间:日(天)用d,小时用h,分钟用min,秒用s 表示。13、长度计量单位、℃和%不能省略;例如: 20 cm×0.3 cm,不能写成20×0.3 cm; 20℃-30℃,不能写成20-30℃;20%-30%,不能写成20-30%;短线和顿号前的其他相同单位可省略;短线“-”为Symbol字体。14、 正文中的符号应该是中文半角,特别注意粘贴内容中的逗号和引号。15、 公式中乘号的正确形势为“×”不能用“*”。其中的标注如下面的形式:C—葡萄糖标准液的浓度,g/L;V1——滴定10mL菲林试剂所需葡萄糖标准液的体积,mL;V2—消耗的样品的体积,mL;16、 使用英语字母所写的分子式切记注意上下标Na2SO4→→→→→→→→Na2SO4 Fe3+→→→→→→→→Fe3+六、参考文献部分参考文献是出现错误最多部分,也是观察一个人的学术修养的最重要的地方。希望能收起同学生的高度重视。参考文献用五号字,[1]---[9]题序与文字之间空两格,往后的只空一格。参考文献所有标点为英文半角,不能有汉语的句号。最后一定要核实一下参考文献中的顺序与正文标注的是否一致。最好使用endnote软件编辑参考文献参考文献格式:[1] 中国科学院北京植物研究所.中国植物志36卷[M].北京:科学出版社,1974:189[2] 《全国中草药汇编》编写组.全国中草药汇编彩色图谱,第二版[M].人民卫生出版社,2000,7:26[3] 大连轻工业学院等.食品分析[M].中国轻工出版社,1998, 118-213[4] 杜朋,孙伊萍.山楂和胡萝卜酶法液化工艺研究[J].食品工业科技, 1993(5):10-20[5] 姜毛毛,杨成等.山楂浓缩原汁(清型)生产工艺的研究[J].食品工业科技,1992, (1):18-22[6] 杜朋.果蔬汁饮料工艺学[M].北京:农业出版社,1992,161-166[7] 会议论文集:作者(报告人).题名.见(C):编者(ed,eds).会议录或会议名. 出版地,出版时间:页码.例:YUFIN S A. Geoecology and computer[C]// Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Advance of Computer Methods in Geoetechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Moscow, Russia, February 1-4,2000. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 2000.裴丽生.在中国科协学术期刊编辑工作经验交流会上的讲话[C]//中国科协学术期刊编辑工作经验交流会资料选.北京:中国科学技术协会学会工作部,1981: 2-10.[8] 学位论文:作者. 篇(题)名[D].学位授予单位城市名:单位名称(若为学校只标注到大学名),年. 例:ALMSR B .Infrared spectroscopic studies on solid oxygen[D].Berkeley:University o f California, 1965.张珏.灵芝多糖的硫酸化修饰及其衍生物抗肿瘤活性的初步研究[D].无锡:江南大学,2005.[9] 专利:利申请者(所属单位).专利题名:专利国别,专利号[P].公告日期或公开日期[引用日期].获取和访问路径.

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