苗绣研究论文

苗族刺绣的艺术特色苗族刺绣是一种独具特色的刺绣艺术，是中华民间艺术宝库中具有吸引力和民族特色的一朵奇花，刺绣，苗语称“能贺”或“能蒙”。苗绣有着悠久的历史。苗族刺绣作为一种工艺，与苗族人民的生活有着十分密切的关系，有着鲜明的民族特色与乡土气息，不管在纹样构成、纹样造型特征和精雕细刻的工艺上都有这别具一格的艺术特色。一、纹样构成的独特形式苗族刺绣的图案纹样构成主要可以归纳为抽象化构成、复合化构成和随意性构成三类。 （一）抽象化构成：苗族刺绣中对自然景物和历史故事的描写通常都采用一种高度概括的的归纳方法，用点、线、面几何纹样表现。整个纹样造型别致，具有很强的抽象形式美感。 （二）复合化构成：复合化构成是指运用“互椮性”原理，将各种具有一定内在规定或联系的动物或植物等形象，通过联想、幻想等造型方法，使形与形之间相互重合、相互关联，从而构成一种新的形象。 （三）随意性构成：随意性构成是中国民间美术造型的一只能够常用表现方法，苗族刺绣造型的随意性特别的明显，这种创作的方法随心所欲，轻松自如，对于客观事物的描述并不拘泥于客观的真实性，而是以一种主观的随意的创作，创作者吧按吧自己挚爱的物象情感化，是一种自由自觉和目的性的表现，在这些主观唯我的创造中，审美主题和客体达到完美和谐的统一。在苗族刺绣中这种随意性表现为想怎么修就怎么绣，具体表现为野猪只长三条腿，不同季节发的花朵可以同时开放，不同空间、时间、地点的所有事物都可以描绘在同一个画面中，在现实生活中看来不合情理的事物通过刺绣者的双手表现得淳朴、自然、天真、可爱。二、纹样造型的特征混沌思维的群体创作意念表达是苗族刺绣造型的重要特征，同时苗族刺绣造型还具有承传性。地域性、互渗性，以及原始意念下的感知性造型、理念观察下的寓意型造型等特征。三、集体传承式特征苗族刺绣造型是苗族妇女集体共同创作的一项艺术活动，分布在不同地域的的妇女们人人能织布，个个会绣花，如此庞大的创作群体在中国民间工艺品制作活动中式很少见的。苗族没有自己的文字，分布不同地域的苗族历经时代变迁，语言难以统一，未有苗绣这一独特的艺术语言所包含的审美情趣和意念，作为程式化的文字符号在民俗中得以传承，使得苗族刺绣千百年来盛传不衰，形成一种为稳定的民俗文化元素，传承后世并得以延伸。四、地域性特征由于苗族历经多次迁徙以及苗族内部由不同的原始部落发展而来等多种原因，苗族社会内部发展及不平衡，各地的苗族文化，风俗，审美意念出现差异，直接影响到苗族刺绣纹样造型具有鲜明的地域性特征。《皇清职贡图》关于各种苗族不同服饰的描绘就证明苗族刺绣造型具有地域性特征。五、互渗性特征文化和艺术与时代息息相关，会随着时代的变化而变化，苗族服饰文化的交融主要表现在两个方面，一是苗族内部个支系之间文化交融密切，二是苗族与其他民族之间的文化互动交融，这都致使苗族服饰文化特别是服饰刺绣表现出多样性的特征。六、感知性造型的特征感知造型是指人们对客观对象通过知觉、视觉和触觉进行综合而得到的某种概念上的认识的造型方法，他是用以对事物的全部意念和感受来表现客观对象，不追求微妙的光影变化与精确地比例关系，二是重在情理，重在心理感觉和视觉的审美需要，苗绣中这种感知性造型表现得很明显，如在苗族刺绣中龙的形象是由鄂头、蛇身、鹰爪、鱼翅、鸡尾等形象综合而成。七、寓意性造型寓意性造型是指一个艺术形象的创造过程中通过对客观事物的感触、感知、感觉、印象的认识，进行综合、整理、加工、创造，表达某种情感和意境。在苗绣图案中很多作品都含有一种潜在的与异性象征意义。主要造型方法有：谐音造型（年（莲）有余（鱼））、假借造型、联想造型、象征造型（万字不封口，象征富寿无尽头）、反义表达造型（如在小孩子的肚兜上绣五毒用以辟邪、消灾的意念表达）等。苗族刺绣的审美价值苗族刺绣是苗族文化体系的重要组成部分，是苗族物质文化和精神文化的有形载体和无形表征，不仅有深厚的文化内涵，更有极高的艺术审美价值，苗族刺绣纹样表现出的独特的审美情趣，显示了苗族原始古朴的崇尚意识，也反映出渗透和交融其他民族和当代艺术多姿多彩的和谐美。苗族刺绣是真、善、美的和谐统一，又表现出“使用”与“审美”的双重机制。苗族刺绣中的美不是抽象的东西，而是和真联系在一起，苗族刺绣纹样组要有两大类：一类是现实生活中客观物象的如实描摹如花草鱼虫、鸟兽禽畜、日月星辰等。这一类纹样没有多少人工制作的生硬痕迹，因而显得原始、真实、生动和传神。是创作者用本真的心灵感觉来倾述表达的对自然的由衷的赞美，也让使秀出来的纹样表露出难以掩饰的自然天的情韵，看起来十分美丽。另一类是通过变化重构的纹样，如各式各样的龙、凤、麒麟以及人兽组合、万字纹等等，这一类纹样最突出的特点是幻想与真实的交织，抽象与具象手法并用。这些纹样几乎没有一个是人们在日常生活中从固定视角可以直接观察到的对象或场景，但是作者心灵的真实表现，是心与物的自然和谐，是一种真情实感的自然流露，虽然有些合情不合理，但让人看了仍然觉得亲切、和蔼、美丽、动人。由于苗绣艺术与现实生活紧密相连，在这种艺术活动中，物质生产与精神生产相互交织，创造了既有实用价值又融合了审美功能的产品——苗族刺绣，苗绣通过依附于服饰，体现了实用与装饰共融的统一性，是物质的实用性与精神的审美功利性相统一的审美创造，表现出本民族独特审美情趣。因此，可以说苗族刺绣是生活的艺术，实用的审美，既是苗族妇女的才智、审美价值的体现，又是苗族历史文化、习俗及宗教信仰的记录，同时也展现出鲜明的民族精神。

The innovative application of Miao embroidery in modern clothing design in Guizhou Province Summary:Guizhou Miao embroidery is one of the intangible cultural heritage in the world. It is a wonderful flower in the history of Chinese embroidery and has a unique artistic charm. Miao embroidery is a cultural product created by the people of Miao nationality who exert their wisdom and diligence in the life of nature. It is the carrier of Miao culture. The application of Miao embroidery innovation in Guizhou in modern clothing design is beneficial to the establishment of unique artistic style of modern clothing, the integration of traditional technology and modern design, and the inheritance and development of traditional technology.Key words:Guizhou Miao Embroidery; modern clothing design; innovative application IntroductionMiao embroidery in Guizhou Province is wonderful, but with the development of the times, Miao embroidery skills gradually decline, is facing the challenge of metamorphosis and regeneration. Designers in the new era should shoulder the responsibility of inheriting and developing the Miao embroidery techniques. The Miao embroidery is a source of inspiration for modern fashion design because of its rich and varied shapes, colors and techniques[1].In the new era, how to apply the innovation of Guizhou Miao embroidery to modern clothing design, how to inherit and innovate, how to collide traditional techniques with modern design to create new sparks, and how to make Miao embroidery glow with new vitality, etc. , it is worthy of our deep thought and study. 1. Main characteristics and distribution of Miao embroidery in GuizhouMiao embroidery in Guizhou is very particular. Different needlework methods should be considered according to the expression of different objects and artistic effects. Some needlework, some needlework, some needlework, and some needlework involve thread winding, weaving and knotting each other. Guizhou Miao embroidery mainly flat embroidery, lock embroidery, braids embroidery, seed embroidery, plate embroidery, broken thread embroidery, tin embroidery and so on, embroidery design texture rich three-dimensional sense. There are many branches of Miao ethnic group in Guizhou, and different regions have different representative types of embroidery: the most common flat embroidery, mainly distributed in southeast Guizhou Taijiang, Shidong, Rongjiang and Danzhai County. Flat embroidery single needle single thread, pay attention to even and even stitch. CREPE and braid embroidery are mainly distributed in Xi River and Leishan. It is one of the most unique traditional embroideries. The craft is complicated, first the silk thread weaves the small plait, with the traditional pattern pastes the cloth as the bottom, the small plait sews on the pattern, each sews a stitch to fold, causes the small plait drape three-dimensional, like the relief. Dazi embroidery is mainly distributed in Taijiang, Dazi is to wire around a few times and then insert the base cloth to play a knot in one heart, a Zhang Sengyou effect. Broken thread embroidery, mainly distributed in Taijiang, is a very special embroidery method in flat embroidery. Broken thread embroidery divides ordinary silk thread into 8 to 12 strands of fine thread, and then uses fine threads to make flat embroidery. It is exquisite, exquisite and luxurious. It is a fine work in Miao embroidery. Tin Embroidery is distributed in Jianhe. The Intelligent Miao people cut tin foil into thread and embroider it on cloth. The geometric pattern is the most fashionable style of embroidery[2].Miao embroidery in Guizhou Province is rich and colorful, with distinctive features, which congeals the national spirit and historical and cultural connotation of Guizhou. 2. Development Status of Miao embroidery in Guizhou ProvinceWith the development of social economy, there are fewer and fewer young people learning embroidery skills[3].Miao embroidery process innovation and age is proportional to the younger generation of the Miao is the carrier of process inheritance, lack of innovation will lead to Miao embroidery culture and environmental adaptability[4].The lack of innovation ability has become a big problem in the development of Miao embroidery technology.Colorful Guizhou has unique tourism resources. In recent years, the rapid development of Guizhou tourism industry has led to the development of tourism products, and the design of tourism products with Guizhou characteristics has become a hot spot, including the development of Guizhou Miao embroidery tourism products with Guizhou characteristics, for example has the Miao nationality embroidery clothing, the bag, the small ornament and so on. Since 2015, the international ethnic and folk cultural tourism products fair of Guizhou has been held, fully displaying the colorful and varied forms of Guizhou, displaying ingenious ethnic cultural products and unique ethnic cultures, to promote the protection, inheritance and scientific and reasonable industrial transformation of national folk arts and crafts, so as to promote Guizhou mass entrepreneurship and innovation, further enhance cultural self-confidence, and enhance the soft power of culture. The opening of the fair has brought a new opportunity for the innovation and development of Miao embroidery in Guizhou. 3. The application of Miao embroidery in costume design in Guizhou Province3.1The application of Miao embroidery in traditional dress in Guizhou ProvinceMiao embroidery is not bound by natural form, pay attention to emotional expression screen, rich in strong artistic appeal. Abstract methods are widely used in the modeling of Traditional Miao costumes. The image of virtual animals and plants of the Miao people in Guizhou Province means that in the long course of history, the Miao people have naturally transcended the process of imitating reality in the face of various external circumstances, the abstract form of the object in the Miao embroidery to provide a broad space for its creation.In the traditional costumes, the Miao people in Guizhou have rich and colorful embroidery colors and techniques, which are full of the unique artistic language of the Miao Culture. In traditional costumes, Miao embroidery uses unique embroidery techniques to decorate costumes, which are often decorated on the body, placket, collar, cuffs and Hem of traditional costumes, the texture effect in the decoration increases the layering, massiness and artistic sense of the dress. Women dress up, complex exquisite needle will focus on the collar, cuffs and other parts, highlighting the focus of clothing, and ensure the harmony and unity of clothing and accessories[5].3.2The application of Miao embroidery in modern clothing designThe modern clothing design uses the Miao nationality traditional color matching method for reference, the decorative color mainly gives priority to the bright color, forms the intense contrast color. Highlight the decorative patterns of clothing, traditional Miao costumes into modern clothing. In the modern clothing design, the traditional national cultural elements are increasing, the unique style of Guizhou Miao embroidery has created the traditional significance modern fashion works in the international modern clothing design application[6].In 2009, the famous domestic designer Lin Xuefei designed the evening dress with the Miao nationality characteristic by the tin embroidery element, and displayed it at the European wedding dress conference, which caused a great sensation overseas. Miaos'clothing elements are widely used in modern fashion design in European and American fashion shows. Modern women underwear design is often used embroidery techniques, highlighting the Miao embroidery close to the heart, showing the feminine soft and sexy[7].

苗绣是中国苗族妇女在民间传承的刺绣技艺