中欧服饰文化对比研究论文

这个···怎么··· 对中外服饰美学意义的异同的认识如果我们对人类的服饰文化作了浏览,我们不难发现,中外服饰的文化意蕴与审美取向是存在着明显的差异的。总的说来,中国服饰朴素、率真、简洁、含蓄,注重于静态之美,讲究稳重、端庄,产生一种封闭式的视觉效果。另外,中国服饰在形象的表达上还有一个鲜明的特点,那就是寓情于物，借物言志。每一个纹样造型,每一种色彩配置,都寄寓着一定的意念,表达着诸如吉祥、平安、祛邪、纳福的传统意识。这其实也是中华民族传统文化心理的具体表现。和中国服饰相比,外国服饰(主要指欧美)形象华丽、典雅、自然、合体,注重于动态之美,讲究洒脱、奔放,追求一种随意的视觉效果。比较中外服饰,虽形态各异,风格有别,但有一点是相同的,它们都生动地反映了不同民族的政治伦理、文化哲学、审美意趣等人文精神,体现了人类共同的对美的向往和追求。2.对中外服饰美学意境的营造类型的把握从广泛的社会生活到集中. 中西方在服饰文化观上既存在着多方面的差异,也有着相互影响的方面.研究中西方这种服饰文化观念的异同及相互影响,有助于我们对服饰艺术的进一步认识,为设计出既具民族特色又具时代特征的服饰提供理论指导。就经济发展水平看，中国进入封建社会以后，商业、手工业 发展，直到明朝后期，其社会经济的发展在世界上都处于领先地位。此后，中国却无法冲破封建主义的攀篱。8到9世纪，最显著的特征是穿着有宽大的袖口外衣唐代女性，穿“高墙履”的官服之鞋，腰上的装饰品佩玉是中国文化中最爱尊崇的玉石翡翠，身上穿着茼形的袍裙。17到19世纪，在清王朝的支配下，所有的男性都强制留辫发。穿前开型的短上衣也就是马褂，领子就是中式领：就是指中式服装上的束领，英文特别为它起了“Chinese collar”的名字。满族男子戴的一种半圆形的瓜皮帽。可以看出来在当时的社会背景下，清政府对官服都有严格的规定，正因为儒家思想具有的正统地位主宰了中国的思想领域，受到儒家思想的传统观念影响。以儒道为基础而形成的主流哲学和美学思想决定了中国服装造型体现的气韵风格。 总的来说，中外服饰都各有其优缺点。中国传统服装比较宽大，还有几寸高的鞋子，给人感觉人体显得修长。可以祢补东方人较为矮小的身材，给人以视觉美，平顺的外形与中国人脸部较柔和的轮廓线条相称。但是，不方便工作。而欧洲古典华丽的贵族服饰，膨胀的袖型、庞大的裙撑和重叠的花边等，使服装线条产生夸张和向外放射的结果。欧洲服装的外型特点与欧洲人热情奔放的气质，起伏明显的脸部轮廓以及高大的体形相应。 一件服饰可以表现一个时代的特征，更可以呈现出民族文化特色和文明精神。今天我学到的不只是服饰，更多的是历史、政治和经济，这些都 渗透在文化里，样我又享受了一份‘三明治’。不同的国家，不同的历史，不同的服饰，相同的目的。作者: 孙晋芳

寓意，形体可以兼得 ——关于在创作实践中如何吸收中外服装史的经验启示的论文 从伏羲氏化蚕丝为穗帛，古埃及人利用亚麻织物制作围裙以及苏美尔人采用羊毛织物包缠在人体上，形成服装开始，似乎就暗示了中西方服装的发展历程，风貌形态将会有着千差万别的不同。 中西服装文化之间的内涵有很大的差别，中国服装文化是一种单源性的文化，在其形成过程中，与中国的巫觋和礼乐文化有密切的联系，注重形的内涵，具有浓厚的社会政治伦理倾向。在其发展进程中，因袭、守旧，继承性与连续性远大于变异性与创新性。西方服装文化是一种多源性的文化，在其形成过程中，将服装视作一门特殊的人体艺术，注重形式，认为形式即内容。在其发展过程中，时代特征明显，风格变化昭然。变异与创新性远大于继承与连续性。 以中国为代表的东方服装文化深受传统东方文化的影响。强调线形和纹饰的抽象寓意表达，透露出一种含蓄美。林语堂先生曾有深切的领悟，他说：“中装与西装在哲学上的不同之点就是，后者已在显出人体的线形，而前者在意遮隐之。”这使得中装与西装的直观静态之美产生了根本上的差别。追本溯源，西洋服装从诞生之日起就冲满了激进的思想与吸收外来文化的大度，所以说西方服装文化是一种多源性的文化。它的文化源于古希腊，古罗马文化，受当时的绘画，雕塑等造型艺术的影响至深，其审美视觉历来重视立体的造型。在西方的服装史上，13世纪初期就已确立了立体三维的裁剪方法。而三维裁剪的发明和运用成为了东西方服装的分水岭，从此，西方服装变得立体，外形变得富于变化，同时尽可能得让造型体现体形美。而以中国为代表的东方文化以含蓄为美，以朦胧隐约，藏而不露给人委婉含蓄的审美感受，通过款式，布局，色彩，线条给人整体的和谐之美，大量采用刺绣，飘带，图案和其他的装饰手法，表达丰富的寓意与想象。可以说中国人对服饰重装饰之美，讲究与环境和谐；西方人对服装造型之美，讲究与环境对比。东方服饰重“意”，西方服饰重“形”；东方表达含蓄，西方表达鲜明。东西方服饰完全是两种不同文化的反映，因而服饰文化特色的风格形成与民族风俗，历史文化的渊源有着紧密地联系。可见服装是一种文化，中西服装文化由于发生的地理环境、气候条件不同，在发展的过程中历史积淀的内容不同，中西服装文化之间的内涵有着很大的差别。 但在服装发展历史的漫漫长河中，我们时不时地会看到东西方服装风格的融合，而这种融合往往会绽放出一种夺目的光芒，乃至影响到整个社会。时至今日，东西方服装风格融合的实例仍屡见不鲜。 “丝绸之路”的开辟使得来自遥远东方中国的精美丝绸传入了古罗马，这让古罗马的贵族爱不释手，贵妇们更是不惜花费昂贵的价格来达到自己追求时尚的目的。欧洲中世纪的拜占庭式服装，继承和发扬了古希腊，古罗马的文明和艺术风格，同时糅合了东方精美华丽的刺绣图案，以丝绸为贵，为尚。中国的陶瓷和园林艺术深深影响了18世纪欧洲的艺术风格——洛可可。那玲珑剔透，华丽雕琢的瓷器和园林建筑迎合了法国宫廷的审美情趣，被吸收融会于法国的艺术乃至欧洲的艺术中。尤其是中国陶瓷上的精描绘画，镶金嵌银，极尽曲线绕转之美的装饰，直接影响了洛可可艺术风格。这种风格不仅体现服装上，还体现在了建筑，绘画等艺术门类上。 1910年，俄国芭蕾舞团在巴黎的公演引发轰动，其色彩瑰丽，外形新颖的芭蕾舞衣，为服装设计开创了新局面。从而欧洲形成了一股东方热潮，设计师纷纷将中国，日本，俄罗斯和印度的设计特色与古希腊，古罗马的古典披垂式风格熔于一炉，创造出了美不胜收的各式服装。 上世纪60年，时装设计大师伊夫.圣.洛朗(Yves Saint Laurant)发表了“中国风”系列。涉及灵感来自清代官府中的凉帽和马褂。70年代，东西方服饰文化进一步互相撞击，互相融合，高级时装一统天下的时代宣告结束，时装朝着更加民主化，大众化，多样化，国际化的方向发展。日本设计大师高田贤三，三宅一生运用东方传统服装的平面裁剪，设计出不强调合体的曲线的宽松肥大的服装。这种非构筑式设计，与西方的构筑式窄衣结构截然不同，但在当时反体制思潮和石油冲击的大背景下，为世人提供了一种新的选择，抓住了消费的新契机。他们的设计很快广为流传，两位来自东方日本的时装大师从此登上巴黎时装乃至世界时装的舞台。 而就在去年，身着2004/2005秋冬Yves Saint Laurent Rive Gauche高级成衣的模特伴随着中国电影《花样年华》的背景音乐缓缓走来。各色鲜艳的仿旗袍式立领垫肩缎质套装、用蝴蝶系着盘扣子旗袍套长裤、龙纹云纹中国图腾、用缇花、织锦、刺绣等各种布料及编织技巧，展现极度奢艳亮丽的中国风情。如今闻名于世的美国设计师Tom Ford运用奢侈的中国风为YSL画下重量级的句号。 东西方服饰文化与着不同的优势和魅力，同时也存在着不足与偏颇。例如巴洛克，洛可可时期强调人体体形的紧身胸衣给女性身体的正常机能带来了严重的危害。而宽袍大袖始终贯穿于3000多年的中国服装史，时常给人以呆板，停滞不前，少有变化，创新的感觉。十分巧合的是，19世纪末20世纪初，东西方服装都发生了革命性的变革。在变革中，两者又有着相反的发展倾向。东方服装由松变紧，宽袍大袖吸收了西方三维的立体裁剪，使服装变得贴体，轻便，改良旗袍正是中西合璧最经典的完美体现；而西方则摒弃了造作，扭曲性的人体美，把女性从损害健康的紧身胸衣中解放出来。但相同的都是为了适应新的生活，东西方都改变了繁琐的装饰和累赘的服装结构。 由此可见，中国古代表达寓意的宽袍大袖，西方强调人体之美的服装造型两者并无绝对的孰优孰劣的对比。事实证明，将东方精美华丽的刺绣赋予西方立体合身的服装上展现出了耀眼的光彩。当今，世界各地的服装元素互相融合，互相碰撞是历史发展的必然趋势。作为将会从事于中国服装设计行业的我们，不仅要把握开放的时代契机，紧跟国际时尚潮流，更要努力保护，发扬中国服装的传统特色。让东方服装的寓意和西方服装的形体可以兼得且形态更加丰富多变，让将来的国际时尚舞台绽放出绚丽灿烂的中国光芒！

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.