numerous杂志

numerous杂志

楼上抛砖
我来引玉
The Times is a British daily national newspaper,first published in London in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register (it became The Times on 1 January 1788).The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times (founded in 1821) are published by Times Newspapers Limited,a subsidiary since 1981 of News International is in turn wholly owned by the News Corporation group,headed by Rupert Times had an average daily circulation in July 2011 of 441,205.[1]
The Times is the first newspaper to have born that name,lending it subsequently to numerous other papers around the world,such as The Times of India (1838),The Straits Times (1845),The New York Times (1851),The Irish Times (1859),the Los Angeles Times (1881),The Seattle Times (1891),The Daily Times (Malawi) (1900),and The Times (Malta) (1935).For distinguishing purposes it is therefore sometimes referred to,particularly in North America,as the 'London Times' or 'The Times of London'.[2][3]
The paper is also the originator of the ubiquitous Times Roman typeface,originally developed by Stanley Morison of The Times in collaboration with the Monotype Corporation for its legibility in low-tech printing.
The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years,but switched to compact size in 2004 partly in an attempt to appeal to younger readers and partly to appeal to commuters using public American edition has been published since 6 June 2006.[2]
Though traditionally a moderate newspaper and sometimes a supporter of the Conservatives,it supported the Labour Party in the 2001 and 2005 general elections.[4] In 2004,according to MORI,the voting intentions of its readership were 40% for the Conservative Party,29% for the Liberal Democrats,26% for Labour.[5]

请问记者彼得@阿内特的英文怎么写?????急!!

Peter Arnett
Peter Arnett(出生于1934)是一位新西兰出生新闻工作者。Arnett运作为全国地理杂志,和然后为电视。他是知名的为战争他的覆盖面,包括越南战争和海湾战争。他被授予了1966年普利策奖在国际报告为他的工作在越南,他是存在从1962年到1975年,多半时间报告为美联社通讯社。他变成了尊敬因为某人没有信任什么他没看见与他自己的观点。
1994年,Arnett写了活从战场:从越南向巴格达,35年在世界大战区域。

海湾战争
1999年Arnett工作了为CNN18年结束。在海湾战争期间他全世界变成了一个家喻户哓的事当他变成了唯一的记者以现场转播直接地从巴格达。与二位其它CNN新闻工作者,Bernard·Shaw和约翰·Holliman一起,Arnett带来了连续的覆盖面从巴格达战争(1991的1月17日)16个初期强烈的小时。即使40位外国新闻工作者当时是存在在AlRashid旅馆在巴格达,只有CNN拥有了手段通信对外部世界。其它新闻工作者非常很快离开伊拉克,包括二个CNN同事,左Peter Arnett作为单一记者余留那里。他的报告关于平民损伤由轰炸造成由联合战争管理很好未接受,由对条款的他们恒定的用途象聪明的炸弹和外科精确度设法设想图象平民受害者会是在极小值。在1月25日白宫说Arnett被使用了作为为伊拉克假情报的一个工具,然而CNN收到了一封信从34位议员指控Arnett不爱国的新闻事业。

战争开始,Arnett能获得与萨达姆·的一次未审查的采访侯赛因的星期以后。

海湾战争变成了第一战争被看见的真实地活在电视,并且Arnett是用许多方式单一球员报告从"对方当事人"五个星期的期间。

在1997年3月,Arnett能采访本·拉登,作为第一西部新闻工作者做如此。

婴孩牛奶工厂争论
Arnett的最有争议的报告的当中一个在海湾战争期间是一个报告关于怎样联合轰炸了一家婴孩牛奶工厂。在报告之后,空军发言人陈述的"许多来源表明,工厂同生物战生产联系在一起"。那天晚些时候,ColinPowell陈述"它是一种生物武器设施,那我们是肯定的"。白宫发言人细索Fitzwater陈述了",工厂是,实际上,生产设施为生物武器,"并且"伊拉克人掩藏了这种设施在婴孩牛奶生产之后门面作为假情报的形式。"粗暴做的手画标志读书"婴孩牛奶的"图象用英语和阿拉伯语在工厂前面,和实验室外套穿戴了在诉讼遏制被缝在读书"婴孩牛奶工厂伊拉克上写字"只被服务对更加进一步看法,据称平民目标由萨达姆·侯赛因简单地做看起来象那,并且Arnett由伊拉克政府欺骗了。标志看上去由伊拉克人增加了在摄像组到达了作为一种便宜的宣传会话策略之前。Newsweek称事件"ham-handed企图描述一个被轰炸的生物武器工厂在巴格达附近作为婴孩惯例工厂。"

Arnett保留了牢固。他游览了工厂在早先8月,和是迫切的,"任何其他它,它导致了婴儿惯例"。被描述作为是一个确实的堡垒由五角大楼,Arnett报告了看只一卫兵在门和很多搽粉的婴孩牛奶,陈述""尽量我能告诉您对此,"他仔细地补充说。"它看起来足够无辜从什么我们能看。"。

CNN摄像组被邀请游览这个工厂上1990年8月。他们录影了工作者穿新制服以在上写字在英国读书,"伊拉克婴孩牛奶厂。"通讯员,理查·Roth,是疑神疑鬼那时对工厂的真实性的和表达的疑义当他宣扬了他的报告。Arnett没有表达这样怀疑。

采访以后,帮助了修造它的工厂的法国承包商,Michel·Wery,1979年接受了他阐明的采访,工厂单一地生产婴孩牛奶当它开始了,并且未被装备养殖病原生物。1980年工厂,他说,关闭了当最后法国技术员工作为他的公司离开巴格达。没人从Wery的公司从那以后回来。Wery认为他听见了生产重新开始了在联合国禁运去年秋天放在适当的位置之后,但他怀疑是否那是可能的在10年的暂时平息以后。在工厂中是至少四次因为进行修理的二位牛奶店技术员;你象最近阐明,在访问期间1990年5月,说,这是所有正常牛奶店设备并且工厂实际上是罐装牛奶粉末。可疑制服缝实际上作为原始的制服的部分由法国人供应,并且英尺长度显示制服实际上被射击了在1990年8月。

一部分的问题在和解各种各样的美国和外国帐户是,政府官员认为他们由证券考虑强迫了从确切地显露怎么他们知道关于工厂。同时,新西兰技术员和法国建造者没有在工厂在5月以后,无法是肯定什么发生了在他们的离开以后。

白宫报告分流了此时。一位官员声称1990年工厂被转换了。另声称这是"备用"bioweapons设施,未被转换。三认为,这不是bioweapons设施,但是它使用使项目关键对bioweapons研究;所有三被要求的知情人信息。在一个机要备忘录从1992年12月,国务院雇员讨论工厂的问题和报告,没有暗藏的分庭或不适当的机械,并且看起来是一家完全正常工厂为生产搽粉的牛奶。

图象工厂进行了证券修改从5月1990年。在这些之中是伪装油漆在所有大厦在复合体,证券篱芭,和安置二个Sa2表面宣扬导弹电池。另外,伊拉克人声称他们得到搽粉的牛奶为工厂从Nestl3e,但是假的Nestl3e认为。他们说他们未提供产品给这个工厂。

ColinPowell基于总统一份简报每星期在工厂被轰炸了之前。Powell告诉了布什总统,情报根据从代理在伊拉克里面阐明,伊拉克人修改了工厂入一个生物武器工厂。

行动Tailwind
1998年Arnett叙述一个合资企业在CNN和时代杂志之间叫NewsStand,描述了什么他称"行动Tailwind。"报告认为1970年,美国陆军使用了沙林反对一个小组离开美国战士在老挝。在反应,五角大楼委任了其它报告抗辩CNN'随后缩回了故事在进行一次内部调查以后,并且一定数量的人负责对报告被解雇了或被迫使辞职。Arnett由他的雇主谴责了,并且他的合同未被更新。

采访在伊拉克
在任务为美国全国广播公司和全国地理,2003年Arnett去伊拉克报道美国入侵。在新闻会议那里他授予了一次采访国立伊拉克电视在2003年3月31日之后,他陈述了,"现在美国重新评估战场,延迟战争反对伊拉克,可能一个星期和重写战争计划。第一计划无法由于伊拉克抵抗。现在他们设法写其它计划。如此我们的报告关于平民受害者这里,关于伊拉克军队的抵抗,去回到美国。它帮助那些反对战争当您质询政策开发他们的论据。"

当Arnett的评论引起了抗议"火暴",美国全国广播公司最初地辩护了他,说他接受了采访作为专业礼貌和他的评论是"分析的在本质里"。一天以后,虽然,美国全国广播公司,MSNBC和全国地理所有被切断他们的与Arnett的关系。

以回应关于伊拉克电视的Arnett的声明,公司陈述,"它是错误为Arnett先生授予与state-controlled伊拉克人电视的一次采访,特别一次战争和它是错误使他讨论他的个人观察和看法。"Arnett反应了,"我愚笨的判断错误将度过十五分钟在与伊拉克television.I的一次即兴采访根本上说在那次采访什么我们全部知道战争,有是延迟在实施政策,那里是惊奇。"

那天晚些时候,Arnett由英国的小报报纸聘用了每日镜子,反对战争。他并且两三天以后被分配了到希腊电视频道网络电视,和比利时人VTM。

行情
Arnett引述一名美军官员在越南,当询问背景至于对重的火炮的使用反对一个小村庄。不管Arnett被做这或不是争执,因为官员在考虑中无法记住做声明:
"我们必须毁坏村庄为了储蓄它。"
当要求萨达姆·侯赛因如果他体会他由不让步犯了一个错误由科威特在联合,萨达姆的坚持被回答:
"我不后果的关心,阿拉是在我旁边在这奋斗中。"
当问2003年什么他打算做在被射击从美国全国广播公司以后:
"有一个小海岛,居住在南太平洋,我将设法游泳。"
外在链接
与Arnett的CNN采访,看后面沙漠风暴
Arnett在他的本·拉登采访
全国地理火Peter Arnett
2003年Arnett的有争议的评论CNN抄本被做
Washingtion岗位条款在2003采访
尝试Arnett为谋反,参议员说-条款在辛辛那提察问者
被解雇的CNN新闻工作者在Arnett解雇
公平:CNN's"Tailwind"和有选择性的媒介收缩

_________________________________________
PETER ARNETT
Peter Arnett is a New Zealand-born journalist. Arnett worked for National Geographic magazine, and then for television. He is well known for his coverage of war, including the Vietnam War and the Gulf War. He was awarded the 1966 Pulitzer Prize in International Reporting for his work in Vietnam, where he was present from 1962 to 1975, most of the time reporting for the Associated Press news agency. He became respected as someone who did not trust anything he had not seen with his own eyes.

In 1994, Arnett wrote Live from the Battlefield: From Vietnam to Baghdad, 35 Years in the World's War Zones.

The Gulf War
Arnett worked for CNN for 18 years ending in 1999. During the Gulf War he became a household name worldwide when he became the only reporter with live coverage directly from Baghdad. Together with two other CNN journalists, Bernard Shaw and John Holliman, Arnett brought continuous coverage from Baghdad for the 16 initial intense hours of the war . Even though 40 foreign journalists were present at the Al-Rashid Hotel in Baghdad at the time, only CNN possessed the means to communicate to the outside world. Very soon the other journalists left Iraq, including the two CNN colleagues, which left Peter Arnett as the sole reporter remaining there. His reports on civilian damages caused by the bombing were not received well by the coalition war administration, who by their constant use of terms like smart bombs and surgical precision had tried to project an image that civilian casualties would be at a minimum. On January 25 the White House said Arnett was used as a tool for Iraqi disinformation, while CNN received a letter from 34 Members of Congress accusing Arnett of unpatriotic journalism.

The week after that start of the war, Arnett was able to obtain an uncensored interview with Saddam Hussein.

The Gulf War became the first war seen truly live on TV, and Arnett was in many ways the sole player reporting from the "other side" for a period of five weeks.

In March 1997, Arnett was able to interview Osama bin Laden, as the first western journalist to do so.

The Baby Milk Factory Controversy
One of Arnett's most controversial reports during the Gulf War was a report on how the coalition had bombed a baby milk factory. Shortly after the report, an Air Force spokesman stated "Numerous sources have indicated that the factory is associated with biological warfare production". Later that day, Colin Powell stated "It was a biological weapons facility, of that we are sure". White House spokesman Marlin Fitzwater stated "That factory is, in fact, a production facility for biological weapons," and "The Iraqis have hidden this facility behind a facade of baby-milk production as a form of disinformation." The image of a crudely-made hand-painted sign reading "Baby Milk" in English and Arabic in front of the factory, and a lab coat dressed in a suit containing stitched lettering reading "BABY MILK PLANT IRAQ" only served to further the perception that purportedly civilian targets were simply being made to look like that by Saddam Hussein, and that Arnett was duped by the Iraqi government. The sign appeared to have been added by the Iraqis before the camera crews arrived as a cheap publicity ploy. Newsweek called the incident a "ham-handed attempt to depict a bombed-out biological-weapons plant near Baghdad as a baby-formula factory."

Arnett remained firm. He had toured the plant in the previous August, and was insistent that "Whatever else it did, it did produce infant formula". Described as being a veritable fortress by the Pentagon, Arnett reported seeing only one guard at the gate and a lot of powdered baby milk, stating ""That's as much as I could tell you about it," he added carefully. "It looked innocent enough from what we could see.".

A CNN camera crew had been invited to tour this plant last August 1990. They videotaped workers wearing new uniforms with lettering in English reading, "Iraq Baby Milk Plant." The correspondent, Richard Roth, was suspicious at that time and expressed doubts about the authenticity of the plant when he aired his report. Arnett expressed no such suspicions.

Interviewed later, the plant's French contractor who helped build it, Michel Wery, gave an interview in which he stated that the plant was producing solely baby milk when it started up in 1979, and was not equipped to breed pathogens. The plant closed in 1980, he said, when the last French technicians working for his company left Baghdad. No one from Wery’s company has been back since then. Wery said he had heard that production had restarted after the United Nations embargo put in place last fall, but he doubted whether that was possible after a 10-year lull. Two dairy technicians who had been in the plant at least four times since to make repairs; one stated that, during a visit as recent of May 1990, said that it was all normal dairy equipment and that the plant was actually canning milk powder. The suspicious uniform stitching was actually part of the original uniforms supplied by the French, and in fact the footage showing the uniforms was shot in August, 1990.

Part of the problem in reconciling the various U.S. and foreign accounts is that administration officials said they were constrained by security considerations from revealing exactly how they knew about the plant. At the same time, the New Zealand technicians and the French builder were not at the plant after May and cannot be certain of what happened after their departure.

White House reports diverged at this time. One official claimed that the plant was converted in 1990. Another claimed that it was a "backup" bioweapons facility, which had not yet been converted. A third said that it was not a bioweapons facility, but that it was used to make items crucial to bioweapons research; all three claimed insider information. In a confidential memo from December 1992, a State Department employee discussed the issue of the plant and reported that there were no hidden chambers or inappropriate machinery, and that it appeared to be a perfectly normal factory for producing powdered milk.

image The plant had undergone security modifications since May of 1990. Amongst these were camouflage paint on all buildings in the complex, a security fence, and the positioning of two SA-2 Surface to air missile batteries. In addition, the Iraqis had claimed that they were getting powdered milk for the plant from Nestlé, but Nestlé said that was false. They said they had supplied no products to this plant.

Colin Powell gave the president a briefing a week before the plant was bombed. Powell told President Bush that intelligence based from agents inside Iraq stated that the Iraqis had altered the plant into a biological weapons plant.

Operation Tailwind
In 1998 Arnett narrated a joint venture between CNN and Time Magazine called NewsStand, which described what he called "Operation Tailwind." The report said that the US Army had used Sarin against a group of deserting US soldiers in Laos in 1970. In response, The Pentagon commissioned another report contradicting CNN's. CNN subsequently retracted the story after conducting an internal investigation, and a number of the persons responsible for the report were fired or forced to resign. Arnett was reprimanded by his employer, and his contract was not renewed.

Interview in Iraq
On assignment for NBC and National Geographic, Arnett went to Iraq in 2003 to cover the U.S. invasion. After a press meeting there he granted an interview to state-run Iraq TV on March 31, 2003, in which he stated, "Now America is reappraising the battlefield, delaying the war against Iraq, maybe a week and rewriting the war plan. The first plan has failed because of Iraqi resistance. Now they are trying to write another plan. So our reports about civilian casualties here, about the resistance of the Iraqi forces, are going back to the United States. It helps those who oppose the war when you challenge the policy to develop their arguments."

When Arnett's remarks sparked a "firestorm of protest", NBC initially defended him, saying he had given the interview as a professional courtesy and that his remarks were "analytical in nature". A day later, though, NBC, MSNBC and National Geographic all severed their relationships with Arnett.

In response to Arnett's statement on Iraqi TV, the corporation stated, "It was wrong for Mr. Arnett to grant an interview with state-controlled Iraqi TV, especially at a time of war and it was wrong for him to discuss his personal observations and opinions." Arnett responded, "My stupid misjudgment was to spend fifteen minutes in an impromptu interview with Iraqi television.I said in that interview essentially what we all know about the war, that there have been delays in implementing policy, there have been surprises."

Later that day, Arnett was hired by the British tabloid newspaper the Daily Mirror, which opposed the war. A couple of days later he was also assigned to Greek television channel NET television, and Belgian VTM.

Quotes
Arnett quoting a U.S. army officer in Vietnam, when asked about the background for the use of much heavy artillery against a small village. Whether Arnett made this up or not is disputed, as the officer in question cannot remember making the statement:
"We had to destroy the village in order to save it."
When asking Saddam Hussein if he realized he had made a mistake by not withdrawing from Kuwait at the insistence of the coalition, Saddam answered:
"I don't care of the consequences, Allah is beside me in this struggle."
When asked what he intended to do after being fired from NBC in 2003:
"There's a small island, inhabited in the South Pacific, that I will try to swim to."

关于初一英语书那的edison

爱迪生简介：

爱迪生(1847-1931)

托马斯·阿尔瓦·爱迪生(Thomas Alva Edison)是位举世闻名的美国电学家和发明家，他除了在留声机、电灯、电话、电报、电影等方面的发明和贡献以外，在矿业、建筑业、化工等领域也有不少著名的创造和真知灼见。爱迪生一生共有约两千项创造发明，为人类的文明和进步作出了巨大的贡献。

爱迪生于1847年2月11日诞生于美国中西部的俄亥俄州的米兰小市镇。父亲是荷兰人的后裔，母亲曾当过小学教师，是苏格兰人的后裔。爱迪生7岁时，父亲经营屋瓦生意亏本，将全家搬到密歇根州休伦北郊的格拉蒂奥特堡定居下来。搬到这里不久，爱迪生就患了猩红热，病了很长时间，人们认为这种疾病是造成他耳聋的原因。爱迪生8岁上学，但仅仅读了三个月的书，就被老师斥为“低能儿”而撵出校门。从此以后，他的母亲是他的“家庭教师”。

由于母亲的良好的教育方法，使得他对读书发生了浓厚的兴趣。“他不仅博览群书，而且一目十行，过目成诵”。8岁时，他读了英国文艺复兴时期最重要的剧作家莎士比亚、狄更斯的著作和许多重要的历史书籍，到9岁时，他能迅速读懂难度较大的书，如帕克的《自然与实验哲学》。10岁时酷爱化学。11岁那年，他实验了他的第一份电报。为了赚钱购买化学药品和设备，他开始了工作。12岁的时候，他获得列车上售报的工作，辗转于休伦港和密歇根州的底特律之间。他一边卖报，一边兼做水果、蔬菜生意，只要有空他就到图书馆看书。他买了一架旧印刷机，开始出版自己的周刊——《先驱报》，第一期周刊就是在列车上印刷的。他用所挣得的钱在行李车上建立了一个化学实验室。不幸有一次化学药品着火，他连同他的设备全被扔出车外。另外有一次，当爱迪生正力图登上一列货运列车时，一个列车员抓住他的两只耳朵助他上车。这一行动导致了爱迪生成为终身聋子。

1862年8月，爱迪生以大无畏的英雄气魄救出了一个在火车轨道上即将遇难的男孩。孩子的父亲对此感恩戴德，但由于无钱可以酬报，愿意教他电报技术。从此，爱迪生便和这个神秘的电的新世界发生了关系，踏上了科学的征途。

1863年，爱迪生担任大干线铁路斯特拉福特枢纽站电信报务员。从1864年至1867年，在中西部各地担任报务员，过着类似流浪的生活。足迹所至，包括斯特拉福特、艾德里安、韦恩堡、印第安那波利斯、辛辛那提、那什维尔、田纳西、孟斐斯、路易斯维尔、休伦等地。

1868年，爱迪生以报务员的身份来到了波士顿。同年，他获得了第一项发明专利权。这是一台自动记录投票数的装置。爱迪生认为这台装置会加快国会的工作，它会受到欢迎的。然而，一位国会议员告诉他说，他们无意加快议程，有的时候慢慢地投票是出于政治上的需要。从此以后，爱迪生决定，再也不搞人们不需要的任何发明。

1869年6月初，他来到纽约寻找工作。当他在一家经纪人办公室等候召见时，一台电报机坏了。爱迪生是那里唯一的一个能修好电报机的人，于是他谋得了一个比他预期的更好的工作。10月他与波普一起成立一个“波普——爱迪生公司”，专门经营电气工程的科学仪器。在这里，他发明了“爱迪生普用印刷机”。他把这台印刷机献给华尔街一家大公司的经理，本想索价5000美元，但又缺乏勇气说出口来。于是他让经理给个价钱，而经理给了4万美元。

爱迪生用这笔钱在新泽西州纽瓦克市的沃德街建了一座工厂，专门制造各种电气机械。他通宵达旦地工作。他培养出许多能干的助手，同时，也巧遇了勤快的玛丽，他未来的第一个新娘。在纽瓦克，他做出了诸如蜡纸、油印机等的发明，从1872至1875年，爱迪生先后发明了二重、四重电报机，还协助别人搞成了世界上第一架英文打字机。

1876年春天，爱迪生又一次迁居，这次他迁到了新泽西州的“门罗公园”。他在这里建造了第一所“发明工厂”，它“标志着集体研究的开端”。1877年，爱迪生改进了早期由贝尔发明的电话，并使之投入了实际使用。他还发明了他心爱的一个项目——留声机。电话和电报“是扩展人类感官功能的一次革命”；留声机是改变人们生活的三大发明之一，“从发明的想象力来看，这是他极为重大的发明成就”。到这个时候，人们都称他为“门罗公园的魔术师”。

爱迪生在发明留声机的同时，经历无数次失败后终于对电灯的研究取得了突破，1879年10月22日，爱迪生点燃了第一盏真正有广泛实用价值的电灯。为了延长灯丝的寿命，他又重新试验，大约试用了6000多种纤维材料，才找到了新的发光体——日本竹丝，可持续1000多小时，达到了耐用的目的。从某一方面来说，这一发明是爱迪生一生中达到的登峰造极的成就。接着，他又创造一种供电系统，使远处的灯具能从中心发电站配电，这是一项重大的工艺成就。

他在纯科学上第一个发现出现于1883年。试验电灯时，他观察到他称之为爱迪生效应的现象：在点亮的灯泡内有电荷从热灯丝经过空间到达冷板。爱迪生在1884年申请了这项发现的专利，但并未进一步研究。而旁的科学家利用爱迪生效应发展了电子工业，尤其是无线电和电视。

爱迪生又企图为眼睛做出留声机为耳朵做出的事，电影摄影机即产生于此。使用一条乔治伊斯曼新发明的赛璐珞胶片，他拍下一系列照片，将它们迅速地、连续地放映到幕布上，产生出运动的幻觉。他第一次在实验室里试验电影是在1889年，1891年申请了专利。1903年，他的公司摄制了第一部故事片“列车抢劫”。爱迪生为电影业的组建和标准化做了大量工作。

1887年爱迪生把他的实验室迁往西奥兰治以后，为了他的多种发明制成产品和推销，他创办了许多商业性公司；这些公司后来合并为爱迪生通用电气公司，后又称为通用电气公司。此后，他的兴趣又转到荧光学、矿石捣碎机、铁的磁离法、蓄电池和铁路信号装置上。

第一次世界大战期间，他研制出鱼雷机械装置、喷火器和水底潜望镜。

1929年10月21日，在电灯发明50周年的时候，人们为爱迪生举行了盛大的庆祝会，德国的爱因斯坦和法国的居里夫人等著名科学家纷纷向他祝贺。不幸的是，就在这次庆祝大会上，当爱迪生致答辞的时候，由于过分激动，他突然昏厥过去。从此，他的身体每况愈下。1931年10月18日，这位为人类作过伟大贡献的科学家因病逝世，终年84岁。

爱迪生的文化程度极低，对人类的贡献却这么巨大，这里的“秘诀”是什么呢？他除了有一颗好奇的心，一种亲自试验的本能，就是他具有超乎常人的艰苦工作的无穷精力和果敢精神。当有人称爱迪生是个“天才”时，他却解释说：“天才就是百分之二的灵感加上百分之九十八的汗水。”他在“发明工厂”，把许多不同专业的人组织起来，里面有科学家、工程师、技术人员、工人共100多人，爱迪生的许多重大发明就是靠这个集体的力量才获得成功的。他的成就主要归功于他的勤奋和创造性才能以及集体的力量，此外，他的妻子也曾起了相当重要的作用。
爱迪生的发明 创造年表：

1868年10月11日发明“投票计数器”，获得生平第一项专利权。

1869年10月与友人合设“波普——爱迪生公司”。

1870年发明普用印刷机，出让专利权，获4万美元。在纽约克自设制造厂。

1872—1876年发明电动画机电报，自动复记电报法，二重、四重电报法，制造蜡纸炭质电阻器等。

1875年发明声波分析谐振器。

1876年在新泽西州的门罗公园建立了一个实验室——第一个工业研究实验室。它是现代的“研究小组”这一概念的创始。发明碳精棒送话器。申请电报自动记录机专利。

1877年在门罗公园改进了早期由贝尔发明的电话，并使之投入了实际使用。获得三项专利：穿孔笔、气动铁笔和普通铁笔。8月20日发明了被证实为爱迪生心爱的一个项目——留声机。

1878年爱迪生宣称要解决电照明的问题。英国皇家学会举办留声机展览。改良留声机，设计微音器，扩音器，空中扬声器，声音发动机，调音发动机，微热计，验味计等。2月19日获留声机专利。7月与宾夕法尼亚大学派克教授赴怀俄明观察日全蚀，并用他发明的气温计测量太阳周围全体的温度。8月返回门罗公园，重新投入科研实验当中。英国批准爱迪生“录放机”专利申请。9月访问康涅狄克州的威廉·华莱士。开始进行发明电灯的研究。10月5日提出等一份关于铂丝“电灯”的专利申请。

1879—1880年经数千次的挫折发明高阻力白炽灯。改良发电机。设计电流新分布法，电路的调准和计算法。发明电灯座和开关。发明磁力析矿法。

1879年8月30日爱迪生和贝尔在萨拉托加溪市的市政厅各自演示了电话装置，结果爱迪生的电话比贝尔的清晰。10月21日发明高阻力白炽灯，它连续点燃了40个小时。11月1日申请碳丝灯专利。12月21日《纽约快报》报道了爱迪生的白炽电灯。12月25日对来自纽约市的3000名参观者在门罗公园作公开电灯表演。

1880年研究直升机。获得电灯发明专利权。制成磁力筛矿器。1月28日提出“电力输配系统”专利书。2月18日《斯克立柏月刊》发表了《爱迪生的电灯》一文，正式发表了电灯的发明。5月第一艘由电灯照明的“哥伦比亚号”轮船试航成功。

12月成立纽约爱迪生电力照明公司。

1881纽约第五大街总部设立。成立一个白炽灯厂于纽约克。设立发电机，地下电线，电灯零件的制造厂。在门罗公园试验电车。

1882发明电流三线分布制。申请专利141项。9月4日成立第一所中央厂。12月底美国各地建立了150多个小电站。

1885年5月23日提出无线电报专利。

1887—1890年改良圆筒式留声机，取得关于留声机的专利权80余份。经营留声机，唱片，授语机等制造和发售事业。

1888年发明唱筒型留声机。

1889年参加巴黎百年博览会。发明电气铁道多种。完成活动电影机。

1890—1899年设计大型碎石机，研磨机。在奥格登矿地亲自指挥用新方法大规模开发铁矿。

1891年发明“爱迪生选矿机”，开始自行经营采矿事业。获得“活动电影放映机”专利。5月20日第一台成功的活动电影视镜在新泽西州西奥兰治的爱迪生实验室向公众展示。

1893年爱迪生实验室的庭院里建立起世界上第一座电影“摄影棚”。

1894年4月14日在纽约开辟第一家活动电影放映机影院。

1896年年4月23日第一次在纽约的科斯特—拜厄尔的音乐堂使用“维太放映机”放映影片，受到公众热烈欢迎。

1902年使用新型蓄电池作车辆动力的试验，行程为5000英里，每充一次电，可走100英里，获得成功。

1903年爱迪生的公司摄制了第一部故事片《列车抢劫》。

1909年费时十年，蓄电池的研究，终于成功。制成传真电报。获得原料机、加细碾机、长窑设计专利。

1910—1914年完成圆盘式留声机，不损唱片和金钢石唱片。完成有声电影机。

1910年发明“圆盘唱片”。

1912年发明“有声电影”。研制成传语留声机。

1914—1915年发明石碳酸综合制造法，并合留声机和授语机为远写机，一方电话机可自动纪录对方说话。自行制造苯、靛油等。

1915—1918年完成发明39件之多，其中最著名的是鱼雷机械装置，喷火器和水底潜望镜等。

1927年完成长时间唱片。

1928年从野草中提炼橡胶成功。
爱迪生(Thomas Alva Edison 1847～1931)美国著名的发明家、企业家。
1847年2月11日诞生于美国俄亥俄州米兰镇的一个农民家庭。8岁进学校读书，只学习了三个月，就不得不退学回家，由当过乡村教师的母亲、辅导他自学。12岁时，家庭生活困难，开始在列车上卖报，16岁时发明了自动定时发报机，之后不断有发明问世，一生中共完成2000多项发明，1928年被授与美国国会金质特别奖章。1931年10月18日，爱迪生在西奥伦治逝世，终年84岁，1931年10月21日，全美国熄灯以示哀悼。 科学成就

爱迪生是一位闻名世界的伟大发明家。他一生的发明在世界上是无与伦比的。爱迪生的主要贡献有：
1．爱迪生在科学技术中最重大的贡献是发明了留声机和白炽电灯。今天，我们很难想象生活中可以没有电——无法开亮一盏灯，听唱片，去电影院，或给某人打个电话。然而，所有这些我们认为理所当然的事情，全都是一个人实用的发明创造的结果——他就是托马斯·爱迪生。在爱迪生之前，马路上，居室里，工厂里，都只能使用靠手工点燃的昏昏蒙蒙的煤气灯。夜幕一降，工厂纷纷关门。电或者电话并不是爱迪生发明的。但是他那种实用性的发明和改进把电和电话的用途推向了每一个角落.爱迪生也许是有史以来最伟大的发明家，他开现代世界技术革新之先河。这位不知疲倦的发明家把我们从蒸气时代带入了20世纪。

2．爱迪生还在电影、有轨电车、矿业、建筑以及兵器等方面，有许多著名的发明创造。

3．爱迪生还在一个真空灯泡里观察到热电子发射现象，后人把它称做“爱迪生效应”，热电子发射的发现，为研制电子管奠定了基础

大事年表
1847年 2月11日，托马斯·艾尔瓦·爱迪生出生于美国俄亥俄州米兰镇
1854年 爱迪生全家迁往密歇根的休伦港。不久爱迪生得了猩红热，病情严重。这场大病成为他后来耳聋的主要病因。
1855年 爱迪生在英格尔学校读了3个月的书。
1859年 12岁的爱迪生成为休伦港一底特律火车上的报童。
1861年 美国南北战争爆发
1862年 希洛之战；爱迪生用电报使报道战斗消息的报纸畅销
1863年 16岁的爱迪生成为报务员，后来的几年里四处浪游，做报务工作
1868年 爱迪生到达波士顿，在西方联合电报公司找到一份工作。他申请第一项专利（表决器），报务员同业杂志上刊登了他的双向电报机的消息。
1869年 1月，爱迪生成为自由发明人。他申请第二项专利，改进的股票行情自动收录器。
4月，双向电报机试验失败。
10月，爱迪生与电气工程师富兰克林·L·波普建立合伙企业。
1871年 爱迪生在新泽西州的纽瓦克开设了门市部。
12月，托马斯·爱迪生与玛丽·斯迪威尔结婚。

1874年 爱迪生成功地制造了多路电报系统，四重传输系统，可以通过单一线路在两个方向同时传输两个信息。
1876年 1月，爱迪生开始在新泽西州的蒙罗园建造新的实验室，并在不久之后搬了进去
3月，亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔获得他新发明的电话的专利权
1877年 1月，爱迪生开始研究炭精电话送话器。
11月，爱迪生使用灯黑对炭精送话器的效果作了重大改进。
12月，爱迪生发明了留声机

1878年 爱迪生开始研究电灯和输电系统
1879年 夏季，“低腰身的玛丽·安”发电机设计完成。 1879年 10月，爱迪生发现，将炭化棉线作灯丝，装进高度真空的玻璃灯泡里，会持续发亮好多小时才被烧坏。
1880年 一辆电动火车建成，并在蒙罗园投入使用。
1881年 爱迪生离开蒙罗园，重回纽约。
1882年 爱迪生在研究电灯的同时，注意到灯泡内部有一些黑色沉积点，“爱迪生效应”的第一个证明。
2月4日，纽约珍珠街上的发电站启动
1884年 爱迪生的妻子玛丽去世
1886年 托马斯·爱迪生与米娜·米勒结婚，并与她一起在“格兰蒙特”——新泽西奥兰治谷的一座大庄园里定居。
1887年 爱迪生开始改进留声机的研究；并在西奥兰治建造了一座新的实验室
1888年 爱迪生救活了一家始建于70年代的铁矿石处理公司。
在此后的几年里，他购买了新泽西大片有铁矿的土地，开办了一家矿产加工厂和一座矿场。
1891年 爱迪生在美国为他的“活动物体的连续照片放映机”申请了专利。 [
1899年 爱迪生开始研究电动汽车的蓄电池。

1900年 爱迪生对铁矿石处理的研究最终停止。
1902年 爱迪生成功地开办了一家水泥制品厂。（他从这项生意中发展出筑路和房屋建造工程。）
1912年 爱迪生开始为福特公司的T型汽车设计电气自动起动器，T型汽车取代了市场上的电动汽车。
1914—1918年 第一次世界大战爆发，爱迪生把大量的时间花在美国海军的科学发展上。
1927年 爱迪生在佛罗里达建立了一座实验室，研究国产橡胶资源，用以取代通常的马来亚产品。
1931年 8月，爱迪生心力交瘁，被诊断为患了重病。
10月18日，托马斯·艾尔瓦·爱迪生去世，终年84岁。
10月21日，全美国熄灯以示哀悼。

Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor, scientist and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" (now Edison, New Jersey) by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large teamwork to the process of invention, and therefore is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.

Edison is considered one of the most prolific inventors in history, holding 1,093 U.S. patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France and Germany. He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his early career as a telegraph operator. Edison originated the concept and implementation of electric-power generation and distribution to homes, businesses, and factories – a crucial development in the modern industrialized world. His first power station was on Manhattan Island, New York.

英语中名词的概念以及用法

名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：
1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。
2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。
3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。
4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：
名词 专有名词 不可数名词
普通名词 物质名词
抽象名词
集体名词
可数名词
个体名词

1.1 名词复数的规则变化
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
一般情况 加 -s 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps
浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches
以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies

1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化
1） 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。例如：
two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
2） 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes。
3） 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs；
b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。

1.3 名词复数的不规则变化
1） child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意：由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
2） 单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。
3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如：
people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
4） 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。
b. news 为不可数名词。
c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5） 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜） trousers, clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair（对，双）; suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼。

1.4 不可数名词量的表示
1）物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。
比较：Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 （不可数）
These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 （可数）
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数。例如：
This factory produces steel. （不可数）
We need various steels. （可数）
c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。例如：
Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。
Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
2） 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如：
four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一则建议。

5. 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
1) 1) 用复数作定语。例如：
sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室
talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系
2） man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如：
men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
3） 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。例如：
goods train （货车） arms produce 武器生产
customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷
4） 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如：
two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路
two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划

1.6 不同国籍人的单复数
国籍 总称（谓语用复数） 单数 复数
中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese
瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亚人 the Australians an Australian two Australians
俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians
希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美国人 the Americans an American two Americans
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans
英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes

1.7 名词的格
英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：
1） 单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。
2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加" ' "，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。
3） 凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。
4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。
5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。例如：
John's and Mary's rooms（两间） John and Mary's room（一间）
6） 复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如：a month or two's absence

1.8 练习
1. was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_______.
a． a． little wage b. few wage c. wage d. wages
2. of the houses in the village were burnt to ______ during the war.
a. a. an ash b. the ash c. ash d. ashes
3. students at colleges or universities are making ______ for the coming New Year.
a. a. many preparations b. much preparation c. preparations d. preparation
4. ng in _____ is one of their spare-time activities.
a. a. oil b. an oil c. oils d. the oil
5. the view of the foreign experts, there wasn't ____ oil here.
a. a. much b. lots of b. a great deal of d. many
large houses are being painted, but ______.
a. of great expense b. at a great expense c. in a lot of expenses d. by high expense
7. room was small and contained far too ______.
a. new furniture b. much new furnitures new furniture d. many new furnitures
8. was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______.
a. rooms number b. room number c. room's numbers d. room numbers
ers can do ______ work in a short time, but a man can not do ______ by himself.
a great many…many b. much…a great deal c. a great deal of…much d. many…a great many
10. didn't know _____ he had been given.
a. a. how many information b. how many informations c. the number of information d. how much information
11. invited all of his ______ to join his wedding party.
a. comrade-in-arms b. comrades-in-arm c. comrades-in-arms d. comrade-in-arm
12. the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month.
a. women doctors b. woman doctors c. women doctor d. woman doctor
13. ten years, all these youngsters became_____.
a. growns-ups b. growns-up c. grown-up d. grown-ups
14. police investigated those _____ about the accident.
a. stander-by b. standers-by c. stander-bys d. standers-bys
15. Nazi kept those ______ in their concentration camp.
a. prisoner-of-wars b. prisoners-of-war c. prisoners-of-wars d. prisoner-of-war
16. manager was greatly appreciate that _____ made by Linda lately.
a. new reel b. news reel c. new-reels d. news reels
17. 's dress is similar in appearance to her ______.
a. elder sister b. elder sister's c. elder sisters d. elder sisters dress
18. the people at the conference are ______.
a. mathematic teachers b. mathematics teacher atics teachers d. mathematic's teachers
sor Mackay told us that ______ of lead are its softness and its resistance.
a. a. some property b. properties c. some properties d. property
20. s _____ with matter and motion.
a. a. deal b. deals c. dealing d. are
21. has written several books, but his last works _____ well known among his friends.
a. a. have b. have been c. is d. are
22. he checked up my ______ heart, the doctor advised him to rest for a few days.
a. a. father-in-law's c. father's-in-law b. b. father-in-law d. father's-in-law's
23. told me _____ would come to his birthday party.
a. a. many Jack friends c. many Jack's friend
b. b. Jack's many friends d. many friends of Jack's
24. 24.I had my hair cut at the _____ around the corner.
a. b. barbers c. barber's d. barbers'
25. day evening we had a lovely evening at ______.
a. a. Peter and Helen's c. Peter and Helen
b. b. Peter and Helens d. Peter's and Helen's
26. 26.______ receives only a small portion of the total amount of the sun's energy.
a. a. The earth's surface c. The surface of earth
b. b. The surface earth d. The earth surface
27. us materials are available to ______.
a. a. today of designers c. today's of designers
b. b. today's designers d. today designers
28. did you speak to Peter that way? Don't you know he is an old friend of ______?
a. a. my brother b. my brothers c. my brother's d. my brother's friend
29. 29.______ is a well-informed man. He can tell you anything you want to know.
a. a. This John's old friend c. That's Jahn's old friend
b. b. This old friend of John d. This old friend of John's
30. 30.______ is too much for a little boy to carry.
a. a.A bike's weight c. The weight of a bike
b. weights of a bike d. Bile's weight
31. lly there are ______ television programs for children on Saturday.
a. a. little b. much c. a large number of d. a large amount of
32. they got to the lecture-room, there were ______ left.
a. a. only few seats b. a very few seats c. only a few seats d. so a few seats
33. 33.______ travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the envelope.
a. a. A little mail b. A piece of mail c. A mail d. A small mail
34. Department purchased ______ to improve the working conditions there.
a. a. a new equipment c. new equipments
b. b. a new piece of equipment d. new pieces of equipments
35. boy tried hard but there has been ______ in his work.
a. a. little improvement c. many improvements
b. b. a little improvement d. few improvements
36. 's modern TV cameras require ______ light as compared with the earlier models.
a. a. only a few b. only few c. only a little d. only little
37. country can afford to neglect ______.
a. a. an education b. educations c. education d. the education
38. write the answers to the questions at the end of ______.
a. a. eighth chapter b. chapter eight c. eight chapter d. chapter the eight
39. 39.______ is only surpassed by that of monkeys' and apes'.
a. a. The intelligent dog c. The intelligence of dogs
b. b. The dogs whose intelligence d. The dogs being intelligent
40. ______ must take the graduate Management Admission Test.
a. a. business student b. business's students c. business students d. business's student
41. 41.______ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself.
a. a. Three minutes call c. A three-minutes call
b. b. Three-minute call d. A three-minute call
42. ______ about nuclear energy revolves around the waste problem.
a. a. public's chief concern c. chief public concern
b. b. public chief concern d. chief concern of public's
43. 43.______ the first and largest ethnic group to work on the construction of the transcontinental railroad.
a. Chinese were b. The Chinese was c. Chinese was d. The Chinese were
44. 44.______ can get a better view of the game than the participants.
a. a. Looker-on b. Lookers-on c. Looker-ons c. Lookers-ons
45. 45.A group of spectators was dispersed by the police who ______ at the scene of the accidents within minutes.
a. a. were b. have been c. was d. has been
46. livestock ______ not as numerous as they used to be.
a. a. is b. are c. be d. been
47. of the most surprising things is that ______ may come from petroleum.
a. a. much of tomorrow food c. many of tomorrow's food
b. b. much of the food of tomorrow d. much of tomorrow's food
48. is an orphan but he received ______.
a. a. very good education c. a very good education
b. b. very good educations d. many good educations
49. several day's hardworking, we have made ______ on the design.
a. a. much improvement c. many improvement
b. b. several improvements d. some improvement
50. boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a ______ yesterday.
a. a. shoes shop b. shoe shop c. shoes's shop d. shoe's
51. , though nourishing, have ______ of fat content.
a. a. large number b. a large number c. a high amount d. the high amount
52. has done some ______ on that subject from various angles over the past ten years.
a. a. research b. a research c. researches d. the researches
53. ly, he has lost all his ______.
a. a. wage and saving at card c. wages and saving at card
b. b. wages and savings at card d. wages and savings at cards
54. country's wealth comes chiefly from its many ______.
a. a. herd of cattle b. heard of cattles c. herds of cattle d. herds of cattles
55. Britain the ______ are all painted red.
a. a. letter boxes b. letters box c. letters boxes d. letters's box
56. years had passed. I found she had ______.
a. a. a little white hair c. a few white hair
b. b. some white hair d. much white hair
57. his ______ far from satisfaction
a. a. conduct is b. conduct are c. conducts is d. conducts will be
58. gh the town had been attacked by the storm several times, ______ was done.
a. a. a few damages b. few damages c. little damage d. a little damage
59. was ______ what to do.
a. a. at his wit end b. at his wits end c. at his wit's end d. at his wits's end
60. you like to have a cup of tea and ______ with me?
a two toasts b. two pieces of toast c. two piece of toasts d. tow pieces of toasts
61. te ______ covering the fact are not obtainable.
a. a. datum b. datums c. data d. datas
62. Monday morning some teachers exchanged a few ______.
a. a. how-are-yous c. how-are-you's
b. b. of how-are-you's d. of how are you
63. said he met the girl ______
a. a. at his uncle's Smith room c. at his uncle Smith's room
b. b. at Smith's his uncle's room d. at the room of his uncle's Smith's
64. is four months since I last saw Keats ______.
a. a. at Mrt Smith's ,the book seller c. at my aunt's, a book seller
b. b. at my aunt's, Mrs Palmer's d. at Mrs Palmer's, the book seller's
65. room is ______.
a. a. the editor's-in-chief's office c. the editor-in-chief's office
b. b. the editor-in-chief office d. the editor's-in-chief office
66. old classmate, Comrade Sun ,works at ______.
a. a. a teacher college c. a teacher's college
b. b. a teachers's college d. a college of a teacher's
67. policemen put the criminal ______.
a. a. in a iron b. into a iron c. in irons d. into a pair of iron
68. teacher gave me ______.
a. a. an advice b. the advice c. many advice d. much advice
69. mother cut the cloth with ______ scissors.
a. a. a b. two c. a couple of d. a pair of
house is within ______ from the railway station.
a. a stone's throw b. a throw of a stone c. stone's throw d. the stone's throw
名词练习答案
1 D 15 B 29 D 43 D 57 A
2 D 16 B 30 B 44 B 58 C
3 C 17 B 31 C 45 A 59 D
4 C 18 C 32 C 46 B 60 B
5 A 19 C 33 B 47 D 61 C
6 C 20 B 34 C 48 B 62 B
7 A 21 C 35 A 49 C 63 B
8 D 22 A 36 C 50 B 64 D
9 C 23 D 37 C 51 C 65 B
10 D 24 C 38 B 52 A 66 C
11 C 25 A 39 B 53 D 67 C
12 A 26 A 40 C 54 C 68 D
13 D 27 C 41 D 55 A 69 D
14 B 28 C 42 A 56 D 70 A

名词(II)
一、 名词的种类
名词是所有事物的名称，包括人、物及抽象概念。名词分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。
1 普通名词
普通名词是某类人、事件、物体和抽象概念的名称。根据其所指代物体的特征，普通名词又可分为以下四类：
A． 个体名词 表示人或物体中可以数清的单个体。如：student（学生）、pen（钢笔）、bird（鸟）等。
B． 集体名词 （即集合名词）表示由个体组成的集合体。如people（人民）、police（警察）、family（家庭）等。
C． 物质名词 表示构成物体物质的不可数名词，或表示无法分为个体的物质的名词。如water（水）、air（空气）、wood（木头）等。
D． 抽象名词 表示动作、状态、品质、情感等非具体化的抽象概念。如work（工作）、peace（和平）、love（爱）等。
2 专有名词
专有名词是某些人、事物、机构、组织等特有的名称。主要包括：人名、地名、国名、党派名称等。如：Churchill（丘吉尔）、Tokyo（东京）、China（中国）、the Communist Party of China（中国共产党）等。
二、名词的性
名词按其所表达的物体的自然性别可以分为四类。
1 阴性名词
表示女性或雌性动物的名词。如woman（女人）、hostess（女主人）、cow（母牛）等。
2 阳性名词
表示男性或雄性动物的名词。如man（男人）、host（男主人）、bull（公牛）等。
3 中性名词
表示物体和抽象概念的名词。如radio（收音机）、love（爱）、tree（树）、friend（朋友）等。
4 通性名词
多数英语名词不分性，这类名词特指人类、适用于男性和女性组成的小群体或男性、女性个体。如parents（父母）、couple（夫妇）、children（孩子们）、child（孩子）、person（一个人）等。
三、名词的数
名词分可数名词和不可数名词
1 可数名词
个体名词都是可数名词。每个可数名词都有其单数和复数形式。
A. 单数 表示"一个"的概念。用名词的单数时，名词前需加 a 或 an。如 a book（一本书）、a river（一条河）、an apple（一个苹果）、an orange（一个橘子）等。
B. 复数 表示两个或两个以上的物体。如two pens（两枝钢笔）、three days（三天）、three cities（三个城市）等。
复数形式的构成有两种：规则名词复数形式的构成和不规则名词复数形式的构成。具体见下表。
规则名词复数形式的构成
词形特点 变为复数形式的构成方法 例 词
大多数名词 在词尾加-s。（在清辅音后读[s]，在浊辅音及元音后读[z]。） cat--catsbag--bagsday--days
以 s、x、ch、sh 结尾的名词 在词尾加 -es, 读作[iz]。 class--classesmatch--matches
以辅音字母 + y 结尾的名词 把 y 变成 i , 加 -es, 读作[iz] city--cities
但专有名词例外，直接在 y后加-s, 读作[z] Germany--Germanys
以辅音字母 + o 结尾的名词 一般直接加 -es , 读作[z]; 某些外来词例外，加 -s （如 zero, kilo, tobacco 等） tomato--tomatoesphoto--photospiano--pianos
以元音字母 + o 结尾的名词 直接加 -s, 但读作[z] zoo--zoosradio--radios
以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词 有的直接加 -s, 读作[z] roof--roofs
大多数要将 f 或 fe 变为 v, 再加-es,读作[z] leaf--leaveswife--wives
有些词两种形式者可以 handkerchief--handkerchiefs--handkerchieves
不规则名词复数形式的构成
复数形式的构成特点 例 词
通过改变词内元音字母 man--men foot--feettooth--teeth mouse--mice（老鼠）
通过在词尾加-en ox--oxen（牛） child--children
单复数形式相同 a sheep--two sheepa deer--two deer（鹿）a Chinese--two Chinese（中国人）
外来词保持其原有的复数形式 crisis--crises（危机） basis--bases（基础）phenomenon--phenomena（现象）
复合名词复数形式的构成
词的构成特点 变复数的方法 例 词
由若干