Report on the Survey on the Condition of xx
We have just conducted a systematic survey on the condition of xx, and I am writing a report on what we have found.
The survey is based on a case study of mass samples. We took 100 typical xx into consideration, carried out a comparative study, and then arrived at the present conclusion. According to our findings, xx问题is prevalent among most of the subjects.
Some of them are aware of it, and take conscious efforts to solve it, while some others are totally unaware of the problem. What’s more, most of the samples need help to improve the status quo.
In the end, the survey is of academic value to some extent, and we expect more studies concerning the topic.
重点解析：
1、首段中“conducted a systematic survey”是“展开了系统的调研”；
2、 次段中“mass samples”为“大样本”
全文翻译：
关于xx状况的调研报告
我们刚刚做了一项关于xx的调查，现撰写报告总结成果。
此调研基于对很大样本的研究。我们选取了100个典型的xx，展开了对比分析，最终得出了现有的结论。根据我们的结果，xx问题广泛存在于样本当中。有些意识到了这一点，并有意识地努力解决它，而另一些则完全没有意识到这个问题。其次，大部分样本都需要帮助来改变现状。
最后，实验有一定的学术价值，我们期望见到更多人研究这个话题。
英语翻译毕业论文可以写某个电影或者某本书的翻译，开始也不太会，也是莫文网的高手帮忙的，很靠谱的说应用英语翻译呼唤理论指导大学英语翻译教学:现状与对策商务英语翻译中存在的问题与对策新世纪十年来商务英语翻译研究:回顾与前瞻国内商务英语翻译研究综述顺应理论视角下科技英语翻译切雅实证分析经济一体化环境下的商务英语翻译教学大学英语翻译教学存在的问题与对策语用观视角下的中医英语翻译教学实证研究翻译——找到源语的所指——对规划教材《商务英语翻译》误译译例的批判研究从功能对等角度看商务英语翻译高校科技英语翻译课程设置探讨功能对等理论指导下的商务英语翻译科技英语汉译的英语翻译技巧研究——以船舶英语文本中的汉译为例功能对等视角下的科技英语翻译论商务英语翻译的4Es标准关联理论在科技英语翻译中的应用——以Climate Change and Peak Oil文本的翻译为例大学英语翻译教学:问题与对策英语翻译专业本科生的笔译能力调查分析——以某师范大学英语翻译专业为例中国职业篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译人员现状及发展对策研究从目的论的角度下看商务英语翻译试论旅游英语翻译中的创造性论高职商务英语翻译教学中学生跨文化交际意识的培养试论近代国人英语翻译基于功能翻译理论的商务英语翻译教学任务型教学法在《商务英语翻译》教学中的运用跨文化因素对商务英语翻译的影响及调整策略商务英语翻译教学存在的问题与改革商务英语翻译与文化信息等值研究大学英语翻译教学教材编写探讨东西方文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响顺序分析在科技英语翻译中的应用——以翻译项目《大气污染排放系数手册》为案例从关联理论分析法律英语翻译中的文化差异及其翻译补偿商务英语翻译原则探讨商务英语翻译中的文化与语用因素研究Advanced Systematic Golf高尔夫技术英语翻译项目的实践报告
就目前人工智能的发展水平来看，机器降重还远远做不到“准确读取语句的意思，并将之用不同的词汇表述出来”我学姐推荐的北京译顶科技那边做的不错，你可以考虑一下。你可以加速去知道了解下
把重复率非常高的段落，用在线翻译，翻译成小语种，比如法语、俄语、西班牙语等等，然后再翻译回来，你会发现，整句话会给人耳目一新的感觉！北京译顶科技做的不错，可以联系他们一下你可以统一去知道了解下
这个不能马虎，去网上找你们专业的论文，看看人家怎么写的。
英语翻译教学在高校英语教学中起着重要作用,它直接影响了学生的英语使用能力。尤其在经济全球化不断发展的当今社会,加强英语翻译教学不仅关系着大学生的就业前景,更与我国经济发展密切相连。下面是我为大家整理的英语翻译论文，供大家参考。
英语翻译论文 范文 一：中西方 文化 在英语翻译方面的差异性
一、中西方文化在英语翻译方面的差异性
(一)地理环境因素
“一方山水养一方人”，不同的地域和环境必然造就不同的民族文化。中国是一个幅员辽阔、地大物博、物产丰富的农业大国，这就使我国形成了一种典型的农耕文化。中国人注重人与自然、人与人之间的和谐与统一，故在许多 成语 中都与土地有关，如“土豪劣绅”“、土生土长”和“土崩瓦解”等。而英国则是一个典型的岛国，其四面被海水环绕，故其航海技术一直处于世界领先地位，这也促使其所形成的文化中都与水或航海有一定的联系，如在比喻一个人挥霍金钱的时候，会用“Spendmoneylikewa-ter”(挥金如土)来加以描述;在形容一个人的形体单薄、虚弱的时候则用“asweakaswater”(弱不禁风)来加以描述;而在告别友人的时候则会用“haveagoodsailing”(一路顺风)来加以描述等。因此，只有掌握了中西民族文化之间的差异性，才能够正确对语句进行理解和翻译。
(二)宗教信仰因素
宗教文化也是众多文化中的一种表现形式，其也会因信仰的不同而产生一定的差异。中国的宗教门派众多，但是主要的可以分为道家、佛家和儒家这三个主要的流派。不同的教派具有不同的教义，如中国道家主张人和神仙是可以相互转化的;佛教则主张佛祖则是至高无上的神，其法力无边，这也可以从我国古代语言中明显看出。汉语中有“天命不可违”、“借花献佛”和“不看僧面看佛面”等的语言表达。而西方则主要以基督教为主，他们只承认上帝是万事万物的主宰，其无所不能，这在西方语言中也可以明显的看出来。如“Manproposes,Goddisposes”(谋事在人，成事在天)、“GodiswhereHewas”(上帝无所不在)和“Heavenisaboveall”(上帝高于一切)等。因此，为了达到翻译忠实原意的目的，我们必须要充分了解中西宗教文化的差异性。
二、提高高校英语翻译质量的策略
(一)导入异国文化
中西翻译的差异性。因此，为了提高学生对于英语翻译的认识度和理解度，教师需要在英语翻译教学的过程中为学生们导入到量的异国文化。通过将英语翻译与文化学习二者进行有机地结合来提高学生们英语翻译的水平。但是特别需要注意一点就是，教师在导入异国文化的过程中要始终本着由易到难、由浅入深的原则。此外，教师除了要为学生们普及一些西方文化知识外，还需要为学生们普及一些西方文化习俗的来源。例如，英语中有“raincatsanddogs”的习语，这句话用汉语可以表述为“倾盆大雨”，但是如果按照直白的翻译就会理解为“下猫跟狗”，这样就明显偏离了翻译的本意。这句习语主要来源于北欧的神话 传说 ，传说猫跟狗对于风和雨等天气具有很强的预测能力。又如“asstrongasahorse”(壮如牛)，但是如果单纯的按照意思来理解则成了“壮如马”了等。如果学生对于这个文化背景不了解，则会出现上述可笑的误译现象。
(二)介绍英汉语言结构上的差异性
英语结构区别于汉语结构，其重视主题句和主体结构的构成以及 句子 结构连接过渡词的作用，并且侧重用介词和连词来表示句子和词组之间的逻辑关系，这种现象在汉语中则很少用或几乎不用。另外，英语表述中特别忌讳重复，如果出现重复的问题，通常用省略、替换或代词的形式来加以表示，但是我们汉语中常用重复来表示强调。
(三)讲解一些常用的翻译技巧
在学生掌握了上述英语翻译的基本知识之后，教师需要为学生讲解一些常用的翻译技巧，从而让学生们学会如何通过删减或增加词语来使语句变得更加通顺。常用的翻译技巧主要包括词类转换、增删词语以及拆分语句等手段。首先，词类转换作为一种有效的翻译手段，其主要是将那些由动词转化来的名词或具有动作意义类型的名词后接of的形式按照汉语中动宾 短语 来进行翻译即可。其次，英语和汉语之间的结构表述有所不同，只有通过增加或删减词汇才能够使意思更加忠实原文的含义。
三、结语
总之，中西文化差异性对于英语翻译具有重要的影响。为了提高学生英语翻译能力，教师必须要在教学实践中让学生充分地了解西方的文化传统，从而使学生做到“知己知彼”，然后并要在基础上教授给学生英语翻译的一些技巧，从而达到提高高校翻译教学质量的目的。
英语翻译论文范文二：生物 医学英语 翻译得体性原则
1得体性原则及在翻译中的适用性
“得体”一词在《现代汉语词典》中的释义如下:“(言语、行动等)得当;恰当;恰如其分。”其他词典的解释与此大体相类。这是一种宽泛意义上的解释。难以确切理解其内涵，不大好把握，运用起来常常带有不同程度的盲目性、随意性。从修辞学理论的高度来衡量，离规范性、科学性相距甚远。王希杰先生在《修辞学通论》中则指出:语言的“得体性指的是语言材料对语言环境的适应程度。脱离了特定的语言环境，就没有得体不得体的问题。”他说:“修辞的原则只有一条，那就是得体性原则。一切其他的原则都从属于这个原则，都是这个最高原则的派生物。这个最高原则制约着和控制着一切其他的原则。”[1]王先生的定义简洁、明确，认为得体是语用的最高原则。聂炎[2]在《得体性原则两题》一文中对语言表达如何适应语体进行了 总结 :“每一种语体一般来说都有表现自己本身特点的不同的语料和表达手段，即常常有自己的专用词语、专用句法结构和篇章结构、语言风格等等，这是该语体区别于彼语体的重要之点。言语思维主体在选词 造句 时只有同语体和谐一致，即得语体之“体”，才可能有良好的表达效果。”翻译是一种跨文化、跨语言的交际活动，翻译过程可以定义为理解原文并创造性地运用另一种语言再现原文的过程，即语言使用的过程。[3]而得体又是语用的最高原则。因此，得体性语用原则在翻译中的适用性不言而喻。翻译的语用问题，归根到底，强调的是语言信息所采取的形式，必须由使用该语言的环境来决定，其根本是语言表达切合语境的得体性。[4]
2生物医学英语的特征及得体性翻译原则的具体内涵
从广义上来说，得体性语用原则适用于一切译作，但是，根据原作的文体不同，在具体要求上就各有侧重。生物医学英语属于科技文体的范畴。典型的科技英语是“专家与专家”交流的涉及学科的研究和发展的书面性英语。[5]其功能主要是述说事理、描写现象、推导公式、论证规律，其特点是结构严谨、逻辑严密、行文规范、用词准确，技术术语正确，修辞手段较少。[6]针对这些特点，科技英语翻译中的得体表现为忠实和通顺。所谓忠实，就是要完整地、准确地表达原作的思想内容，同时还需保持原文风格。这是对科技翻译的首要的、也是最起码的要求。原作的内容和风格是客观存在的。译者的任务，就是要把这种客观存在原封不动地传达给非原文读者。翻译虽然是语言的一种再创作，但毕竟和纯粹的创作有着本质的区别。译者必须忠实于原作，决不可自作主张，对原作进行随意的篡改、增删。所谓通顺，对科技翻译来说，虽然不像翻译文学小说那样要求雅致优美、姿态横生，也不像翻译诗歌那样要求抑扬顿挫、押韵合辙，但至少应保证译文语言符合汉语的语言规范和修辞习惯，文从字顺、明白流畅，而不能生造一些不伦不类的词句，或对原作拘泥太过，以致译文出现文理不通、结构混乱和拖泥带水的现象。在翻译实践中，若“忠实”和“通顺”二者不可兼得的情况下首先要考虑前者，即忠实、准确、规范地传达原作的意思，因为科学的灵魂是“真”，科技翻译的灵魂是“准确”。在医学文献翻译中，一字之差就可能断送病人性命;在工程技术翻译中，一个数据之误可能导致重大的技术事故。因此，“忠实”是科技翻译的根本和前提，而“通顺”是实施科技翻译达到完美的一种手段和途径。[7]
3得体性翻译原则在生物医学英语翻译中的具体运用
要实现生物医学英语翻译的篇章译文得体，就必须在词、词组、句子、段落等各语言平面上对译入语可能有的几个同义而结构不尽相同的语言形式精心选择，选择除了涉及语言结构因素(如词性、词语搭配、上下文)之外，还与文体有关。选择的目的是使译文得体，得语言和文体之体。以下通过辨析不同译文以具体说明如何实现生物医学英语各语言平面翻译的得体。
词的得体
表达规范
《现代汉语》指出:科技语体讲究论证的逻辑性，要求语言规范。[8]例1Electroporationisusedtomakesmall，temporaryholesinthemembranesoDNAcanpassin.译1:电穿孔用来在细胞膜上形成小的獉獉、暂时的孔洞獉獉獉獉獉从而使DNA通过。译2:电穿孔用来在细胞膜上形成瞬时微獉獉獉孔獉从而使DNA通过。例2Thesefindingssuggestthatoralim-munemodulationmayrepresentanattractivether-apeuticapproachtoatherosclerosis.译1:这些结果表明口服免疫调节剂代表了一种诱人的獉獉獉治疗动脉粥样硬化的新 方法 。译2:这些结果表明口服免疫调节剂代表了一种引人注目的獉獉獉獉獉治疗动脉粥样硬化的新方法。以上两例中的“小的、暂时的孔洞”以及“诱人的”用语不正式，且读来疲软。而译2中的“瞬时微孔”及“引人注目的”用语平稳、凝重、冷穆，符合科技英语的特征。
用词准确
例3PolymeraseChainReaction(PCR)isamolecularbiologicalmethodforamplifyingDNAwithoutusingalivingorganism，.译1:聚合酶链式反应是一种无需在活体(如大肠杆菌或酵母)内扩大獉獉DNA的分子生物学方法。译2:聚合酶链式反应是一种无需在活体(如大肠杆菌或酵母)内扩增獉獉DNA的分子生物学方法。译文1把amplify译成“扩大”，但根据生物学知识判断，这里的amplify是“creatingmultiplecopies(产生多个克隆)”的意思，所以译成“扩增”更准确。
词组得体
精炼、符合汉语表达习惯
例4Theabilityofmonoclonalantibody(mAb)，treatmentwithmAba-lonehasonlyachievedverylimitedsuccessintheclinic.译1:体外实验中单克隆抗体(mAb)特异定位于肿瘤组织的能力为癌症治疗提供了一种引人注目的治疗方法。然而单独使用mAb治疗在临床上取得了非常有限的成功獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉。译2:体外实验中单克隆抗体(mAb)特异定位于肿瘤组织的能力为癌症治疗提供了一种引人注目的治疗方法。然而单独使用mAb治疗在临床上收效甚微獉獉獉獉。例5Asimmunologybecomesbettercharac-terized，immunomodulatorhasprovenasoneofthemostprevalentareasinthedevelopmentofnewpharmaceuticals.译1:随着免疫学变得更富特征獉獉獉獉獉獉，免疫调节剂已成为药学研究中的一个最流行的领域獉獉獉獉獉獉。译2:随着免疫学的进一步发展獉獉獉獉獉，免疫调节剂已成为药学研究中的一个 热点 獉獉。以上两例中译2优于译1之处在于:译2表达正式规范有力，且更符合汉语习惯。由于英汉词组的构成和功能差异较大，所以总的要求是在“信”的前提下，既要充分表达原意，又要符合译入语语言形式上和修辞的和谐。科技英语中存在大量惯用和非惯用的四字词组，如asshowninfigure(如图所示)，withoutlossoftime(不失时机)，convertwastesintousefulmaterials(废物利用)等。合理使用这些四字词组，能起到精确紧凑，简洁明晰的效果，为译文增色不少。
专业规范
例6Thespleenmayaddbloodtothegen-eralcirculationtomakeupforwhathasbeenlostinthebody.译1:脾脏能给总循环獉獉獉增加血液，以补偿獉獉獉身体的损失獉獉獉獉獉。译2:脾脏能给周身循环獉獉獉獉增加血液，以补獉獉偿身体所失去的血獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉。在医学中，“总循环”不如“周身循环”专业规范，而且“补偿身体的损失”过于笼统，所指不明。所以译2更得体。
句子得体
句子是语言平面中上下运转的轴心，也是翻译过程的主要着力点。句子同义手段的选择应该做到对应题旨要求，适应行文递接，切合语体特点以及依从声韵协调。[9]具体到生物医学英语的句子翻译，应该做到:
体现信息中心
每一句话、每一句群和每一语段都有一个最核心最关键的内容或意旨需要得到强调突出，以利于接受主体准确地把握其语意焦点，了解其着意传输的信息，此语意焦点成为信息中心。[9]应尽量把原语的信息中心译成汉语的信息中心，使两者相对应。例7Nucleicacid，originallyisolatedbyJohannMiescherin1871，wasidentifiedasaprimeconstituentofchromosomesthroughtheuseofthered-stainingmethoddevelopedbyFeulgenintheearly1900s.译1:核酸最初是由JohannMiescher在1871年分离成功，并被证实为是染色体组最基本的组成，这是由Feulgen在20世纪初通过使用红染色方法证实的。译2:核酸最初是由JohannMiescher在1871年分离成功，并在20世纪初由Feulgen通过使用红染色方法证实为染色体组最基本的组成。译1采取直译的方法，虽然把原文的意思表述清楚了，但是把信息中心置于句中，未予突出。而原文中的isolated和identified为本句的信息中心，译成“分离”和“证实”。译2通过语序颠倒使信息中心突出，自然流畅，符合汉语表达习惯。英汉表达方式不同，许多汉语句子往往把信息中心置于句尾，来突出重点;而多数英语句子则经常将信息中心置于句首，以突出主题。这就形成了“信息中心首位”(beginningfocus)，其他信息后置的句式结构。汉译英时要注意把英语句法结构的这个规律运用到翻译中去。而出于汉语表达的需要，译者要反复推敲，甚至可以跳出原文的框框，合理使用翻译技巧，对原文句子成分、结构形式进行必要的调整，按照汉语的习惯组织译文。
体现逻辑关系
例8Lamivudine(Epivir-HBV)isapotentantiviralagentwithminimalimmunemodulatorca-pacity.译1:拉米夫定是有效的抗病毒药物，有獉着最低獉獉獉的免疫调节能力。译2:拉米夫定是有效的抗病毒药物，却獉很少有獉獉獉免疫调节能力。译1中没有反映前后两句内含的转折关系，读来有句子堆砌之感，而译2通过“却”一词使语段内含的转折关系得以彰显。
语段得体
语段是比句子高一级的语法单位，通常是由两个或两个以上的句子构成的语义整体。衔接是语段的重要特征，衔接的优劣，关系到话语题旨或信息是否被接受者理解和接受[10]，译文若不能正确反映原文中的衔接关系，就反映不出生物医学英语的逻辑性和条理性。例9ThebiosynthesisofRNA，calledtran-scription，proceedsinmuchthesamefashionasthereplicationofDNAandalsofollowsthebasepairingprinciple.(5)Again，asectionofDNAdoublehelixisuncoiledandonlyoneoftheDNAstrandsservesasatemplateforRNApolymeraseenzymetoguidethesynthesisofRNA.(6)Afterthesynthesisiscomplete，theRNAseparatesfromtheDNAandtheDNArecoilsintoitshelix.译1:RNA的生物合成，也称为转录，以獉和獉DNA复制的相同的模式进行獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉，同样也遵循碱基 配对 原理。DNA双螺旋的一段解螺旋，只有一条链作为RNA聚合酶引导RNA合成的模板。在合成完成后，RNA从DNA上分离，DNA再次形成双螺旋结构。译2:RNA的生物合成，也称为转录，和獉DNA复制的模式大致相同獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉，同样也遵循碱基配对原理。同上所述獉獉獉獉，首先獉獉，DNA双螺旋的一段解螺旋，其中一条链作为RNA聚合酶引导RNA合成的模板。在合成完成后，RNA从DNA上分离，同时獉獉，DNA重新形成双螺旋结构。译2通过许多连接词(如同上所述、首先、同时)清晰流畅地讲述了DNA转录的过程，较之译1更富有条理性和整体感。
4结束语
生物医学英语翻译与文学翻译在语言的运用上，在修辞手段的选择上，是有区别的。文学作品个人风格明显，感情色彩较强，翻译时多注重形象思维，讲究语言上的形象和表达上的生动;而生物医学英语个人风格较少，感情色彩罕见，翻译上注重 逻辑思维 ，讲究语言上的规范和表达上的准确，在选择译文语言时，译者的游刃余地是不大的。得体是语用的最高原则，但在不同文体中侧重不同，生物医学英语翻译的得体性表现为忠实于源语的内容和风格，同时符合汉语的表达习惯。同时生物医学英语翻译也同 其它 文体的翻译一样，是一种既具艺术性，又具创造性的艰苦的脑力劳动。它要求创造性地运用中外文两种语言知识和专业知识。而要达到这一点，只能靠大量的实践和不断的探索，别无捷径可走。
英语翻译论文范文相关 文章 ：
1. 商务英语专业论文范文
2. 大专商务英语论文范文
3. 科技英语论文范文:中国地名英译的注意事项
4. 新闻词汇翻译方法研究论文
5. 初中英语教学论文
6. 有关计算机英语论文
1、论文题目
2、摘要与关键词
3、目录
4、翻译任务描述：主要写有关报告的背景，翻译任务的内容，目的、意义及报告整体结构。
5、翻译过程描述：包括译前——准备、文本特点分析、有关文献的查阅等，译中——翻译工具、翻译策略的选择等，译后——译后的校对、修改等。
6、文献综述：对该研究领域的研究现状（包括主要学术观点、前人研究成果和研究水平、争论焦点、存在的问题及可能的原因等）、发展前景等内容进行综合分析、归纳整理和评论，并提出自己的见解和研究思路，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌"。
7、案例分析：如何通过具体翻译案例将翻译理论运用到翻译实践中，应从不同维度、不同侧面，如从词汇、句法、语篇等方面分析理论与实践的结合。这部分一定要分析到位，突出理论如何对翻译实践起指导作用，但也不能生搬硬套，要做到理论指导实践。
8、结论：主要包括翻译实践的总结、主要发现、局限性以及展望。
9、参考文献：应使用规范的格式将引用的参考文献一一列出（如APA或MLA）。
10、致谢。
翻译报告注意事项：
1、合理拟定翻译选题和理论
研究理论与选题的匹配程度和创新程度大概率会影响报告质量！一个优秀的选题通常源于对现实问题的兴致。选题必须是明确的问题，并与具体的学术领域紧密关联。选择方向、提炼观点、确定理论是确立题目的必经之路。
如果实在迷茫，不知道选取哪个理论，就把所有有关翻译的理论找出来，列一个清单，选择最擅长、最稳妥的理论我们需要大量阅读、吃透所选理论和与翻译材料，积极查阅知网等文献检索工具，多多查看与所选理论和翻译材料相近的类似的实践报告，学习使用规范严谨的学术语言。
2、制定翻译计划
在阅读材料之前，应当先统筹制定一份翻译方案，确定翻译进程，确定译中、译后总结复盘事宜。在阅读翻译材料过程中，可以顺手记录材料中的生词、术语、长难句，优先进行翻译。
3、撰写结论
撰写结论的内容，包括以下三个方面：
1）翻译过程的总结。
2）翻译报告的局限性。
3）对翻译的进一步展望。可主要写翻译中的经验、收获、局限以及建议等。
当英语论文，或其他重要的英文文书的初稿撰写完成后，在提交给相关读者阅读之前，必须要经过润色才比较保险。找北京译顶科技，性价比高，我就是在那边做的。你可以加速去知道了解下
毕业 论文是高校人才培养方案中不可或缺的重要组成部分，是高校英语专业的大学生毕业前必须完成的教学任务，而论文的题目确定工作则是毕业论文管理中的首要环节。下面是我带来的关于本科英语专业毕业论文题目的内容，欢迎阅读!英语专业毕业论文题目(一) 1. 浅析 广告 翻译中的 文化 顺应处理 2. 从文化角度分析中美房地产广告的差异 3. 浅析动画《加菲猫》和《加菲猫之双猫记》中的享乐主义和利己主义 4. 圣经原型解读《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》 5. 论《卡斯特桥市长》中哈代的进化向善论思想 6. 顺从的女人——分析《荒凉山庄》中埃斯特的形象 7. 从中美传统节日对比看节日的文化内涵 8. 成人的童话——《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》中象征主义的体现 9. 简析网络时代英语全球化 10. 《查泰莱夫人的情人》的生态女性主义解读 11. 从社会文化价值方面比较中美情景喜剧差异 12. 论《喧哗与骚动》中昆丁的宿命 13. 《蝇王》的启示：理性的呼唤 14. 中文旅游文本英译中的歧义现象分析 15. 从中美婚宴差异看集体主义和个人主义 16. 影响非英语专业大一新生口语输出的因素 17. 《走出非洲》：走出迪内森的矛盾态度 18. 旅游宣传资料中的误译与解决 方法 19. 从女性主义角度解读华顿《纯真年代》中的埃伦 20. 电子词典与 英语学习 英语专业毕业论文题目(二) 1. 英语习语与 ____ 2. 《伤心咖啡馆之歌》中爱米利亚性别身份分析 3. 从关联理论的角度欣赏幽默翻译 4. 英语缩略语及其语用功能 5. 英专和非英专学生 英语 作文 中错误的对比研究 6. 武汉方言对英语语音的影响及其对教学的启示 7. 中西行星命名的文化探源 8. 英语新闻中的新词 9. 中国古典诗歌英译中对“三美”理论的探索 10. 从电影《七宗罪》浅析原罪 11. 浅论体态语的社会功能 12. 中西 思维方式 差异对中英语篇的影响 13. 中国和西方国家婚俗的比较 14. 浅析合作原则的违背在广告语言中的运用 15. 浅析电影《推手》中中美家庭的文化冲突 16. 从广告语言看中美文化价值观差异 17. 用言语行为理论浅析英语广告中的双关语 18. 论新闻英语汉译中的归化与异化策略 19. 以Of Study(《论读书》)的两个中译本为例浅析译者主体性 英语专业毕业论文题目(三) 1. 广告语言模糊性的语用研究 2. 利用美剧进行 英语听力 自主学习 3. 大学生 英语口语 学习动机研究 4. 从文化视角看中国白酒广告 5. 从功能翻译看《围城》英译本中文化信息的传递 6. 对《达罗卫夫人》中克莱丽莎和塞普提默斯形象的研究 7. 公示语汉译英错误及对策探析 8. 探究美国安利公司的 企业文化 ：基于其网站内容的文本分析 9. 运用写长法促进 英语写作 能力的提高 10. 中美“面子文化”对比分析 11. 英汉恭维语和告别语的对比分析 12. 英汉爱情隐喻的对比研究 13. 新闻英语汉译的翻译技巧浅析 14. 中美家庭文化比较 15. 从文化的角度浅析中美企业 人力资源管理 的差异 16. 华中农业大学英语专业学生高级英语学习状况调查 17. 跨文化交际中中西方馈赠礼仪刍议 18. 解读《双城记》中的人道主义思想 19. 论《了不起的盖茨比》中的消费主义 20. 从戴姆勒克莱斯勒事件看文化因素对跨国企业合并的影响 21. 对中美离岸外包过程中跨文化交际案例的分析 22. 从"老友记"中看合作原则在英语称赞语及其回应语中的应用 23. 浅论美国文化与美语词汇 24. 英汉植物词语联想意义的跨文化对比 25. 一个被忽视的“准则英雄”——论《永别了，武器》中的女主人公凯瑟琳 英语专业毕业论文题目(四) 1. 美国二十世纪六十年代反战文化研究 2. 中国英语热的真相——文化帝国主义 3. 中美恭维语对比研究 4. 论民族中心主义与美国媒体近年来涉华报道 5. 从弗大枪击案看美国的枪支问题 6. 《推销员之死》中威利与比夫的父子关系 7. 从拉康的镜像理论看杨克的悲剧根源 8. 从正负值面子理论简析中美面子差异 9. 中国菜名翻译中的文化翻译策略 10. 从旧南方到新南方——斯佳丽·奥哈拉在内战前后的成长历程 11. 探究家乐福公司的企业文化:基于其网站内容的文本分析 12. 汉语对英语写作词汇的负迁移作用 13. 《美国悲剧》的消费文化分析 14. 从二语习得角度对比分析英语习语学习中的翻译导向模式与文化导向模式 15. 礼貌原则在英文商务信函中的应用 16. 南方哥特式小说特征在《心是孤独的猎手》中的体现 17. 城市公示语的汉译英探索 18. 归化与异化理论在汉语 歇后语 翻译中的应用 19. 《婚礼的成员》中弗兰淇·亚当斯双性同体现象的研究 20. 论《喜福会》中的文化冲突与共存 猜你喜欢： 1. 英语系文化类毕业论文 2. 本科英语专业毕业论文题目 3. 英语专业毕业论文选题文化 4. 翻译英语专业毕业论文选题 5. 英语语言学论文题目参考大全
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
综述：opening report可以，用Proposal更正式点。
重点词汇：Proposal
英［prə＇pəʊzl］
释义：
n.提议，建议；（计划、建议等的）提出；求婚
［复数：proposals］
短语：
The Proposal假结婚；爱情限时签；求婚的恶魔；弄假成真
词语使用变化：proposal
n.（名词）
1、proposal表示“提议，建议”时，其后可接介词短语或动词不定式作定语，也可接that从句作同位语。
2、proposal所接由that引起的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气。
3、proposal作为名词时，后面通常跟带to的不定式和名词。
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）….In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.…. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。 （论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）
proposal
Proposal 更正式点opening speech；opening report；Thesis Proposal 也都可以但多数都用Proposal 如博士论文开题 Doctoral Dissertation Proposal
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
可以这么说，Proposal更正式点。（楼上属于所答非所问）