2、语义双关语义双关是利用某个词语的多义性在特定环境下形成的双关，在字面上只有一个词语，而实际上同时关顾着两种不同的意义，言在此而意在彼，从而造成一种含蓄，深沉委婉，耐人寻味的意境，增强了语言的表达效果。[3]（66）这种双关与谐音双关有异曲同工之妙，在广告中也得到广泛运用。(4) Fresh up with 7-up.译文：君饮七喜，提神醒脑。这是美国七喜汽水的广告。“7”在西方国家是个吉祥的数字，赌博时掷色子的“7”者为赢，Up指“come up with”（突然想到）也有“活泼向上，使人清醒”的意思，同时7-up又是饮料的商标，整个广告读起来铿锵有力，富有节奏性，且具感召力让人一目了然。因此，代表积极向上的7-up的饮料在西方市场极为畅销。(5) You need the strongest line of defense against gum diseases.译文：用最坚固的牙线，筑起牙龈疾病最坚固的防线。这是美国强生公司的牙线广告。众所周知，使用牙线是为了保持口腔清洁，从而起到预防蛀牙的危险，广告正是从这一点出发，广告语中使用的“line”一语双关，既指“清洁牙齿的牙线”，又指“预防牙病的防线”，这使消费者一目了然。而且广告具有鼓动性，广告用语极尽夸张，即使用本产品就可“筑起牙龈疾病最坚固的防线”从而达到广告宣传的目的。(6) Different countries. Different languages. Different customs. One level of comfort worldwide.译文：不同的国家。不同的语言。不同的风俗习惯（海关）。舒适一流，畅游世界。这是一则航空广告。“customs”既有风俗习惯之意，又有海关的意思。在此广告中，航空公司打出了无论来自哪个国家，说什么语言，有什么样的风俗习惯都会让你感受到专业贴心的服务。But 2, the semanteme equivoque righteousness word or phrase with double meaning is tomake use of the word or phrase with double meaning that some's terms polysemy forms underspecially appointed environment, before character only have a terms on the surface, the pass istaking care of the significance different two kinds in fact at the same time, word here butintention is in that , bring about thereby one kind has been implicit , tactful , affording food tothought deep artistic conception, has strengthened language's to express effect. [3] (66) thiswords or phrases with double meaning and harmonic tone words or phrases with double meaning haveachieving the same goal with different means that is wonderful , also find broad application inadvertisement. (4) Fresh up with 7-up. Translation: You drink Seven-Up , refresh self being awakebrain. This is USA Seven-Up soft drink advertisement. "7" is a lucky figure to the west country ,"7" person who throws dice when gambling is to win , Up points to "the come up with " (think ofsuddenly) can't have "lively make progress, make sober " meaning of person, 7-up is the drink brandat the same time , entire advertisement reads be sonorous and forceful , rich rhythm , utensilappeal lets person be clear at a glance and. 7-up's drink making progress therefore , on behalf ofactively sells well extremely in west marketplace. (5) You need the strongest line of defenseagainst gum diseases. Translation: With the firmest dental floss,build the firmest gum disease lineof defense. This is USA Johnson & Johnson dental floss advertisement. It is known to all thatusing a dental floss is clean for keeping an oral cavity, get up thereby to in advancetooth-decay-preventing danger, advertisement exactly is to set off from this one point , the "line"that advertisement uses in language means more than the word tells, now that pointing to "dentalfloss of clean tooth", point to "the line of defense , preventing a tooth from falling ill" thismakes a consumer be clear at a glance. And advertisement has instigate , the advertisement termuses up hyperbole extremely, be that "the firmest line of defense achieves advertisement propagatespurpose thereby use this product to may build the gum disease" right away. (6) Differentcountries. Different languages. Different customs. One level of comfort worldwide. Translation:Different country. Different language. Different customs and habits (customhouse). Comfort isfirst-rate , has a good swim in the world. This is one items of aviation advertisement. Now that"customs" having intention of customs and habits, meaning having customhouse. Middle , airways haveshown here advertisement disregarding which country , what to say language to coming from , whatto customs and habits city having let you experience intimate service of special field.
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
1. 论文的开题报告怎么写 论文的开题报告怎么写 【开题报告怎么写啊？我的论文题目是《运用现代教育技术优化数学 有格式的，由于开题报告是用文字体现的论文总构想，因而篇幅不必过大，但要把计划研究的课题、如何研究、理论适用等主要问题说清楚，应包含两个部分：总述、提纲.1 总述开题报告的总述部分应首先提出选题，并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、目前相关课题研究情况、理论适用、研究方法、必要的数据等等.2 提纲开题报告包含的论文提纲可以是粗线条的，是一个研究构想的基本框架.可采用整句式或整段式提纲形式.在开题阶段，提纲的目的是让人清楚论文的基本框架，没有必要像论文目录那样详细.3 参考文献开题报告中应包括相关参考文献的目录4 要求开题报告应有封面页，总页数应不少于4页.版面格式应符合以下规定.开 题 报 告 学 生：一、 选题意义 1、 理论意义 2、 现实意义 二、 论文综述 1、 理论的渊源及演进过程 2、 国外有关研究的综述 3、 国内研究的综述 4、 本人对以上综述的评价 三、论文提纲 前言、 一、1、2、3、··· ···二、1、2、3、··· ···三、1、2、3、结论 四、论文写作进度安排 毕业论文开题报告提纲一、开题报告封面：论文题目、系别、专业、年级、姓名、导师二、目的意义和国内外研究概况三、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容四、研究条件和可能存在的问题五、预期的结果六、进度安排。 论文开题报告怎么写？ 说实在的 现在我刚好也遇到这个问题 一、如何选择问题 我一直萦绕于怀的，是在写博士论文开题报告的一年多时间里，导师薛澜教授反复追问的一个问题：“你的 puzzle 是什么？”多少次我不假思索地回答“我的问题就是，中国的半导体产业为什么发展不起来。” 薛老师问题以其特有的储蓄，笑而不答。我在心中既恼火又懊丧：这么简单的道理，这么明显的答案，到底哪儿不对了？！ 奥妙就在于提出问题的“层次”。不同于政策研究报告，学术文章聚集理论层面、解决理论问题。理论是由一系列前设和术语构造的逻辑体系。 特定领域的理论有其特定的概念、范畴和研究范式。只有在相同的概念、视角和范式下，理论才能够对话；只有通过对话，理论才能够发展。 极少有硕博论文是创造新理论的，能这样当然最好，但难度很大。我们多数是在既有理论的基础上加以发展，因此，在提出问题时，要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。 审视我最初提出的问题“中国半导体产业为什么发展不起来”，这仅仅是对现象的探询，而非有待求证的理论命题。我的理论命题是：“中国产业政策过程是精英主导的共识过程吗？”在这个命题中，“政策过程”、“精英政治”、“共识诉求”三个术语勾勒出研究的理论大体范围和视角。 简历下载 其次，选择问题是一个“剥笋”的过程。理论问题总是深深地隐藏在纷繁复杂的现实背后，而发现理论问题，则需要运用理论思维的能力。 理论思维的训练是一个长期积累的过程。不过初学者也不必望而却步，大体上可以分“三步走”：第一步，先划定一个“兴趣范围”，如半导体产业、信息产业、农村医疗、高等教育体制等，广泛浏览相关的媒体报道、 *** 文献和学术文章，找到其中的“症结”或“热点”。 第二步，总结以往的研究者大体从哪些理论视角来分析“症结”或“热点”、运用了哪些理论工具，如公共财政的视角、社会冲突范式等。第三步，考察问题的可研究性，也就是我们自己的研究空间和研究的可行性。 例如，西方的理论是否无法解释中国的问题？或者同一个问题能否用不同的理论来解释？或者理论本身的前提假设、逻辑推演是否存在缺陷？通过回答这些问题，我们找到自己研究的立足点。不过还要注意我们研究在规定的一到两年时间内，是否可能完成？资料获取是否可行？等等。 最后，如何陈述问题？陈述问题实质上就是凝练核心观点的过程。观点应当来自对现实问题的思考和总结，而不是为了套理论而“削足适”。 中国的政治、经济和社会发展充满动态的、丰富的景象，如何才能用恰当的术语、准确的逻辑表述出来呢？雄心勃勃的初学者往往提出宏伟的概念或框架，但我的建议是尽可能缩小研究范围、明确研究对象，从而理清对象的内存逻辑，保证能在有限的时间内完成规范的？ 简历吧 术论文。如“中国半导体产业政策研究”就是一个非常含糊的陈述，我们可以从几个方面来收缩话题：（ 1 ）时间：从 1980 年到 2000 年；（ 2 ）对象： *** 的叛乱者和决策行为，而不是市场、企业、治理结构等；（ 3 ）视角：政治和 *** 理论中的精英研究；（ 4 ）案例： 908 工程、 909 工程、 13 号文件和《电子振兴》，这是发生在 1980 - 2000 年间半导体政策领域的两个重大工程和两个重要文件。 通过这样的明确界定，我们将目光集中在“政策过程”、“精英”、“共识”几个显而易见的概念上，问题也就水落石出了。同时，问题清楚了，我们在筛选信息和资料时也就有了明确的标准，在这个“信息冗余”的时代，能够大大提高研究效率。 二、 如何做文献综述 首先需要将“文献综述（ Literature Review） ”与“背景描述 （Backupground Description） ”区分开来。我们在选择研究问题的时候，需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉，如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外 *** 发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等，这些内容属于“背景描述”，关注的是现实层面的问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”，关注的是现实层面问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”。 “文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。其次，文献综述是评论性的（ Review 就是“评论”的意思），因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光 （critical thinking） 来归纳和评论文献，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。 评论的主线，要按照问题展开，也就是说，别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的，他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷？要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题，那就没有重复研究的必要了。 简历 清楚了文献综述的意涵，现来说说怎么做文献综述。 虽说，尽可能广泛地收集资料是负责任的研究态度，但如果缺乏标准，就极易将人引入文献的泥沼。 技巧一：瞄准主流。 主流文献，如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要化合物的观点和论述等，是做文献综述的“必修课”。而多数大众媒体上的相关报道或言论，虽然多少有点价值，但时间精力所限，可以从简。 怎样摸清该领域的主流呢？建议从以下几条途径入手：一是图书馆的中外学术期刊，找到一两篇“经典”的文章后“顺藤摸瓜”，留意它们的参考文献。 论文的开题报告怎么写啊？ 开题报告主要包括以下几个方面： （一）论文名称 论文名称就是课题的名字 第一，名称要准确、规范。 准确就是论文的名称要把论文研究的问题是什么，研究的对象是什么交待清楚，论文的名称一定要和研究的内容相一致，不能太大，也不能太小，要准确地把你研究的对象、问题概括出来。 第二，名称要简洁，不能太长。 不管是论文或者课题，名称都不能太长，能不要的字就尽量不要，一般不要超过20个字。 （二） 论文研究的目的、意义 研究的目的、意义也就是为什么要研究、研究它有什么价值。 这一般可以先从现实需要方面去论述，指出现实当中存在这个问题，需要去研究，去解决，本论文的研究有什么实际作用，然后，再写论文的理论和学术价值。这些都要写得具体一点，有针对性一点，不能漫无边际地空喊口号。 主要内容包括：⑴ 研究的有关背景（课题的提出）： 即根据什么、受什么启发而搞这项研究。 ⑵ 通过分析本地（校） 的教育教学实际，指出为什么要研究该课题，研究的价值，要解决的问题。 （三） 本论文国内外研究的历史和现状（文献综述）。 规范些应该有，如果是小课题可以省略。 一般包括：掌握其研究的广度、深度、已取得的成果；寻找有待进一步研究的问题，从而确定本课题研究的平台（起点）、研究的特色或突破点。 （四）论文研究的指导思想 指导思想就是在宏观上应坚持什么方向，符合什么要求等，这个方向或要求可以是哲学、政治理论，也可以是 *** 的教育发展规划，也可以是有关研究问题的指导性意见等。 （五） 论文写作的目标 论文写作的目标也就是课题最后要达到的具体目的，要解决哪些具体问题，也就是本论文研究要达到的预定目标：即本论文写作的目标定位，确定目标时要紧扣课题，用词要准确、精练、明了。 常见存在问题是：不写研究目标；目标扣题不紧；目标用词不准确； 目标定得过高， 对预定的目标没有进行研究或无法进行研究。 确定论文写作目标时，一方面要考虑课题本身的要求，另一方面要考率实际的工作条件与工作水平。 （六）论文的基本内容 研究内容要更具体、明确。 并且一个目标可能要通过几方面的研究内容来实现，他们不一定是一一对应的关系。大家在确定研究内容的时候，往往考虑的不是很具体，写出来的研究内容特别笼统、模糊，把写作的目的、意义当作研究内容。 基本内容一般包括：⑴对论文名称的界说。应尽可能明确三点：研究的对象、研究的问题、研究的方法。 ⑵本论文写作有关的理论、名词、术语、概念的界说。 （七）论文写作的方法 具体的写作方法可从下面选定： 观察法、调查法、实验法、经验总结法、 个案法、比较研究法、文献资料法等。 （八）论文写作的步骤 论文写作的步骤，也就是论文写作在时间和顺序上的安排。论文写作的步骤要充分考虑研究内容的相互关系和难易程度，一般情况下，都是从基础问题开始，分阶段进行，每个阶段从什么时间开始，至什么时间结束都要有规定。 课题研究的主要步骤和时间安排包括：整个研究拟分为哪几个阶段；各阶段的起止时间。 毕业论文开题报告怎样写？范文！ 一、如何选择问题 我一起萦绕于怀的，是在写博士论文开题报告的一年多时间里，导师薛澜教授反复追问的一个问题：“你的 puzzle 是什么？”多少次我不假思索地回答“我的问题就是，中国的半导体产业为什么发展不起来。” 薛老师问题以其特有的储蓄，笑而不答。我在心中既恼火又懊丧：这么简单的道理，这么明显的答案，到底哪儿不对了？！奥妙就在于提出问题的“层次”。 不同于政策研究报告，学术文章聚集理论层面、解决理论问题。理论是由一系列前设和术语构造的逻辑体系。 特定领域的理论有其特定的概念、范畴和研究范式。只有在相同的概念、视角和范式下，理论才能够对话；只有通过对话，理论才能够发展。 极少有硕博论文是创造新理论的，能这样当然最好，但难度很大。我们多数是在既有理论的基础上加以发展，因此，在提出问题时，要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。 审视我最初提出的问题“中国半导体产业为什么发展不起来”，这仅仅是对现象的探询，而非有待求证的理论命题。我的理论命题是：“中国产业政策过程是精英主导的共识过程吗？”在这个命题中，“政策过程”、“精英政治”、“共识诉求”三个术语勾勒出研究的理论大体范围和视角。 其次，选择问题是一个“剥笋”的过程。理论问题总是深深地隐藏在纷繁复杂的现实背后，而发现理论问题，则需要运用理论思维的能力。 理论思维的训练是一个长期积累的过程。不过初学者也不必望而却步，大体上可以分“三步走”：第一步，先划定一个“兴趣范围”，如半导体产业、信息产业、农村医疗、高等教育体制等，广泛浏览相关的媒体报道、 *** 文献和学术文章，找到其中的“症结”或“热点”。 第二步，总结以往的研究者大体从哪些理论视角来分析“症结”或“热点”、运用了哪些理论工具，如公共财政的视角、社会冲突范式等。第三步，考察问题的可研究性，也就是我们自己的研究空间和研究的可行性。 例如，西方的理论是否无法解释中国的问题？或者同一个问题能否用不同的理论来解释？或者理论本身的前提假设、逻辑推演是否存在缺陷？通过回答这些问题，我们找到自己研究的立足点。不过还要注意我们研究在规定的一到两年时间内，是否可能完成？资料获取是否可行？等等。 最后，如何陈述问题？陈述问题实质上就是凝练核心观点的过程。观点应当来自对现实问题的思考和总结，而不是为了套理论而“削足适履”。 中国的政治、经济和社会发展充满动态的、丰富的景象，如何才能用恰当的术语、准确的逻辑表述出来呢？雄心勃勃的初学者往往提出宏伟的概念或框架，但我的建议是尽可能缩小研究范围、明确研究对象，从而理清对象的内存逻辑，保证能在有限的时间内完成规范的学 术论文。如“中国半导体产业政策研究”就是一个非常含糊的陈述，我们可以从几个方面来收缩话题：（ 1 ）时间：从 1980 年到 2000 年；（ 2 ）对象： *** 的叛乱者和决策行为，而不是市场、企业、治理结构等；（ 3 ）视角：政治和 *** 理论中的精英研究；（ 4 ）案例： 908 工程、 909 工程、 13 号文件和《电子振兴》，这是发生在 1980 - 2000 年间半导体政策领域的两个重大工程和两个重要文件。 通过这样的明确界定，我们将目光集中在“政策过程”、“精英”、“共识”几个显而易见的概念上，问题也就水落石出了。同时，问题清楚了，我们在筛选信息和资料时也就有了明确的标准，在这个“信息冗余”的时代，能够大大提高研究效率。 二、 如何做文献综述 首先需要将“文献综述（ Literature Review） ”与“背景描述 （Backupground Description） ”区分开来。我们在选择研究问题的时候，需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉，如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外 *** 发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等，这些内容属于“背景描述”，关注的是现实层面的问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”，关注的是现实层面问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”。 “文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。其次，文献综述是评论性的（ Review 就是“评论”的意思），因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光 （critical thinking） 来归纳和评论文献，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。 评论的主线，要按照问题展开，也就是说，别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的，他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷？要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题，那就没有重复研究的必要了。清楚了文献综述的意涵，现来说说怎么做文献综述。 虽说，尽可能广泛地收集资料是负责任的研究态度，但如果缺乏标准，就极易将人引入文献的泥沼。技巧一：瞄准主流。 主流文献，如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要化合物的观点和论述等，是做文献综述的“必修课”。而多数大众媒体上的相关报道或言论，虽然多少有点价值，但时间精力所限，可以从简。 怎样摸清该领域的主流呢？建议从以下几条途径入手：一是图书馆的中外学术期刊，找到一两篇“经典”的文章后“顺藤摸瓜”，留意它们的参考文献。质量较高的学术文章，通常是不会忽略该领域的主流、经典。
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
题目定了么，格式给我。
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
你好，这个不是固定的，你可以和导师商量一下
随着中国经济的迅猛发展和全球化进程的加快,中日两国在政治、经贸、文化、教育等领域的交流日益密切,日语人才急需,掌握日语成了刻不容缓之事。下面是我为大家整理的日语开题报告范文，欢迎阅读。
所选题目名称：
外来语の激増の原因とその影响について
外来语激增的原因及其影响分析
课题研究现状：
外来语是西方国家先进的文化和科学技术成果不断流入日本的证明。而使用外来语是我们学习和使用日语过程中的一种普遍现象。随着社会的进步和人类文明的发展，外来语作为一种社会语言现象和文化现象，促使了日语本身的发展和日本社会文化的进步。同时随着外来语在日语中的泛滥，也出现了不少问题，引起了日语学习和研究者及日本社会的广泛关注。
关于日语外来语，《大辞泉》(小学馆)将其定义为：ほかの言语から借用して、自国语と同様に使用するようになった语。借用语。日本では、広义には,汉语を含まれるが、狭义には主として欧米诸国から入ってきた语を言う。现在では一般に片仮名で表记される。1956年日本国立语言研究所就日语中和语，汉语，外来语，混合语几类构成日语的词汇，对大众化的90种杂志进行调查，得出以下数据：和语 汉语 外来语 混合语。10年后的1966年同一研究所又以《朝日新闻》，《每日新闻》，《读卖新闻》三大报纸一年的日报，晚报为对象，进行了日语词汇构成比的调查，得出以下数据：和语 汉语 外来语 混合语。由此可见，10年岁月的推移，外来语的比例得到一定程度的提高。此外，外来语在日本社会和文化中的作用也引起了广大学者的关注。日本学者荒川物兵卫在《角川外来语辞典》(1969)一书中指出：“一个个单词是民族文化的种子，一个个外来语则是一个民族吸收外来文化的种子。”《实用最新外来语辞典》(1979)的序作者富道勇夫也曾说过：“难于出口的话语用外来语说就容易多了。”
随着中日两国间的不断交流和合作，越来越多的中国人开始学习和研究日语。日语外来语也受到了一些从事社会语言学研究的学者的兴趣。皮细庚在《日语概说》(皮细庚，1996)专门辟章探讨了外来语，是外来语研究历程中的一块里程碑。皮细庚不但讨论了外来语的来源，揭示了外来语的本质，还分析了外来语的特点，着重将外来语和原语进行对比，对其中的“和制英语”作出了详细的解释。此后多年我国外语界的一部分学者深受外来语研究的启发，陆续发表了一些论文和书籍。
特别是进入21世纪后，国内学者对外来语研究的范围更加广泛。郑成在日语学习与研究(2001年第4期)上发表了名为《试析日语外来语与日本的社会心理》的论文。郑成不仅深入研究了外来语的特点，还深刻分析了外来语使用的现状，提出外来语激增的双刃剑作用，更将外来语和日本历史社会的心理联系起来。沈宇澄在其主编的《现代日语词汇学》一书中就外来语的作用、表记、语义展开讨论。朱京伟则在《日语词汇学教程》(2005)中论述了外来语的特征和历史，同时也分析了外来语和原语的区别，特别提出了外来语和在来语的关系。《相识日语》(2005)的作者王冰从外来语词语的移植方式的角度对外来语进行了研究。
综上所述，近年来有很多学者都对外来语进行了探讨和研究，主要集中在外来语的来源、特征、现状、作用及同原语的比较上，并且都已取得重要的研究成果。然而，对外来语近年来激增的原因及其影响的研究略有不足，所以本文将着重研究外来语的激增原因和影响。
课题研究目的：
本文通过对日语外来语激增的原因及其影响分析，旨在加深对外来语的了解，以便为广大的日语学习和研究者带来更多便利，方便其更好地使用外来语。由于外来语在日语中的比例不断增加，所以全面而深入地研究外来语对于我们学好日语，进行中日跨国交流有很大的帮助。外来语不仅是一种语言现象，也可以视作一种社会和文化现象，因此对外来语激增原因及其影响分析对外语教学研究、翻译和实际应用都具有积极地指导意义。
课题研究要点：
1 引言
2 外来语的定义
3 外来语的现状(激增)
4 外来语激增的原因
社会发展的客观需要
日本人的心理原因
日语本身的语言结构特性
5 外来语激增的影响
积极方面
a外来语高雅、新颖
b能委婉地表达事物
c 能精练表示事物的概念与区别
d 有利于日本的国际交流和经济文化的发展
消极方面
a 日语丧失其纯正性
b 造成不同年龄段间的语言交流障碍
c 外来语的泛滥和误用
6 结论
课题进度安排：
10月30日，提交开题报告。
11月3日，参加开题答辩。
1月8日，完成毕业论文初稿(电子稿)。
3月18日，完成毕业论文终稿(纸质稿)。
3月27日，参加毕业论文答辩。
主要参考文献：
1富永道夫.实用最新外来语辞典[M].日本千曲秀出版社,1979(这是日本文献，请用日语表达)
2荒川物兵卫.角川外来语辞典[M].角川书店,1969
3铃木孝夫.闭ざされた言语:日本语の世界[M].东京岩波书店,2000
4皮细庚. 日语概说[M].上海外语教育出版社 ,1996
5沈宇澄.现代日语词汇学[M].上海外语教育出版社,2005
6王冰.相识日语[M].北京语言大学出版社,2005
7郑成 .浅析日语外来语与日本的社会心理[J].日语学习与研究,2001(4)
8朱京伟 .日语词汇学教程[M].外语教学与研究出版社,2005
题目：日本固有のものの中国语訳について
三、题目来源：真实 □、 自拟 ■ (二选一) 简历大全
四、结业方式：设计 □、 论文 ■ (二选一) 开题报告
五、主要内容：
本课题实际上主要研究的是汉语中一些来源于日本的外来词。对这些外来词进行分类研究，并就外来词中翻译的不准确，有异议的地方提出自己的翻译建议。来源于日语的外来词很多，有的是纯粹来源于日本本民族文化的外来词，像“歌舞伎”“寿司”“榻榻米”等。有的是词源来源于西方，经由日本翻译，后被中国采用的外来词，像“民主”，“科学”“大本营”等。如果统统作以分类研究的话，一来工作量繁重，二来枝杈太多，难下定论。作以本课题只就前一种情况，即来源于日本本民族的外来词为研究对象，对其翻译方法以及翻译中涉及的文化因素进行探讨。本文大体上拟分为以下五部分。
第一部分为破题部分，即说明此课题的研究范围和前提。主要是对来源于日语的外来词作以归类，并指明本课题的研究方向。
第二部分是本文的核心部分，从直译和和意译两方面的外来词分别举例分析。总结适用于直译和意译的一些规律。通过具体例子，指明意译中一些翻译不恰当，有歧义的地方，提出自己的改进意见。
第三部分将就翻译中还需要说明和考虑的一些其他问题作以探讨。众所周知，文字是文化的载体，翻译与文化有着密不可分的关系。所以本部分将从三章论述。第一，中日两国对于外来语的不同态度。第二，中日语汇间的复杂关系。第三，外来语的引入对于文化间的交流和对本民族文化的冲击。
第四部分，对一些外来词的进行有趣的比较。如“日本料理”和“日本菜”，“章鱼烧”和“章鱼丸子”，“刺身”和“生鱼片”等。
第五部分为该课题的总结及展望，外来词的吸收不仅需要翻译技术的硬件支持，还需要中日两国人民的相互认识和了解的加深。
PS：任务书就主要内容和参考文献部分需要自己写，其他地方都差不多。
1先行研究
日本国内における研究
这是一种新的应用写作文体，这种文字体裁是随着现代科学研究活动计划性的增强和科研选题程序化管理的需要应运而生的。 开题报告是由选题者把自己所选的课题的概况(即"开题报告内容")，向有关专家、学者、科技人员进行陈述。然后由他们对科研课题进行评议。亦可采用"德尔菲法"评分；再由科研管理部门综合评议的意见，确定是否批准这一选题。开题报告作为毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。 开题报告包括总述、关键技术、可行性分析和时间安排等四个方面 。由于开题报告是用文字体现的论文总构想,因而篇幅不必过大,但要把计划研究的课题、如何研究、理论适用等主要问题写清楚。开题报告一般为表格式，它把要报告的每一项内容转换成相应的栏目，这样做，既便于开题报告按栏目填写，避免遗漏；又便于评审者一目了然，把握要点。
开题报告怎么写如下：
一、论文拟研究解决的问题
明确提出论文所要解决的具体学术问题，也就是论文拟定的创新点。明确指出国内外文献就这一问题已经提出的观点、结论、解决方法、阶段性成果。评述上述文献研究成果的不足。提出你的论文准备论证的观点或解决方法，简述初步理由。
你的观点或方法正是需要通过论文研究撰写所要论证的核心内容，提出和论证它是论文的目的和任务，因而并不是定论，研究中可能推翻，也可能得不出结果。
开题报告的目的就是要请专家帮助判断你所提出的问题是否值得研究，你准备论证的观点方法是否能够研究出来。一般提出3或4个问题，可以是一个大问题下的几个子问题，也可以是几个并行的相关问题。
二、国内外研究现状
内容要求：列举与论文拟研究解决的问题密切相关的前沿文献。基于“论文拟研究解决的问题”提出，允许有部分内容重复。只简单评述与论文拟研究解决的问题密切相关的前沿文献，其他相关文献评述则在文献综述中评述。
三、论文研究的目的与意义
简介论文所研究问题的基本概念和背景。简单明了地指出论文所要研究解决的具体问题。简单阐述如果解决上述问题在学术上的推进或作用。基于论文拟研究解决的问题提出，允许有所重复。
四、论文研究主要内容
容要求：初步提出整个论文的写作大纲或内容结构。由此更能理解“论文拟研究解决的问题”不同于论文主要内容，而是论文的目的与核心。
开题报告是指开题者对科研课题的一种文字说明材料。这是一种新的应用写作文体，这种文字体裁是随着现代科学研究活动计划性的增强和科研选题程序化管理的需要而产生的。题者把自己所选的课题的概况(即开题报告内容)，向有关专家、学者、科技人员进行陈述。然后由他们对科研课题进行评议。亦可采用德尔菲法评分；再由科研管理部门综合评议的意见，确定是否批准这一选题。开题报告作为毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。研究方案，就是课题确定之后，研究人员在正式开展研究之前制订的整个课题研究的工作计划，它初步规定了课题研究各方面的具体内容和步骤。研究方案对整个研究工作的顺利开展起着关键的作用，尤其是对于我们科研经验较少的人来讲，一个好的方案，可以使我们避免无从下手，或者进行一段时间后不知道下一步干什么的情况，保证整个研究工作有条不紊地进行。可以说，研究方案水平的高低，是一个课题质量与水平的重要反映。
具体的范文模板链接：
2、语义双关语义双关是利用某个词语的多义性在特定环境下形成的双关，在字面上只有一个词语，而实际上同时关顾着两种不同的意义，言在此而意在彼，从而造成一种含蓄，深沉委婉，耐人寻味的意境，增强了语言的表达效果。[3]（66）这种双关与谐音双关有异曲同工之妙，在广告中也得到广泛运用。(4) Fresh up with 7-up.译文：君饮七喜，提神醒脑。这是美国七喜汽水的广告。“7”在西方国家是个吉祥的数字，赌博时掷色子的“7”者为赢，Up指“come up with”（突然想到）也有“活泼向上，使人清醒”的意思，同时7-up又是饮料的商标，整个广告读起来铿锵有力，富有节奏性，且具感召力让人一目了然。因此，代表积极向上的7-up的饮料在西方市场极为畅销。(5) You need the strongest line of defense against gum diseases.译文：用最坚固的牙线，筑起牙龈疾病最坚固的防线。这是美国强生公司的牙线广告。众所周知，使用牙线是为了保持口腔清洁，从而起到预防蛀牙的危险，广告正是从这一点出发，广告语中使用的“line”一语双关，既指“清洁牙齿的牙线”，又指“预防牙病的防线”，这使消费者一目了然。而且广告具有鼓动性，广告用语极尽夸张，即使用本产品就可“筑起牙龈疾病最坚固的防线”从而达到广告宣传的目的。(6) Different countries. Different languages. Different customs. One level of comfort worldwide.译文：不同的国家。不同的语言。不同的风俗习惯（海关）。舒适一流，畅游世界。这是一则航空广告。“customs”既有风俗习惯之意，又有海关的意思。在此广告中，航空公司打出了无论来自哪个国家，说什么语言，有什么样的风俗习惯都会让你感受到专业贴心的服务。But 2, the semanteme equivoque righteousness word or phrase with double meaning is tomake use of the word or phrase with double meaning that some's terms polysemy forms underspecially appointed environment, before character only have a terms on the surface, the pass istaking care of the significance different two kinds in fact at the same time, word here butintention is in that , bring about thereby one kind has been implicit , tactful , affording food tothought deep artistic conception, has strengthened language's to express effect. [3] (66) thiswords or phrases with double meaning and harmonic tone words or phrases with double meaning haveachieving the same goal with different means that is wonderful , also find broad application inadvertisement. (4) Fresh up with 7-up. Translation: You drink Seven-Up , refresh self being awakebrain. This is USA Seven-Up soft drink advertisement. "7" is a lucky figure to the west country ,"7" person who throws dice when gambling is to win , Up points to "the come up with " (think ofsuddenly) can't have "lively make progress, make sober " meaning of person, 7-up is the drink brandat the same time , entire advertisement reads be sonorous and forceful , rich rhythm , utensilappeal lets person be clear at a glance and. 7-up's drink making progress therefore , on behalf ofactively sells well extremely in west marketplace. (5) You need the strongest line of defenseagainst gum diseases. Translation: With the firmest dental floss,build the firmest gum disease lineof defense. This is USA Johnson & Johnson dental floss advertisement. It is known to all thatusing a dental floss is clean for keeping an oral cavity, get up thereby to in advancetooth-decay-preventing danger, advertisement exactly is to set off from this one point , the "line"that advertisement uses in language means more than the word tells, now that pointing to "dentalfloss of clean tooth", point to "the line of defense , preventing a tooth from falling ill" thismakes a consumer be clear at a glance. And advertisement has instigate , the advertisement termuses up hyperbole extremely, be that "the firmest line of defense achieves advertisement propagatespurpose thereby use this product to may build the gum disease" right away. (6) Differentcountries. Different languages. Different customs. One level of comfort worldwide. Translation:Different country. Different language. Different customs and habits (customhouse). Comfort isfirst-rate , has a good swim in the world. This is one items of aviation advertisement. Now that"customs" having intention of customs and habits, meaning having customhouse. Middle , airways haveshown here advertisement disregarding which country , what to say language to coming from , whatto customs and habits city having let you experience intimate service of special field.
论文开题报告模板！直接套用！
每一个内容都有参考句式，把自己的研究内容往上套即可。
1. 论题的背景及意义
例：...研究有利于全面...的特点，可以丰富现...的研究。
这一...研究可以弥补......研究的不足，深化与之密切相关......的研究......研究。
......角度进行研究，运用相关的......理论分析...问题，突破传统的......的角度去研......的模式，使......的研究能从一个新的角度获得解决方法。
2. 国内外研究现状
例：......在国际的研究现状；......国内的研究现春仔袭状。
文献评述（把上面的国内外的研扒兄究现状总结一下即可）
3. 研究目标、研究内容和拟解决的问题
A研究目标与内容
例：
本文拟......分析......分析两部分。首先对......情况重新审视，深入分析......，然后与其相关的......进行异同比较，最后归纳......的类型，并得......启示。本文的研究重戚裂点是.....情况
B拟解决的问题
例：
根据对......的现有研究成果，在全面考察的......情况下，结合......综合考虑......因素，以确定......
绘制相应的......模型后，通过实验结论证实其......的有效性和合理性。
4. 研究方法
例：
文春仔袭献研究法：通过图书馆、互联网、电子资源数据库等途径查阅大量文献，理解......等相关知识，理清......的发展脉络及研究现状，学习......有关理论，获取......等相关数据信息，为设计......提供思路和参照。
实验研究法：通过设计......选取......，进行数据分析，考察.......。
统计分析法：运用......数据分析软件，采用拍冲人工操作和计算机统计向结合的方法，进行定扒兄性与定量分析。经过人工和计算机校对筛选出所有合乎要求的信息，在定量研究春仔袭的基础上进行定性分析。
5. 创新之处和袭乎歼预期成果
例：
通过与戚裂现......技术的结合，使扒兄用......软件设计模型，......运用到......方面提春仔袭供新的视角。
6. 进度计划（根据自己院校顷凳修改相应时间扒兄即可）
例：
2020年10月中旬-2020年11月底确定论文选题，完成开题报告及答辩。
2020年12月初-2021年1月底撰写论文大纲完成论文前X章
2021年2月初-2021年2月底撰写论文后X章，完成初稿。
2021年3月初-20213月底交导戚裂师审批修改，完成二稿。
2021年4月初-2021年4月底进一步修改格式，完成三稿。
2021年5月初-2021年5月中旬查重定稿，装订成册及论文答辩准备。
7. 已取得的研究工作成绩
例：
已积累了一定的相关文献，初步研读了其中的大部分文献扒兄，并将其分类春仔袭以方便日后查阅参考，基本完成了本研究的准备工作。
8. 已具备的研究条件、尚缺少的研究条件和拟解决的途径
已具备的研究条件
例：
已经查阅到相关的论文和著作，并且研读了其的大部分文献，理清了论文的基本思路。
尚缺少的研究条件
例：
由......的使用权限有限，使得搜集到......不多，关......的搜集比较困难。
对......的理论知识的掌握还不够，自己......理论素养还不够深厚。
拟解决的途戚裂径
例：
利用图书馆的文献传戚裂递功能，向其他高校图书馆求助，同时向老师和前辈寻求帮助。
完毕！
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
综述：opening report可以，用Proposal更正式点。
重点词汇：Proposal
英［prə＇pəʊzl］
释义：
n.提议，建议；（计划、建议等的）提出；求婚
［复数：proposals］
短语：
The Proposal假结婚；爱情限时签；求婚的恶魔；弄假成真
词语使用变化：proposal
n.（名词）
1、proposal表示“提议，建议”时，其后可接介词短语或动词不定式作定语，也可接that从句作同位语。
2、proposal所接由that引起的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气。
3、proposal作为名词时，后面通常跟带to的不定式和名词。
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）….In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.…. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。 （论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）