下文用两步教你快速总结出阅读理解中的段落大意。 结论题与推理题在解题思路和方法上有许多相似之处，但是推理题偏重于推理过程，而结论题偏重于归纳过程。解答结论题时一定要根据题目要求，就短文有关内容做出合乎逻辑的、可靠的结论。有时为了克服片面性，可以扩大阅读范围，否则获得信息的范围太窄，结论便欠妥。因此，解答此类试题既要以事实为依据，也要依据自己的常识和经验;既要重视文章主题，也要重视发展或印证主题的细节;而尤为重要的是把握作者的写作意图。注意过于概括、过于全面或过于细节化的选项，往往属于干扰项。 (1)先了解全文，把握主题 考生可以通过首尾段、文章结构、或归纳整理各段信息迅速了解主题。然后再通过主题与细节的关系进行合乎理性的归纳。 Example The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. (2000年 Passage 5) From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained . [A] secretly and vigorously [B] openly and enthusiastically [C] easily and momentarily [D] verbally and spiritually 该段谈到人们对雄心的攻击远多于对它的维护，因此本应是一种健康公开的品质得不到很多支持。第四句和第五句指出了不公开表达雄心带来的不良后果，由此可以推出人们不应该隐瞒自己的雄心。此外，纵观全文，作者提倡的是正确对待雄心，坦言自己的抱负。因此[B]选项"公开而热情地"是作者提倡的对待雄心的正确态度。 (2)把握作者的写作意图 Example No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. (2001年 Passage 1) The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate. [A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation [B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study [C] the change of policies in scientific publications [D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs 前一段谈到，业余研究者进入专业领域很难的趋势在某些科学领域尤为突出，英国地质学的发展就说明了这一问题。后一段通过对19世纪英国地质学及其出版物的变化、研究方式的变化、非专业人员研究过程的困难等的陈述，说明专业人员和业余人员之间的分化越来越明显。因此可引申推理出作者的写作目的正是描述[A]选项 "职业化和专业化形成的过程"。 ◇ 编辑推荐·2014年考研复习：政治英语数学 专业课· 历年考研真题汇总 2014考研报考指南·2014各高校招生简章 ·考研院校录取数据对比 复试信息相关热词：考研考研英语考研英语复习
你穿过了——我们想象一下——麻省理工的那座巨石礼堂，上面刻的是最伟大的科学家的名字。——而你们当中几乎不可能有人把自己的名字篆刻在那些石头上面。可是你们当中的任何一个人——只要他在高中的物理课上一直没睡过去（这里原句应翻译为“一直保持着清醒”，但我个人觉得没睡过去更有意境hhhh）——都比过去那些伟大的创造者们对物理学有着更广泛的理解。你比他们知道得多，是因为他们留下了他们所了解的内容。任何科学（或理科）科目中的第一课，都是一节至关重要的历史课。你需要从前人为当今世人所学中开始你的学习（这句话翻译起来有点拗口，但差不多是这个意思）。但当一个人仅仅沉浸于过去的知识（而不懂得变通），他将对推进社会毫无用处。最后这句话我是按照我自己的理解翻译的……因为原文看着真的很奇怪。
建议今年考研那复习考研英仍然要反复研读真题，做完不是关键，关键是分析。以阅读真题为例，首先要不断精读，做到看到一句话能立刻正确反映出句子结构和句子成分，没有生单词。建议识记阅读中的生词，尤其是动词和形容词。其次，分析并翻译阅读中出现的长难句。再次，要分析文章及段落大意。最后，要分析文章后面的每个题目及各选项，弄明白各选项正确与否的依据。
托福阅读考试需要掌握好做题技巧，分析 文章 结构就是一种技巧，下面我来教教你怎么做。
托福阅读从理解文章结构开始
新托福考试(简称iBT)阅读部分考试时间为60-100分钟，共有39-42题。文章数量在3-5篇。根据2009年上半年的阅读部分的命题趋势，总体给考生的一个感觉就是阅读越来越难，难度直逼GRE。所以以至于许多考生闻阅读扼腕叹息，闻阅读节节败退。由于阅读时托福考试的第一个部分，所以阅读考试的成败决定着考生接下来几个部分考试的心理状态。
有许多学员这么和我说，老托的阅读要比新托简单得多，甚至不看文章也能做对题。其实不然。我们知道，原来老托是350字一篇文章，10分钟。现在新托是700字左右一篇文章，20分钟内完成12-14题。按照时间比例来说，时间对考生是绰绰有余的。但是为什么众多考生还是会有这样的感觉呢?
问题就出在托福的题目上，现在新托福阅读的题目四个选项长度呈不断加长趋势。有很多考生用在理解题目和选项的时间就远远超过答题时间。这样的话就直接影响了后面题目的答题质量。假如出现阅读加试，很多考生就一个头两个大了。
这主要还是因为考生在预备新托福阅读考试过程中太注重技巧的提炼，而忘记了 学习英语 最根本的还是在对语言的把握上。因此在这里给大家提几点复习新托福阅读的几点建议：
1。 假如基础一般的同学，想要参加托福考试，最好提前3-4个月预备起来。一本好的词汇书是必不可少的。其实背哪一本词汇书不是重点所在，重要的是能够持之以恒，天天对所背的词汇进行复习和 总结 。因为你在做词汇题时假如能碰到你熟悉的词，可以节省你会到文章中去看上下文猜词的时间。虽然不能保证背到就一定能考到，但是单词可以帮助你更好的理解文章。曾经有一名语言专家这样说过：“Without grammar， little can be conveyed and without vocabulary， nothing can be conveyed。”足以说明词汇的重要性。
2。 然后要从理解文章的结构开始理解文章。我们要明白，托福考试的阅读文章都是北美校园基础课程的文章，基本没有做过改动。所以文章的结构就是完全按照美式 作文 的五段法，我们的考生只要用这样的方式去分析每一篇文章，就会发现他们的结构是大同小异的。
3。 积累背景知识对我们来说相当的重要，因此我们在做新托福阅读的题目的同时，也应该在空余的时候多阅读课外读物，原版杂志。譬如，国家地理，自然，今日美国等一些闻名的原版杂志，这不仅可以扩充我们的背景知识，同时也可以补充我们在词汇量上的不足。
4。 在复习的最后阶段，做做模拟练习题是必不可少的。假如有条件的话，最好做一下模考软件。因为这样可以模拟新托福机考的真实场景。比较推荐的模考软件有Barron， Kaplan以及一些比较权威的模考网站。当然在你报名时托福官方网站提供给你的那一套不完整的模考题也是很有参考价值的。
新托福阅读文章结构解析
一、学术性文章成分
学术性文章中一般包含有以下内容：
1. Topic: 文章标题，即文章主要论述的对象。
2. Aspect: 作者围绕文章标题Topic进一步阐述的方面。
3. Attitude: 作者态度。
注意：Topic, Aspect和Attitude均为单词或 短语 ，一般不是 句子 。
4. Main Idea (MI): 主要思想，分为段落层面Main Idea和篇章层面Main Idea。
Main Idea分为显性和隐性。
显性的Main Idea: 作者在文章中明确给出表达主要思想的概括性句子。
隐性的Main Idea: 作者在文章中未给出表达主要思想的概括性句子，需要考生根据文
中信息总结得出。
5. Thesis Statement (ThS): 涵盖Topic的篇章主题句，显性篇章层面Main Idea。
6. Topic Sentence (TS): 涵盖某一Aspect的一段或某几段主题句，显性段落层面Main
Idea。
注意：在《Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary》中，Topic Sentence的解释为：a sentence that states the main thought of a paragraph or of a larger unit of discourse and is usually placed at or near the beginning。
从该定义中可以看出：(1) 一个段落中最多只有1个TS; (2) TS也可作为多段概述性内容
7. Detail (D): 细节
Detail分为：Major Detail(MaD)和Minor Detail (MiD)
二、句间关系
为了清晰的把握学术性的结构框架，考生首先应该具备分清句子与句子之间关系的能力。
托福文章中句子之间的关系从逻辑和段落结构角度总的来看，重点需要考生把握并列关系，概述与详述(或抽象与具体)关系，转折关系，以及因果关系。其中在把握文章结构与理解文章主要观点当中，以前三者最重要。
可以从句子的两个方面来判断句子之间的关系：1. 主要意思方面;2. 关联词
1. 并列关系
并列关系的两句话主要意思方面不同，并且有时会有表示并列的关联词出现。如例1：
例1：1Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people. 2Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions.
解析：
句1主要意思方面：调查者认同面部表情表明情感。
句2主要意思方面：人们识别表情表达出的情感。
句1与句2意思方面不同，并用moreover关联。
注意：并非所有并列关系的两个句子都有关联词出现，只要意思方面不同即为并列关系，如例2。
例2：1Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. 2Their bodies are sleek and compact.
句1意思方面：流线成为艺术形式。
句2意思方面：身体光滑简洁。
意思方面不同，无关联词，仍为并列关系。
常见表并列关系的关联词有：and, furthermore, in addition, additionally, similarly, likewise, as well as, besides, also, moreover, even等。
2. 概述与详述(抽象与具体)关系
概述与详述(抽象与具体)关系的两句话意思方 面相 同，但前后两句是概述与详述的关系，或抽象与具体的关系。
一般概述性或抽象内容涵盖内容广，但已引起歧义，可以让人们不禁问出how, what, why等问题。详述性或具体的句子相对于概述性或抽象句子具体且明确如例3，例4。
例3：1Perhaps most important of all to these and other fast swimmers is their ability to sense and make use of swirls and eddies (circular currents) in the water. 2They can glide past eddies that would slow them down and then gain extra thrust by "pushing off" the eddies.
解析：
句1与句2的意思方面均为swimmers运用swirls and eddies，但句1概述地描述为：sense and make use of, 句2出现具体动作描述glide past...and then gain extra thrust.
例4：1Loie Fuller was an important and innovative devised a type of dance that focused on the shifting play of lights and colors on the voluminous skirts or draperies she wore, which she kept in constant motion principally through movements of her arms, sometimes extended with wands concealed under her costumes.
解析：句1中出现形容词important and innovative。
句2通过具体事例devise a type of dance体现出形容词innovative。
注意：考生应锻炼在阅读的同时就可以感受出句中概述性内容能力。
以下形式常常可表示概述或抽象内容：
(1)名词复数: causes, effects, adaptations, aspects, benefits等;
(2)动词: benefit, develop, improve, evolve等动词;
(3)形容词: important, innovative, great, intense, attractive, despondent等;
(4)副词: successfully, hard, bravely, carefully等(往往与动词搭配)。
3. 转折关系
转折关系的两句话总的来说一般用表示转折关系的关联词连接，意思方面来看有两种关系，(1) 意思的方面相同但意思相反，如例5; (2) 意思的方面不同，如例6。
例5：1It might be that a "stiff" lip suppresses emotional response -- as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. 2But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
解析：
句1：a stiff lip suppresses emotional response
句2：导致stiffening the lip的情感更加强烈时，facial feedback heighten emotional response。
例6：1The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. 2The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing.
解析：
句1：鲸鱼保留尾巴，缺少现代鲸主要的推进工具：尾片。
句2：背骨结构表明Ambulocetus与现代鲸 游泳 一样。
句1与句2意思方面不同，但用关联词however连接，仍未转折关系。
常见转折关系关联词：but, yet, however, though, conversely, in contrast, contrast to, on the contrary等表示转折，相反的词或短语
4. 因果关系
因果关系的典型特征：出现因果关联词
例7：1Feeding, courtship, reproduction, and even "rest" are carried out while in constant motion. 2As a result, practically every aspect of the body form and function of these swimming "machines" is adapted to enhance their ability to swim
解析：
句1：摄食，求爱，繁殖，并且甚至休息都是在恒常的运动中进行。
句2：游泳及其身体形式和功能的每个方面都适于提升游泳能力。
句2用as a result引导，作者认为句1为句2成因。
常见因果关系关联词：as a result, therefore, thus, as a consequence, consequently, so, hence等
三、段落结构
在托福文章的段落内部，句子和句子并非出于同一个层次，因此需要运用以上讲解的句间关系，辨析段落中句子的地位。
对于单独的一个段落，不考察在文章中的地位(或与其他段落的段落关系)时，段落内部主要有Main Idea及Detail。
1. 显性Main Idea及Topic Sentence的位置
Main Idea显性时，则会明确出现一句能够概括段落主要思想的句子，即Topic Sentence。
有效把握托福阅读文章结构
分数要求
想得28分以上，一般就是错3个左右，也就是不含加试一篇一个。给自己的要求：不能错词汇题以外的任何题
阅读时间：
15分钟一篇，一篇13/14道题。(官方要求是20分钟一篇)
13道题中除了4道词汇题(30‘’)1道多选题(1’30‘’)之外，其他题目基本(1‘)一般是在第三段/第四段，大概第8题/第9题的样子，是一段会出2道理解题的段落。题目编排，近几年的TPO一般第一篇第二篇文章偏难，生词多，第三篇简单难度类似早期TPO。
在题目上一般是(细节 词汇，细节 作用， 细节 词汇， 细节 词汇 改写， 细节 词汇， 黑点 大意)规律就是每一段都会出细节题(In paragraph n...)再加一道其他题，早期一段只有一道题的情况几乎不存在了。
简单的托福阅读文章可能会出比较难的大意题，尤其是对比型的简单文章。用上面的标准控制时间，用下面的 方法 去读的话，20分钟一般都是够用的。
我的阅读障碍：
速度：1’大概150-170字，生词量一般而且前后不出现感觉自相矛盾需要停下来想的情况下。
选项：词汇量一般，有时词汇题的相似词汇不 造句 都感觉不出区别。
新托福阅读真题训练技巧：
1，粗看下文章的段数，对每段大概几道题有个预期。(比如只有5段，那长段肯定是3道题)粗看每段第一句话，对文章的整体意思心中有数。
2，每段段首变成中文理解，以迅速的进入状态，并记忆主要意思。(就算只有一道词汇题，这段的段首也要读)
3，每读一段整理一次逻辑，A支持的观点是，A的观点的问题是B的观点是。。。(记忆法，图像帮助理解，逻辑帮助记忆，生成图像来理解含义，对逻辑部分用色彩记忆红黄绿记忆法，每一段的第一句作为逻辑中心标记黄色，这段如果讲倒推如原因，在脑中的逻辑框架就在红色的区域生成记忆，如果正推将后果等就在绿色区域生成图像，读完全文留下来的会是每一排都是红黄绿三色的逻辑关系，每一段都纵向罗列，如下)红——黄——绿
红——黄——绿
4，鉴于每段都会出细节题，如果有词汇题等先只看一句话，做完了要看到细节题问的什么再看文章，鉴于有四个选项，选一个对的或者不对的，看的时候自己要边看边总结，比如总结出三个步骤， 解释了三个方面的问题，或者其他。5，要检查，每个不确定的题都标上guess回来看，我不确定的题错的概率还是非常高的。如果不走神的理解全文，一般15分钟是够的，还能剩下几分钟检查。
新托福阅读文章真题做题策略：
词汇题、句子改写题——只读该句不读完整段(30‘ _ + 1’_1)耗时3分钟
词汇题看好单词的词性、发出者(是人，是物)，保持一致的最对，看这一句即可。
In the past，whole cities grew from the arduoustask of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world’s finest stonearchitecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes
Mountains
of Peru.猜词是保证不了完全准了，根据意思，这道题排除BD，剩下AC很是纠结，但是看task本身，skilled task这种说法小奇怪，一般是skilled workers，所以选A
The word “arduous” in the passage is closest inmeaning to
○Difficult○Necessary○Skilled○Shared
词汇题对于我一直是难点超爱错，猜出来的，如果有时间检查一定要再看一下，从ETS出题的角度考虑。
在新托福阅读文章中快速记录是有效地把握文章结构，记录重要信息的方式，此外，想掌握快速笔记的方法，就要养成“边读边记”的习惯，会让阅读效率大大提高。从这个角度来看，同学们更应该以托福考试为契机，培养自己这种良好的阅读习惯，从而在学习和研究中达到事半功倍的效果。
读懂托福阅读文章结构还怕做不对题么
我们在备考托福阅读的过程中，对于一些文章的结构也要有所了解，这样能够辅助我们更好地来了解阅读文章内容，下面我们就来具体的讲讲托福阅读的文章结构解析。
Topic 话题
相当于文章的主角是什么。就好像讲解某个科学理论、研究其中的社会现象，探讨某个历史事件;在大家所做的托福阅读学术性文章中。
通常要求具备三个组成部分：在托福文章中，这种导入性信息往往出现在篇首位置。考生可以根据篇首段信息对整篇文章所要讨论的核心内容有所了解。
Aspects 方面
即将篇首的话题延伸拓展为若干个方面进行阐述说明。如果话题是其中一个科学论点，那么方面也许可划分成若干个支持论据;若话题为某种自然现象，则方面可能分为若干个内外成因。
如果话题则是某个历史事件，那么方面为几段发展时期;在托福文章中，通常都是根据各个方面之间的层次关系，把各个方面拆分为若干个独立的自然段落，共同组成行文主体。
Attitude态度
相当于文章的作者对于所讨论话题持怎样的态度。或是积极肯定，或是消极否定，或是保持中立。Topic话题 + Aspects方面 + Attitude态度，前面 3要素加在一起即为标准学术论文体的"T+A+A篇章结构"。托福文章大部分都是遵循这种结构，考生们能够通过篇首段落信息来把控整个文章话题及大致讨论方向，再抓住文章的各个段落主旨，便可洞悉整个文章脉络和逻辑结构。
在大致上阅读文章又分为以下顺序结构：
优劣顺序
在大家介绍新产品时，一般是去首先说它的几个优点，后面再去说它缺点。在介绍某一种现象时，同样是会首先说它带来的好处，再说它的坏处。
时间顺序
在大家叙说一个事物史的发展时，通常都是采取时间渐进的方式进行叙述。先怎么样，再怎么样，最后又是怎么样。
空间顺序
在大家介绍一个事物时，还会采用空间移动的顺序。其中的是如何，外面又是如何，前面又怎么样，后面怎么样，上面怎么样，下面又是怎么样。
因果类结构
也就是全文都是围绕着某个现象进行解释。
典型文章Desert Formation，在文章开头的第一段就出现这样的内容：
The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desert-like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification.
首先对沙漠的现状进行了描述，紧接着就赶紧扣题下定义，告诉我们什么是沙漠化。
现象交代完了之后，出题段的第三段就迅速展开了原因的描述，我们发现第三段和第五段开头分别是这样的：
Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water.
There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes.
这样就交代了两个原因，分别是loss of vegetation和soil’s ability to absorb water.
同学们读到这里就要开始有预判断了，预料下面是否开始说一些其他的原因呢?带着这样的疑问去看，发现第六段说的是：
Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation.
第九段针对overirrigation展开论述。果然是另外的沙漠化的原因，接着第十段就是对沙漠化的前景进行展望。至此整篇文章的结构就很清楚了。
了解了文章的结构对于接下来的文章会有预判断，读起来就会前后连贯，会有效减少 文章阅读 的心理难度。
比较对比结构
最为典型的是Artisan and Industrialization. 整篇文章也是分为了两个部分，前两段都在说手工作坊时代的生产方法，从第三段开始介绍机器大工业生产的情况以及带来的工人罢工。
虽然整篇文章共有6段，但是我们如果可以判断出文章的结构就可以轻易地将文章分为两个部分，而且两部分之间还是比较对比的关系，就将一篇长文章读短了，降低阅读难度。
解决方法结构
典型文章是Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer，前四段介绍了Ogallala含水层的发现以及使用过度带来的问题，后两段就开始介绍治理的方法。
这种文章的结构不如因果类的明显，但是也可以通过这样的思路将文章前后串起来，降低阅读难度。
分类结构
典型的例子就是aggression.开头第一段交代了When one animal attacks another, it engages in the most obvious example of aggressive behavior. Psychologists have adopted several approaches to understanding aggressive behavior in people.
于是我们大概知道文章是对aggression的研究方法进行阐述，果然文章非常清楚地用黑体字标注出了三种研究方法，分别是The Biological Approach和The Psychodynamic Approach以及The Cognitive Approach.至此文章结构一目了然，我们很清楚知道文章分成了三个部分，每一部分之间是并列关系。
英语四大文体的英文表达是记叙文 Narrative 、说明文 Description text 、应用文Practical 、议论文Argumentation。
记叙文分为记人和记事两种，主要是叙述人物的经历或事物的发展变化，但无论是哪种，其关键之处是相通的：围绕着“人事时地物”之类的要素展开，也就是英语的Wh-words：何人(who)、何时(when)、何事(what)、何地(where)、如何(why)、为何(how)……
说明文的主要功能，是介绍事物的形状、性质、构造、功用、特征等。说明文在行文的时，逻辑性一般都很强，而且作者会根据事物的不同方面，自行分篇分段。
议论文有两种较常见的类型
议论文主要是用来论述事理、发表意见、提出主张，有两种较常见的类型。
1、提出观点(表明论点)，并一步一步展开(提出论据或理由)。这种类型一般都是“总分总”的结构，先引入话题，然后总说自己的观点;再分别列举理由，来证明自己观点的正确;较后，综上所述，再强调自己的观点。
2、综述一种事物或现象的正反方面。这种类型的也是“总分总”的结构，较后的“总”不是重复强调，而是在权衡之下，提出自己的观点，或者启发读者自己去思考，因此是“引入话题——客观陈述优缺点——作者的主观意见或启发读者思考”。
关于英语阅读理解技巧
阅读理解是英语考试的重点，下面是我为大家整理的关于英语阅读理解技巧，欢迎参考~
一、常考语法点
1.复杂长难句结构(复杂句中常有2个动词为标志)
2.强调句(it is that do not only but also)
3.正话反说(潜台词)(sound like/seem look as though utopia)
4.含插入语的句子(跳过不看)
5.双重否定(负负得正原则)(hardly unknown, do not less , nothing illegal)
6.一些特殊标点，如引语常考。要不支持，要不批判，要不大背景。
7.复杂句中的拆分的固定结构，如from to between and
8.同位语
9.指代关系
10.逻辑主语、宾语
11.省略句
12.虚拟语气
13.例子常考，看例子说明什么。
14.转折处，重点在转折后。
15.因果句常考，奇速英语注意分清那是因，那是果，不要颠倒。
16.类比比喻常考。
17.集中式列举一般会出题。
阅读核心语法：
1.定语从句。
2.插入语。
3.定语后置
4.并列句。
5.分词现象
二、文章结构分析
提问-回答
新老观点对比型
独句段(极有可能是中心思想所在)
让步叙述型
争论辩论型
一分为二型(二个核心的平行结构)
总分总
三、阅读的黄金三原则
(1)剥洋葱式句法结构分析：
1.判断一句话有几个洋葱(主从句分节)。
1)如果一句话有and或or，并且and前后是句子并列，那么前后独立构成一个洋葱，分开剥皮。
2)看这句话中有没有but或yet，如果有but，yet那么前后独立各自成为一个洋葱。
3)看这句话中有没有特殊的标点符号：分号，冒号，破折号，有的话分开几句话剥皮。
2.对每一个洋葱分开剥皮，必须从第一层皮开始，也就是整个句话的核心主谓宾，以后一次每构成一个语法就构成一层皮。注意时态!
3.将每层意思翻译成中文。
4.用设问的方法将这些句子串联起来，组成复杂句。
(2)得分句、辅助句：
三种关系：
1.当得分句式某一段的第一句话，那么辅助句就是这一段的剩余文字。
2.最后一句话，那么辅助句是倒数第二句话。
3.中间一句话，那么是这句话的.前后句。
(3)坐标轴原则：
就是选择与原文意思最接近的意思，如果都不接近就选范围大的那个。
确定零点很重要：中心词。
确定中心词：
1.看题干有没有人名、地名、大小写，时间、数据等。
2.看主语谓语宾语。
3.看其他词汇。
4.找到：好几个。一一对照，确定到底是那句。
5.找不到：顺序原则。计算原则。
6.例外：下面哪项是对的?要从选项里找中心词一一对照，有的是找不到中性词的。
四、阅读的几种题型
1.情感态度题，包括全文和局部
2.中心思想题，包括主旨大意题，最好标题题，目的题，例证题等
3.猜词题
4.事实细节题
5.推理判断题
五、做阅读的具体方法
1.先看题干，明白要问的是什么?确定是何种题型?
2.进入本题型的解题方法和步骤。
3.再看文章对应的段落，在里面找正确答案。
4.做完一题，再看下一题的题干，在下一段找答案，一般都是一题与一段相互对应。
5.遇到“下面哪项对?下面哪项不对?”这种题目一般都是和段落对应，要不就放到最后做!
6.做完后分析文章的主旨大意，看看自己选择的是不是符合文章的主旨，很多题目都是这样的，包括细节题。
7.做完全部题目结合概率论来检查。基本上是5个平均，有时会有4、6现象，但只会出现二个，不会出现四个!(意思是一般是5A5B5C5D,个别年份是4A6B5C5D这种形式的)
六、阅读命题原则
1.避免考生根据一般常识而不用阅读文章就能得出答案!所以看似是常识的肯定不对!
2.正确选项的长度和结构要有迷惑性，不能明显异于别的选项!
七、正确答案分析
阅读问题的正确答案经常具有下列五大特征之中的一个或几个：
1.特征一---内容：常与文章的主旨有关。
即经常涉及文章的中心思想。有的文章后面几个问题的正确答案都对应文章的主旨，因此，要注意正确表达了原文主旨的选项。
2.特征二---位置：常对应段首、段尾和转折处。
在前面的做题步骤中已经指出段首、段尾和转折处是文章的重点，也是常出题的地方，值得关注。
3.特征三---改写：常对原文进行同义替换、正话反说或反话正说。
同义替换、正话反说或反话正说是阅读三种最常见的答案编写方式，了解它们就等于能从命题角度把握问题。
4.特征四---语气：常含有不肯定语气词和委婉语气词。
有些问题的答案，尤其是推理题的答案中常包含不肯定语气词和委婉语气词，如may等，以显示推理的相对性。
5.特征五---特性：常具有概括性和深刻性。
由于考研阅读考查的对象是文章要点与重点，因此答案通常具有概括性和深刻性，所以选择答案时对于包含过于琐碎细节的选项要警惕。
做阅读问题时，如果能以原文为依据，并结合上述正确答案的五大特征进行思考，结果会比较理想。
八、干扰选项的特点
1.看似合理，其实以偏概全、断章取义。
要么利用在文章中没有提到的生活常识编造选项。
要么把文章中的事实和细节当主旨，把片面的次要的观点当成主要观点。因此我们要从文中找依据，找答案，看似合理的不一定就是正确答案。
在主旨题中，应该排除细节干扰，把握文章主题。
2.偷梁换柱，张冠李戴。
要么对原句中的细微处做了改动，要么截取文章中的词语或类似结构进行编造。要么在备选项中把因说成果，把果说成因，把别人的观点或作者反对的观点说成是作者的观点。因此我们要注意，过于相似的选项不一定正确，除非程度、范围都与原文完全一致。我们要注意：“原文越多，对的可能性越小”!
3.用常规含义代替偏用词义。词意句意题中，通常把要考察的词或句的常规含义作为干扰项。
4.过度引申。要注意选项是不是大大超出了文章允许的范围，切勿过度发挥。
5.最具迷惑性的选项是一半对一半错的!
D - 'folklore/tradition'，父母传递只是其中一种D - 整篇就是在说传统文化知识的重要性B - 书本不是唯一的知识来源C - 向工人学习知识，但是也要学会定夺（“what to accept and what to reject”）B - 如何得到知识（书本之外的知识）
THE GREAT STONE FACEThe Author s IntrusionRereading Hazlitt... Herodotus... Chaucer... Shakespeare... Bos-well... Montaigne... and certain other emitters of luminosity neverpalls. Now and then I have dipped- only dipped- into my-self with pleasure... but pursuit of that pleasure is certain tosharpen awareness of words not precise or harmonious... of doggedphrases... of sentences to be remodeled... of transpositions thatwould strengthen grace... of subject matter by hunks that hadbetter be excised... and of interesting... delightful... winged thingsin my head that belong to the written composition. I am sogrounded in respect for the English language as used by noblewriters for more than five hundred years that I have neverbeen contemporaneous with more than four or five writerswhom I admire. My contemporaries have lacked amplitude...wit... Johnsonian horse sense... play of mind... and other virtuescommon to predecessors still waiting to be enjoyed. Most mod-ern American writing in the \"best seller\" lists is so loosely --often sloppily... ignorantly... hideously--composed that it has no appeal for a craftsman disciplined to lucidity and the logic of grammar... bred to a style \"familiar but by no means vul- gar...\" and harmonized from infancy with the rhythms of DescriptionA selection of Poe's poetry and sixteen of his best-known tales, including "The Murders in the Rue Morgue," "The Fall of the House of Usher," "The Black Cat," and "The Pit and the Pendulum.".About AuthorIn his short, troubled life Edgar Allan Poe originated the mystery story, brought new psychological depth to the tale of horror, and made inimitable contributions to Romantic poetry and literary criticism. Born in Boston in 1809 to itinerant actors, Poe was orphaned as an infant and sent to live wit
spirit of the craftsman/craftsman's spirit/craftsmanship spirit：工匠精神
例句：
1、可能，这种久违的工匠精神，令人着迷。
Probably,I have been driven crazy by this long lost craftsman's spirit.
2、别墅的工匠精神，不在别处，只是细微中润泽衍生。
You can find the spirit of craftsman in villas nowhere but in tiny area.
3、德盈人工作观：发扬工匠精神，享受工作，快乐生活。
Work Concepts:Carry forward craftsman sprit Enjoy work,Enjoy life!
4、要在全社会弘扬精益求精的工匠精神，激励广大青年走技能成才、技能报国之路。
It is necessary to carry forward the craftsman spirit of excellence in the whole society,and encourage the majority of young people to take the road of becoming talents with skills and serving the country with skills.
5、建设知识型、技能型、创新型劳动者大军，弘扬劳模精神和工匠精神，营造劳动光荣的社会风尚和精益求精的敬业风气。
Build an army of knowledge-based,skilled and innovative workers,carry forward the spirit of model workers and craftsmen,and create a glorious social fashion of labor and a professional atmosphere of excellence.
阅读是 学习英语 的基础，对于 英语学习 者来说培养自己的阅读能力十分重要，下面我为大家带来 英语阅读 短文摘抄，欢迎大家阅读!
In 1858, a French engineer, Aime Thome de Gamond, arrived in England with a plan for a twenty-one-mile tunnel under the English Channel. He said that it would be possible to build a platform in the centre of the Channel. This platform would serve as a port and a railway station. The tunnel would be well-ventilated if tall chimneys were built above sea level. In 1860, a better plan was put forward by an Englishman, William Low. He suggested that a double railway-tunnel should be built. This would solve the problem of ventilation, for if a train entered this tunnel, it would draw in fresh air behind it. Forty-two years later a tunnel was actually begun. If, at the time, the British had not feared invasion, it would have been completed. The world had to wait almost another 100 years for the Channel Tunnel. It was officially opened on March 7,1994, finally connecting Britain to the European continent.
1858，法国工程师，托梅二十一公里，计划到了英国一个长21英里隧道的英语频道。他说，这将有可能建立一个平台的中心通道。这个平台将用作码头和火车站。隧道通风良好如果高大的烟囱状海拔。1860，提出了一个更好的计划由一个英国人，威廉低。他提议建一条双轨隧道。这将解决通风问题，因为如果一列火车开进隧道，它就把新鲜空气的背后。四十二年后，隧道真的开始。如果，当时，英国不害怕入侵的话，它会被完成。世界不得不再等将近100年的英吉利海峡隧道。这是3月71994正式开通，将英国与欧洲大陆的。
Jeremy Hampden has a large circle of friends and if very popular at parties. Everybody admires him for his great sense of humour -- everybody, that is, except his six-year-old daughter, Jenny. Recently, one of Jeremy's closest friends asked him to make a speech at a wedding reception. This is the sort of thing that Jeremy loves. He prepared the speech carefully and went to the wedding with Jenny. he had included a large number of funny stories in the speech and, of course, it was a great success. As soon as he had finished, Jenny told him she wanted to go home. Jeremy was a little disappointed by this but he did as his daughter asked. On the way home, he asked Jenny if she had enjoyed the speech. To his surprise, she said she hadn't. Jeremy asked her why this was so and she told him that she did not like to see so many people laughing at him!
杰瑞米汉普登有一大群朋友如果很受欢迎的人。人人都钦佩他那绝妙的幽默感--人人，就是说，除他6岁的女儿珍妮。最近，杰瑞米的一个最亲密的朋友请他在一个婚礼上祝词。这是杰瑞米所喜欢的那种事。他认真准备了讲稿，带着珍妮去婚礼。他包含了很多有趣的 故事 ，并在讲话，当然，这是一个巨大的成功。他刚一讲完，珍妮就告诉他说她想回家。杰瑞米因此感到有点扫兴，但他还是按照女儿的要求做了。在回家的路上，他问珍妮是否喜欢演讲。使他吃惊的是，她说她不喜欢。杰瑞米问她为什么不，她告诉他，她不愿意看到那么多的人嘲笑他!
Firemen had been fighting the forest for nearly three weeks before they could get it under control. A short time before, great trees had covered the countryside for miles around. Now, smoke still rose up from the warm ground over the desolate hills. Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction, for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well. When the fire had at last been put out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of a special type of grass-seed which would grow quickly. The seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quantities by aeroplanes. The planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain. By then, however, in many places the grass had already taken root. In place of the great trees which had been growing there for centuries patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.
消防队员与森林大火搏斗了近三个星期才把火势控制。不久之前，高大的树木覆盖着方圆数英里的土地。现在，仍然升腾着烟雾，弥漫在荒凉的山丘上温暖地面。冬季即将来临，山丘对周围的村庄具有毁灭性的威胁，因为大雨不仅会冲走土壤，而且还会引起严重的水灾，以及。在大火最后被扑灭后，森林管理当局订购了好几吨特殊类型的草籽生长迅速。这种草籽大量地飞机。飞机撒播近一个月，当它开始下雨。当时，然而，很多地方的草已经生了根。在地方的大树已经生长了许多世纪的补丁绿色开始出现在这片烧焦的土地。
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阅读虽然不是一种直接的交际,但在本质上也是一种语言交际活动。下面就是我给大家整理的短篇 英语阅读 文章 ，希望大家喜欢。短篇英语阅读文章：You are special A well-know speaker started on his seminar(研讨会) by holding up a $20 bill in the room of 200. He asked,who would like this $20 bill. Hands started going up. He said, "I'm going to give this $20 to one of you, but first, let me do this." He proceeded to crumple(弄皱) the $20 note up. He then asked, "who still wants it?" Still the hands were up in the air. "Well," he replied, "what if I do this?" He dropped it on the ground, and started to ground into the floor with his shoe. He picked it up, now, crumpled and dirty. "Now, who still wants it?" Still the hands went into the air. "My friends, you have all learned a very valuable lesson no matter what I did to the money, you still want it. Because it did not decrease in value. It was still worth $20." Many times in our lives, we are dropped, crumpled, and ground into the dirt by the decisions we make, and circumstances that come away. We feel as though we are worthless. But no matter what happened, or what will happen, you will never lose your value. Dirty or clean, crumpled or finally creased, you are still priceless to those who love you. The worst of your lives comes not in what we do, or who we know, but by who we are. You are special. Don't ever forget it. 短篇英语阅读文章：Love your mother Let us take a moment of the time just to pay tribute and show appreciation to the person called MOM though some may not say it openly to their mother. There's no substitute for her. Cherish every single moment. Though at times she may not be the best of friends, she may not agree to our thoughts, she is still your mother! Your mother will be there for you, to listen to your woes your brags your frustrations, etc. Ask yourself "Have you put aside enough time for her, to listen to her 'blues' of working in the kitchen, her tiredness?" Be tactful, loving and still show her due respect, though you may have a different view from hers. Once gone, only fond memories of the past and also regrets will be left. Do not take for granted the things closest to your heart. Love her more than you love yourself. Life is meaningless without her. 短篇英语阅读文章：Mum and growing days Those Teenage Years When you were 11 years old, she took you and your friends to the different movies. You thanked her by asking to sit in a row. When you were 12 years old, she warned you not to watch certain TV shows. You thanked her by waiting until she left the house. When you were 13, she suggested a haircut that was becoming. You thanked her by telling her she had no taste. When you were 14, she paid for a month away at summer camp. You thanked her by forgetting to write a single letter. When you were 15, she came home from work, looking for a hug. You thanked her by having your bedroom door locked. When you were 16, she taught you how to drive her car. You thanked her by taking it every chance you could. When you were 17, she was expecting an important call. You thanked her by being on the phone all night. When you were 18, she cried at your high school graduation. You thanked her by staying out partying until dawn. When you were 19, she paid for your college tuition, drove you to campus, carried your bags. You thanked her by saying good-bye outside the dorm so you wouldn't be embarrassed in front of your friends. When you were 20, she asked whether you were seeing anyone. You thanked her by saying, "It's none of your business."
提升英语阅读能力是我们学习英语的关键，下面我为大家带来英语阅读小文章，希望大家喜欢!
The expensive shops in a famous arcade near Piccadilly were just opening. At this time of the morning, the arcade was almost empty. Mr Taylor, the owner of a jewellery shop was admiring a new window display. Two of his assistants had been working busily since 8 o'clock and had only just finished. Diamond necklaces and rings had been beautifully arranged on a background of black velvet. After gazing at the display for several minutes, Mr Taylor went back into his shop.
The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade. It came to a stop outside the jeweler's. One man stayed at the wheel while two others with black stockings over their faces jumped out and smashed the window of the shop with iron bars. While this was going on, Mr Taylor was upstairs. He and his staff began throwing furniture out of the window. Chairs and tables went flying into the arcade. One of the thieves was struck by a heavy statue, but he was too busy helping himself to diamonds to notice any pain. The raid was all over in three minutes, for the men scrambled back into the car and it moved off at a fantastic speed. Just as it was leaving, Mr Taylor rushed out and ran after it throwing ashtrays and vases, but it was impossible to stop the thieves. They had got away with thousands of pounds worth of diamonds.
皮卡迪利大街附近的一条著名拱廊街道上，几家高档商店刚刚开始营业。在早晨的这个时候，拱廊街上几乎空无一人。珠宝店主泰勒先生正在欣赏新布置的橱窗。他手下两名店员从早上8点就开始忙碌，这时刚刚布置完毕。钻石项链、戒指漂亮地陈列在黑色丝绒上面。泰勒先生站在橱窗外凝神欣赏了几分钟就回到了店里。
宁静突然被打破，一辆大轿车亮着前灯，响着喇叭，呼啸着冲进了拱廊街，在珠宝店门口停了下来。一人留在驾驶座上，另外两个用黑色长筒丝袜蒙面的人跳下车来。他们用铁棒把商店橱窗的玻璃砸碎。这开始发生时，泰勒先生正在楼上。他与店员动手向窗外投掷家具，椅子，桌子飞落花流水在拱廊街上。一个窃贼被一尊很重的雕像击中，但由于他忙着抢钻石首饰，竟连疼痛都顾不上了。这场抢劫只持续了3分钟，因为窃贼争先恐后地爬上轿车，以惊人的速度开跑了。就在轿车离开的时候，泰勒先生从店里冲了出来，跟在车后追赶，一边还往车上扔烟灰缸、花瓶。但他已无法抓住那些窃贼了。他们已带着价值数千镑的首饰逃之夭夭了。
Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins was telling me about his experiences as a young man. Before he retired, Frank was the head of a very large business company, but as a boy he used to work in a small shop. It was his job to repair bicycles and at that time he used to work fourteen hours a day. He saved money for years and in 1958 he bought a small workshop of his own. In his twenties Frank used to make spare parts for aeroplanes. At that time he had two helpers. In a few years the small workshop had become a large factory which employed seven hundred and twenty-eight people. Frank smiled when he remembered his hard early years and the long road to success. He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in. She wanted him to repair their grandson's bicycle!
昨天下午弗兰克·霍金斯向我讲述了他年轻时的经历。在他退休之前，弗兰克是一家非常大的事务公司头，但作为一个男孩，他曾经工作在一个小商店。他的工作是修理自行车，那时他一天工作十四小时。他积蓄多年，并在1958他买了属于自己的小作坊。在他二十几岁的弗兰克曾生产飞机零配件。那时他有两个帮手。在几年的小作坊已经成为一个雇用七百二十八人的大工厂。弗兰克回想着他早年的艰难经历和走过的漫长的成功之路。他正笑着的时候，门开了，他的妻子走了进来。她叫他去修理他们孙子的自行车!
Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened to her. One afternoon she set out from the coast in a small boat and was caught in a storm. Towards evening, the boat struck a rock and the girl jumped into the sea. Then she swam to the shore after spending the whole night in the water. During that time she covered a distance of eight miles. Early next morning, she saw a light ahead. She knew she was near the shore because the light was high up on the cliffs. On arriving at the shore, the girl struggled up the cliff towards the light she had seen. That was all she remembered. When she woke up a day later, she found herself in hospital.
阅读的英文是read。
阅读运用语言文字来获取信息，认识世界，发展思维，并获得审美体验的活动。它是从视觉材料中获取信息的过程。视觉材料主要是文字和图片，也包括符号、公式、图表等。
一种主动的过程，由阅读者根据不同的目的加以调节控制的,陶冶人们的情操，提升自我修养。阅读是一种理解，领悟，吸收，鉴赏，评价和探究文章的思维过程。阅读可以改变思想，从而可能改变命运。
扩展资料
一般以阅读时是否出声音为标准，则可以分为朗读、默读和视读三类，前两类也称为音读，后一类一般称为速读。
1、朗读（有的称诵读）即发出声音的阅读，这类阅读多半在少儿识字、读书背诵时使用，或因老师需要了解学生是否真的会读，或作检验学生阅读能力等；
2、而默读则是表面没有发出声音，而大脑中仍然在默念阅读时的文字或符号读音的阅读，这种阅读是当今为最大多数人所熟悉并使用的阅读方法；
3、视读即速读，它则是指完全由人的视觉器官眼睛识别后直接由大脑发生知觉的阅读方式，它的特点就是由眼睛识别后直接作用于大脑产生意义理解的阅读，整个过程极少有发生音读现象。
参考资料来源：百度百科-阅读
“阅读”的英文是read。
read英 [ri:d] 美 [ri:d] vt.& vi.阅读，朗读; 显示; 研究; 看得懂vt.阅读; 显示; 读懂，理解n.阅读; 读书; 读物; 里德（人名）adj.被朗读的; 博识的; 博览的; 有学问的
readingn.阅读；读数；宣读；读物readvt.& vi.阅读，朗读；显示；研究；看得懂perusevt.研读；（尤指）细阅sightn.景象；看见；视力；视野