英语专业的论文我就多了,不过你给的分也太多了点,给你发些题目吧,追加就分,给个红旗,同性恋和文化多元性《德伯家的苔丝》悲剧成因探析 浅析广告英语中的修辞西方思潮对当代中国青年的负面影响论美国电影对中国电影业造成冲击的原因 逃避,不如直面 ——浅谈“逃避主义”的根源 英汉广告文化和翻译从尊卑与平权看中西方文化的道德差异分析《傲慢与偏见》中的一个次要人物 做合格的外贸人才——针对英语专业在校生从电影《美丽人生》看完美男人形象 浅谈中学英语听说教学 从《宠儿》透视美国黑人女性的悲剧与成长《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧因素 英国女王伊丽莎白一世的宗教改革 英国战争对英语习语的影响 个体语言与语境 开发草地生态旅游促进西部经济发展 海丝特与卡米拉爱情观的对比分析 愉快教学法在初中英语教学中的研究中学英语教学中的肢体语言的应用 解读《简.爱》的帝国主义意识 浅析美国早期移民文化 中国和西方的酒文化 中英死亡委婉语对比分析苔丝的反叛精神 浅谈交际法在中学英语教学中的应用 关于攀枝花市公示语汉英翻译的调查与分析 消除不良商标翻译的策略 大学英语教学中的弊端及对策 论美国“西进运动”的双刃性 七曲山大酒店的管理弊端及其对策 从《鲁滨逊漂流记》看人的性格对命运的决定作用 企业文化对企业发展的作用 论中西方文学作品对正面人物的刻画 一位坚强独立的女性——简·爱 试论格萨拉生态旅游区的现状及发展前景妇女——当代美国社会不可小觑的力量 浅谈格萨拉景区旅游开发前景 像鲁滨逊一样在逆境中创造精彩 初中英语课堂互动教学的探索 论旅游英语的特征 中学生个体差异与英语素质教育商标语的翻译 初中学生个体差异与英语教学 论《美国悲剧》中萝贝塔的悲剧性 从现代汉语中的外来词看中国文化对西方文化的吸收与 论《白象似的群山》中海明威独特的写作风格 攀枝花民族中学英语教学特性分析及对策 从福娃“改名”谈文化词的翻译策略 美国英语与英国英语在词汇上的差异 非语言交际在中学英语教学中的有效应用 从《哈利·波特》看儿童的成长 浅析苔丝之死 《老人与海》象征主义探究 “师道尊严”对当代中国英语教学的负面影响 日常生活中提高英语口语方法探析 攀枝花生态旅游的发展 在国际商务谈判中建立良好第一印象的技巧 从《西风颂》看英国积极浪漫主义的特征 企业文化在企业发展中的作用 习语及习语的汉英翻译盖茨比美国梦的幻灭——透视现实生活中的爱情 文化差异对第二语言学习的影响 浅析爱默生的《论自助》——人生自主的源泉 在中西方文化背景中对龙的不同阐释 论教学交往互动中的对话 冷战后美国外交的文化阐释 网络对当代青少年的影响 欧美人所理解之天堂世界观 基于作品人物浅析菲茨杰拉德 中国80后一代眼中的美国文化和中国文化 解读《皆大欢喜》中的浪漫主义 从《红字》和《荆棘鸟》看宗教禁欲主义下的爱情跨文化交际与中西文化冲突 谈如何理解海明威《一个干净明亮的地方》网络在中学英语教学中的应用 我看简·爱的爱情 中美家庭教育与个人能力培养 试论言语行为理论在广告语中的运用 《老人与海》的悲剧色彩:对完美主义的质疑 英语名的取名艺术 英语名的取名艺术 分析简·爱的美 中西文化中颜色词的象征意义 重拾爱伦·坡的哥特小说——从写作手法剖析 论《红字》中的孤独因素 汉语语言环境对英语学习的影响 小学英语教育中的新方法 中西方婚俗的差异 斯佳丽:“旧”时代的“新”女性 交际法在中学英语课堂的应用 论修辞在英语广告中的应用 中国西部未来人才需要 论福斯塔夫的性格 从《喧哗与骚动》中凯蒂的悲剧看20世纪初女性的社会 从商标及广告翻译看中英文化差异 儿童英语的交互性教学 英文谚语的文化场景在中译文中的缺失与弥合 浅谈大学生英语口语表达能力的提高 美国高等教育的多元化 教师在小学英语教学中的角色和作用分析罗密欧与朱丽叶的爱情悲剧之研究 放松艺术——论失落情绪的消除社会底层的底层——分析美国非裔妇女的社会地位论中西饮食文化差异 文化认同的悲剧 从美国“迷惘的一代”看当今中国年轻人的生活 中美文化视野中对个人主义的认同差异透过《飘》看现代女性对待生活的态度 美国社会的葛朗台现象 多种方法,提高初中英语课堂效益学前幼儿的英语口语教学方法和技巧 论毒品对青少年的危害 从原创广告分析中美文化差异 乐山大佛风景区宗教旅游资源的研究 从迷茫的玛尔特的悲剧看女性存在的社会价值从伊丽莎白一世的婚姻看现代爱情观 美国黑人文化得以幸存的原因解析 激发学生学习英语的兴趣 英国的民族个性——高贵与务实在饮食中的表现 大学双语教学的现状及对策 倾城之恋》与《飘》的女性主义解读 浅析中国慈善事业发展现状 思想的解放 理性的光芒 浅析美国的个人主义与中国的集体主义林奇与狼牙山五 从英汉习语的翻译看中西方文化差异初中英语教学的弊端及对策论家庭教育和学校教育的结合 都市边缘文化中西方同性恋文化浅析 《简·爱》的浪漫主义解读冷战后的美国对外战略 洋快餐对中国饮食文化的影响 中国教育体制下情境教学法的误区 美国俚语中的文化特征美国黑人文化的灵魂—音乐与舞蹈谈如何加强初一年级英语教学 手势在人际交往中的应用 从《变形记》透视家庭环境对塑造儿童健康心理的影 谈美国富翁的慈善捐助 英汉广告翻译中的文化差异 精神与形象造就优秀企业 情感因素与外语学习 从两个节日看中西方的迷信思想 从《鲁宾逊漂流记》看创新精神 二语习得中文化差异对阅读的影响 论《傲慢与偏见》中的爱情观和婚姻观 浅谈高中英语的听说教学方法 做合格的外贸人员对经贸英语专业在校生 颜色词的中英对比翻译 星条旗飘扬下的爱国主义 传统英语教育与在线英语教育 解析《长腿叔叔》少女茱蒂 成长的日志 爵士乐—二十世纪美国社会文化的一面镜子 剖析莎士比亚以四大悲剧为代表的悲剧世界 现代英语新词分析 学生焦虑与教师言行之间的关系探讨英语词汇的语境意义分析 浅析非言语交际在小学英语教学中的运用 中西方礼仪差异 论《傲慢与偏见》中的妇女地位问题 相同的性格,不同的命运——王熙凤与郝思嘉人物形象 英语中的性别歧视 初中生英语口语培养途径研究《鲁滨逊漂流记》中殖民文化对殖民地文化影响解读
我怎么听着楼主的话,这么感觉像我弟弟经常说的江湖救急,哈哈Statue of LibertyThe Statue of Liberty is more than a monument(纪念碑). She is a beloved friend, a living symbol of freedom to millions around the world. These exhibits are a tribute(颂歌) to the people who created her, to those who built and paid for her, to the ideals she represents, and to the hopes she inspires(激发).Statue of Liberty InformationOfficial name of the statue of liberty is "Liberty Enlightening the World"(“自由照耀世界之神”) Construction of the Statue of Liberty: began in France: 1875Sculptor: Auguste Bartholdi – Quartermaster(军需官) to a force of five thousand soldiersStatue completed in Paris: June 1884Statue presented to America by the people of France: July 4, 1884Location of Statue: Liberty Island, formerly Bedloe's Island and Fort Wood (fortress for protection of New York Harbor 1811)Height from base to torch (1984 Survey): 152' 2" ()Length of hand: 16' 5" ()Index finger(食指): 8' 0" ()补充:塑像拔地而起,高达152英尺,基座89英尺,腰围420英寸,未露笑容的嘴有3英尺宽。女神脚下残留着许多打碎的脚镣,左手持一标有1776年7月4日的铭板,宣布自由的到来。 女神像由艾菲尔铁塔的设计者、法国土木工程师古斯塔夫�6�1艾菲尔设计,法国出资建造,花了10年时间建成。1886年10月28日,美国克里夫兰总统主持揭幕。从那以后,凡进纽约港的船只都从神像42英尺高的右臂下进入美国。开往利伯蒂岛的渡船总有排着长队的人群,进入塑像区的瓶颈一带也总是人群拥挤。可坐电梯到垫座顶上的了望台,这儿是理想的观察地。还可登高12层(共有168级台阶),到达塑像顶端。但是,海拔305英尺高的火炬并不对观众开放。开放时间:每天9:00-16:00、圣诞休息费用:大人$10(包括往返渡船费用),儿童、老人$5MUSEUM HIGHLIGHTS(集锦)Statue of Liberty ExhibitThe Statue of Liberty exhibit, which opened in July 1986 and is located on the second floor in the pedestal(基架) of the Statue, traces(追溯) the history and symbolism(象征主义) of the Statue of Liberty through museum objects, photographs, prints(印刷物), videos and oral histories. In addition to historical artifacts(史前古器物) and descriptive text, full scale replicas(全尺寸复制品) of the Statue's face and foot are also on display. The main historical sections include: From Idea to Image, Fabricating(制作) the Statue, Stretching Technology, Fundraising(筹款) in France, The Pedestal, Fundraising in America, and Complete at Last. The next area focuses on the symbolism of Liberty with sections titled Mother of Exiles(放逐), Becoming the Statue of America, Century of Souvenirs(纪念品), The Image Exploited(开拓) and The Statue in Popular Torch ExhibitThe Torch Exhibit includes the original 1886 torch and much altered(改变的) flame in the lobby(大厅). On the second floor balcony overlooking this torch is a display on the history of the torch and flame, explaining the various alterations through diagrams(图表), photographs, drawings and "New Colossus(巨像)" The famous sonnet(十四行诗) written by Emma Lazarus in 1883. A bronze plaque(装饰用的青铜片), dedicated in memory of Emma Lazarus' contribution to the completion of the Statue's pedestal, has been affixed(贴上) to the inner walls of the pedestal since the early 1900's. This plaque, currently(现在) located in the Statue of Liberty exhibit, has come to symbolize the statue's universal message of hope and freedom for immigrants(移民) coming to America and people seeking freedom around the world.
英文论文标准的格式:
1、论文题目:(下附署名)要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
2、目录
目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录)
3、内容提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。
4、关键词或主题词
关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作计算机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。
每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在提要的左下方。
主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题分析,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。(参见《汉语主题词表》和《世界汉语主题词表》)。
5、论文正文:
(1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。
(2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容:
a.提出问题-论点;
b.分析问题-论据和论证;
c.解决问题-论证方法与步骤;
d.结论。
6、参考文献
《红字》讲述了17世纪清教殖民统治下,在波士顿发生的一个恋爱悲剧。女主人公海丝特·白兰嫁给了医生奇灵渥斯,奇灵渥斯遭遇海难,白兰以为他在海难中已经遭遇不幸。在孤独中白兰与牧师丁梅斯代尔相恋并生下女儿珠儿。白兰被当众惩罚,戴上标志“通奸”的红色A字示众。然而白兰坚贞不屈,拒不说出孩子的父亲。后来丈夫齐灵渥斯却平安地回到了新英格兰,并隐瞒了自己的身份。当他查出白兰的情人是丁梅斯代尔,齐灵渥斯便开始折磨这位愧疚不已的年轻牧师。最终,齐灵渥斯因偏狂报复而身败名裂;丁梅斯代尔不堪愧疚,身心俱毁,临终前在公开承认了通奸事实;只有海丝特勇敢地面对未来,准备带着女儿去欧洲开始新的生活。 霍桑是美国十九世纪杰出的浪漫主义小说家。他把严肃的道德和历史内容与卓越的艺术表现形式巧妙地结合在一起;把天赋的想象力与高超的语言技巧融为一体。他是一位真正富有个性与创造力的作家,因而一直享誉英美和世界文坛,至今盛名不衰。进入二十世纪,美国的文学日趋成熟,涌现了一大批有成就的作家,如海明威、菲兹杰拉德、福克纳等。这些作家无不从霍桑那里深受教益,无怪乎有人称霍桑是“作家中的作家”。
The Scarlet Letter, published in 1850, is an American novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne and is generally considered to be his magnum opus. Set in 17th-century Puritan Boston, it tells the story of Hester Prynne, who gives birth after committing adultery, refuses to name the father, and struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity. Throughout the novel, Hawthorne explores questions of grace, legalism, sin and guilt.[edit] Plot summaryThe Scarlet Letter. Painting by T. H. Matteson. This 1860 oil-on-canvas was made under Hawthorne's personal Scarlet Letter. Painting by T. H. Matteson. This 1860 oil-on-canvas was made under Hawthorne's personal supervision.[1]The novel begins in 17th-century Boston, Massachusetts, then a Puritan settlement. A young woman, Hester Prynne, is led from the town prison with her infant daughter in her arms and the scarlet letter “A” on her bosom. The scarlet letter "A" represents the act of adultery that she has committed and it is to be a symbol of her sin – a badge of shame – for all to see. A man in the crowd tells an elderly onlooker that Hester is being punished for adultery. Hester's husband, who is much older than she is, sent her ahead to America while he settled some affairs in Europe. However, her husband never arrived in Boston. The consensus is that he has been lost at sea. While waiting for her husband, Hester has apparently had an affair, as she has given birth to a child. She will not reveal her lover’s identity, however, and the scarlet letter, along with her public shaming, is her punishment for her sin and her secrecy. On this day Hester is led to the town scaffold and harangued by the town fathers, but she again refuses to identify her child’s father.[1]The elderly onlooker is Hester’s missing husband, who is now practicing medicine and calling himself Roger Chillingworth. He settles in Boston, intent on revenge. He reveals his true identity to no one but Hester, whom he has sworn to secrecy. Several years pass. Hester supports herself by working as a seamstress, and Pearl (her daughter) grows into a willful, impish child, who is more of a symbol than an actual character, said to be the scarlet letter come to life as both Hester's love and her punishment. Shunned by the community, they live in a small cottage on the outskirts of Boston. Community officials attempt to take Pearl away from Hester, but, with the help of Arthur Dimmesdale, an eloquent minister, the mother and daughter manage to stay together. Dimmesdale, however, appears to be wasting away and suffers from mysterious heart trouble, seemingly caused by psychological distress. Chillingworth attaches himself to the ailing minister and eventually moves in with him so that he can provide his patient with round-the-clock care. Chillingworth also suspects that there may be a connection between the minister’s torments and Hester’s secret, and he begins to test Dimmesdale to see what he can learn. One afternoon, while the minister sleeps, Chillingworth discovers something undescribed to the reader, supposedly an "A" burned into Dimmesdale's chest, which convinces him that his suspicions are correct.[1]Dimmesdale’s psychological anguish deepens, and he invents new tortures for himself. In the meantime, Hester’s charitable deeds and quiet humility have earned her a reprieve from the scorn of the community. One night, when Pearl is about seven years old, she and her mother are returning home from a visit to the deathbed of John Winthrop when they encounter Dimmesdale atop the town scaffold, trying to punish himself for his sins. Hester and Pearl join him, and the three link hands. Dimmesdale refuses Pearl’s request that he acknowledge her publicly the next day, and a meteor marks a dull red “A” in the night sky. It is interpreted by the townsfolk to mean Angel, as a prominent figure in the community had died that night, but Dimmesdale sees it as meaning Adultery. Hester can see that the minister’s condition is worsening, and she resolves to intervene. She goes to Chillingworth and asks him to stop adding to Dimmesdale’s self-torment. Chillingworth refuses. She suggests that she may reveal his identity to Dimmesdale.[1]Hester arranges an encounter with Dimmesdale in the forest because she is aware that Chillingworth knows that she plans to reveal his identity to Dimmesdale, and she wishes to protect him. While walking through the forest, the sun will not shine on Hester, though Pearl can bask in it. They then wait for Dimmesdale, and he arrives. The former lovers decide to flee to Europe, where they can live with Pearl as a family. They will take a ship sailing from Boston in four days. Both feel a sense of release, and Hester removes her scarlet letter and lets down her hair. The sun immediately breaks through the clouds and trees to illuminate her release and joy. Pearl, playing nearby, does not recognize her mother without the letter. She is unnerved and expels a shriek until her mother points out the letter on the ground. Hester beckons Pearl to come to her, but Pearl will not go to her mother until Hester buttons the letter back onto her dress. Pearl then goes to her mother. Dimmesdale gives Pearl a kiss on the forehead, which Pearl immediately tries to wash off in the brook, because he again refuses to make known publicly their relationship. However, he too clearly feels a release from the pretense of his former life, and the laws and sins he has lived day before the ship is to sail, the townspeople gather for a holiday and Dimmesdale preaches his most eloquent sermon ever. Meanwhile, Hester has learned that Chillingworth knows of their plan and has booked passage on the same ship. Dimmesdale, leaving the church after his sermon, sees Hester and Pearl standing before the town scaffold. He impulsively mounts the scaffold with his lover and his daughter, and confesses publicly, exposing the mark supposedly seared into the flesh of his chest. He falls dead just after Pearl kisses him.[1]Frustrated in his revenge, Chillingworth dies a year later. Hester and Pearl leave Boston, and no one knows what has happened to them. Many years later, Hester returns alone, still wearing the scarlet letter, to live in her old cottage and resume her charitable work. She receives occasional letters from Pearl, who was rumored to have married an European aristocrat and established a family of her own. Pearl also inherits all of Chillingworth's money even though he knows she is not his daughter. There is a sense of liberation in her and the townspeople, especially the women, who had finally begun to forgive Hester of her tragic indiscretion. When Hester dies, she is buried in "a new grave near an old and sunken one, in that burial ground beside which King's Chapel has since been built. It was near that old and sunken grave, yet with a space between, as if the dust of the two sleepers had no right to mingle. Yet one tombstone served for both." The tombstone was decorated with a letter "A", and it was used for Hester and Dimmesdale.[edit] Major themesNathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne[edit] SinSin and knowledge are linked in the Judeo-Christian tradition. The Bible begins with the story of Adam and Eve, who were expelled from the Garden of Eden for eating from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. As a result of their knowledge, Adam and Eve are made aware of their disobedience, that which separates them from the divine and from other creatures. Once expelled from the Garden of Eden, they are forced to toil and to procreate – two “labors” that seem to define the human condition. The experience of Hester and Dimmesdale recalls the story of Adam and Eve because, in both cases, sin results in expulsion and suffering. But it also results in knowledge – specifically, in knowledge of what it means to be human. For Hester, the scarlet letter functions as “her passport into regions where other women dared not tread,” leading her to “speculate” about her society and herself more “boldly” than anyone else in New England.[2]As for Dimmesdale, the “cheating minister” of his sin gives him “sympathies so intimate with the sinful brotherhood of mankind, so that his heart vibrate[s] in unison with theirs.” His eloquent and powerful sermons derive from this sense of empathy.[2] The narrative of the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is quite in keeping with the oldest and most fully authorized principles in Christian thought. His "Fall" is a descent from apparent grace to his own damnation; he appears to begin in purity. He ends in corruption. The subtlety is that the minister is his own deceiver, convincing himself at every stage of his spiritual pilgrimage that he is saved.[3]The rosebush, its beauty a striking contrast to all that surrounds it – as later the beautifully embroidered scarlet A will be – is held out in part as an invitation to find “some sweet moral blossom” in the ensuing, tragic tale and in part as an image that “the deep heart of nature” (perhaps God) may look more kindly on the errant Hester and her child (the roses among the weeds) than do her Puritan neighbors. Throughout the work, the nature images contrast with the stark darkness of the Puritans and their systems.[4]Chillingworth’s misshapen body reflects (or symbolizes) the evil in his soul, which builds as the novel progresses, similar to the way Dimmesdale's illness reveals his inner turmoil. The outward man reflects the condition of the heart.[4]Although Pearl is a complex character, her primary function within the novel is as a symbol. Pearl herself is the embodiment of the scarlet letter, and Hester rightly clothes her in a beautiful dress of scarlet, embroidered with gold thread, just like the scarlet letter upon Hester's bosom. [2] Parallels can be drawn between Pearl and the character Beatrice in Rappaccini's Daughter. Both are studies in the same direction, though from different standpoints. Beatrice is nourished upon poisonous plants, until she herself becomes poisonous. Pearl, in the mysterious prenatal world, imbibes the poison of her parents' guilt.[edit] Past and presentThe clashing of past and present is explored in various ways. For example, the character of the old General, whose heroic qualities include a distinguished name, perseverance, integrity, compassion, and moral inner strength, is said to be “the soul and spirit of New England hardihood.” Now put out to pasture, he sometimes presides over the Custom House run by corrupt public servants, who skip work to sleep, allow or overlook smuggling, and are supervised by an inspector with “no power of thought, nor depth of feeling, no troublesome sensibilities,” who is honest enough but without a spiritual compass.[4]Hawthorne himself had ambivalent feelings about the role of his ancestors in his life. In his autobiographical sketch, Hawthorne described his ancestors as “dim and dusky,” “grave, bearded, sable-cloaked, and steel crowned,” “bitter persecutors” whose “better deeds” would be diminished by their bad ones. There can be little doubt of Hawthorne’s disdain for the stern morality and rigidity of the Puritans, and he imagined his predecessors’ disdainful view of him: unsuccessful in their eyes, worthless and disgraceful. “A writer of story books!” But even as he disagrees with his ancestor’s viewpoint, he also feels an instinctual connection to them and, more importantly, a “sense of place” in Salem. Their blood remains in his veins, but their intolerance and lack of humanity becomes the subject of his novel.[4][edit] Public responseThe Scarlet Letter was published in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor & Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period.[5] When he delivered the final pages to James Thomas Fields in February 1850, Hawthorne said that "some portions of the book are powerfully written" but doubted it would be popular.[6] In fact, the book was an instant best-seller[7] though, over fourteen years, it brought its author only $1,500.[5] Its initial publication brought wide protest from natives of Salem, who did not approve of how Hawthorne had depicted them in his introduction "The Custom-House". A 2,500-copy second edition of The Scarlet Letter included a preface by Hawthorne dated March 30, 1850, that he had decided to reprint his introduction "without the change of a word... The only remarkable features of the sketch are its frank and genuine good-humor... As to enmity, or ill-feeling of any kind, personal or political, he utterly disclaims such motives".[8]The book's immediate and lasting success are due to the way it addresses spiritual and moral issues from a uniquely American standpoint. In 1850, adultery was an extremely risqué subject, but because Hawthorne had the support of the New England literary establishment, it passed easily into the realm of appropriate reading. It has been said that this work represents the height of Hawthorne's literary genius; dense with terse descriptions. It remains relevant for its philosophical and psychological depth, and continues to be read as a classic tale on a universal theme.[9]The Scarlet Letter was also one of the first mass-produced books in America. Into the mid-nineteenth century, bookbinders of home-grown literature typically hand-made their books and sold them in small quantities. The first mechanized printing of The Scarlet Letter, 2,500 volumes, sold out within ten days,[5] and was widely read and discussed to an extent not much experienced in the young country up until that time. Copies of the first edition are often sought by collectors as rare books, and may fetch up to around $6,000 its publication, critic Evert Augustus Duyckinck, a friend of Hawthorne, said he preferred the author's Washington Irving-like tales. Another friend, critic Edwin Percy Whipple, objected to the novel's "morbid intensity" with dense psychological details, writing that the book "is therefore apt to become, like Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical in his exhibition of them".[10] 20th century writer D. H. Lawrence said that there could be no more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter.[11][edit] Allusions* Anne Hutchinson, mentioned in Chapter 1, The Prison Door, was a religious dissenter (1591-1643). In the 1630s she was excommunicated by the Puritans and exiled from Boston and moved to Rhode Island.[4]* Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a leader of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.* Sir Thomas Overbury and Dr. Forman were the subjects of an adultery scandal in 1615 in England. Dr. Forman was charged with trying to poison his adulterous wife and her lover. Overbury was a friend of the lover and was perhaps poisoned.* John Winthrop (1588-1649), first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.* Richard Dawkins' Out Campaign is represented with the Scarlet Letter A emblem.[edit] Film, TV and theatrical adaptationsMain article: Film Adaptations of the Scarlet Letter1995 film poster1995 film poster* 1917: A black-and-white silent film directed by Carl Harbaugh with Mary G. Martin as Hester Prynne* 1926: A silent movie directed by Victor Sjostrom and starring Lillian Gish and Lars Hanson.* 1934: film directed by Robert G. Vignola and starring Colleen Moore* 1973: Der Scharlachrote Buchstabe a film directed by Wim Wenders in German* 1979: PBS version starring Meg Foster and John Heard* 1994: A rock musical, "The Scarlet Letter" written by Mark Governor is produced in Los Angeles.* 1995: The Scarlet Letter, a film directed by Roland Joffé and starring Demi Moore as Hester and Gary Oldman as Arthur Dimmesdale. This version is "freely adapted" from Hawthorne according to the opening credits and takes liberties with the original story.* 1996: The film Primal Fear references The Scarlet Letter.* 1996: The Marilyn Manson promotional video for the song 'Man That You Fear' obliquely references the novel.* The Red Letter Plays (In The Blood produced in 1999, and F--ing A, produced in 2000) by playwright Suzan-Lori Parks, rewrote the story placing it in contemporary New York and Houston.* 2001: A musical stage adaptation which premiered at the Fringe Festival in Edinburgh, Scotland, by Stacey Mancine, Daniel Koloski, and Simon Gray.* 2004: The Scarlet Letter is a Korean noir-thriller featuring an adulteress' monologue, that mentions a plan to raise her unborn child as Pearl in America, in a desperate plea to exit her obsessive affair.* 2008: "shAme"[1], a rock opera by Mark Governor based on "The Scarlet Letter" premieres in Los Angeles. It is a major reworking of his 1994 stage musical that was also produced in Boston in 2000 and as a radio production in Berlin in 2005. The 2000 version was endorsed and presented by the Nathaniel Hawthorne Society.[edit] References to the novelLists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (September 2008)[edit] Literature* The 1993 novel The Holder of the World by Bharati Mukherjee re-wrote the story, placing it in present-day Boston, Colonial America, and seventeenth-century India during the spread of the British East India Company.* Deborah Noyes wrote a companion to this novel entitled Angel and Apostle with Pearl as the main character.* Postmodern writer Kathy Acker borrows from The Scarlet Letter in her novel Blood and Guts in High School. Janie, the main character, identifies with Hester Prynne and intertwines their stories in a vulgar manner.* In the novel Speak, Hairwoman, the English teacher, refers to The Scarlet Letter in her lesson. The novel's protagonist, Melinda Sordino, is a freshman in high school who is ostracized from her fellow schoolmates during the school year, much as Hester Prynne was ostracized by the Puritans in Boston.* Maryse Condé's novel I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem, although set at the time of the Salem witch trials, also features the character Hester Prynne.* The title of Jhumpa Lahiri's 2008 novel Unaccustomed Earth comes from a passage from the introduction to The Scarlet Letter: "Human nature will not flourish, any more than a potato, if it be planted and replanted, for too long a series of generations, in the same worn-out soil. My children have had other birthplaces, and, so far as their fortunes may be within my control, shall strike their roots into unaccustomed earth."[edit] CultureRichard Dawkins's Out Campaign for atheism uses a red scarlet "A" on webpages and clothing as an emblem of atheist identification. [12]Tennessee has drivers convicted of DUI wear vests advertising this fact while on roadside litter pick-up duty. This is a badge of shame similar to the original scarlet letter.
很完整的一份联系wo!
19世纪美利坚合众国浪漫主义作家霍桑的长篇小说。创作于1851年。小说描写女主人公海丝特·白兰跟丈夫从英国移居当时尚属英殖民地的美利坚合众国波士顿。中途丈夫被印第安人俘虏。海丝特只身到美后,迫于生活,被一青年牧师诱怀孕。此事,被当地虚伪的清教徒社会视为大逆不道。当局把海丝特抓起来投入监狱,游街示众,还要终生佩带象征耻辱的红色的A字(Adultery:通奸女犯)和站在示众台上受审。州长亲自主持了对海丝特的审讯,她所属教区的牧师丁梅斯代尔——一个被公众视为最高道德典范的诱海丝特的奸夫,也假惺惺地劝说她招出奸夫的姓名。但海丝特宁愿一人受辱,誓死也不招供。在远离社会,远离人群,受尽屈辱的处境中,海丝特孤苦顽强地生活着,全仗刺绣为生。她生活中的惟一支柱是抚养掌上明珠般的女儿珠儿。海丝特这种忍辱负重、代人受过和不屈不挠的精神,使丁梅斯代尔大为感动,也大受刺激,不久他便心力交瘁地病倒了。而获释归来,一直在暗中侦察底细的海丝特的丈夫罗杰·奇林渥斯医生,在给丁梅斯代尔治病中,已基本了解到了真情,并欲置丁梅斯代尔于死地。为了逃脱,海丝特跟丁梅斯代尔议定在新市长就职那天,带上孩于一同乘船到“看不到白人足迹”的地方去。但此事也被奇林渥斯识破,逃脱不成。于是,丁梅斯代尔在新市长就职那天,携海丝特和珠儿走上示众台,当丛宣布了自己诱海丝特的事实,并死在海丝特怀抱中。海丝特也从此得到了解放,带着珠儿远走他方。若干年后,珠儿长大成人,安了家立了业,而海丝特却一人再回到波士顿,仍带着那个红色的A字,用自己的“崇高的道德和助人精神”,把耻辱的红字变成了道德与光荣的象征,直到老死。小说以两百多年前的殖民地时代的美洲为题材,但揭露的却是19世纪资本主义发展时代美利坚合众国社会典法的残酷、宗教的欺和道德的虚伪。主人公海丝特被写成了崇高道德的化身。她不但感化了表里不一的丁梅斯代尔,同时也在感化着充满罪恶的社会。至于她的丈夫奇林渥斯,小说则把他写成了一个一心只想窥秘复仇的影子式的人物。他在小说中只起情节铺垫的作用。小说惯用象征手法,人物、情节和语言都颇具主观想象色彩,在描写中又常把人的心理活动和直觉放在首位。因此,它不仅是美利坚合众国浪漫主义小说的代表作,同时也被称作是美利坚合众国心理分析小说的开创篇。小说在线阅读:英文阅读:
In 19th century symbolism is produced in literature and art movement of intelligentsia in Paris, and the influence of the 20th century, the development of aesthetics, and played a certain role. This movement mainly in France and Europe's other cultural center also have some adherents, such as Germany, Belgium, etc. Symbolism symbolism, and divided into before after symbolism. Before the symbolism of the nineteenth century, produced in France's poetry genres. Representative character is: WeiErLun baudelaire, Malawi, bo and beauty. Baudelaire sonnets Correspondences of the first proposed guys with the famous "symbol" Theory. Late 19th and early 20th century symbolism extend from France, Britain, the United States, Germany, Italy, Russia and other countries and regions, develop international literary trend, and in the 1920s, known as the climax period symbolism. In France, Austria viding in Ireland, Kerr Yeats and American poet is reserved for main representative. They inherited the symbolism of the development of the traditional symbolism, make more perfect, more and more rich connotation of modernist trend. The symbolism and can be divided into three stages: baudelaire before starting period symbolism. In this period, France's first prose poet's bell, Nanotubes igbokwe, poet essayist was a famous American poet and LeiYaMeng and introducing Allan POE. They and poetry theory has to baudelaire and later a large provided the poet's happened, but also become truly "poetry. The second phase is baudelaire period. Baudelaire not but the ancestor of symbolism, Is the pioneer of the modernist literature, we took him this one phase called pioneer period symbolism. The third stage is the baudelaire after the three important a poet: WeiErLun, Latin America, bo. We call this period for the symbolism of the orthodox. Because of their personal efforts, 3 to 19 century symbolism of unprecedented upsurge appeared. France, from the seraphim, essien and above all poets such as elias morey has joined symbolism. With the creation of symbolism gimmick, formed a kind of poem to drown the disintegration of the romantic has gained in popularity with the pearl, send in the pattern. After the 1890s, poetry and began to spread to western European and north American countries, where to find many companion. "Those who became the 1920s in the symbolism of the backbone. But, in France, after the summit, the symbolism immediately began to decline. In 1891, provided the author "literature" morey azriel, and provided from the first announced a so-called "advocated" Roman literature, trying to regain his ancestors of the Greek and Roman tradition of ancient literature. Then, bo, WeiErLun respectively, Latin America, 1896, 1891, 1898, many other provided poet died in selecting new development direction, no longer follow symbolism artistic standard. The symbolism as 70 literary schools, to the 19th century has actually disintegration. But the symbolism, as a kind of literary and artistic ideas, its influence has been deeply rooted in France. But because of the famous poet and Latin America, symbolism in 19th century French GuoJieXian across to Western Europe, North America, to expand in the 1920s, and rise after the symbolism. Late 19th and early 20th century symbolism extend from France, Britain, the United States, Germany, Italy, Russia and other countries and regions, develop international literary trend, and in the 1920s, become the climax period symbolism. In France, Austria viding in Ireland, Kerr Yeats and American poet is reserved for main representative. They inherited the symbolism of the development of the traditional symbolism, make more perfect, more and more rich connotation of modernist trend. Its main characteristic is: create sick "beauty", the highest "real" inside, use symbol in the illusion, built in musical images, increase meditation effect.
象征主义 [ xiàng zhēng zhǔ yì ]生词本基本释义 详细释义[ xiàng zhēng zhǔ yì ]十九世纪末叶在 法国 兴起的颓废主义文艺思潮中的一个主要流派。其理论基础是主观唯心主义,认为现实世界是虚幻的、痛苦的,而“另一世界”是真的、美的。要求用晦涩难解的语言刺激感官,产生恍惚迷离的神秘联想,形成某种“意象”,即所谓“象征”。
英语本科毕业论文选题的题目有哪些?下面是我整理的英语本科毕业论文题目,仅供参考。
英语本科毕业论文题目【1】
1 从《远离尘嚣》看偶然与巧合
2 从亨伯特看纳博科夫的流亡观
3 透过餐具看中西方饮食文化
4 从女性主义角度解读《太阳照常升起》中的女主角——勃莱特
5 从文化视角探讨隐喻的翻译
6 从生态批评角度看威廉·福克纳的《熊》中人与自然的关系
7 从功能对等角度分析常用英语修辞格汉译
8 任务型语言教学法的优势
9 自我身份的探寻—评拉尔夫·埃里森《看不见的人》
10 浅析英文报纸中体育新闻用语的模糊修辞
11 从电影《肖申克的救赎》和《当幸福来敲门》中探究美国人的个人主义
12 中美恭维言语行为跨文化比较研究
13 表现主义技巧在《推销员之死》中的运用
14 中国非英语专业学生在英语学习中使用元认知策略的情况调研
15 浅析英语中六种基本颜色词的英美文化内涵
16 浅析广告翻译中的文化顺应处理
17 从文化角度分析中美房地产广告的差异
18 浅析动画《加菲猫》和《加菲猫之双猫记》中的`享乐主义和利己主义
19 圣经原型解读《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》
20 论《卡斯特桥市长》中哈代的进化向善论思想
21 顺从的女人——分析《荒凉山庄》中埃斯特的形象
22 从中美传统节日对比看节日的文化内涵
23 成人的童话——《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》中象征主义的体现
24 简析网络时代英语全球化
25 《查泰莱夫人的情人》的生态女性主义解读
26 从社会文化价值方面比较中美情景喜剧差异
27 论《喧哗与骚动》中昆丁的宿命
28 《蝇王》的启示:理性的呼唤
29 中文旅游文本英译中的歧义现象分析
30 从中美婚宴差异看集体主义和个人主义
31 影响非英语专业大一新生口语输出的因素
32 《走出非洲》:走出迪内森的矛盾态度
33 旅游宣传资料中的误译与解决方法
34 从女性主义角度解读华顿《纯真年代》中的埃伦
35 电子词典与英语学习
36 英语习语与基督教
37 《伤心咖啡馆之歌》中爱米利亚性别身份分析
38 从关联理论的角度欣赏幽默翻译
39 英语缩略语及其语用功能
40 英专和非英专学生英语作文中错误的对比研究
41 武汉方言对英语语音的影响及其对教学的启示
42 中西行星命名的文化探源
43 英语新闻中的新词
44 中国古典诗歌英译中对“三美”理论的探索
45 从电影《七宗罪》浅析原罪
46 浅论体态语的社会功能
47 中西思维方式差异对中英语篇的影响
48 中国和西方国家婚俗的比较
49 浅析合作原则的违背在广告语言中的运用
50 浅析电影《推手》中中美家庭的文化冲突
英语本科毕业论文题目【2】
on Translation of Trade Marks and Culture
商标翻译与文化研究
Social and Cultural Factors in Translation Practice
影响翻译实践的社会和文化因素
the Translation of English Idioms
论英语习语的翻译
on Features and Translation of English Idioms
英语习语翻译特点研究
Comparison and Translation of Chinese and English Idioms
中英习语翻译与比较
on Loyalty in English-Chinese Translation
中英互译的忠实性研究
Equivalence in Translation
翻译中的文化对等性研究
Translation and the Important of it
文学翻译与重要性研究
the Du Fu’s Poems Translation
论杜甫的诗词翻译
Analysis of Techniques for Learning a Foreign Language Through Translation 通过翻译学习外语的技巧分析
11.中英颜色词的文化差异及翻译
Cultural Differences and Translation in Chinese and English Color words
翻译中不可译性的文化阐释
Cultural Perspective on Untranslatability
中英动物文化内涵的不同及翻译
Connotation and Translation in Chinese and English Animals
浅论翻译中的译者主体性发挥的度
Degree of Translators Subjectivity in Translation
修辞策略在广告英语中的效用探究
Probe of the Effect of Rhetorical Devices in English Advertisement
Analysis of the English Translation of the Information about Scenic Spots in Wuhan 武汉旅游景点资料的英译错误分析
Most Favorable Method for Translating Foreign Words into Chinese
音意兼译外来词中译之首选方法
Tentative Study on the Cohesion and Coherence in Sun Zhili’s Chinese Translation of Pride and Prejudice
浅论《傲慢与偏见》孙致礼中译本的衔接与连贯
Translation of Attributive Clauses in English for Science and Technology 科技英语中定语从句的汉译
Titles and Their TranslationA cross-cultural perspective
从跨文化角度分析电影片名及其翻译
Expressions on Public Signs from Chinese into English
汉语公示语英译
22.论文化差异与翻译
Cultural differences and translation
23.商标名的翻译原则与品牌文化
The Translation Principle of Brand Names and Brand Culture
24.英文电影片名的翻译策略与翻译方法研究
On Translation of English Film Names
25.意美、音美、形美--英文商标的汉译
Beauty in Sense, Sound and Form--On Translation of English Trademarks into Chinese
26.中文商标英译探
On the Translation of Trademarks from Chinese into English
27.国际商务谈判中的双赢语用策略
The Win-Win Pragmatic Strategies in International Business Negotiation
的合作原则在国际商务谈判中的应用
The Application of Grice’s Cooperation Principle in International Business Negotiation
29.中西文化面子观差异对比分析
An Analysis on Differences between Chinese and Western Ideas on Face
30.中西文化中女性角色意识差异及其对职业发展影响
Differences between Chinese and Western Role Awareness of Women and the Effects on Their Career Development
31.英语学习中文化障碍
Cultural Obstacles in English Learning
32.从中西委婉语的对比透视中西文化差异
Understand Chinese and English Cultural Differences through the Comparison between Chinese and western Euphenism
33.中英禁忌语比较
A Comparison between Chinese and English taboos
34.从隐私权看中西文化差异
A Comparison between Chinese and Western Cultural Differences from the Aspect of Privacy right
35.中西社会习俗比较
A Comparison Between Chinese and Western Social Conventions
36.言语行为理论及其应用
Speech Act and its Application
37.湖北经济学院英语自主学习现状调查
A Survey on the Students’ English Autonomous Learning in Hubei University of Economics
38.湖北经济学院双语课程学习现状调查
A Survey on Bilingual Courses’ Learning in Hubei University of Economics
Cultural Connotation of English Etymology and the Teaching of English Vocabulary
英语词源的文化内涵与词汇教学
idiomsA Mirror Reflecting British Culture
英语习语与英国文化反映
Values of Chinese from Perspective of Lexicon
从词汇角度读中国人的价值观
Cultural Differences of Body Language between English and Chinese
论中英体态语文化差异
Analysis on the Differences of Interpersonal Relationship between Eastern and Western People
东西方人际关系要素差异探析
to Cultural Differences in . Business Negotiation and its Impacts
中美商务谈判中的文化差异及其影响探析
Features of Politeness Principle in Cross-cultural Communication
跨文化交际中的礼貌原则的非对称性研究
and Chinese Euphemisms: A Comparison between Their Cultural Implications
从英汉委婉语对比中透析中西文化差异
the Cultural Differences of the Etiquette Norms in Chinese and English Nonverbal Communication
中英非语言交际礼俗规范的文化差异研究
Comparative Study on the Different Cultural Connotations of Basic Chinese and English Color Words
英汉基本颜色词文化内涵对比研究
and Cultural Differences of the English and Chinese Idioms
中英文习语的特点以及文化差异
and Western Culture Values in Advertising Language
从广告语中看中西方文化观
《红字》讲述了17世纪清教殖民统治下,在波士顿发生的一个恋爱悲剧。女主人公海丝特·白兰嫁给了医生奇灵渥斯,奇灵渥斯遭遇海难,白兰以为他在海难中已经遭遇不幸。在孤独中白兰与牧师丁梅斯代尔相恋并生下女儿珠儿。白兰被当众惩罚,戴上标志“通奸”的红色A字示众。然而白兰坚贞不屈,拒不说出孩子的父亲。后来丈夫齐灵渥斯却平安地回到了新英格兰,并隐瞒了自己的身份。当他查出白兰的情人是丁梅斯代尔,齐灵渥斯便开始折磨这位愧疚不已的年轻牧师。最终,齐灵渥斯因偏狂报复而身败名裂;丁梅斯代尔不堪愧疚,身心俱毁,临终前在公开承认了通奸事实;只有海丝特勇敢地面对未来,准备带着女儿去欧洲开始新的生活。 霍桑是美国十九世纪杰出的浪漫主义小说家。他把严肃的道德和历史内容与卓越的艺术表现形式巧妙地结合在一起;把天赋的想象力与高超的语言技巧融为一体。他是一位真正富有个性与创造力的作家,因而一直享誉英美和世界文坛,至今盛名不衰。进入二十世纪,美国的文学日趋成熟,涌现了一大批有成就的作家,如海明威、菲兹杰拉德、福克纳等。这些作家无不从霍桑那里深受教益,无怪乎有人称霍桑是“作家中的作家”。
1936年4月,海明威在《乡绅》杂志上发表了一篇名为“碧水之上:海湾来信”的散文,其中一段记叙了一位老人独自驾着小船出海捕鱼,捉到一条巨大的大马林鱼,但鱼的大部分被鲨鱼吃掉的故事。早在1939年,海明威搬到古巴时,他就开始计划以此为素材,写一篇情节完整的故事放到他的某个小说系类中。(实际上,他去世后,这个系类里其他篇目作为《海流中的岛屿》的一部分发表出来) 《老人与海》,美国作家欧内斯特•海明威著。《老人与海》是海明威的代表作,也是一部象征性的小说。主人公桑地亚哥是一位老渔夫,他经过重重艰险,捕获了“一条不止一千五百磅重的大马林鱼”,可是在返航的途中,这条大马林鱼却被鲨鱼吃光了,桑地亚哥只拖回了一副鱼的骨架。小说对大海的凄凉景象,对老人的复杂心情与回忆,对老人与鲨鱼搏斗的情景以及他与一个孩子的友情,都作了极具特色的描写,可谓淋漓尽致、引人入胜。 欧内斯特•海明威(1899--1961年),美国小说家,1954年诺贝尔文学奖获得者,获奖之作就是《老人与海》。这部小说是根据一位古巴渔夫的真实经历创作的,以摄像机般的写实手法记录了桑地亚哥老人捕鱼的全过程,塑造了一个在重压下仍然保持优雅风度、在精神上永远不可战胜的老人形象。这部小说创下了人类出版史上空前绝后的一个纪录:48小时售出500万册,50小时售出530万册! 当他被宣布为当年的普利策文学奖得主时,评论界一致称好。"人可以被毁灭,却不可以被打败。"海明威在《老人与海》里所说的话,不仅打动了读者,也征服了评论者。 1954年,因为海明威"精通于叙事艺术,突出地表现在他的近著《老人与海》之中;同时也因为他在当代风格中所发挥的影响",海明威又获诺贝尔文学奖。"每一句话和每一段落,都要尽量写得简洁。"这是海明威写作的信条之一,这使得他的作品改编成电影的数量比任何其他一位获奖者都多. 小说以写实手法展现了捕鱼老人桑地亚哥在重压下仍保持的优雅风度,这种精神上永远不可战胜者成为文学史上最著名的"硬汉"形象之一。对于《老人与海》这本被译成几十种文字的作品, 海明威自己认为 "是这一辈子所能写的最好的一部作品"。 这本书讲了古巴的一个名叫桑地亚哥的老渔夫,独自一个人出海打鱼,在一无所获的84天之后钓到了一条无比巨大的马林鱼。这是老人从来没见过也没听说过的,比他的船还长两英尺的一条大鱼。鱼的劲非常大,拖着小船漂流了整整两天两夜,老人在这两天两夜中经历了从未经受的艰难考验,终于把大鱼刺死,拴在船头。然而在返航时不幸遇上了鲨鱼,老人与鲨鱼进行了殊死搏斗,最终,大马林鱼还是被鲨鱼吃光了,老人历经一番艰辛,最后拖回家的只剩下一副光秃秃的鱼骨架和一身的伤,可还是得到了人们的赞赏。
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在《老人与海》这部小说中,海明威极好地运用了象征主义手法。在波澜壮阔的大海上,展开了一系列跌宕起伏、惊心动魄的故事情节,使抽象的事物具体化和形象化,并代表了不同的意向和表征。对人物内心世界进行更好的诠释,作者通过深度挖掘文本中所隐含的意蕴,寄寓了深刻的主题和象征意义。(一)大海——人生竞技场的象征一直以来,大海在西方文学中,都被赋予了丰富多彩的表象意境,或者代表少女的形象,清纯可人、明媚灿烂;或者象征恶魔,凶神恶煞、深不可测。在《老人与海》中,大海被描写成一位女性形象、细腻深沉,在老人捕鱼的过程中,大海呈现出安详、宁静、祥和、波澜不惊的状态;[3]在老人和鲨鱼搏斗时,大海仍旧是那种自信、缓缓流动的状态。作品中的大海尽管表面看是温柔的,但内心却蕴含着无穷无尽的力量。这才是真正意义上的海,既有着硕大无比的大马林鱼,又有着凶残贪婪的大鲨鱼。在小说中,大海象征着真正意义上的强者,既有着非凡的毅力和顽强的精神,同时又具有无比深厚的内涵。(二)老人——人类顽强意志力的化身这部小说中的主人公,是一位真正的硬汉,他能勇敢地接受命运一次又一次的挑战,敢于在艰难困苦的环境中,不屈不挠、顽强抗争。怀抱坚定的信念,即便在连续84天没有捕到鱼的情况下依然能够坚守。通过和大马林鱼、大鲨鱼等一次又一次殊死的搏斗,取得了最终的胜利,尽管象征他胜利的标志仅仅是一堆鱼的残骸。[4]圣地亚哥用自己的实际行动向世人宣告:被摧毁的只能是人的肉体,人的精神是屹立不倒、永远都打不垮的。在小说中,圣地亚哥象征着不屈不挠、顽强乐观的人类精神。(三)小孩——人类生存状态的象征曼诺林是小说中的另一个小主人公,他一直以来都和孤苦伶仃的老人相依为命。在老人的生活中,他的爱和关心处处能体现出来,老人没有捕到鱼时,他会和老人一起难过悲伤,然后会更加悉心地照顾老人的生活和起居,为老人准备好饭菜,是老人生活中最好的帮手。可以说小孩是老人的另一种生存状态的象征。[5]在孩子眼中,老渔翁不管捕没捕到鱼,都是他心中最好的渔人。无论捕鱼的技巧,还是捕鱼的品质都是一流的,无人能够匹敌的。捕鱼的结果并不能说明什么,仅仅是对人的能力的一种肯定而已。而这种观点,和老渔翁对自己的看法,恰恰是两种对立的观点,所以从某种程度上说,老渔翁和小孩象征着人的正反两个方面,预示着在理想和现实之间,人的犹豫和徘徊、难以抉择,小孩曼诺林的离开,也正是这种思想不断斗争的最终结果。(四)大马林鱼——美好理想的象征在小说中,大马林鱼是光荣的象征。从现实出发,一个年老体衰的渔夫能捕获到如此硕大无比的大马林鱼,本身就是一件令人荣光的事情。但老渔夫对鱼确是无比的喜爱和崇尚,不但没有丝毫的敌意,反而将对手当成朋友和兄弟看待。[6]所以在整个与大马林鱼搏斗的过程中,他至始至终都深怀喜爱和敬佩之情,甚至在最终战胜对手时,他也不免为对手扼腕叹息。因此,在整部小说中,大马林鱼是无上光荣的象征。纵观整部小说,大马林鱼的作用非常重要,没有大马林鱼的穿针引线,小说的象征意义将不完整。在经历漫长的84天等待之后,大马林鱼终于出现了,既满足了老人的愿望,同时也是给老人漫长等待的一个回报。老人凭借坚强的毅力,终于战胜了年轻气盛的大马林鱼。在小说的寓意和老人的心中,大马林鱼一直象征着一种理想的事物,一种美好的目标和追求。预示着在人类漫长的旅途中,会经历种种的磨难和痛苦,但只要人们怀有坚定的信念,依靠顽强的毅力和不懈的追求,最终一定会战胜艰难困苦,创造生活的奇迹。(五)鲨鱼——邪恶力量的象征鲨鱼在小说中,是各种邪恶势力的化身,代表着一种破坏性的力量。它是对人们实现各种理想和目标的阻挠。《老人与海》这部小说,具有极高的审美价值和艺术价值,并产生了划时代的深远意义。这部小说的创作时代,正是古巴民族运动风起云涌之时。[8]海明威笔下的圣地亚哥,虽然仅仅是一个渔人的身份,但他却代表了那种在社会最底层苦苦挣扎的穷苦百姓的形象。而鲨鱼则是殖民主义者的化身,通过正反两个形象鲜明的对比和塑造,预示了古巴人民为了争取自由和解放,同邪恶势力所做的不屈不挠的斗争,这样也更进一步凸显了真正硬汉的个性。
《老人与海》主要讲述的是一个古巴老渔翁的捕鱼经历。他在连续84天没有捕到鱼的情况下,仍旧没有放弃希望,终于在第85天捕获了罕见的大马林鱼,最终开始了人和鱼之间不屈不挠的抗争。最终精疲力竭的大马林鱼被老渔翁杀死,并被绑在船头。然而意想不到的是,在归途中老渔翁又不幸和鲨鱼遭遇,又是一场人和鱼的殊死较量,最终老渔翁带着一堆鱼的残骸归来[1]。在小说中,海明威塑造了一系列栩栩如生的形象,通过老人、孩子、大海、鲨鱼和骨架等来诠释众多的意象,这恰恰是象征主义的应用。一、象征手法象征手法是将关联事物之间借助一些具体的形象表达一种抽象的概念、思想和情感,和比喻等修辞手法有着异曲同工之妙。这种手法的运用,需要两种事物之间有相似的特点和共性的特征,这样才能产生由此及彼的想象。如象征手法运用得贴切,可将一种抽象的东西转化为具体的形象,能够被读者感知和领悟,给人留下深刻的印象,回味悠远、意寓深长。[2]二、《老人与海》中的象征主义的运用在《老人与海》这部小说中,海明威极好地运用了象征主义手法。在波澜壮阔的大海上,展开了一系列跌宕起伏、惊心动魄的故事情节,使抽象的事物具体化和形象化,并代表了不同的意向和表征。对人物内心世界进行更好的诠释,作者通过深度挖掘文本中所隐含的意蕴,寄寓了深刻的主题和象征意义。(一)大海——人生竞技场的象征一直以来,大海在西方文学中,都被赋予了丰富多彩的表象意境,或者代表少女的形象,清纯可人、明媚灿烂;或者象征恶魔,凶神恶煞、深不可测。在《老人与海》中,大海被描写成一位女性形象、细腻深沉,在老人捕鱼的过程中,大海呈现出安详、宁静、祥和、波澜不惊的状态;[3]在老人和鲨鱼搏斗时,大海仍旧是那种自信、缓缓流动的状态。作品中的大海尽管表面看是温柔的,但内心却蕴含着无穷无尽的力量。这才是真正意义上的海,既有着硕大无比的大马林鱼,又有着凶残贪婪的大鲨鱼。在小说中,大海象征着真正意义上的强者,既有着非凡的毅力和顽强的精神,同时又具有无比深厚的内涵。(二)老人——人类顽强意志力的化身这部小说中的主人公,是一位真正的硬汉,他能勇敢地接受命运一次又一次的挑战,敢于在艰难困苦的环境中,不屈不挠、顽强抗争。怀抱坚定的信念,即便在连续84天没有捕到鱼的情况下依然能够坚守。通过和大马林鱼、大鲨鱼等一次又一次殊死的搏斗,取得了最终的胜利,尽管象征他胜利的标志仅仅是一堆鱼的残骸。[4]圣地亚哥用自己的实际行动向世人宣告:被摧毁的只能是人的肉体,人的精神是屹立不倒、永远都打不垮的。在小说中,圣地亚哥象征着不屈不挠、顽强乐观的人类精神。(三)小孩——人类生存状态的象征曼诺林是小说中的另一个小主人公,他一直以来都和孤苦伶仃的老人相依为命。在老人的生活中,他的爱和关心处处能体现出来,老人没有捕到鱼时,他会和老人一起难过悲伤,然后会更加悉心地照顾老人的生活和起居,为老人准备好饭菜,是老人生活中最好的帮手。可以说小孩是老人的另一种生存状态的象征。[5]在孩子眼中,老渔翁不管捕没捕到鱼,都是他心中最好的渔人。无论捕鱼的技巧,还是捕鱼的品质都是一流的,无人能够匹敌的。捕鱼的结果并不能说明什么,仅仅是对人的能力的一种肯定而已。而这种观点,和老渔翁对自己的看法,恰恰是两种对立的观点,所以从某种程度上说,老渔翁和小孩象征着人的正反两个方面,预示着在理想和现实之间,人的犹豫和徘徊、难以抉择,小孩曼诺林的离开,也正是这种思想不断斗争的最终结果。(四)大马林鱼——美好理想的象征在小说中,大马林鱼是光荣的象征。从现实出发,一个年老体衰的渔夫能捕获到如此硕大无比的大马林鱼,本身就是一件令人荣光的事情。但老渔夫对鱼确是无比的喜爱和崇尚,不但没有丝毫的敌意,反而将对手当成朋友和兄弟看待。[6]所以在整个与大马林鱼搏斗的过程中,他至始至终都深怀喜爱和敬佩之情,甚至在最终战胜对手时,他也不免为对手扼腕叹息。因此,在整部小说中,大马林鱼是无上光荣的象征。纵观整部小说,大马林鱼的作用非常重要,没有大马林鱼的穿针引线,小说的象征意义将不完整。在经历漫长的84天等待之后,大马林鱼终于出现了,既满足了老人的愿望,同时也是给老人漫长等待的一个回报。老人凭借坚强的毅力,终于战胜了年轻气盛的大马林鱼。在小说的寓意和老人的心中,大马林鱼一直象征着一种理想的事物,一种美好的目标和追求。预示着在人类漫长的旅途中,会经历种种的磨难和痛苦,但只要人们怀有坚定的信念,依靠顽强的毅力和不懈的追求,最终一定会战胜艰难困苦,创造生活的奇迹。(五)鲨鱼——邪恶力量的象征鲨鱼在小说中,是各种邪恶势力的化身,代表着一种破坏性的力量。它是对人们实现各种理想和目标的阻挠。《老人与海》这部小说,具有极高的审美价值和艺术价值,并产生了划时代的深远意义。这部小说的创作时代,正是古巴民族运动风起云涌之时。[8]海明威笔下的圣地亚哥,虽然仅仅是一个渔人的身份,但他却代表了那种在社会最底层苦苦挣扎的穷苦百姓的形象。而鲨鱼则是殖民主义者的化身,通过正反两个形象鲜明的对比和塑造,预示了古巴人民为了争取自由和解放,同邪恶势力所做的不屈不挠的斗争,这样也更进一步凸显了真正硬汉的个性。三、结语本文通过剖析《老人与海》中的象征意义,来解读作品中所蕴含的深刻的思想内涵,通过人和自然的对话,表达人对幸福的渴望以及对理想的不懈追求,那种死地而后生的勇气和毅力,即便失败了,也同样可歌可泣,令人折服和钦佩,这就是作家希望通过这部作品,所要表达的中心主题。[9]在《老人与海》这部作品中,融合了作家深刻的思想情感,借助于小说的象征意义,通过所蕴含的悲情意识,达到了赞扬人类美好品质的宗旨。通过象征手法的完美运用,彰显了艺术作品的特殊魅力,既为小说带来了夺目光环,也为世界文坛带来了一种超凡脱俗的影响力,带给读者的震撼力和感染力,也是空前的。论小男孩、迪马乔、狮子在《老人与海》中的寓意(2014-06-18 08:53:36)标签: 海明威人物形象分类: 书评影评摘 要读者从不同的角度出发去阅读作品,透过不同意象的意义理解文本的主题。海明威的名著《老人与海》中的小男孩,迪马乔,狮子三个意象有着深刻寓意,本文试从这三个意象所负载的象征意义出发,解析它们是如何体现“硬汉”主题的。关键词:小男孩;迪马乔;狮子;硬汉精神引 言欧内斯特·海明威(Ernest Miller Hemingway,1899---1961)是二十世纪最伟大的小说家之一,他的作品《老人与海》因其“颂扬了斗争精神和精神上的胜利,即便物质上一无所得,即便身陷失败之境,仍永不言败”和“炉火纯青的叙事艺术以及他对当代文体的巨大影响”而于1954年被瑞典皇家学院授予了诺贝尔文学奖。《老人与海》塑造了桑提亚哥这一生动形象,使得我们一提起他,眼前便自然而然浮现出一个像威风凛凛的雄狮一样,接近耄耋之年的老者,傲然站在渔船上与暴风,与鲨鱼抗争的惊险画面。小说主人公桑提亚哥身上的这种“硬汉”品质,就是人类永不屈服、永不言败精神的一曲赞歌。学习比较文学理论以后,我结合自己的兴趣重读了《老人与海》。在阅读的过程中,我发现文本内部:小男孩曼诺林,棒球选手迪马乔,狮子分别出现了10次、6次、5次,这三个意象对表现《老人与海》这部小说的“硬汉”主题有着重要的作用,即这三个意象内部之间存在着互相补充,交相辉映体现主题的关系,与此同时这三个意象又作为一个整体共同对桑提亚哥这一形象起到了补白的作用,使得老人的硬汉形象有血有肉,既生动又饱满,从而升华了“人生来并不是被打败的,你尽可以消灭他,但就是打不败他”的这一硬汉主题。俗话说“红花还需绿叶衬”,那么桑提亚哥这一跟哈姆雷特、堂吉诃德并列被称为外国文学画廊中的经典人物形象同样需要“绿叶”,而这“绿叶”就是小男孩、迪马乔、狮子这三个意象。我认为小男孩意象不仅使得桑提亚哥的硬汉形象富有真实性,同时也是桑提亚哥硬汉精神和技艺的继承者;当桑提亚哥独自在海上捕鱼的那三天面对困境之时,是棒球明星迪马乔的榜样力量给老人精神上以无限的鼓舞;桑提亚哥最终捕获的大马林鱼只剩下一具空骨架,可是在整个过程中老人所表现出来的非凡勇气和斗争精神让我们看到了虽败犹荣的狮子般的王者风度。除此之外,从另一个层面上来说,小男孩迪、马乔狮、子这三个意象彼此之间又不是独立的,而是相互依存、相互映衬,犹如三片绿叶,形成众星拱月的结构,共同烘托桑提亚哥的形象。小男孩关于小男孩的意象研究,有人认为小男孩是老人桑提亚哥青春力量的象征,对于这一看法,我也很赞同,但是我认为单方面强调小男孩是老人青春力量的象征似乎有些单一,因为在研读文本的过程中,我发现小男孩意象不仅仅是桑提亚哥年少时青春力量的象征,这一形象使得桑提亚哥的硬汉形象更富有真实性,同时也是桑提亚哥硬汉精神和技艺的继承者。其一,小男孩意象使得桑提亚哥的硬汉形象更富有真实性。海明威是一个伟大的文学家,他在作品中总是通过简约的文字来表达深刻的蕴意。桑提亚哥家里的墙上有两幅彩色画,一幅是《耶稣圣心图》,另一幅是《科伯亚圣母》,都是他妻子的遗物。本来,墙上还挂着一幅妻子的着色照,但因为他一瞧见便想起自己形单影只,就把它拿了下来,放在角落的一个架子上,一件干净衬衫底下,这说明桑提亚哥尽管被称为硬汉子,但是硬汉子也有孤寂的时候。他首先是一个活生生的人,其次才是一个硬汉子。作品中还描写到桑提亚哥独自在海上为了生存和马林鱼斗志斗勇的时候,一想到小男孩,便总是“大声说话”,这“大声说话”是从什么时候开始的,桑提亚哥也不知道,他只知道因为害怕孤独,所以想大声的说话。是人就有七情六欲,不可否认桑提亚哥是一个生活上的强者,可是这并不代表强者就没有孤独。小男孩的出现,在一定程度上慰藉了桑提亚哥孤寂的心境,让他感受到了人与人之间的温情,让他感到在这个世界上他并不是孤家寡人,他还有“亲人”----小男孩。中年丧妻,没有儿女,孤苦伶仃享受不到天伦之乐的桑提亚哥是孤独的。桑提亚哥在放下钓线,等待马林鱼吃鱼饵的时候,不忍心看雄雌鱼依依惜别的场面,他担心失去另一半,雄鱼的生活会寂寞,一如自己中年丧妻之痛。那时他举目四顾,寻找一只小鸟,因为他想有个伴,而小男孩就是他在世上唯一的伴。桑提亚哥经常用他那双被阳光灼烧过的自信而慈爱的眼睛打量着小男孩,也只有跟小男孩在一起时,桑提亚哥才显示出他鲜为人知刚中有柔,侠骨柔肠的一面,因此小男孩这一意象的塑造,体现了老人作为一个个体的社会人,是不能脱离整个社会关系而独立存在的。从这个意义上说,桑提亚哥是一个生活上的强者,同时也是一个孤独者。试想一下,如果作品仅仅强调桑提亚哥具有硬汉精神的一面,仅仅刻画他为生存而战的斗争,那么这个人物就是一个干巴巴的形象,可是因为有了小男孩,才使得桑提亚哥这一形象更加生动饱满,可亲可敬,有血有肉,富有真实性。如果说桑提亚哥在大海上与大马林鱼及群鲨搏斗,让读者看到的是一位坚强、忍耐、永不言败的“英雄”、“硬汉”,那么桑提亚哥与小男孩之间的没有血缘却胜似血缘的亲情之爱则让我们看到了硬汉也有人的正常感情,也害怕孤独,渴望和人交流,如此,一个生动真实的桑提亚哥形象便展现在了读者面前。其二,小男孩是桑提亚哥技艺和硬汉精神的继承者。首先,小男孩是桑提亚哥技艺的继承者,他从五岁起便一直跟着桑提亚哥学习捕鱼,尽管小小年纪却学到了不少捕鱼的技艺。当桑提亚哥刚出海的把钓线放下去,任凭马林鱼拖着小船不停的游动的时候,他感觉一个人的力量固然再大,有一个帮手总是好的,这样就不必感到自己是在孤军奋战了;当桑提亚哥和马林鱼僵持,感觉体力不支,需要吃金枪鱼来补充体力的时候,他特别渴望小男孩在身边,可以替他揉一揉肩膀;当桑提亚哥的手被严重割伤的时候,他急切的希望小男孩在他身边,这样小男孩就会弄湿线圈。此外,在独自捕鱼的三天三夜里,桑提亚哥曾多次念叨着:“但愿那男孩在这儿就好了。”[1]也就是说,小男孩是桑提亚哥最后三天海上捕鱼时的一个念想。他大声说:“真希望那孩子在我身边,帮帮我也见见这种场面。一旦上了年纪,谁都不该单枪匹马了”。[2]在此我们可以看到眼前这个历经岁月的老人在感慨自己年迈,急于想把自己打渔的全部技艺传给小男孩。每当桑提亚哥重复这句话以后,似乎他看到自己的技艺后继有人,所以说桑提亚哥在不同处境中对小男孩的这种不断诉求体现了他把小男孩作为自己技艺的继承者,而作品结尾小男孩的那句:“我有那么多的东西要学,而你什么都能教。”[5]更是作证了小男孩是桑提亚哥技艺的继承者。另一方面,小男孩是桑提亚哥硬汉精神的继承者。小男孩从五岁起便跟着桑提亚哥学习捕鱼,更多时候他们一老一小互相关心,互相照顾,相依为命,日久生情,他很爱桑提亚哥,而且在日常生活的交往中,小男孩除了对老人有亲情般的爱之外,更多的是在接触中被老人身上不服老、不言败的精神所感染。如果说对桑提亚个来说,迪马乔是他心目中伟大的英雄,学习的榜样,那么对于小男孩来说,桑提亚哥便是他心目中的铮铮硬汉,是他追随的榜样。作品中说,小男孩的父母不允许他和桑提亚哥经常在一起,可是小男孩没听父母的话,依然偷偷地、时不时地来到桑提亚哥的小屋,照顾他,料理他的日常饮食起居。当桑提亚哥最终一无所获回到家之时,他们之间有这样的对话:“你家里人会怎么说?”桑提亚哥担心孩子的父母斥责孩子来看他这个“我不在乎。昨天我捉到了两条,但现在我们要一起捕鱼了,我需要学的还很多。”小男孩回答到。[3]小说结尾中还有一个细节,在桑提亚哥疲惫的睡着的时候,小男孩看着老人的布满伤痕的手,想象着桑提亚哥在海上的惊险,流下了眼泪。一个渔夫叫道:“他怎么样?”“在睡觉呢。”孩子叫道。他不在乎别人看见他哭,“谁也别去打搅他。”[4]是的,在小男孩的父母和其他人的眼里,桑提亚哥是一个倒霉的渔夫,是一个失败者,可是在小男孩看来,永远都不是!桑提亚哥是那个和他谈论棒球赛时的斗士,是那个历经险阻,仍然昂首站立的硬汉!他不在乎旁人看他哭,也不在乎旁人怎么评价桑提亚哥,他只知道桑提亚哥就是他要学习的榜样,是他心目中伟大的英雄,带着这种硬汉精神,他也要像桑提亚哥一样,在人生的路上扬帆起航!小说虽然没有描写男孩的外貌,没有说明他的年龄,但却让人感觉到一个懂事、勇敢、可爱的小男孩形象。由于桑提亚哥在海上捕鱼的时候对他的不断呼唤,也由于他和桑提亚哥之间那种没有血缘关系,却胜似亲情的人间温情,让我们了解到原来硬汉也孤独,从而使得桑提亚哥的“硬汉”形象更加富有真实性,同时也让读者看到了桑提亚哥的技艺长存,硬汉精神永在。也就是这样,海明威通过小男孩这一形象来实现了硬汉桑提亚哥的成功塑造。尽管棒球明星迪马乔这一意象在作品中仅仅总共出现了五次,但是他对桑提亚哥“硬汉”形象的成功塑造同样起着举足轻重的作用。第一,迪马乔是桑提亚哥心目中的硬汉。迪马乔的父亲也是个渔夫,而且家里也很穷,同样的出身,相似的家境使得桑提亚哥在潜意识里以迪马乔为自己奋斗的目标。在追梦的路上,迪马乔身处凄惨的环境但却不认输,不服输,明知失败,却还是顽强的去改变自己的命运,用积极的人生态度去面对一切苦难。诚然,迪马乔是生活中的不幸者,但他从不渴求别人的同情和保护,只希望通过自己的努力获得成功,因此不管受到多少挫折,多少打击,他也从未绝望,从未向厄运低头,他是绝对的精神上的胜利者,绝对的真正的硬汉!最终迪马乔从一个一无所有的穷小子,一步一步通过自己的努力成为美国棒球界大名鼎鼎的明星。无论是迪马乔身上的坚毅品质,顽强精神,还是他表现出的那种积极向上的人生观和不投降、不放弃的精神正是桑提亚哥一直推崇和渴望拥有的精神,所以桑提亚哥打心眼里对迪马乔充满了无限的崇拜,认为迪马乔才是真正的英雄。就这样,相似的经历,同样的奋斗精神,使得迪马乔成为桑提亚哥心目中的铮铮硬汉。第二,榜样迪马乔的力量是鼓舞硬汉子桑提亚哥继续战斗下去的内在驱动力。桑提亚哥在面临体力极度透支,精神上一度恍惚想要放弃之时,没有想到孩子,也没有想到狮子,想到的却是棒球明星迪马乔。面对如此凶险的大海,失败的可能性永远大于成功的可能性,但是桑提亚哥选择了行动,他认为尽管自己可能还要面临一次又一次的失败,但是,绝不能放弃,那么支撑老人不言放弃的动力是什么呢?我认为这个内在驱动力就是棒球明星迪马乔。我们不妨来看下面一段文字:老人:“杨基队(纽约市棒球队,美国职业棒球界的强队)不会输。”“可是我怕克利夫兰印地安人队会赢。”“相信杨基队吧,好孩子。别忘了那了不起的迪马乔。”[6]这是作品开头,桑提亚哥出海前和小男孩的对话。在美国联赛中,总是杨基队的天下,虽然偶尔也会输掉一两场比赛,但是因为队里有了迪马乔,只要他恢复本色,就一定能反败为胜,扳回败局。因此在桑提亚哥看来,迪马乔就是他心中一个希望的灯塔。在桑提亚哥因钓线造成的伤痛一阵阵袭击而来的时候,他想到伟大的迪马乔尽管脚后跟有骨刺,疼痛无比,可他并没有就此放弃,不仅重返球场,而且球照样打得那么出色,依然能把一切做得十全十美。虽然桑提亚哥不是很清楚骨刺到底是怎么回事,但他肯定,假如他自己有这样的伤痛,他是坚持不下去的。但是迪马乔是自己心目中的榜样,是真正的英雄,所以自己得向着榜样的力量前进。因此当他再次面临困境的时候,榜样的力量鼓舞了桑提亚哥的信心和斗志。后来桑提亚哥手抽筋的时候,也是知道是条大鱼的时候,决心一个人和大鱼孤军奋战。因为榜样迪马乔身上闪耀着的自信,极大地鼓舞了桑提亚哥的斗志。从迪马乔的事迹中,桑提亚哥认识到即使物质上一无所有,精神上也要永不屈服。在与鲨鱼搏斗时,他拿起上面绑着刀子的桨,然后尽量地把它举起来,因为他那双手痛的不听使唤了。接下来他把手张开,再轻轻捏住了桨,让双手松弛下来继而又紧紧地把手合拢,让它们忍受着痛楚而不致缩回去。在这期间他想过放弃,也曾动摇过,可是就在他想要放弃之时,来自迪马乔的榜样的力量鼓舞了他:只要心中怀着坚定的信念,最终一定会获得胜利!于是,当他在战斗中处于下风时,“他看不清目标,只能感觉到、听到,就不顾死活地挥棍打去”。[7]这就是英雄,这就是硬汉无,论敌人有多凶猛,有多强悍,都会以其不屈不挠的精神,战斗到最后一刻。在这个意义上,桑提亚哥这样的硬汉英雄,不管他们挑战限度是成功还是失败,都是值得我们永远敬重的。因为,他带给我们的是人类最为高贵的自信!我相信每个向往成功的人都不希望自己是生活中的弱者。那么作为一位强者,面对坎坷,就不应该消沉悲观,就不应该因为沮丧而停止追求!当我对这部作品再一次阅读时,一直困惑:为什么以“冰山理论”著称的海明威,要在作品中曾多次提及狮子呢?我们知道,海明威的写作文体干净简洁,描写惜墨如金见长,例如长篇小说《永别了,武器》的结尾,他修改了十一稿,最后把几千字浓缩为不到一页纸的篇幅,那么为什么作家又在这部篇幅很短的中篇小说《老人与海》中多次刻画狮子意象呢?这究竟是海明威创作的败笔,还是另有深意?答案显然是后者。首先,狮子象征着硬汉桑提亚哥对力量的追求,对强者的向往。众所周知,狮子和老虎一样,被称为百兽之王,在动物界中,狮子就是强者的代表,同理,小说中的狮子就是力量的表现,是强者的象征,其兽中之王所具有的形象象征着硬汉桑提亚哥的勇气与力量,老人一再梦到狮子,正好象征着他对力量的追求,对强者的向往,这恰好同桑提亚哥永不言败的硬汉形象相互契合。作者以狮衬人,以狮喻人来说明桑提亚哥作为一个“特别的老头儿”的“硬汉”主题,小说第一次提到狮子,是在桑提亚哥还没有出海,同男孩聊天的时候,桑提亚哥说:“我在你这个年纪的时候,就在一条去非洲的横帆船上当普通水手了,我见过狮子在傍晚到海滩上来,”[8]这为下文中“狮子”的出现做了铺垫。后来他开始梦见长长的黄色海滩,看见狮群中的第一头狮子傍晚时来到了海滩,接着其余的狮子也来了,他把下巴靠在船头的木板上,船抛了锚停在那里,晚风徐徐吹向海面,他等着看更多的狮子过来,心里很愉快。小说中还写到有很多人取笑桑提亚哥,可是桑提亚哥并不生气,就连他的用面粉袋打过补丁的船帆,卷起来时,也活像常败将军的旗帜。的确,桑提亚哥就是一个屡败屡战的雄狮,他内心蕴藏着非凡的力量、超人的勇气、卓然的自信和顽强的意志力,他从未失去希望和信心。其次,狮子是桑提亚哥硬汉精神的催化剂。狮子第三、四次出现是在桑提亚哥捕捉大马林鱼的过程中。在无边无际的茫茫大海中,桑提亚哥独自面对从来没有一个人捕过的比他的船还要长两英尺的大鱼,这时最需要的就是力量和勇气,作者把老人推到一个孤独无助的典型环境之中,为老人更好地展示他的“硬汉”精神设置了广阔的空间。“可惜它不睡觉,不然我也可以睡觉,梦见那些狮子了,他想。为什么梦里剩下的主要就是那些狮子呢?”[9]对于这个问题作者并没有作答,而是留给读者去思考。后来桑提亚哥攥住绳子睡着了,“他梦起了那长长一溜黄沙滩,瞧见暮色苍茫中有个狮子先下了海滩,其余的狮子随后也来了。”[10]经过了“半天一夜再加一天”的与大鱼的“搏斗”,桑提亚哥已感到身心俱疲,急需补给的是力量和斗志。尽管生吃了一些泥鳅且经过片刻的休息,桑提亚哥在体力上有了些许的恢复,然而他最需要补充的却是精神上的食粮,于是作者让桑提亚哥又一次梦见狮子,以唤起他的斗志,一如他回忆当年与黑人大汉掰腕子的那件事,一天一夜最终赢得“冠军”称号增强了自己的信心,此时梦见狮子也使他倍受鼓舞。桑提亚哥千辛万苦捕获的大鱼被鲨鱼一次次攻击,尽管他用尽全身力气与它们进行了殊死搏斗,但仍未能保住自己的劳动果实,马林鱼被吃得精光。返航后,桑提亚哥对孩子说:“它们把我打败了 ,真的把我打败了”。[11]如果桑提亚哥真的甘心承认自己被打败的话,就会和小说永不言败的硬汉主题产生矛盾,会使得主题大打折扣,因此作者让狮子在全文的最后一句又一次出现,而且在睡觉之前,老人已和孩子做好了再次出海捕鱼的计划。捕鱼,对老人来说,已经不仅仅是一种谋生手段,而是一种展示力量、挑战自然、获取自尊的象征,就这样狮子像催化剂一样,一步一步推动了硬汉精神的发展。再次,狮子意象使得桑提亚哥的硬汉精神得以升华,是老人为了宏伟目标而梦寐追求着的“硬汉”形象的高度概括。出海前,桑提亚哥两次谈起或梦见狮子,表明他虽然八十四天未捕到鱼,内心却并没有屈服妥协。他没有抱怨生活的残酷和命运的不公,也没有乞求别人的怜悯和同情,他仍具有狮子般的雄心。在捕捉大马林鱼的过程中,桑提亚哥又两次想起并梦见狮子。狮子的出现不仅是对孤身行驶在茫茫大海的老人的巨大的鼓舞,是老人精神力量的加油站,更是在提醒读者,老人此时正在展示他雄狮一样的顽强不屈的意志、坚忍不拔的毅力、勇于战胜困难不向厄运屈服的“硬汉”精神。“在路另一头的棚屋子里,老人又睡着了。他还是脸朝下睡着,而那个孩子就坐他旁边,看着他。老人正梦见狮子。” [12]结尾这样写道。就是这样,通过酣睡中再次出现的狮子,桑提亚哥的“硬汉”精神在此得以升华。对于狮子的描写,海明威没有过多地渲染它的英武或威猛,甚至都没有让它正式“出场”过,而只是“现身”于桑提亚哥的叙述或梦境中。然而,结合本身所具有的特质桑,提亚哥对它的偏爱它,每次“出现”时桑提亚哥的处境,以及在那种处境下它给予桑提亚哥的无穷精神力量等,恰恰使读者对桑提亚哥生起由衷的敬佩之情。因为狮子意象的刻画,桑提亚哥身上所体现的毫不沮丧,渴望战斗,渴望征服自然,征服自我的雄心,以及他超乎寻常的气质和勇气,充分显示了人类对胜利的热烈向往和洋溢着地永不休歇的战斗精神。结 语以上只是对《老人与海》中小男孩、迪马乔、狮子这三个意象如何体现“硬汉”主题的的一些粗浅分析。小男孩的意象使得硬汉桑提亚哥的形象饱满、富有真实性,迪马乔的榜样力量是鼓舞桑提亚哥为生存而战斗下去的内在驱动力,如梦般不断反复出现的狮子则是硬汉精神——即使失败,也要维护人的尊严的王者风度的再现。三个意象就是这样在内部互相补充,交相辉映,层层递进,呈现一个梯度式的结构,最终共同对老人“硬汉”形象的成功塑造起着巨大的作用。桑提亚哥曾经为理想拼搏过、奋斗过,那么他就是一个胜利者!就如音乐大师贝多芬所说“我可以被摧毁,但我不能被征服”,一样,桑提亚哥向自己,向读者证实了大写的“人”的尊严,那副硕大的骨架便是他非凡人格、硬汉风度的丰碑。像希腊神话人物西绪福斯一样,《老人与海》的主人公桑提亚哥也处在人生“困境”之中,但他敢于直面现实、抗拒命运
1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录)3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文:(1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义,并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容:a.提出-论点;b.分析问题-论据和论证;c.解决问题-论证与步骤;d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是:(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。