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中法饮食文化差异论文题目

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中法饮食文化差异论文题目

从中西饮食文化看文化差异论文

饮食是一个广泛的称呼与概念,包含吃、喝相关的文化及做为。 饮食是现代的一种文化,而中华美食则誉满天下。中国饭好吃,外国人爱吃也是不争的事实。下面是我为你带来的从中西饮食文化看文化差异论文 ,欢迎阅读。

摘 要: 本文通过阐述中西餐饮文化差异,分析中西餐饮文化在在哲学体系、价值观念、思维方式等方面的差异,从而促进中西方文化的融合,让更多的人通过饮食了解饮食背后的文化。

关键词: 中西文化 饮食文化 差异比较

提到饮食文化,人们总是会不约而同地首先想到“吃”,不错,饮食的确是人类生存和发展的第一需要,是社会生活的基本形式之一。然而加上了“文化”二字以后,饮食就不仅仅是“吃”这么简单了,它包括饮食文化的整体,是人类在饮食方面的创造行为及其成果,凡涉及人类饮食方面的思想、意识、观念、哲学、宗教、艺术等都在饮食文化的范围之内。

一、中西餐饮文化差异

中西方饮食文化最显而易见的不同就是使用的饮食器具。西方人以刀叉为食器,并且规定显明,不同规格的刀叉所使用的方式及场合不同,而且是不可以混用的。

中国人的餐桌上却不如西方人那么复杂,虽然是简简单单的一双筷子,但它在饮食文化中担任着十分重要的角色:筷子可以是我们的烹饪的工具,也是每家每户的搅拌器,打个鸡蛋,冲个饮料,无疑都需要筷子的帮忙。与西方如此严谨的规范相比,中国的筷子的确随意得多。

受科学导向的影响,西方烹饪的全过程必须严格按照科学规范行事,每道菜肴每次烹饪的过程、方法几乎完全一致,并且其所用的调料会精确到克,烹饪时间会精确到秒。

西方人对食物的选材极具规范,他们多以荤食为主,烹饪时往往以一整块肉或是一整只的禽类为主要食物,并且不吃内脏,认为内脏是弃料;对于蔬菜的选择上也比较单一,而且在饮食中以蔬菜为装点辅助之用,所以在西方人的饮食中蔬菜多为装饰工具。

相较于西方人而言,中国人在食物的选择与烹饪方式上就要随意得多。在中国厨师的手上也能变成一道味美的佳肴,这样的菜例比比皆是,如爆炒猪腰、糟猪肚、韭菜炒猪肝,等等。说到烹饪方式,更是层出不穷。不同于西方人的“精确到克”、“精确到秒”,中国人历来都是“随心所欲”,强调凭经验对结果进行把握。中国人喜素食,蔬菜的种类远多过于西方,这样,食材的相互搭配就变化多端,就以炒猪肝为例,可以是大葱炒猪肝,也可以是青椒炒猪肝,更可以是韭菜炒猪肝,每一道菜都各有风味。

西方人的饮食文化中注重食物的营养价值,因此,他们提倡吃生食,他们认为高温烹调会破坏了食物本身的营养,唯有生食才能最大限度地保存食物的天然属性和原汁原味,那么他们所追求的营养价值也可以被很好地保留。

中国饮食文化更重食物的味道,“美味”是中国饮食文化的第一要义,因此,中国人会借助一切技术手段、烹饪方式、调味方法使自己的食物变得鲜美无比,在中国,炒、煮、炖、烩、烧、烤、蒸、煎、炸、焖、熘等都是十分常见的熟食性烹调技术。

二、差异背后的文化根源

(一)哲学体系:形而上学与适度原则

西方哲学体系以形而上学为主要特点,也就是用孤立、静止、片面的观点看世界,认为一切事物都是孤立的,永远不变的;如果说有变化的话,那么只是数量的增减和场所的变更,这种增减或变更的原因不在事物内部而在于事物外部。反映到饮食文化就是所闻即所见,无论是菜单还是对食物的装点、摆盘,都是以一种最直接的方式呈现给人看,追求真实性,没有华丽的点缀,只体现食物的本源属性,这点与西方人的处事原则不谋而合,这样的哲学背景下就促成了西方人视“营养价值”为饮食的第一要义的观念,不在乎饮食的艺术性、创造性,目标性明确,即食物就是用来补充人对于营养需求的工具。

与西方人不同,中国传统哲学思想中最显著的特点之一是模糊、不可捉摸。它不像西方的形而上学那样追求事物的客观性、真实性,强调所闻即所见,而是凡是讲求分寸、讲求整体配合、讲求一个“度”。反映在饮食文化上的就是中国人将“美味”作为饮食的第一要义。在烹饪上,中国人讲究整体融合,没有西方人的精确,讲究的是凭经验将一道菜的各个部分相协调进而形成一道美味的佳肴。其中的经验又是模糊的,同一道菜,同一个师傅,每次做可能也会做出不同的味道,凭借经验对菜肴进行整体的把握,追求烹饪技术的随意性与艺术性,这便是中国人的传统哲学观念――模糊而完美。

(二)价值观:个人主义与集体主义

西方人推崇个人主义价值观念,个人目标高于对群体的忠诚。也就是说每一个只需要对自己负责即可,不需要服从其他任何一个集体,可以根据自己的喜好、需要选择自己喜欢的群体,但这样的选择并不是永久的,可以随时因为自己需求的改变而重新进行选择。如改变祈祷的教堂,更换雇主,等等。反映在饮食文化中最显著的就是西方人实行分餐制。

与之相对的,中国人崇尚集体主义价值观。在中国文化中,人们推崇谦虚知礼,不喜欢争强好胜,社会风气往往封杀过于突出的个人,正所谓“行高于众,人必非之”。在饮食文化中,这样的集体主义观念的确是受到了中国传统思想的影响,中国人的宴席多喜用圆桌,从形式上体现了团结、礼貌、共享的氛围。美味佳肴摆在桌子的中心,既是欣赏品尝的对象,又是交流感情的媒介。在这样的宴会气氛下,饮食已经不是宴会的主要目的,情感的交流才是宴会的中心。与西方人直截了当的交际方式不同,中国人的饮食目的依仗于一大群人的情感触碰、交流和共鸣。

(三)思维方式:个性与整体

西方人注重个性的发展,强调在集体中个性的最大限度发挥。他们追求差异性,凡事求异,认为每一个人都是独一无二的,强调天下万物都是独立的个体,彼此间没有联系,认为个性与个体的独立自主是人类社会发展的动力之一,因此对事物的看法与考虑往往从个性出发,西方人将独特的个性发展放置于一切行为活动的大前提之下。这无疑体现在了他们的饮食文化中,泾渭分明的摆盘和装点,虽同在一个盘子中,确是个性突出的各自为政,没有任何调和,肉即是肉,菜即是菜,土豆即是土豆,个性鲜明,味道明确,不会相互影响、相互混合。在烹饪上,同一个盘子中的不同食材也是被分开进行加工的,不会将它们放在一起烹煮,处处彰显西方人对于个体与个性的尊重和重视。   中国人注重整体的.发展,强调圆满、整合的思维方式和思想观念。不喜欢过于鲜明的个性张扬,反映在烹饪上更显见,无论是什么样的食材全部倒入锅中,再配以各种佐料进行烹调,即使原本个性鲜明,味道独特的食材在这样的磨合之下不会再显得如此锋芒。因此,中国菜尝起来滋味丰富,层次感强烈。再回过头看每一道菜,红不是那样鲜艳的红,绿也不是那样扎眼的绿,而是一种经过调和以后产生的和合之美。

(四)生活方式与生活节奏

在西方,流水线上的重复作业,实行计件工资制,生活节奏急促,人们有意无意地受到机械的两分法影响,将游戏与工作分得很清楚,即工作时工作,游戏时游戏,这样的生活方式十分单调、刻板,机械的工作生活模式逐步影响到了西方人对饮食的需求,导致饮食本身的单一性和简单性。

中国人则不然,中国人的随意性在这里体现无遗,不喜欢单纯的、机械的工作生活模式,推崇一种经验性的工作方式或者喜欢在工作中加入自己喜欢的元素或方法,就像中国的饮食烹饪一样,存在不稳定性,这样的不稳定性既指工作模式、工作方法的不稳定,又指工作结果的不稳定。就好像一道菜如果想要让它尝起来不那么咸,南方人可能会选择放糖冲淡咸味,如南方人的糖醋风味,就是用糖的甜与醋的酸中和酱油的咸味;而北方人则可能会把这道菜加水烹制食材,让食材变淡的同时改变了菜的性质,可能从一道炒菜变成了一道靓汤,因为生活经验、生活环境的不同而不同。这样并不稳定的经验性的改变方式,使原来单纯的一道菜变成了现在的三道菜而非两道菜,其中创造性与艺术性油然而生。

三、当前的餐饮文化发展与中西文化之间的融合

然而如今的中西方餐饮文化已不再像以前那样泾渭分明了,中餐中也融入了西式元素,西餐中处处彰显中国风,这是一种新型的饮食文化模式,中西合璧的饮食文化队伍将会越来越壮大,人们也可以通过了解饮食文化了解这个世界。

参考文献 :

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[2]刘岩松.中西方饮食在文化理念上的差异性[J].经济研究导刊,2010(36):258-259.

[3]赵奇志.中西饮食文化的差异[J].食品工程,(4):14-15.

[4]冯勇,何欢欢.从饮食文化角度浅析中西思维方式的差异[J].消费导刊,:234

only found one. hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.[edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth closed. * Do not talk at an excessively loud volume. * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table. * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time. * Do not make unbecoming noises while eating. * Do not play with food or table utensils. * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners. * Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch. * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table. * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating. * Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.[edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth. * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward. * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl. * Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands. * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show. * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1]. * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon. * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you. * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right. * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon. * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either. * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.[edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate. * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done. * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.[edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right. * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right. * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself. * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers. * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served. * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left. * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished. * Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely. * Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess. * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside. * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return. * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again. * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate. * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left. * Drinks should be served from the right. * Never lean across somebody else’s plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can. * Salt & pepper should be passed together. * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do so. * You must not put your elbows on the table. * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving yourself. * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself. * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it. * Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink. * Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too. * Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails. * Try to eat all the food you are served. * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem. * Always remember “regular” manners. Remember to say "please" and "thank you".[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so. * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user. * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer food. * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead. * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates. * Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish. * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists. * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table. * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table. * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you (. parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the food. Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors). * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show respect. * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show appreciation. * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect. * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat pile.

这个好多啊。比如:中国人饮食习俗的特点、中国八大菜系的区别、“川菜”历史演变及形成、中国人饮食方式聚食制的利弊……等等 题目可大可小。上面是大题目,小题目到每种烹饪方式的异同点,甚至每道菜肴的制作工艺、营养特征,色香味形都可以去写。

中法饮食文化差异论文文献

一、两种不同的饮食观念餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响,会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异,餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异,而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”,西方人注重“以人为本”。对比注重“味”的中国饮食,西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何,而营养一定要得到保证,讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律,也一定要吃下去--因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理,事物之理常为形上学理,形上学理互相连贯,便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机,使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面,这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用,如饮食文化。在宴席上,可以讲究餐具,讲究用料,讲究服务,讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配;但不管怎么豪华高档,从洛杉矶到纽约,牛排都只有一种味道,无艺术可言。作为菜肴,鸡就是鸡,牛排就是牛排,纵然有搭配,那也是在盘中进行的,一盘“法式羊排”,一边放土豆泥,旁倚羊排,另一边配煮青豆,加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明,但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和,各是各的味,简单明了。中国人是很重视“吃”的,“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平,人们总是吃不饱,所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化,我想,这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事,那么就会出现两种现象:一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致,不仅维持生存,也利用它维持健康,这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础;另一方面,对吃的过份重视,会使人推崇对美味的追求。二、饮食方式的不同中西方的饮食方式有很大不同,这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国,任何一个宴席,不管是什么目的,都只会有一种形式,就是大家团团围坐,共享一席。筵席要用圆桌,这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心,它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象,又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜,在美好的事物面前,体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看,这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处,但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态,反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响,便于集体的情感交流,因而至今难以改革。西式饮宴上,食品和酒尽管非常重要,但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊,通过与邻座客人之间的交谈,达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比,那么可以说,中式宴席好比是集体舞,而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见,中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显,只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊,而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是:将所有食物一一陈列出来,大家各取所需,不必固定在位子上吃,走动自由,这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流,不必将所有的话摆在桌面上,也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的,互不相扰,缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。

only found one. hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.[edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth closed. * Do not talk at an excessively loud volume. * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table. * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time. * Do not make unbecoming noises while eating. * Do not play with food or table utensils. * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners. * Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch. * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table. * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating. * Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.[edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth. * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward. * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl. * Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands. * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show. * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1]. * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon. * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you. * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right. * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon. * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either. * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.[edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate. * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done. * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.[edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right. * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right. * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself. * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers. * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served. * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left. * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished. * Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely. * Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess. * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside. * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return. * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again. * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate. * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left. * Drinks should be served from the right. * Never lean across somebody else’s plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can. * Salt & pepper should be passed together. * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do so. * You must not put your elbows on the table. * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving yourself. * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself. * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it. * Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink. * Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too. * Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails. * Try to eat all the food you are served. * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem. * Always remember “regular” manners. Remember to say "please" and "thank you".[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so. * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user. * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer food. * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead. * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates. * Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish. * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists. * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table. * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table. * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you (. parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the food. Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors). * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show respect. * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show appreciation. * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect. * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat pile.

你可以从以下几点着手:一.餐桌礼仪概述1. 餐桌礼仪在中西方文化发展中的地位与作用。二. 各国间不同的饮食文化1. 我国饮食文化的发展及餐桌礼仪的形成。2. 英、法、美、意等国家的饮食文化发展及餐桌礼仪的形成。3. 用我国的典型食品北京烤鸭与西方国家的火鸡进行对比从而进一步比较两者差异。4. 从差异中寻求中西文化间的共同点。5. 形成中西方文化差异的根源。

Diet idea the Europeans said that in the world has three big good food, in each edition has China and France, only then actually had different explanations about third, has said that was Italy, also had said that was countries' and so on Turkey, Tunisia or Morocco. Although reaches a stalemate, but everybody has a mutual recognition, the diet often can reflect the different nationality aspect and so on habits and customs and cultural thought differences. one time hosts the banquet in the Chinese restaurant, on the hotel vegetable very slowly, unconscious has passed for nearly two hours, but the vegetable has as if only then gotten up half. Is first time attends the Chinese meal banquet near a place woman, cannot bear asks me, your Chinese treats on these many vegetables? I said that must be many in China, usually is above 10. She is very surprised, including said that China's banquet too has been really rich, China's good food is very no wonder famous. But after a while, she also asks me, has a phenomenon to be very strange: The Chinese eats meal each time on that many vegetables, can be why long so thinly. But France enters the vegetable to be very each time few, but is why fatter than the Chinese? I am at a loss for words for a while, but thought that she asks how many truth a little, because that day shares a table several Chinese appear quite emaciated, but several French are all tall and sturdy. Thinks that spoke an own idea with her: China is a hospitable nationality, only then on a table vegetable had only then thought that has not neglected the visitor. Sometimes moreover the Chinese pays great attention the form, therefore in China's cooking, the vegetable style is ever changing, makes concrete is fastidious about the color fragrance to each vegetable matching. But European as if some, are inferior to China obviously actually in the vegetable variety change high and low free time, what but is fastidious is its nutrition matching and the protection. This is, the French diet idea important difference, how many also reflected the French chemical property standard difference. each people have the color which to color understanding oneself like, a country and the nationality are also same, likes to the different color being possible to reflect a national or the national esthetic appeal and the likes and dislikes tendency overall. has one time bumps into an EU commission's pair of professor husbands and wives, mentions China national dress which in the Shanghai APEC conference various countries' leader puts on, they said are attractive, but has a point to be not too clear, why do the Asian leaders mostly put on red, but the Western leader has chosen the blue color. I said that the color is leader designates. The Asian country has the same cultural context probably, red in the Chinese culture, is also possibly representing lucky, the wealth in the entire Asian culture and propitious pleasant, therefore the Asian leaders as if by prior agreement have chosen red. I ask in reply them, what does the blue color represent in the Western culture? They said the westerner to believe that the blue color represents is calm and is calm. thinks that I also said the East and West cultural difference was really too big, for example the dragon in China was nationality's symbol, but had one in Belgium's Mongolian Si Shize to hit the dragon festival, the dragon is regarded as the devil, has been massacred by fable in protection sacred · Michelle, therefore did specially hits the dragon festival to congratulate that eliminated the disaster shortcoming to thank Michelle. Professor husbands and wives also approves the East and West cultural difference hugeness, and approves the culture to need to exchange. in thinking mode West's cultural difference also displays in many aspects, but simple summarizes is not actually complex: Reflected that to the thinking mode in is abstract and the embodiment difference, reflected that to the life manner in as if may understand is more practical for the westerner, but Chinese how many stresses some mental feeling. For instance compares French word and Chinese writing, this point is very obvious. The Chinese writing makes the word to pay great attention the image much, what but in the French more pays great attention to consider is the use value. Looks like in Chinese the name card, in the French translates literally is the card which the visit uses, but the aircraft carrier calls in the French to carry airplane's warship and so on, is embarks from the actual uses makes the word. But presses the glass plate which likely the picture uses, we are also the words which makes from its use value angle, but the French has been more direct-viewing, the literal translation is “places above the picture”. reflects to the drawing in is so. Everybody knew that the traditional Chinese painting greatly opens big he, splashes ink enjoyably the human body proportion which and optics principle is fastidious with the European oil painting and so on completely belongs to the technical category which two have nothing to do with one another, is as if very difficult to have the common language. Sometimes the European not too can understand that sometimes we too abstract art expression means that we also will think European's artistic skill too practical duty, deficient divine and wonderful spirit. Looked that sometimes in many European drawing history has been presented for the classics religious theme painting, the Chinese while sighs its technique practical exquisite, also will sigh with emotion European master the imagination the deficiency: In order to explain that the angel is flying, must give these lovable young and clevers to add on a pair of wing. But our ancestor has not also drawn several thousand years, how many white clouds adds on nearby these beautiful female celestial, they have not flown? Has the ideal condition, has the imagination space. this is the cultural difference. But, the difference brings not always the difference, it gave culture masters of art to leave behind the broad creation space exactly, if could find an accurate combining site, not only that will give two nationalities, will also give the entire world to bring one kind to have forgives the significance the harmony and beautiful, for instance Zhao Wuji's painting manifested the inexhaustible charm which the culture blended 饮食观念 欧洲人都说世界上有三大美食,每一个版本里都有中国和法国的,只有关于第三家却说法不一,有说是意大利的,也有说是土耳其、突尼斯或摩洛哥等国的。尽管相持不下,但大家都有个共识,饮食常能反映出不同民族的生活习惯和文化思维等方面的差异。 一次在中餐馆举行宴会,饭店菜上得很慢,不知不觉中过去了近两个小时,但菜似乎才上了一半。临座的一位女士是第一次参加中餐宴会,忍不住问我,你们中国人请客都上这么多菜吗?我说,在中国还要多,通常是10道以上。她很惊讶,连说中国的宴会实在太丰富了,难怪中国的美食很有名。但过了一会儿,她又问我,有个现象很奇怪:中国人吃饭每次都上那么多菜,可为什么都长得那么瘦。而法国入每次菜很少,但为什么都比中国人胖呢? 我一时语塞,但又觉得她问得多少有点道理,因为那天同桌的几个中国人都显得比较瘦弱,而几个法国人个个人高马大。想了想,和她讲了自己的一点想法:中国是个好客的民族,只有上了一桌子菜才觉得没怠慢客人。另外中国人有时候更注重形式,所以在中国的烹调里,菜的样式千变万化,具体到每一道菜又非常讲究色香味的搭配。而欧洲人似乎更实际一些,在菜的花色变化上下的工夫显然不如中国,但讲究的是其营养的搭配和保护。这是中、法饮食观念的重要差异,多少也反映出了中法文化性格的不同。 对色彩的认识 每个人都有自己喜欢的颜色,一个国家和民族也一样,对不同颜色的喜好从整体上可以反映出一个民族或者国家的审美情趣与好恶倾向。 有一次碰到欧盟委员会的一对教授夫妇,谈起上海APEC会议上各国领导人穿的中国民族服装,他们都说非常好看,但有一点不太明白,为什么亚洲领导人大多穿红色,而西方领导人则多选择了蓝色。我说颜色都是领导人自己选定的。大概亚洲国家有着相同的文化背景,红色在中国文化里,也可能在整个亚洲文化中都代表着幸运、财富和吉祥如意,所以亚洲领导人都不约而同地选择了红色。我反问他们,蓝色在西方文化里代表什么?他们说西方人认为,蓝色代表冷静和沉着。 想了想,我又补充说东西方文化差异实在是太大了,比如说龙在中国是民族的象征,而在比利时的蒙斯市则有一个打龙节,龙被视作恶魔,被传说中的保护神圣·米歇尔杀掉了,因此特意搞打龙节来庆贺除灾弊感谢米歇尔。教授夫妇也非常认同东西方文化差异的巨大,并认可文化需要交流。 思维方式 中西方的文化差异还表现在诸多方面,但简单加以概括其实并不复杂:反映到思维方式上是抽象和具象的差别,反映到生活态度上则似乎可以理解为西方人更加实用,而中国人则多少更偏重一些精神感受。比如把法语单词和中文文字加以比较,这一点就很明显。中国文字造词多注重形象,而法文里更多地注重考虑的是实用价值。像中文里的名片,法文里直译就是访问用的卡片,而航空母舰在法文里叫载飞机的军舰等等,都是从实际用途出发来造词的。而像压照片用的玻璃板,我们也是从其使用价值角度来造的词,但法国人就更加直观了,直译就是“放在照片上面的”。 反映到绘画上更是如此。大家都知道中国画的大开大阖、泼墨写意和欧洲油画讲究的人体比例和光学原理等完全是属于两个风马牛不相及的技术范畴,似乎很难有共同语言。欧洲人有时不太能够理解我们过于抽象的艺术表现手法,我们有时也会认为欧洲人的艺术技巧过于写实本分,缺乏灵气。看多了欧洲绘画史上被奉为经典的宗教题材画作,中国人有时在感叹其技法写实细腻的同时,也会感慨欧洲大师们想象力的贫乏:为了说明天使在飞,就非得给那些可爱的小精灵们加上一双翅膀。而我们的祖先不也画了几千年了吗,在那些美丽的仙女旁边加上几朵白云,她们不就飞起来了吗?多有意境,多有想象空间啊。 这就是文化的差异。但是,差异带来的并不总是分歧,它恰恰给文化艺术大师们留下了广阔的创作空间,如能从中找到一个准确的结合点,那不仅会给两个民族,而且也会给整个世界带来一种更具包涵意义的和谐与美丽,比如赵无极的画作就体现出了文化交融的无尽魅力。

中西方饮食文化差异论文题目

从中西饮食文化看文化差异论文

饮食是一个广泛的称呼与概念,包含吃、喝相关的文化及做为。 饮食是现代的一种文化,而中华美食则誉满天下。中国饭好吃,外国人爱吃也是不争的事实。下面是我为你带来的从中西饮食文化看文化差异论文 ,欢迎阅读。

摘 要: 本文通过阐述中西餐饮文化差异,分析中西餐饮文化在在哲学体系、价值观念、思维方式等方面的差异,从而促进中西方文化的融合,让更多的人通过饮食了解饮食背后的文化。

关键词: 中西文化 饮食文化 差异比较

提到饮食文化,人们总是会不约而同地首先想到“吃”,不错,饮食的确是人类生存和发展的第一需要,是社会生活的基本形式之一。然而加上了“文化”二字以后,饮食就不仅仅是“吃”这么简单了,它包括饮食文化的整体,是人类在饮食方面的创造行为及其成果,凡涉及人类饮食方面的思想、意识、观念、哲学、宗教、艺术等都在饮食文化的范围之内。

一、中西餐饮文化差异

中西方饮食文化最显而易见的不同就是使用的饮食器具。西方人以刀叉为食器,并且规定显明,不同规格的刀叉所使用的方式及场合不同,而且是不可以混用的。

中国人的餐桌上却不如西方人那么复杂,虽然是简简单单的一双筷子,但它在饮食文化中担任着十分重要的角色:筷子可以是我们的烹饪的工具,也是每家每户的搅拌器,打个鸡蛋,冲个饮料,无疑都需要筷子的帮忙。与西方如此严谨的规范相比,中国的筷子的确随意得多。

受科学导向的影响,西方烹饪的全过程必须严格按照科学规范行事,每道菜肴每次烹饪的过程、方法几乎完全一致,并且其所用的调料会精确到克,烹饪时间会精确到秒。

西方人对食物的选材极具规范,他们多以荤食为主,烹饪时往往以一整块肉或是一整只的禽类为主要食物,并且不吃内脏,认为内脏是弃料;对于蔬菜的选择上也比较单一,而且在饮食中以蔬菜为装点辅助之用,所以在西方人的饮食中蔬菜多为装饰工具。

相较于西方人而言,中国人在食物的选择与烹饪方式上就要随意得多。在中国厨师的手上也能变成一道味美的佳肴,这样的菜例比比皆是,如爆炒猪腰、糟猪肚、韭菜炒猪肝,等等。说到烹饪方式,更是层出不穷。不同于西方人的“精确到克”、“精确到秒”,中国人历来都是“随心所欲”,强调凭经验对结果进行把握。中国人喜素食,蔬菜的种类远多过于西方,这样,食材的相互搭配就变化多端,就以炒猪肝为例,可以是大葱炒猪肝,也可以是青椒炒猪肝,更可以是韭菜炒猪肝,每一道菜都各有风味。

西方人的饮食文化中注重食物的营养价值,因此,他们提倡吃生食,他们认为高温烹调会破坏了食物本身的营养,唯有生食才能最大限度地保存食物的天然属性和原汁原味,那么他们所追求的营养价值也可以被很好地保留。

中国饮食文化更重食物的味道,“美味”是中国饮食文化的第一要义,因此,中国人会借助一切技术手段、烹饪方式、调味方法使自己的食物变得鲜美无比,在中国,炒、煮、炖、烩、烧、烤、蒸、煎、炸、焖、熘等都是十分常见的熟食性烹调技术。

二、差异背后的文化根源

(一)哲学体系:形而上学与适度原则

西方哲学体系以形而上学为主要特点,也就是用孤立、静止、片面的观点看世界,认为一切事物都是孤立的,永远不变的;如果说有变化的话,那么只是数量的增减和场所的变更,这种增减或变更的原因不在事物内部而在于事物外部。反映到饮食文化就是所闻即所见,无论是菜单还是对食物的装点、摆盘,都是以一种最直接的方式呈现给人看,追求真实性,没有华丽的点缀,只体现食物的本源属性,这点与西方人的处事原则不谋而合,这样的哲学背景下就促成了西方人视“营养价值”为饮食的第一要义的观念,不在乎饮食的艺术性、创造性,目标性明确,即食物就是用来补充人对于营养需求的工具。

与西方人不同,中国传统哲学思想中最显著的特点之一是模糊、不可捉摸。它不像西方的形而上学那样追求事物的客观性、真实性,强调所闻即所见,而是凡是讲求分寸、讲求整体配合、讲求一个“度”。反映在饮食文化上的就是中国人将“美味”作为饮食的第一要义。在烹饪上,中国人讲究整体融合,没有西方人的精确,讲究的是凭经验将一道菜的各个部分相协调进而形成一道美味的佳肴。其中的经验又是模糊的,同一道菜,同一个师傅,每次做可能也会做出不同的味道,凭借经验对菜肴进行整体的把握,追求烹饪技术的随意性与艺术性,这便是中国人的传统哲学观念――模糊而完美。

(二)价值观:个人主义与集体主义

西方人推崇个人主义价值观念,个人目标高于对群体的忠诚。也就是说每一个只需要对自己负责即可,不需要服从其他任何一个集体,可以根据自己的喜好、需要选择自己喜欢的群体,但这样的选择并不是永久的,可以随时因为自己需求的改变而重新进行选择。如改变祈祷的教堂,更换雇主,等等。反映在饮食文化中最显著的就是西方人实行分餐制。

与之相对的,中国人崇尚集体主义价值观。在中国文化中,人们推崇谦虚知礼,不喜欢争强好胜,社会风气往往封杀过于突出的个人,正所谓“行高于众,人必非之”。在饮食文化中,这样的集体主义观念的确是受到了中国传统思想的影响,中国人的宴席多喜用圆桌,从形式上体现了团结、礼貌、共享的氛围。美味佳肴摆在桌子的中心,既是欣赏品尝的对象,又是交流感情的媒介。在这样的宴会气氛下,饮食已经不是宴会的主要目的,情感的交流才是宴会的中心。与西方人直截了当的交际方式不同,中国人的饮食目的依仗于一大群人的情感触碰、交流和共鸣。

(三)思维方式:个性与整体

西方人注重个性的发展,强调在集体中个性的最大限度发挥。他们追求差异性,凡事求异,认为每一个人都是独一无二的,强调天下万物都是独立的个体,彼此间没有联系,认为个性与个体的独立自主是人类社会发展的动力之一,因此对事物的看法与考虑往往从个性出发,西方人将独特的个性发展放置于一切行为活动的大前提之下。这无疑体现在了他们的饮食文化中,泾渭分明的摆盘和装点,虽同在一个盘子中,确是个性突出的各自为政,没有任何调和,肉即是肉,菜即是菜,土豆即是土豆,个性鲜明,味道明确,不会相互影响、相互混合。在烹饪上,同一个盘子中的不同食材也是被分开进行加工的,不会将它们放在一起烹煮,处处彰显西方人对于个体与个性的尊重和重视。   中国人注重整体的.发展,强调圆满、整合的思维方式和思想观念。不喜欢过于鲜明的个性张扬,反映在烹饪上更显见,无论是什么样的食材全部倒入锅中,再配以各种佐料进行烹调,即使原本个性鲜明,味道独特的食材在这样的磨合之下不会再显得如此锋芒。因此,中国菜尝起来滋味丰富,层次感强烈。再回过头看每一道菜,红不是那样鲜艳的红,绿也不是那样扎眼的绿,而是一种经过调和以后产生的和合之美。

(四)生活方式与生活节奏

在西方,流水线上的重复作业,实行计件工资制,生活节奏急促,人们有意无意地受到机械的两分法影响,将游戏与工作分得很清楚,即工作时工作,游戏时游戏,这样的生活方式十分单调、刻板,机械的工作生活模式逐步影响到了西方人对饮食的需求,导致饮食本身的单一性和简单性。

中国人则不然,中国人的随意性在这里体现无遗,不喜欢单纯的、机械的工作生活模式,推崇一种经验性的工作方式或者喜欢在工作中加入自己喜欢的元素或方法,就像中国的饮食烹饪一样,存在不稳定性,这样的不稳定性既指工作模式、工作方法的不稳定,又指工作结果的不稳定。就好像一道菜如果想要让它尝起来不那么咸,南方人可能会选择放糖冲淡咸味,如南方人的糖醋风味,就是用糖的甜与醋的酸中和酱油的咸味;而北方人则可能会把这道菜加水烹制食材,让食材变淡的同时改变了菜的性质,可能从一道炒菜变成了一道靓汤,因为生活经验、生活环境的不同而不同。这样并不稳定的经验性的改变方式,使原来单纯的一道菜变成了现在的三道菜而非两道菜,其中创造性与艺术性油然而生。

三、当前的餐饮文化发展与中西文化之间的融合

然而如今的中西方餐饮文化已不再像以前那样泾渭分明了,中餐中也融入了西式元素,西餐中处处彰显中国风,这是一种新型的饮食文化模式,中西合璧的饮食文化队伍将会越来越壮大,人们也可以通过了解饮食文化了解这个世界。

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你可以从以下几点着手: 一.餐桌礼仪概述 1. 餐桌礼仪在中西方文化发展中的地位与作用. 二. 各国间不同的饮食文化 1. 我国饮食文化的发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 2. 英、法、美、意等国家的饮食文化发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 3. 用我国的典型食品北京烤鸭与西方国家的火鸡进行对比从而进一步比较两者差异. 4. 从差异中寻求中西文化间的共同点. 5. 形成中西方文化差异的根源. Table Manners The main difference between Chinese and W estern eating habits is that unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests ( people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impopssible to finish. A typical meal starts with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally a soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple"food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on. One thing to be aware of is that when eating with a Chinese host, you may find that the person is using their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plate. This is a sign of politeness. The appropriate thing to do would be to eat the whatever-it-is and say how yummy it is. If you feel uncomfortable with this, you can just say a polite thank you and leave the food there, and maybe cover it up with a little rice when they are not looking. There is a certain amount of leniency involved when dealing with Westerners. So you won't be chastised. Eating No-no's Traditionally speaking, there are many taboos at Chinese tables, but these days not many people pay attention to them. However, there are a few things to keep in mind, especially if you are a guest at a private home. 1) Don't stick your chopsticks upright in the rice bowl. Instead,lay them on your dish. The reason for this is that when somebody dies, the shrine to them contains a bowl of sand or rice with two sticks of incense stuck upright in it. So if you stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl, it looks like this shrine and is equivalent to wishing death upon a person at the table! 2) Make sure the spout of the teapot is not facing anyone. It is impolite to set the teapot down where the spout is facing towards somebody. The spout should always be directed to where nobody is sitting,usually just outward from the table. 3) Don't tap on your bowl with your chopsticks. Beggars tap on their bowls, so this is not polite. Also, in a restaurant, if the food is coming too slow people will tap their bowls. If you are in someone's home, it is like insulting the cook. Eat Local You can get expensive, delicious meals in any of the large hotels, but if you are looking for atmosphere, you have to go to a local joint. Not only is it cheaper, but you can get a good look at the locals and what normal people are like. And what the food lacks in presentation is made up for in the taste. Some restaurants have English menus, but don't count on it. A good way to choose dishes is to look at what othes are eating and point at it for the waitress. The other option is to play "Myatery Dinner," where players randomly point at items in the menu and wait for the surprise dishes to come. Whoever orders the braised dog heart with scallions in shark vomit sauce wins! If you bring your Guide with you, however, you can use the food guide in the back of the book to choose some safe and delicious fare. Also, be sure to sample the local brew, Yanjing Beer. Drining Gan Bei!(cheers!) Alcohol is a big part of eating in Beijing. Especially when dining with Chinese hosts, you can expect the beer to flow freely and many beis to be gan-ed.(Gan Bei literally means "dry the glass")Besides beer, the official Chinese alcoholic beverage is bai jiu, high-proof Chinese liquor made from assorted grains. There are varying degrees of bai jiu, and some are quite good. The Beijing favorite is called Er Guo Tou, which is a whopping 56% alcohol. More expensive and less formidable are Maotai and Wuliangye, which go for about 300-400 yuan per bottle. In comparison, Er Guo Tou costs a modest 4or 5 yuan per ping(bottle). If you are not a drinker, or don't feel up to the challenge, just say "wo bu hui he jiu"(I don't drink). It is generally acceptable to use Coke or tea as an alcohol substitute.

最好去学校图书馆或省市图书馆上网进论文库查询以往论文以作参考

中西文化历来是世界文化的两大派系,而饮食在两个文化中部占有非常重要的地位。中西文化之间的差异从而造就了中西饮食文化的差异,在两种不同的文化背景下,中西方饮食习俗,不论在其观念、性质,还是在其方式、对象等诸多方面,所存在的差异是非常鲜明的。笔者根据自己几十年从事西式餐饮的经验,提出以下几点看法,以供参考。1、中西饮食观念的差异历史上,中国是世界上最古老的国家之一,有5000年的悠久而厚重的历史,创造了无数的灿烂文明,在这种文化蕴藏中,使中国的饮食更加博大精深。随着时间的流逝以及辽阔国土的地域差异,四大菜系逐渐形成,四大菜系自成体系,各有特点,但共同点是用料复杂考究,制作方法复杂,口味、菜式多种多样,令人惊叹。西方以欧美为代表,其文化同样源远流长。到中世纪,欧洲文化已十分完善,在此期间,旧西方的饮食文化已经形成。其主要特点为:主食以面粉为主,原料也较为丰富,制作方法较中国简单,但同时也十分注重口味。由于中西哲学思想的不同,西方人于饮食重科学。重科学即讲求营养。故西方饮食以营养为最高准则,进食犹如为一生物的机器添加燃料,特别讲求食物的营养成分,蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素及各类无机元素的含量是否搭配合宜,热量的供给是否恰到好处以及这些营养成分是否能为进食者充分吸收,有无其他副作用。这些问题都是烹调中的大学问,而菜肴的色、香、味如何,则是次一等的要求。即或在西方首屈一指的饮食大国——法国,其饮食文化虽然在很多方面与我们近似,但一接触到营养问题,双方便拉开了距离。中国五味调和的烹调术旨在追求美味,其加工过程中的热油炸和长时间的文火攻,都会使菜肴的营养成分被破坏。法国烹调虽亦追求美味,但同时总不忘“营养”这一大前提,一味含营养而求美味是他们所不取的。尤其是20世纪60年代出现的现代烹调思想,特别强调养生、减肥,从而追求清淡少油,强调采用新鲜原料,强调烹调过程中保持原有的营养成分和原有的味道,所以蔬菜基本上都是生吃。所以说西方饮食之重营养是带有普遍性的。2、中西饮食对象的差异西方人认为菜肴是充饥的,所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”;而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的。所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性:许多西方人视为弃物的东西,在中国都是极好的原料,外国厨师无法处理的东西,一到中国厨师手里,就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。据西方植物学者的调查,中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种,比西方多6倍。实际上,在中国人的菜肴里,素菜是平常食品,荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时,才进入平常的饮食结构,所以自古便有“菜食”之说,菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜,与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千丝万缕的联系。佛教便视动物为“生灵”,而植物则“无灵”,所以,主张素食主义。西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时,觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配,有较为发达的食品工业,如罐头、快餐等,虽口味千篇一律,但节省时间,且营养良好。故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮:高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉;而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点,把中国人称为植物性格,西方人称为动物性格。3、中西钦食方式、餐具及礼仪的不同中西方的饮食方式有很大不同,这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国,任何一个宴席,不管是什么目的,都只会有一种形式,就是大家团团围坐,共享一席;筵席要用圆桌,这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心,它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象,又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人与人相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜,在美好的事物面前,体现了人与人之间相互尊重、争让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看,这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处,但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态,反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响,便于集体的情感交流,因而至今难以改革。在餐具方面,差异就更甚明显。众所周知,中国人包括亚洲一些黄种人的国家,使用的是筷子、汤匙,吃饭也用碗盛;而西方人呢,则是盘子盛食物,用刀叉即切即吃,喝汤则有专门的汤匙。筷子与刀叉作为东西方最具代表性的两种餐具,筷子和刀叉影响了东西方不同的生活方式,代表着不同的两种智慧。著名的物理学家、诺贝尔物理奖获得者李政道博士,在接受一位日本记者采访时,也有一段很精辟的论述:“中华民族是个优秀民族,中国人早在春秋战国时期就使用了筷子。如此简单的两根东西,却是高妙绝伦地运用了物理学上的杠杆原理。筷子是人类手指的延伸,手指能做的事它几乎都能做,而且不怕高温与寒冷。真是高明极了!”在礼仪方面,中西两者更显不同。在中国古代,在用餐过程中,就有一套繁文缛节。《礼记·曲记》载:“共食不饱,共饭不择手,毋放饭,……毋固获,毋扬饭,……卒食,客自前跪,撒饭齐以授相者,主人辞于客,然后客坐。”这段话大意主要是:大家共同吃饭时,不可以只顾自己吃饭。如果和别人一起吃饭,必须检查手的清洁。不要把多余的饭放回锅里,不要专占着食物,也不要簸扬着热饭。吃完饭后,客人应该起身向前收拾桌上的盘碟,交给主人,主人跟着起身,请客人不要劳动,然后客人再坐下。这些礼仪有的在现代也是必要的礼貌。在西方宴席上,主人一般只给客人夹一次菜,其余由客人自主食用:若客人不要,也不便硬让人家再吃,也不要按中国人的习惯频频给客人劝酒、夹菜。吃东西时,也不要发出响声,但客人要注意赞赏主人准备的饭菜。若与人谈话,只能与邻座的交谈,不要与距离远的人交谈。4、中西饮食性质的差异饮食观念的不同,使西方饮食倾向于科学、理性,中国饮食倾向于艺术、感性。烹调出自饮食,饮食原来是一个旨在供给维持生命的营养。西方饮食习俗的着重点仅仅是原始的饮食实用性的延伸;而中国饮食习俗中对味的偏重,就把饮食推向了艺术的殿堂。从这两种饮食观可以看出:西方饮食日趋规范化,中,国饮食随意性大。中西方饮食文化差异是明显的,而且各有长处。随着经济全球化及信息变流的加快,中西饮食文化将在碰撞中不断融合,在融合中相互互补。现在的中餐已开始注重食物的营养性、健康性和烹饪的科学性;西餐也开始向中餐的色、香、味、意、形的境界发展。中西餐饮文化将在交流中共同发展。

中美饮食文化差异论文

西方人菜肴主要是让充饥,而吃肉的时候则是吃一些比较大块的肉,很多动物的内脏之类的都会丢弃,中国则会把鸡的内脏之类的创造出另外一道菜。中国人吃饭喜欢大家团聚在一起,而西方欧美国家聚餐则会比较多的礼仪。

1、中西饮食观念的差异

中国拥有着五千多年的悠久历史,拥有着非常多的灿烂文明存在。中国人也非常爱吃,每个地区都会有一些当地的特色菜系。西方的欧美国家饮食则是以面粉为主,制作的工序相对会比较的简单。

2、中西饮食对象的差异

西方人认为菜肴是充饥的,所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”;而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的。所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性:许多西方人视为弃物的东西,在中国都是极好的原料,外国厨师无法处理的东西,一到中国厨师手里,就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。

3、中西饮食方式、餐具及礼仪的不同

在餐具方面,差异就更甚明显。众所周知,中国人包括亚洲一些黄种人的国家,使用的是筷子、汤匙,吃饭也用碗盛;而西方人呢,则是盘子盛食物,用刀叉即切即吃,喝汤则有专门的汤匙。筷子与刀叉作为东西方最具代表性的两种餐具,筷子和刀叉影响了东西方不同的生活方式,代表着不同的两种智慧。着名的物理学家、诺贝尔物理奖获得者李政道博士,在接受一位日本记者采访时,也有一段很精辟的论述:“中华民族是个优秀民族,中国人早在春秋战国时期就使用了筷子。如此简单的两根东西,却是高妙绝伦地运用了物理学上的杠杆原理。筷子是人类手指的延伸,手指能做的事它几乎都能做,而且不怕高温与寒冷。真是高明极了!”

4、中西饮食性质的差异

饮食观念的不同,使西方饮食倾向于科学、理性,中国饮食倾向于艺术、感性。烹调出自饮食,饮食原来是一个旨在供给维持生命的营养。西方饮食习俗的着重点仅仅是原始的饮食实用性的延伸;而中国饮食习俗中对味的偏重,就把饮食推向了艺术的殿堂。从这两种饮食观可以看出:西方饮食日趋规范化,中,国饮食随意性大。

中国与美国的饮食差异体现在4个方面 1、中国是合餐,一桌菜众人可以共享随便吃;美国是分餐,每个人自己点自己的菜,一般不会与别人共享。 2、在吃饭时中国人喜欢给别人夹菜,或大让特让生怕别人吃不好;美国人则自己吃自己盘子里的东西,一般不会把自己盘子里的东西给别人吃,最多是向朋友推荐自己盘子里的东西好吃。 3、中国喜欢吃饭时喝烈酒吃喝不分,酒足饭饱;美国人在吃饭时不喝烈酒,只是在饭前或饭后喝。 适用于大一,大二,大三的论文

略谈中西方饮食文化差异 内容摘要:中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异,而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”,西方人注重“以人为本”。这种价值理念的差别形成了中餐以食表意、以物传情的特点,过分注重饭菜的意、色、形,基本追求色、香、味,具有粗放型思维特征的中国人在数千年的漫长岁月中却很少考虑饭菜的营养性。西方人在烹饪时自始至终坚持着饭菜的实用性基本特征。从营养角度出发、落足于食物对人的健康,他们不讲究花样、轻视了饭菜的其他功能,致使除了一些吃西餐烦琐的规矩之外,并没有给人留下太深的印象。 在中国,烹调是一种艺术;在西方,烹调则是一种劳动。 关键词:饮食文化 饮食观念 味道 营养 饮食对象 饮食方式 用餐礼仪 对于中国人,我们一出生便开始了品味中式饮食,因而或多或少会厌倦中式饮食,同时,我们正处于经济全球化的形式当中,西方饮食进入中国使我们有了新鲜感,让我们有进入西式快餐店品味与中式饮食不同的西餐或西式快餐的欲望,去吃西餐,就必须了解西餐与中餐有何区别,吃些什么,怎么吃。其次,随着中国加入WTO,中国与西方各国的交往变得越加频繁,中国人到国外去的机会也越来越多,到西方国家,入乡随俗,就免不了与西方人一起用餐,为了不让自己显得孤陋寡闻,也必须得了解西方人的用餐方式和用餐礼仪。仅从这个角度出发,简略地谈谈中西方的饮食文化差异,希望对我们中国人了解西方饮食文化有点借鉴意义。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 与注重“味”的中国饮食相比,西方则是一种理性的饮食观念。西方人注重科学饮食,讲究营养,并且以营养为最高准则。进食有如为一生物的机器添加燃料,特别讲求食物的营养成分,蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素及各类无机元素的含量是否搭配合宜,卡路里的供给是否恰到好处,以及这些营养成分是否能为进食者充分吸收,有无其他副作用。这些问题都是烹调中的大学问,而菜肴的色、香、味如何,则是次一等的要求。即或在西方首屈一指的饮食大国——法国,其饮食文化虽然在很多方面与我们近似,但一接触到营养问题,双方便拉开了距离。 因为过于注重营养,西方饮食几乎没有艺术可言。各种餐饮产品的科学成分一目了然。在宴席上,人们可以讲究餐具,讲究用料,讲究服务,讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配,但不管怎么豪华高档,从洛杉矶到纽约,牛排都只有一种味道,毫无艺术可言,作为菜肴,鸡就是鸡,牛排就是牛排,纵然有搭配,那也只是在盘中进行的,一盘“法式牛排”,一边放土豆泥,旁倚羊排,另一边配煮青豆,加几片番茄便成,色彩上对比鲜明,但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和,各是各的味,简单明了。而中国就很讲究“五味调和”,即在重视烹调原料自然之味的基础上进行“五味调和”,用阴阳五行的基本规律指导这一调和,调和要合乎时序,又要注意时令,调和的最终结果要味美适口。所以中国菜几乎每个菜都要用两种以上的原料和多种调料来调和烹制。即或是家常菜,一般也是荤素搭配来调和烹制的,如韭黄炒肉 、肉片炒蒜苗、腐竹焖肉、芹菜炒豆腐干……而此等原料若西厨烹制,则奶汁肉丝外加白水煮韭黄,或炸猪排佐以清水煮蒜苗,中国食客见如此中菜西做,自然是“哭不得笑不得”。 也是基于对营养的重视,西方人多生吃蔬菜,不仅西红柿、黄瓜、生菜生吃,就是洋白菜、洋葱、绿菜花(西兰花)也都生吃。因而他们的“沙拉”有如一盘兔饲料,使我们难以接受。现代中国人也讲营养保健,也知道青菜一经加热,维生素将被破坏,因而我们主张用旺火爆炒。这虽然也使维生素的含量下降,但不会完全损失,可味道却比兔饲料好吃得多。因而中国的现代烹调术旨在追求营养与味道兼顾下的最佳平衡,这当然也是一种“中庸之道”。 而西方烹调也更讲究营养却忽视了味道,至少是不以味觉享受为首要目的。他们以冷饮佐餐,冰镇的冷酒还要再加冰块,而舌表面遍布的味觉神经一经冰镇,便大大丧失品味的灵敏度,渐至不能辨味;那带血的牛排与大白鱼、大白肉,生吃的蔬菜,白水煮豆子、煮土豆,虽有“味”入“道”,凡此种种都反映了西方人对味觉的忽视。他们拒绝使用味精,更足以证明此辈皆属不知味之人,非“知味观”之座上客也! 平心而论,谈到营养问题也触及到中国饮食的最大弱点。尽管我们讲究食疗、食补、食养,重视以饮食来养生强身,但我们的烹调术却以追求美味为第一性要求,致使许多营养成分损失于加工过程中。 我们从来都是把追求美味奉为进食的首要目的。民间有句俗话:“民以食为天,食以味为先”。虽然人们在赞誉美食时,总爱说“色香味俱佳”,但那是由于我们感受色香味的感觉器官“眼、鼻、口”的上下排列顺序如此。人们内心之于“色、香、味”,从来都是“味”字“挂帅”的。------------Diet Culture difference between China and America.(中美饮食文化的差异)这篇可以参考:)~ The main difference between Chinese and America eating habits is that unlike, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests (. four people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impossible to finish. A typical meal starts with some cold dishes, like boiled peanuts and smashed cucumber with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple" food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on. --------浅谈中美饮食文化差异【摘 要】 随着人们经济水平的不断提高,人们对饮食质量的要求也越来越高。因此,饮食文化逐渐成为人们所关注的话题。随着中国与世界接轨越来越紧密,许多新鲜事也不断涌入国内,其中当然包括饮食。例如,在中国的一些城市里类似于麦当劳,肯德基的餐厅如雨后春笋般地开业。而中国的饮食也是世界享誉的,有华人处必有中国餐馆。在美国,中国餐馆遍地开花,中国餐馆在美国有着百年历史。正是由于中国人走向世界各地并带去我们的饮食文化,而外国人也逐渐走进中国传播他们的饮食文化,因此便出现了多种不同饮食文化并存的局面。现今社会,许多人都抱着好奇的心态去品尝不同国家的食物,但真正了解饮食文化不同之处的人却不多。【关键词】 中国;美国;饮食;差异引言俗话说“出门三大事,吃,穿,住”,“吃”是摆在首位的,可以看出“吃”在中国人眼里的重要性,饮食在中国是一种文化。饮食起居是人们常常谈及的话题,随着地域的不同,生活习惯也有着显著的差异,饮食文化往往是这个差异最显著的代表。徐熊(2001)指出,中美两国人民的饮食文化的差异,可以说是由两国文化、风俗、氛围、历史内涵、营养价值观和经济条件等不同的因素造成的。当今的人们只是肤浅地认为中美饮食文化最大的差异就在于中国人大多是用筷子,调羹吃着米饭的;而美国人则是用刀和叉,吃着牛排和面包的。其实这些仅仅只是表面上的差异,其中却还有着更深层次的不同,这些深层次的不同往往是被人们所忽视的,例如,饮食观念的不同‚饮食习惯的不同,饮食方式的不同,饮食习俗的不同,烹饪方法的不同,以及“吃”的对象的不同等等。这些不同才是中美饮食文化差异的根本所在。下面就对这些不同做更详尽的解释。(一) 饮食观念的不同谈到中国饮食文化,许多人会对中国食谱以及中国菜的色、香、味、形赞不绝口。中国饮食的诸多特征,体现在饮食文化之上,直接影响着中国饮食文化的发展。由于中国人口压力很大及其它多种原因的存在,所以中国人的饮食从先秦开始,就是以谷物为主,肉少粮多,辅以菜蔬,这就是典型的饭菜结构。其中饭是主食,而菜则是为了下饭,帮助饭下咽。为什么要助饭下咽呢?那是因为主食并不可口,必须有一种物质来辅助它使人们能够吃下去。当然菜的功能和盐的功能有共同点,但是不等同于盐。这样促使中国的烹饪的首要目的是装点饮食,使不可口的食物变得精妙绝伦;正是由于我们的民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平,人们总是吃不饱,所以中国人才将食的追求作为人生至乐来追求,吃饭成为第一要求。徐旺生(1993)指出,国人是很重视“吃”的,“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要,所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化,中国人之所以在吃的方面能够随心所欲,在很大程度上受到中国曾经吃不饱的日子所迫。

中美饮食有差异,美国人一日三餐到底吃啥?看完大开眼界

中日饮食文化的差异论文

中华包丁はその形が长方形に近く、形からもナタに近く、その使い方は薄く切るというより大雑把にぶった切るという感じに近いと思います。よく、上海ガニを捌くシーンをニュースの特集で见ますが、そんな感じです。まるで台木の上で薪を割るような感覚で捌いています。(もっとも、中华料理の调理人は、この包丁を器用に扱い、「饰り料理」を作りますが。)一方の和食は柳叶包丁のごとくカミソリのように材料を「剥ぎ取る」ように包丁を使うと思います。 ナタとカミソリという例えは、素晴らしいけれども、正反対な切れ味を评して使うことがしばしばありますが、和食(日本料理)と中华料理に适合できるというのは、面白いことです。 なお、中华料理はこってりした「油の」多い料理であって、一方、和食では「テンプラ」のほかは、あまり油を必要としない気がします。 以上应该会有你需要得吧? 顺便参考一下这个. 最好配上中文翻译的话只能用这个翻译了.

(一)基本的讲究排列座次时,国内外的基本作法有所不同。在涉外场合排列座次时,一般均应遵守国际惯例。1.我国传统作法在排列并排的座次时,我国的传统作法是"以左为上",即认为居左之位高于居右之位。当前,国内在举行会议及正式合影时,仍多沿用此法。2.国际通行作法并排排列座次时,国际上的通行作法是"以右为上",即认为居右之位高于居左之位。在涉外场合,它已被广泛采用。关于中国人的立”,礼的核心是人的社会行为规范,是中国民众已经习惯和风俗化了的社会性行为准则、道德尺度与各种礼节。所谓“礼节民心,让则不争”;“衣食既足,礼让以兴”,礼就是个人利欲心的节制和人群利益的调度。讲礼,就是要谦恭退让,“礼”与“让”往往相连,这就是“礼让”一词的由来和义释。中国最早的礼和最普泛、最重要的礼,可以说就是食礼,“夫礼之初,始诸饮食”,用食来敬神,表明“礼”是极隆重的事,并且是起源很早的。礼是以个人的文化学识与心性修养为基础的。检验一个人修养的最好场合,莫过于集群宴会了。因此,“子能食食,教以右手”(《礼记·内则》),家庭启蒙礼教的第一课便是食礼。而中国宴会繁缛食礼的基础仪程和中心环节,即是宴席上的座次之礼——“安席”。史载,汉高祖刘邦的发迹就缘于他于沛县令的“重客”群豪宴会上旁若无人“坐上坐”。当时还是“席地而坐”,“上坐”,乃宴席的“尊位所在”,亦即“席端”。这种宴席上的“上坐”,因坐制的饮食基础器具、几案、餐桌椅形制的历史演变而有时代的不同。两汉以前,“席南向北向,以西方为上”,即以面朝东坐为上。《史记·项羽本纪》中鸿门宴会的座次是一规范:“项王、项伯东向坐,亚父南向坐,亚父者,范增也。沛公北向坐,张良西向坐”,此即顾炎武所谓:“古人之坐,以东向为尊。”着是指的“室”内设宴的座礼。而在位于宫室主要建筑物前部中央坐北朝南的“堂”上,则是以南向为最尊,次为西向,再次为东向。隋唐以后,开始了由坐床向垂足高坐起居方式的转变,方型、矩型诸种形制餐桌均以齐备,座次利益也因之有新的改变。方桌以边长厘米、高厘米的“八仙桌”为代表,贵客专桌,等而下之可2人、3人、4人、6人或8人一桌。除专桌以外,两人以上者,一般为1:1主陪客制。圆桌是应聚宴人多和席面大的要求之运而生的。最初也让用惯了方桌的人们颇不顺应,正如袁枚《园几》诗所说:“让处不知谁首席,坐时只觉可添宾。”圆桌成清中叶后饭店酒楼流行的餐台式样,今日家庭中亦普遍使用,尤为今日餐饮业及机关企业食堂的会宴用桌面。其座次一般是依餐厅或室的方位与装饰设计风格而定,或取向门、朝阳,或依厅室设计装饰风格所体现出的重心与突出位置设首位。通常服务员摆台时以口布折叠成花、鸟等造型,首位造型会非常醒目,使人一望而知。而隆重的大型宴会则往往在各餐台座位前预先摆放座位卡(席签),所发请柬上则标明与宴者的台号。这样或由司仪导入,或持柬按图索骥、对号入座,自然不易出错。就一张餐台的具体座位来说,目前中餐通行的规范是:主人座于上方的正中,主宾在其右,副主宾居其左,其他与宴者依次按从右至左、从上向下宴席位次的设定,既属约定俗成,故其时空差异性较大,而依我国时下理念习尚,则首论职务尊卑,次叙年齿,后及性别(先女后男),以示重女观念)。当然,这都是首席座位确定之后始循行的一般模式。宴会座位的安排,应该注意几点:1.以主人和女主人为中心,左手的位置为上,靠近主人女 主人的位置为上;2.夫妇不应相邻,男女依次相邻,主人和主方陪客应与客人依次相邻;3. 译员可以坐在主宾的右侧。有些大型场合,也可以在主人和主宾背后,另外安排用餐;4.我国习惯,以面对上菜的门的方向为上首。� 如果是圆桌宴会,有男女主人、主宾夫妇出席的情况下,应是男主人坐上首中间,其右是男 主宾、译员,其左是主宾夫人、女主人。第二主人坐在主人对面。其余主客相间而坐。西式宴席:西式宴席的餐具样式种类很多,各有各的用途用法,摆放位置也不一样。对不同 的食物也有不同的进食方法。若一时记不清楚的情况下,可以先观察别人是怎样使用餐具、 怎样进食的。菜盘两边如摆放了几副刀叉,应先用最外边的。第一道菜吃完,侍者会将菜盘 与刀叉一同撤去,再用第二套刀叉。如果有几把不同大小的刀叉匙,则用途不同。正确使用 刀叉的方法是:左手执叉,右手执刀,用叉将食品(指需切割成小块进食的食物)按住,用 刀切开,再用叉叉起送入口中。吃一块,切一块。刀叉并用的时候,叉齿应朝下。也可在切割下一小块后,放下刀,把叉换到右手来叉取食物。如果不是刀叉并用,叉齿则应朝上。餐刀可以用来将食品拨到叉子上,但不能用餐刀往嘴里送食物。使用刀叉匙不能和菜盘、汤盘碰出声响。一道菜没吃完时,刀叉要成八字摆在盘沿上,叉齿朝下。吃完后,把刀叉并拢置于盘上,服务员即知可以撤下了。注意:刀刃永远不能朝外。� 较大的餐巾可以叠成两折,口朝自己放在膝盖上,不要系在脖子上。可以用餐巾的一角擦嘴 擦手,但绝不可以用来擦试餐具。� 上菜是从左边上的,吃完从右边撤下去。而斟酒却是从右边开始。弄不清这一点,说不定就 会错用了邻座的饮料食物。宴会开始,女主人拿起刀叉便表示客人都可以进食了。以后只要 得到食品即可进食,不必等待。吃喝时应从容文雅,咀嚼食物时要闭住嘴,不要发出声响。 满嘴食物时不要讲话。骨头、鱼刺等吐在手中再放到盘沿上,不能直接吐在盘子里或桌布上 。最好能先用餐具剔除骨、刺,不使入口。如遇到不爱吃的菜,不应拒绝,可少要一点儿,并尝一些,等待服务员撤走。不可站起来去夹菜或取食。喝饮料时,先用餐巾一角擦去嘴唇油污,以免在杯口留下油迹。喝汤时用的汤匙应是自己座前最大的一把。小的可能是甜食匙。喝汤要一勺勺舀起来送入口中,不要啜饮出声。若汤太烫你可以舀一勺吹凉再喝。万一喝到嘴里不能下咽,赶快喝一口凉水或饮料。舀汤时汤匙应从汤盘近身一侧进入,远身一侧舀起,舀不起来时,可用左手将盘稍向外倾斜。�用过的盘子不要移动位置。每次喝完酒要把酒杯放回原处。若打翻酒水溅到邻座身上,应说 “对不起”并协助擦干,或招呼服务员来收拾。如果邻座是女士,递上干净的餐巾或手帕即 可,由她自己擦干。如果发现菜中有不洁物,可悄悄叫来服务员让他重新换过,不可惊动四座。如果不想添酒,可以拒绝,或以手指轻挡杯沿表示。若主人在餐馆宴客,请客人点菜,客人点的任何菜都需向主人说明,而不是直接向服务员说。洗手指的水一般盛在玻璃盆中,有的放入几片花瓣,有的下边有一衬垫,千万不要误认是饮用水。�吃比较散碎的食物如色拉,可用叉吃,叉齿朝上,也可用一小块面包帮助把色拉推上叉子。 各种干果、饼干、干点心、炸土豆片、龙虾片等都可用手拿着吃。面条可用叉子卷起来吃, 不能用叉子挑。面包用手去拿,拿来放在自己的小碟里,或大盘的盘沿上。用黄油刀而别用 自己的餐刀,取一小块黄油或果酱,放在自己的小碟内,用手掰一小块一两口可吃下去的面 包,涂抹上黄油或果酱,抹一块,吃一块。不能用刀去切面包,如果上的是面包片,也不能 把整片面包涂抹上黄油送到嘴边咬,同样要掰成小块吃。�吃水果的方法:梨和苹果切成四瓣,削皮去核,用手拿一小块吃。香蕉剥皮,放在盘里切成 小块,用叉取食,不可以手拿着一只剥开的而又连着皮的香蕉送到嘴里咬。橙子切四瓣,剥皮吃。西瓜和菠萝一般都去皮切成块送上餐桌,可用叉取食。吃葡萄时,核吐在手心里,再放到盘上。削水果时,刀刃朝里,从外向里削皮。�喝茶或咖啡,如需加糖加奶,可自取或请人传递,但不要站起身去拿。取方糖有专用的夹子,没夹子可用手,不要用小匙。小匙是搅拌糖或牛奶的,搅完后放在小碟中。喝时用左手端碟,右手执杯把,把杯拿起来喝,不能像喝汤那样用小匙舀。�无论何时,两肘都不能撑在桌上。�吃中餐现在一般也由服务员分菜,若再到大盘中取菜,应该用公筷,别用自己的餐具。用餐 毕,筷子平放在桌子上,不能插在碗或盘里的食物上。最后需注意的是饭桌上不应剔牙。西餐礼仪1、由椅子的左侧入座.最得体的入座方式是从左侧入座。当椅子被拉开后,身体在几乎要碰到桌子的距离站直,领位者会把椅子推进来,腿弯碰到后面的椅子时,就可以坐下来。就座时,身体要端正,手肘不要放在桌面上,不可跷足,餐台上已摆好的餐具不要随意摆弄。点菜完毕后将餐巾打开。将餐巾对折轻轻放在膝上。餐巾可用来擦嘴或迭手,不可用来擦餐具或擦脸。弄脏嘴巴时,一定要用餐巾擦拭,避免用自己的手帕。最好不要把餐巾塞入领口。用餐反摺的内侧来擦,而不是弄脏其正面,是应有的礼貌。手指洗过后也是用餐巾擦的。若餐巾脏得厉害,请侍者重新更换一条。吃到坏的食物非吐出来不可时,也别吐在盘子里,最好在别人不注意时,吐在餐巾上包起来,并要求更换一块新的桌巾。前菜、主菜(鱼或肉择其一)加甜点是最恰当的组合,点菜并不是由前菜开始点,而是先选一样最想吃的主菜,再配上适合主菜的汤。2、用餐时,上臂和背部要靠到椅背,腹部和桌子保持约一个拳头的距离,两脚交叉的坐姿最好避免。记得要抬头挺胸着吃,在把面前的食物送进口中时,要以食物就口,而非弯下腰以口去就食物.正式西式料理的套餐中,,常依不同料理的特点而配合使用各种不同形状的刀叉,并不是一开始就全部摆出来的。说到全套,很容易使人联想到在餐桌上摆满银器的画面,而现在大都是以点用2-3道单品料理的方式为主流.使用刀叉进餐时,刀叉和汤匙依使用的先后顺序排列。最先用的放在离主菜盘最远的外侧,后用的放在离主菜盘近内侧。假如先上主菜再上沙拉,就要把主菜叉子放在沙拉叉子的外侧从外侧往内侧取用刀叉,吃西餐要左手持叉,右手持刀;左手食指近在叉子把上,右手食指按在刀背上。汤匙则用握笔的方式拿即可。切东西时左手拿叉按住食物,右手执刀将其切成小块,用叉子送入口中。使用刀时,刀刃不可向外。进餐中放下刀叉时应摆成“八”字型,将刀叉分话盘中。刀刃朝向自身,表示还要继续吃。每吃完一道菜,将刀叉并拢放在盘中。如果是谈话,可以拿着刀叉,无需放下。不用刀时,可用右手持叉,但若需要作手势时,就应放下刀叉,千万不可手执刀叉在空中挥舞摇晃,也不要一手拿刀或叉,而另一支手拿餐巾擦嘴,也不可一手拿酒杯,另一支手拿叉取菜。要记住,任何时候,都不可将刀叉的一端放在盘上,另一端放在桌上。3、喝汤时不要啜,吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。如汤菜过热,可待稍凉后再吃,不要用嘴吹。喝汤时,用汤勺从里向外舀,汤盘中的汤快喝完时,用左手将汤盘的外侧稍稍翘起,用汤勺舀净即可。吃完汤菜时,将汤匙留在汤盘(碗)中,匙把指向自己。4、吃鱼、肉等带刺或骨的菜肴时,不要直接外吐,可用餐巾捂嘴轻轻吐在叉上放入盘内。吃剩的鸡、鱼骨头和渣子放在自己盘子的外缘,不要放在桌上,更不能丢去地上。如盘内剩余少量菜肴时,不要用叉子刮盘底,更不要用手指相助食用,应以小块面包或叉子相助食用。吃面条时要用叉子先将面条卷起,然后送入口中。5、面包一般掰成小块送入口中,不要拿着整块面包去咬。抹黄油和果酱时也要先将面包掰成小块再抹。6、吃鸡时,欧美人多以鸡胸脯肉为贵。吃鸡腿时应先用力将骨去掉,不要用手拿着吃。吃鱼时不要将鱼翻身,要吃完上层后用刀叉将鱼骨剔掉后再吃下层吃肉时,要切一块吃一块,块不能切得过大,或一次将肉都切成块。7、喝咖啡时如愿意添加牛奶或糖,添加后要用小勺搅拌均匀,将小勺放在咖啡的垫碟上。喝时应右手拿杯把,左手端垫碟,直接用嘴喝,不要用小勺一勺一勺地舀着喝。吃水果时,不要拿着水果整个去咬,应先用水果刀切成四瓣再用刀去掉皮、核、用叉子叉着吃。8、用刀叉吃有骨头的肉吃有骨头的肉时,可以用手拿着吃。若想吃得更优雅,还是用刀较好。用叉子将整片肉固定(可将叉子朝上,用叉子背部压住肉),再用刀沿骨头插人,把肉切开。最好是边切边吃。必须用手吃时,会附上洗手水。当洗手水和带骨头的肉一起端上来时,意味着“请用手吃”。用手指拿东西吃后,将手指放在装洗手水的碗里洗净。吃一般的菜时,如果把手指弄脏,也可请侍者端洗手水来,注意洗手时要轻轻地洗。9.点用牛排时,首先服务生会询问烧烤程度,可依你所喜欢的料理方式供应。用餐时,以叉子从左侧将肉叉住,再用刀沿着叉子的右侧将肉切开,如切下的肉无法一口吃下,可直接用刀子再切小一些,切开刚好一口大小的肉,然后直接以叉子送人口中。应从左往右吃.点缀的蔬菜也要全部吃完 放在牛排旁边的蔬菜不只是为了装饰,同时也是基于营养均衡的考虑而添加的。国人大都会把水芹留下,如果不是真的不爱吃,最好不要剩下。10、面包要吃一口掰一口.吃面包可蘸调味汁吃到连调味汁都不剩,是对厨师的礼貌。注意不要把面包盘子“舔”得很干净,不能用叉叉面包.11.万不得已要中途离席时,最好在上菜的空档,向同桌的人打声招呼,把餐巾放在椅子上再走,别打乱了整个吃饭的程序和气氛。吃完饭后,只要将餐巾随意放在餐桌即可,不必特意叠整齐。12.侍者会经常注意客人的需要。若需要服务,可用眼神向他示意或微微把手抬高,侍者会马上过来。东西掉了的时候最好请服务生过来替你捡起.如果对服务满意,想付小费时,可用签帐卡支付,即在帐单上写下含小费在内的总额再签名。最后别忘记口头致谢!

中国和日本是一衣带水的邻邦。相距并不是很遥远,但是却也是隔海相望。由于中国是属于大陆,而日本四面环海,在气候与地理以及历史条件的影响下,在饮食文化上却相去甚远。 气候(干冷地区重油腻,潮湿地方喜辛辣)地理(内陆地区喜食猪牛羊,沿海区域鱼贝海物大善)历史(中国是以内陆汉人为主在不断和各民族融合过程中综合了各家所长,日本是四面环海以海产为长,并在明治时期受到了美国的饮食文化侵袭......)

日语论文开题报告题目:中日饮食文化の相违について课题を研究する目的:中国と日本は隣国ですから、多くの习惯や文化が近いと思う。でも、位置、歴史的な背景と宗教思想の差别によって、両国文化の多く方面に区别がはっきりに见える。ここで両国の饮食文化の比较を通じて、両国饮食の共通性と差别性を探索したい。そして両国人民の思想の上の差别を调べたい。课题を研究する内容:一饮食自身の比较1 料理の食材2 调理法3食べ方の违いニ饮食観の相违1饮食観の形成2饮食観の原因三结论方法:比较研究ほ法文献研究法分析法资料:[1] 谭玲著.『饮食文化対比』[M]. 成都:四川大学出版社, [2] 胡智锋.『日中饮食発展史』[J]. 北京. 北京广播学院出版社,1999,4:1-10[3] 张惠临著.『日本と中国の食文化』[M]. 山西: 山西人民美术出版社,[4]蔡毅编,《日本における中国伝统文化》[M],勉诚出版社,2002[5] 高宫和彦著,《色から见た食品のサイエンス》[M],纪伊国屋书店,2004[6] 张竞著,《中华料理の文化史》[M],筑摩书房,1997 [7] 芳贺登、石川寛子编.「日本の食文化」[M]. 雄山阁出版社,1998[8] 贾蕙萱著. 《中日饮食文化比较研究》[M].北京大学出版社,1999

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