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综述论文范文模板例文英语

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综述论文范文模板例文英语

有很多的同学在写英语作文的时候,也会写一些经典的议论文,我整理了相关范文,希望会对大家有所帮助!

英语作文范文带中文翻译

Many years ago, the movie about the youth became very popular, every year, we can see many hot movies about the protagonist’s passed youth. People like to recall their passed youth, which makes such movies sell good. But I find the common things about these movies, all the protagonists’ youth are about fighting, love and other negative things. I understand the directors’ intention, they want to tell people youth is not perfect and having pities. Of course movie is exaggerating, the real youth is about studying, at least, most people have worked so hard to get into their ideal colleges. What the movies describe make up some people’s youth, for which they don’t have the chance to experience. We should not be misled by these movies, for the teenagers, their job is to study, so that they can have a bright future.

【翻译】很多年以前,关于青春的电影很受欢迎,此后每年,我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。人们喜欢回忆他们逝去的青春,这才是让这类电影好卖的原因。但是我发现了这些电影的共同点,那就是所有的主人公的青春都是关于大家,恋爱和其他消极的东西。我明白导演们的意图,他们想要告诉人们青春是不完美的,存在遗憾。当然电影是夸张化的,真正的青春是关于学习,至少,大部分人是如此努力的学习,为了进入理想的大学。电影所刻画的弥补了一些人的青春,对于他们没有机会去体验这些东西。我们不应该被电影误导,对于青少年来说,他们的工作是学习,这样他们才能有一个美好的未来。

高中英语作文范文80词

I like English. I think I can share my English learning method with you. First of all, develop interest on English. My way to make it is to watch movies from abroad. At first, I will watch the movie with subtitle. Then I will remove the subtitle, only English left. Gradually, show great interest in English. Secondly, recite vocabularies. Vocabulary is the necessary foundation to start learn English. This time you have to force yourself to remember words. Thirdly, understand basic grammar thoroughly. It is hard for me to understand the meaning of a sentence if I don’t know the basic grammar. Last but not least is to speak more. The basic purpose to learn a language is to communicate. So talk in English as much as you can. And don’t worry about losing face, because everyone makes mistakes. Those are my methods.

我喜欢英语。我觉得我可以和你分享一下我的英语学习方法。首先,培养对英语的兴趣。我的方法是看国外电影。一开始,我会留着字幕一起看。之后我就会不看字幕,只留英文。渐渐地,我对英语表现出极大的兴趣。其次,背诵词汇。词汇是学习英语的必要根基。这一点你只能强迫自己去背了。第三,完全理解基本语法。如果我不懂基本语法,我会很难理解一整个句子的意思。最后但并非最不重要的是要多说。学习语言的基本目的就是进行沟通。因此,尽可能多的用英语交谈。不要担心丢脸,因为每个人都会犯错误的。这些就是我的方法。

英语作文100词左右带翻译——珍惜时间

Chinese Spring Festival celebrating the end of winter and the warmth of spring. It began in the last day of the lunar year, end in the 15th day of lunar New Year, also is the Lantern Festival. During the Spring Festival, people use red lantern and Spring Festival couplets decorate a house, put on all kinds of colored clothes, often

An English proverb says that time is money. I consider it (this) wrong. Why? Because we all know that we can earn money be work but can not in any way get back time (in anyway). For this reason, we may (can) say that time is more valuable than money.

Many people do not know the value of time. It (this) is indeed a great pity. We must bear (keep) in mind that wasting time is equal to wasting your life.

【翻译】英国有句谚语说,时间就是金钱。我认为这是不对的。为什么?因为我们大家都知道我们能够用工作赚钱,但无论如何却无法把时间争取回来。基于此种理由,我们可以说时间比钱钱更宝贵。

许多人不知爱惜时光。这确实是可惜的。我们必须记住浪费时间等于浪费生命。

文学太宽泛了,你必须一点点的把你的论文论述的观点缩小,不然你写什么都不知道。1. 去图书馆找所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的所有英文资料,甚至是原文读本序言之类,也有你可以借鉴的句子。2. 去电子阅览室,搜索所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的论文评论,找到你觉得有用的拷下来。3. 到网上搜索下相关词条,如wiki百科的英文相关词条4. 最好浏览一遍原文,看不懂的话中英文对照本也行。~ 实例,首先是开头,小说介绍性文字:Uncle Tom’s Cabin, appeared in book form in 1852, is one of the most unusual books of American literature. Edmund Wilson wrote in an important reassessment in 1962 that Stowe’s work is comparable to that of Dickens and Zola (as readers in her own day recognized); and the novel has often been read in Europe, both in the original and in numerous translations, as the masterpiece of social realism George Sand, George Eliot, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Hugo, and Heine found it to be (Wilson, 1962:3-58). (可以写个一两段)然后,就你找到的文献,归类一下,分别说说他们讲了什么论点(顺便记下人名,书名,年份,页数)最后,说说你将在自己论文里阐述的观点,The paper will mainly focus on 。。。

下面是我为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述的 范文 ”的资料,供大家参阅。

英文文献综述范文

How to Write a Literature Review ?

I. The definition of Literature Review

文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研 论文 中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础,就某个专题的 历史 背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述,科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息,了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。

II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components

A. The Purposes

On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.

On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused

research question.

B. Its Components

There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.

标题与作者(title and author)

摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)

引言(introduction)

述评(review)

结论(conclusion)

参考文献(references)

III. Classification of Source Materials

How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.

A: Background sources:

Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and

encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.

B: Primary sources

Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,

biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too

many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.

C: Secondary sources

Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book

reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or

writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing

in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,

but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and

will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you

need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to

analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.

D: Web sources

The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent

resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web

sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You

may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a

good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its

own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the

authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use

information. The currency of website information should also be taken into

account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.

IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review

A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources

If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and

the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper

on a topic without reading the original source.

B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis

Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.

Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.

C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth

Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William

Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic

in depth. Choose those.

D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts

If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on

Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,

Choose the article by the expert.

E. Choosing the most current sources

If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a

scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the

books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in

periodicals.

V. Writing a literature Review

A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:

1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.

2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.

3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.

4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.

5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.

6. Criticism of the work in the area.

B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:

1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.

2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.

C. Some tips for writing the review:

1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.

2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most

related references last.

3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.

4. Start writing your review early.

VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和 注意事项

英文文献主要部分细节提示:

引言(Introduction)

引言是文献综述正文的开始部分,主要包括两个内容:一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围

和内容。提出问题时,作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和

分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时,作者应使用简明扼要

的语句加以概括。

引言的内容和结构具有以下特点:

(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和

范围;

(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识,使用现在完成时叙述他人成果,使用一般将来时或一

般现在时简介本文内容;

(3) 句子 结构力求简洁明了,多用简单句,并列成份较为常见;

(4)以第三人称主语为主,间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。

述评(Review)

述评是文献综述的核心所在,是对引言的展开和深入。根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围,

作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析,在此基础上列出与主题有关的

所有重要学术观点,然后分别加以论述,以便读者获得全面的了解。回顾前人研究,以时间

为序,由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能,叙前人研究,议其结果、探其原因、

究其不足。

分析评论,特别是表达作者自己的观点时,要客观、谨慎,因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测

的语言形式。

综述的结论(Conclusion)

结论不仅是作者对全文的总结,也是作者发表个人 意见 的部分,一般有标题Conclusion 或

Summary,较短的综述如果没有小标题,则往往有As mentioned above,To sum up,To

conclude,Inshort,In all 等 短语 引出结论。结论的内容包括:对述评的归纳、对各种问

题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。

二.注意事项

⒈搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提,否则,随便搜集一 点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的文献综述,甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。

⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同,有的 文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异,因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和 科学性较好的文献。

⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析,因此在撰写时应分清 作者的观点和文献的内容,不能篡改文献的内容。

⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略,但文献综述绝对不能省略,而 且应是文中引用过的,能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。

5.文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍,而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此,文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。

6.文献综述要文字简洁,尽量避免大量引用原文,要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚,从原始文献中得出一般性结论。

7. 文献综述不是资料库,要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”,确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关,其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起,既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势,又能反映研究内容的各个方面。

8. 文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观,用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献,尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。

VII. A Sample of Literature Review

A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations

Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92~94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Word s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ~ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102~105).

Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101~107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ~ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16~18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity

and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).

After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.

References

[1] Blackmore S. The Meme Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999

[2] Collins COBUILD English-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2007. 226

[3] Einar, H. The Analysis of linguistic Borrowing. Language, 1950 (26):210~231

[4] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,

[5] Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Beijing:

Merriam-Webster, 2009. 223

[6] New York Times, Jul. 4, 2010

[7] Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approach Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001

[8] Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 268

[9] Romaine, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994

[10]陈原. 社会语言学. 北京:商务印书馆,2000

[11]陈原. 新词语. 北京: 语文 出版社,2000:1

[12]丁加勇. 论流行语语义的不确定性及其发展前景. 华中 科技 大学学报,

2004,(6):160~164

[13]郭 熙,中国社会语言学. 南京:南京大学出版社,

[14]韩李. 当代汉语流行语探析. 河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007,

(3):181

[15]黄平飞. 浅论流行语——透过央视春晚来看流行语.科教文汇(下旬刊),

2009,(3):237

[16]姜红. 试论 当代中国 的社会流行语. 安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版),

2005,(11):108~112

[17]劲松.流行语新探.语文建设,1999,(3):22~26

[18]李娜. 近十年流行语研究述评. 鞍山师范学院学报,2007-06,9(3):35~[39]赵丽薇,袁

晓雪. 流行语的运用方式及使用规范探究——以春晚语言类节目

为例. 调查与研究,2010,(8): 15~16

References

李丽君. 英语 学术论文 及 留学 文书写作[M]. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2002. 田贵森, 段晓英.英语专业 毕业 论文写作 教程[M]. 北京: 北京理工大学出版社.

2006.

刘振聪. 英语学术论文写作[M]. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社. 2009

综述论文模板范文英语

文学太宽泛了,你必须一点点的把你的论文论述的观点缩小,不然你写什么都不知道。1. 去图书馆找所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的所有英文资料,甚至是原文读本序言之类,也有你可以借鉴的句子。2. 去电子阅览室,搜索所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的论文评论,找到你觉得有用的拷下来。3. 到网上搜索下相关词条,如wiki百科的英文相关词条4. 最好浏览一遍原文,看不懂的话中英文对照本也行。~ 实例,首先是开头,小说介绍性文字:Uncle Tom’s Cabin, appeared in book form in 1852, is one of the most unusual books of American literature. Edmund Wilson wrote in an important reassessment in 1962 that Stowe’s work is comparable to that of Dickens and Zola (as readers in her own day recognized); and the novel has often been read in Europe, both in the original and in numerous translations, as the masterpiece of social realism George Sand, George Eliot, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Hugo, and Heine found it to be (Wilson, 1962:3-58). (可以写个一两段)然后,就你找到的文献,归类一下,分别说说他们讲了什么论点(顺便记下人名,书名,年份,页数)最后,说说你将在自己论文里阐述的观点,The paper will mainly focus on 。。。

下面是我为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述的 范文 ”的资料,供大家参阅。

英文文献综述范文

How to Write a Literature Review ?

I. The definition of Literature Review

文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研 论文 中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础,就某个专题的 历史 背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述,科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息,了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。

II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components

A. The Purposes

On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.

On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused

research question.

B. Its Components

There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.

标题与作者(title and author)

摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)

引言(introduction)

述评(review)

结论(conclusion)

参考文献(references)

III. Classification of Source Materials

How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.

A: Background sources:

Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and

encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.

B: Primary sources

Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,

biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too

many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.

C: Secondary sources

Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book

reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or

writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing

in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,

but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and

will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you

need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to

analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.

D: Web sources

The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent

resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web

sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You

may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a

good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its

own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the

authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use

information. The currency of website information should also be taken into

account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.

IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review

A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources

If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and

the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper

on a topic without reading the original source.

B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis

Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.

Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.

C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth

Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William

Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic

in depth. Choose those.

D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts

If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on

Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,

Choose the article by the expert.

E. Choosing the most current sources

If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a

scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the

books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in

periodicals.

V. Writing a literature Review

A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:

1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.

2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.

3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.

4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.

5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.

6. Criticism of the work in the area.

B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:

1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.

2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.

C. Some tips for writing the review:

1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.

2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most

related references last.

3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.

4. Start writing your review early.

VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和 注意事项

英文文献主要部分细节提示:

引言(Introduction)

引言是文献综述正文的开始部分,主要包括两个内容:一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围

和内容。提出问题时,作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和

分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时,作者应使用简明扼要

的语句加以概括。

引言的内容和结构具有以下特点:

(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和

范围;

(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识,使用现在完成时叙述他人成果,使用一般将来时或一

般现在时简介本文内容;

(3) 句子 结构力求简洁明了,多用简单句,并列成份较为常见;

(4)以第三人称主语为主,间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。

述评(Review)

述评是文献综述的核心所在,是对引言的展开和深入。根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围,

作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析,在此基础上列出与主题有关的

所有重要学术观点,然后分别加以论述,以便读者获得全面的了解。回顾前人研究,以时间

为序,由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能,叙前人研究,议其结果、探其原因、

究其不足。

分析评论,特别是表达作者自己的观点时,要客观、谨慎,因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测

的语言形式。

综述的结论(Conclusion)

结论不仅是作者对全文的总结,也是作者发表个人 意见 的部分,一般有标题Conclusion 或

Summary,较短的综述如果没有小标题,则往往有As mentioned above,To sum up,To

conclude,Inshort,In all 等 短语 引出结论。结论的内容包括:对述评的归纳、对各种问

题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。

二.注意事项

⒈搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提,否则,随便搜集一 点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的文献综述,甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。

⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同,有的 文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异,因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和 科学性较好的文献。

⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析,因此在撰写时应分清 作者的观点和文献的内容,不能篡改文献的内容。

⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略,但文献综述绝对不能省略,而 且应是文中引用过的,能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。

5.文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍,而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此,文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。

6.文献综述要文字简洁,尽量避免大量引用原文,要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚,从原始文献中得出一般性结论。

7. 文献综述不是资料库,要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”,确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关,其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起,既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势,又能反映研究内容的各个方面。

8. 文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观,用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献,尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。

VII. A Sample of Literature Review

A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations

Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92~94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Word s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ~ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102~105).

Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101~107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ~ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16~18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity

and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).

After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.

References

[1] Blackmore S. The Meme Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999

[2] Collins COBUILD English-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2007. 226

[3] Einar, H. The Analysis of linguistic Borrowing. Language, 1950 (26):210~231

[4] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,

[5] Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Beijing:

Merriam-Webster, 2009. 223

[6] New York Times, Jul. 4, 2010

[7] Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approach Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001

[8] Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 268

[9] Romaine, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994

[10]陈原. 社会语言学. 北京:商务印书馆,2000

[11]陈原. 新词语. 北京: 语文 出版社,2000:1

[12]丁加勇. 论流行语语义的不确定性及其发展前景. 华中 科技 大学学报,

2004,(6):160~164

[13]郭 熙,中国社会语言学. 南京:南京大学出版社,

[14]韩李. 当代汉语流行语探析. 河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007,

(3):181

[15]黄平飞. 浅论流行语——透过央视春晚来看流行语.科教文汇(下旬刊),

2009,(3):237

[16]姜红. 试论 当代中国 的社会流行语. 安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版),

2005,(11):108~112

[17]劲松.流行语新探.语文建设,1999,(3):22~26

[18]李娜. 近十年流行语研究述评. 鞍山师范学院学报,2007-06,9(3):35~[39]赵丽薇,袁

晓雪. 流行语的运用方式及使用规范探究——以春晚语言类节目

为例. 调查与研究,2010,(8): 15~16

References

李丽君. 英语 学术论文 及 留学 文书写作[M]. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2002. 田贵森, 段晓英.英语专业 毕业 论文写作 教程[M]. 北京: 北京理工大学出版社.

2006.

刘振聪. 英语学术论文写作[M]. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社. 2009

《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的文献综述!:又译作《黑奴吁天录》和《汤姆大伯的小屋》,作者是美国女作家比彻·斯托夫人(1811—1896)。比彻·斯托出生在一个牧师家庭,曾经做过教师。她在辛辛拉提市住了18年,与南部蓄奴的村镇仅一河之隔,这使她有机会接触到一些逃亡的黑奴。奴隶们的悲惨遭遇引起了她深深的同情。她本人也去过南方,亲自了解了那里的情况,《汤姆叔叔的小屋》便是在这样的背景下写出来的。此书于1852年首次在《民族时代》刊物上连载,立即引起了强烈的反响,受到了人们无与伦比的欢迎,仅第一年就在国内印了100多版,销了30多万册,后来被译为20多种文字在世界各地出版。评论界认为本书在启发民众的反奴隶制情绪上起了重大作用,被视为美国内战的起因之一。林肯总统后来接见斯托夫人时戏谑地称她是“写了一本书,酿成了一场大战的小妇人”,这一句玩笑话充分反映了《汤姆叔叔的小屋》这部长篇小说的巨大影响。故事从一个奴隶主与一个奴隶贩子的讨价还价中开始。美国肯塔基州的奴隶主谢尔比在股票市场上投机失败,为了还债,决定把两个奴隶卖掉。一个是汤姆,他是在谢尔比的种植场出生的,童年时就当伺候主人的小家权,颇得主人欢心,成年后当上了家奴总管,忠心耿耿,全身心维护主人利益。另一个要卖掉的奴隶是黑白混血种女奴伊丽莎的儿子哈利,伊丽莎不是一个俯首贴耳死心塌地听主人摆布的奴隶,当她偶然听到主人要卖掉汤姆和自己的儿子哈利后,就连夜带着儿子在奴隶贩子的追捕下跳下浮冰密布的俄亥俄河,逃到自由州,再往加拿大逃奔。她丈夫乔治·哈里斯是附近种植场地奴隶,也伺机逃跑,与妻子汇合,带着孩子,历经艰险,终于在废奴派组织的帮助下,成功地抵达加拿大。汤姆却是另一种遭遇。他知道并支持伊丽莎逃走,但是他自己没有逃跑。由于他从小就被奴隶主灌输敬畏上帝、逆来顺受、忠顺于主人这类的基督教说教,对主人要卖他抵债,也没有怨言,甘愿听从主人摆布。他被转卖到新奥尔良,成了奴隶贩子海利的奴隶。在一次溺水事故中,汤姆救了一个奴隶主的小女儿伊娃的命,孩子的父亲圣·克莱从海利手中将汤姆买过来。当了家仆,为主人家赶马车。汤姆和小女孩建立了感情。不久小女孩突然病死,圣·克莱根据小女儿生前愿望,决定将汤姆和其他黑奴解放。可是当还没有来得及办妥解放的法律手续时,圣·克莱在一次意外事故中被人杀死。圣·克莱的妻子没有解放汤姆和其他黑奴,而是将他们送到黑奴拍卖市场。从此,汤姆落到了一个极端凶残的“红河”种植场奴隶主莱格利手中。莱格利把黑奴当作“会说话的牲口”,任意鞭打,横加私刑。汤姆忍受着这非人的折磨,仍然没有想到要为自己找一条生路,而是默默地奉行着做一个正直人的原则。这个种植场的两个女奴为了求生,决定逃跑,她们躲藏起来。莱格利怀疑汤姆帮助她们逃走,把汤姆捆绑起来,鞭打得皮开肉绽,死去活来。但是汤姆最后表现出了他对奴隶主的反抗,什么都没有说。在汤姆奄奄一息的时候,他过去的主人、第一次卖掉他的奴隶主谢尔比的儿子乔治·谢尔比赶来赎买汤姆,因为汤姆是小谢尔比儿时的仆人和玩伴,但是汤姆已经无法领受他过去的小主人的迟来的援手,遍体鳞伤地离开了人世。乔治·谢尔比狠狠地一拳把莱格利打翻在地。就地埋葬了汤姆。回到家乡肯塔基后,小谢尔比就以汤姆大叔的名义解放了他名下的所有黑奴,并对他们说:“你们每次看见汤姆大叔的小屋,就应该联想起你们的自由。”《汤姆叔叔的小屋》赏析评论既描写了不同表现和性格的黑奴,也描写了不同类型的奴隶主嘴脸。它着力刻画了接受奴隶主灌输的基督教精神、逆来顺受型的黑奴汤姆;也塑造了不甘心让奴隶主决定自己生死的具有反抗精神的黑奴,如伊丽莎和她的丈夫乔治·哈里斯。同时,也揭示了各种类型的奴隶主的内心世界和奴隶主不完全相同的表现。这本书通过对汤姆和乔治·哈里斯夫妇这两种不同性格黑奴的描述,告诉读者:逆来顺受、听从奴隶主摆布的汤姆难逃死亡的命运,而敢于反抗敢于斗争的乔治夫妇得到了新生。因此,《汤姆叔叔的小屋》对社会发展起到了积极作用,特别是对美国废奴运动和美国内战中以林肯为代表的正义一方获得胜利,产生了巨大的作用。作为一本文学作品,美国著名诗人亨利·朗费罗说它是“文学史上最伟大的胜利”。

论文英语文献综述范文模板

论文国外文献综述怎么写内容如下:

外文综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后,经过理解、整理、融会贯通,综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。而外文综述则是用汉语以外的语言来完成综述的写作。

1、首先根据你的论文主题想出5个关键词,依次输入谷歌学术搜索引擎(或者其他学校资源论文库)

2、在电脑里准备两个参考文献文件夹,一 个文件名写useful (有用),另一个文件名写maybe useful(可能有用)。

3、接下来浏览搜索到的文献的标题,看到和自己研究方向相关的题目就点进去, -目十行扫视文献,其中最主要看Abstract , Introduction和Conclusion三部分,也就是头和尾。

4、把扫视后觉得和自己的论文主题相关度高的,保存放进useful文件夹,如果看完觉得emmm(这个语气词是我导师给我讲的时候的原话,哈哈哈这种感觉只可意会不可言传)大概就是觉得有那么点关系,但又不舍得pass的文献,就放进maybe useful文件夹。

文学太宽泛了,你必须一点点的把你的论文论述的观点缩小,不然你写什么都不知道。1. 去图书馆找所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的所有英文资料,甚至是原文读本序言之类,也有你可以借鉴的句子。2. 去电子阅览室,搜索所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的论文评论,找到你觉得有用的拷下来。3. 到网上搜索下相关词条,如wiki百科的英文相关词条4. 最好浏览一遍原文,看不懂的话中英文对照本也行。~ 实例,首先是开头,小说介绍性文字:Uncle Tom’s Cabin, appeared in book form in 1852, is one of the most unusual books of American literature. Edmund Wilson wrote in an important reassessment in 1962 that Stowe’s work is comparable to that of Dickens and Zola (as readers in her own day recognized); and the novel has often been read in Europe, both in the original and in numerous translations, as the masterpiece of social realism George Sand, George Eliot, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Hugo, and Heine found it to be (Wilson, 1962:3-58). (可以写个一两段)然后,就你找到的文献,归类一下,分别说说他们讲了什么论点(顺便记下人名,书名,年份,页数)最后,说说你将在自己论文里阐述的观点,The paper will mainly focus on 。。。

所谓综述扼要摘要重述英文两种写种文综述用英文直译种文综述意思进行意译第种照本宣科第二种重新编织管哪种两种版本意思应该致

下面是我为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述的 范文 ”的资料,供大家参阅。

英文文献综述范文

How to Write a Literature Review ?

I. The definition of Literature Review

文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研 论文 中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础,就某个专题的 历史 背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述,科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息,了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。

II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components

A. The Purposes

On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.

On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused

research question.

B. Its Components

There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.

标题与作者(title and author)

摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)

引言(introduction)

述评(review)

结论(conclusion)

参考文献(references)

III. Classification of Source Materials

How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.

A: Background sources:

Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and

encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.

B: Primary sources

Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,

biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too

many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.

C: Secondary sources

Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book

reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or

writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing

in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,

but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and

will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you

need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to

analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.

D: Web sources

The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent

resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web

sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You

may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a

good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its

own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the

authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use

information. The currency of website information should also be taken into

account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.

IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review

A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources

If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and

the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper

on a topic without reading the original source.

B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis

Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.

Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.

C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth

Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William

Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic

in depth. Choose those.

D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts

If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on

Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,

Choose the article by the expert.

E. Choosing the most current sources

If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a

scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the

books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in

periodicals.

V. Writing a literature Review

A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:

1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.

2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.

3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.

4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.

5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.

6. Criticism of the work in the area.

B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:

1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.

2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.

C. Some tips for writing the review:

1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.

2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most

related references last.

3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.

4. Start writing your review early.

VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和 注意事项

英文文献主要部分细节提示:

引言(Introduction)

引言是文献综述正文的开始部分,主要包括两个内容:一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围

和内容。提出问题时,作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和

分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时,作者应使用简明扼要

的语句加以概括。

引言的内容和结构具有以下特点:

(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和

范围;

(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识,使用现在完成时叙述他人成果,使用一般将来时或一

般现在时简介本文内容;

(3) 句子 结构力求简洁明了,多用简单句,并列成份较为常见;

(4)以第三人称主语为主,间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。

述评(Review)

述评是文献综述的核心所在,是对引言的展开和深入。根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围,

作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析,在此基础上列出与主题有关的

所有重要学术观点,然后分别加以论述,以便读者获得全面的了解。回顾前人研究,以时间

为序,由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能,叙前人研究,议其结果、探其原因、

究其不足。

分析评论,特别是表达作者自己的观点时,要客观、谨慎,因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测

的语言形式。

综述的结论(Conclusion)

结论不仅是作者对全文的总结,也是作者发表个人 意见 的部分,一般有标题Conclusion 或

Summary,较短的综述如果没有小标题,则往往有As mentioned above,To sum up,To

conclude,Inshort,In all 等 短语 引出结论。结论的内容包括:对述评的归纳、对各种问

题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。

二.注意事项

⒈搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提,否则,随便搜集一 点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的文献综述,甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。

⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同,有的 文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异,因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和 科学性较好的文献。

⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析,因此在撰写时应分清 作者的观点和文献的内容,不能篡改文献的内容。

⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略,但文献综述绝对不能省略,而 且应是文中引用过的,能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。

5.文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍,而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此,文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。

6.文献综述要文字简洁,尽量避免大量引用原文,要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚,从原始文献中得出一般性结论。

7. 文献综述不是资料库,要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”,确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关,其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起,既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势,又能反映研究内容的各个方面。

8. 文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观,用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献,尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。

VII. A Sample of Literature Review

A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations

Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92~94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Word s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ~ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102~105).

Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101~107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ~ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16~18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity

and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).

After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.

References

[1] Blackmore S. The Meme Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999

[2] Collins COBUILD English-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2007. 226

[3] Einar, H. The Analysis of linguistic Borrowing. Language, 1950 (26):210~231

[4] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,

[5] Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Beijing:

Merriam-Webster, 2009. 223

[6] New York Times, Jul. 4, 2010

[7] Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approach Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001

[8] Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 268

[9] Romaine, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994

[10]陈原. 社会语言学. 北京:商务印书馆,2000

[11]陈原. 新词语. 北京: 语文 出版社,2000:1

[12]丁加勇. 论流行语语义的不确定性及其发展前景. 华中 科技 大学学报,

2004,(6):160~164

[13]郭 熙,中国社会语言学. 南京:南京大学出版社,

[14]韩李. 当代汉语流行语探析. 河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007,

(3):181

[15]黄平飞. 浅论流行语——透过央视春晚来看流行语.科教文汇(下旬刊),

2009,(3):237

[16]姜红. 试论 当代中国 的社会流行语. 安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版),

2005,(11):108~112

[17]劲松.流行语新探.语文建设,1999,(3):22~26

[18]李娜. 近十年流行语研究述评. 鞍山师范学院学报,2007-06,9(3):35~[39]赵丽薇,袁

晓雪. 流行语的运用方式及使用规范探究——以春晚语言类节目

为例. 调查与研究,2010,(8): 15~16

References

李丽君. 英语 学术论文 及 留学 文书写作[M]. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2002. 田贵森, 段晓英.英语专业 毕业 论文写作 教程[M]. 北京: 北京理工大学出版社.

2006.

刘振聪. 英语学术论文写作[M]. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社. 2009

英语综述论文范文模

对于中考生来说,英语作文想要得高分,就要在平时多积累一些素材。下面整理了英语议论文作文模板,供大家参考。

Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题) Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧)

Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点) Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2-3个赞成的理由)

However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点) Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2-3个反对的理由)

Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点)

There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of ...毫无疑问,对……问题应予以足够的重视。

Obviously,.... If we want to do something... , it is essential that...显然,如果我们想做某事,很重要的是……

Only in this way can we... 只有这样,我们才能...

is well-known to us that……(我们都知道……)==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …( 就我所知…)

the rapid development of science and technology,more and more people believe that……(随着科技的迅速发展,越来越多的人认为……)

lot of people seem to think that……(很多人似乎认为……)

the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……(最近……问题引起了关注)

may have different opinions on……(人们对……可能会持有不同见解)

下面是我为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述的 范文 ”的资料,供大家参阅。

英文文献综述范文

How to Write a Literature Review ?

I. The definition of Literature Review

文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研 论文 中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础,就某个专题的 历史 背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述,科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息,了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。

II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components

A. The Purposes

On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.

On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused

research question.

B. Its Components

There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.

标题与作者(title and author)

摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)

引言(introduction)

述评(review)

结论(conclusion)

参考文献(references)

III. Classification of Source Materials

How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.

A: Background sources:

Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and

encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.

B: Primary sources

Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,

biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too

many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.

C: Secondary sources

Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book

reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or

writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing

in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,

but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and

will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you

need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to

analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.

D: Web sources

The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent

resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web

sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You

may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a

good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its

own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the

authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use

information. The currency of website information should also be taken into

account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.

IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review

A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources

If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and

the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper

on a topic without reading the original source.

B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis

Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.

Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.

C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth

Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William

Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic

in depth. Choose those.

D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts

If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on

Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,

Choose the article by the expert.

E. Choosing the most current sources

If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a

scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the

books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in

periodicals.

V. Writing a literature Review

A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:

1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.

2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.

3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.

4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.

5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.

6. Criticism of the work in the area.

B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:

1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.

2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.

C. Some tips for writing the review:

1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.

2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most

related references last.

3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.

4. Start writing your review early.

VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和 注意事项

英文文献主要部分细节提示:

引言(Introduction)

引言是文献综述正文的开始部分,主要包括两个内容:一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围

和内容。提出问题时,作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和

分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时,作者应使用简明扼要

的语句加以概括。

引言的内容和结构具有以下特点:

(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和

范围;

(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识,使用现在完成时叙述他人成果,使用一般将来时或一

般现在时简介本文内容;

(3) 句子 结构力求简洁明了,多用简单句,并列成份较为常见;

(4)以第三人称主语为主,间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。

述评(Review)

述评是文献综述的核心所在,是对引言的展开和深入。根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围,

作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析,在此基础上列出与主题有关的

所有重要学术观点,然后分别加以论述,以便读者获得全面的了解。回顾前人研究,以时间

为序,由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能,叙前人研究,议其结果、探其原因、

究其不足。

分析评论,特别是表达作者自己的观点时,要客观、谨慎,因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测

的语言形式。

综述的结论(Conclusion)

结论不仅是作者对全文的总结,也是作者发表个人 意见 的部分,一般有标题Conclusion 或

Summary,较短的综述如果没有小标题,则往往有As mentioned above,To sum up,To

conclude,Inshort,In all 等 短语 引出结论。结论的内容包括:对述评的归纳、对各种问

题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。

二.注意事项

⒈搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提,否则,随便搜集一 点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的文献综述,甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。

⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同,有的 文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异,因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和 科学性较好的文献。

⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析,因此在撰写时应分清 作者的观点和文献的内容,不能篡改文献的内容。

⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略,但文献综述绝对不能省略,而 且应是文中引用过的,能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。

5.文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍,而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此,文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。

6.文献综述要文字简洁,尽量避免大量引用原文,要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚,从原始文献中得出一般性结论。

7. 文献综述不是资料库,要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”,确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关,其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起,既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势,又能反映研究内容的各个方面。

8. 文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观,用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献,尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。

VII. A Sample of Literature Review

A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations

Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92~94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Word s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ~ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102~105).

Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101~107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ~ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16~18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity

and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).

After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.

References

[1] Blackmore S. The Meme Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999

[2] Collins COBUILD English-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2007. 226

[3] Einar, H. The Analysis of linguistic Borrowing. Language, 1950 (26):210~231

[4] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,

[5] Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Beijing:

Merriam-Webster, 2009. 223

[6] New York Times, Jul. 4, 2010

[7] Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approach Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001

[8] Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 268

[9] Romaine, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994

[10]陈原. 社会语言学. 北京:商务印书馆,2000

[11]陈原. 新词语. 北京: 语文 出版社,2000:1

[12]丁加勇. 论流行语语义的不确定性及其发展前景. 华中 科技 大学学报,

2004,(6):160~164

[13]郭 熙,中国社会语言学. 南京:南京大学出版社,

[14]韩李. 当代汉语流行语探析. 河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007,

(3):181

[15]黄平飞. 浅论流行语——透过央视春晚来看流行语.科教文汇(下旬刊),

2009,(3):237

[16]姜红. 试论 当代中国 的社会流行语. 安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版),

2005,(11):108~112

[17]劲松.流行语新探.语文建设,1999,(3):22~26

[18]李娜. 近十年流行语研究述评. 鞍山师范学院学报,2007-06,9(3):35~[39]赵丽薇,袁

晓雪. 流行语的运用方式及使用规范探究——以春晚语言类节目

为例. 调查与研究,2010,(8): 15~16

References

李丽君. 英语 学术论文 及 留学 文书写作[M]. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2002. 田贵森, 段晓英.英语专业 毕业 论文写作 教程[M]. 北京: 北京理工大学出版社.

2006.

刘振聪. 英语学术论文写作[M]. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社. 2009

英语教育论文

论文题目: 浅析游戏教学法在中职英语课堂教学中的应用

摘要: 情感因素对语言学习有很大的影响。中职学生在英语学习方面普遍存在着基础薄弱、学习动机不强等学习焦虑方面的问题,英语课堂教学因此存在着互动消极、教学反馈少、效果差的情况。游戏教学法从理论和实际效用上对于改善这种情况都是很好的应用。

关键词: 游戏教学法;中职英语;课堂教学

英语是当今世界通用语言,我们在生活和工作中越来越多地接触、使用到英语,学好英语对于当代中职生的职业发展和个人素质的提高都是非常有益和必要的。

但是实际情况是,中职生的英语基础普遍薄弱,存在不同程度的英语学习焦虑,有的中职生,由于英语基础比较薄弱,对英语失去了兴趣,出现了对英语失去信心的现象,从而导致英语课堂教学开展困难,教学效果不理想。

一、中职英语课堂教学的现状

教师讲授为主,师生互动为辅,学生参与度低。中职英语教学课时有限,为了完成既定的教学内容,语言知识的讲解和练习占据了大多数的课堂教学时间。

师生间互动教学以教师提问,学生作答为主,学生间生生互动以课文对话的替换练习为主,形式内容单调。学生对此不感兴趣,形成了“老师讲,学生听”的单调局面。有时上课还有学生玩手机、睡觉等现象,课堂效果非常不好。

教材设定的情景互动内容趣味性弱,学生参与度低下。现行教材中设定的情景练习以生活类英语会话为主,如购物、就餐、问路、看病等,缺乏趣味性。中职学生处于爱玩爱闹的青春期,此类会话练习难以触动学生的兴奋点。

学生基础薄弱,有不同程度的英语学习焦虑。在开展课堂互动时,中职生往往沉默应对,或是消极敷衍,鹦鹉学舌,应付了事。即使教师积极地鼓励学生,这种正面的评价也很难得到学生自己的认同。

综述类论文范文模板例文

论文综述范文如下:

摘要:经济学的数学化和定量化是经济学迅速科学化的重要标志。本文主要以计量经济学分支学科的应用为着探讨点通过分析计量经济学模型在中国经济研究中的现状分析与背景意义、最终提出启示与展望。

关键词:计量经济学模型;经济研究。

一、计量经济学模型在中国经济研究中的应用背景和意义

二十多年来,计量经济学作为中国经济学科的一个分支,得到了迅速的发展。以数学化和定量化作为经济学迅速科学化的重要标志。数学模型的应用仅仅是一种工具,不能作为研究经济学理论的本质。要实现中国经济学现代化、科学化的这一目标必须学习西方经济学的先进的研究分析方法。而计量经济学在经济研究中的应用,正是一个具体体现。

二、国内计量经济学模型在经济研究中的应用现状

通过对《经济研究》近间刊载的计量经济学文章统计分析,目的在于对这期间计量经济学在经济研究中的应用过程有一个粗略的归纳,同时也能够初步探索中国经济学研究方法的转换与研究技术规范的转变,本文则通过计量经济学论文在《经济研究》刊文中的变动情况从一个侧面反映了中国经济学内在的技术规范的形成历程。

近些年我国主要经济学期刊发表的计量经济学文章主要以应用研究型文章仍然占主导地位,数量远远大于理论研究。例“经济转轨中的企业很出机制”采用了Cox比例死亡模型和条件概率方法[1]:“职业经理人进入民营企业影响因素的实证研究”用到了二元选择的1oait模型[2]而就相同的问题也可采用回归模型和协整分析模型进行计量分析。

由此可以看出我国计量经济学应用研究已经用到了现代很多复杂的计量经济学方法。同时我们要注意到曾经的经典计量经济学方法仍然占有重要地位,在任何时候都不过时,是研究一般问题的首选方法:如“城市化与商品流通的关系研究”[3]。

参考文献:

[1]刘金全,张鹤.经济增长风险的冲击传导和经济周期波动的“溢出效应”.经济研究,20xx,(10)

[2]刘莉亚,任若恩.银行危机与货币危机共生性关系的实证研究[J].经济研究,20xx,(10)

[3]张建琦,黄文锋.职业经理人进入民营企业影响因素的实证研究[].经济研究,20xx,(10)

论文综述的注意事项

论文综述的是在撰写学术论文之前,对相关文献资料进行综合、整理和分析的一种学术功课。综述不仅是实现学习、论文撰写的必修环节,同时也是科学研究的重要步骤。本文将讨论如何进行论文综述以及其重要性。

在进行论文综述之前,需要拟定好研究方向、题目和关键词。之后,开始检索和筛选与主题相关的文献。这些文献需要来自于可靠、权威、高质量的学术资源,例如学术期刊、数据库和学术搜索引擎等。筛选文献时应关注其研究内容、研究方法、结论等方面,尽可能找到与主题相关、探究深入、论述完整的文献。

确定了合适的文献后,接下来需要撰写综述。综述应包括文献的简介、研究内容的梳理、分析和评价,此外还需要注意文献来源的引证、叙述的逻辑性、内容的客观性和准确性。在撰写综述时,可以根据对文献的分析和评价,对研究中存在的问题和未来的研究方向提出建议。

综述的重要性在于为学术研究和论文撰写提供了基础和支撑。通过对相关文献的分析和评价,可以形成对目标研究领域的深入了解和认识,帮助更好地理解研究现状和未来的发展方向。同时,综述还可以引导和指导论文撰写,为研究提供参考、激励和促进作用。

总之,论文综述是科学研究中不可或缺的学术练习,以其严谨的方法论和学术研究的规范性,对于提高学术研究的质量、推动学术研究的进程、提升个人和团队的学术水平都有着十分重要的作用。

案例描述不是记录流水帐,而只是对于非常典型的代表性的情景进行勾画。这是我为大家整理的案例综述论文范文,仅供参考!

语文教学案例分析研究

摘 要:我国语文教学的困难和问题,主要出在教学内容上,而不仅仅是教学方法上。本文将用分析法,从课堂的导入、教学过程、教学内容的达成和对教学的思考四个方面,对郑桂华老师《陋室铭》课例进行研讨,和大家一起共同学习郑桂华老师丰富的教学经验和高超的教学能力。

关键词:分析法:郑桂华;语文教学;教学案例;分析

郑桂华老师是课程与教学论专业语文教育方向的博士,本人有幸现场聆听到郑老师执教的《陋室铭》,给了我极大的震撼,给了我实实在在的收获、语文的收获。感触之余,写了下面这篇小文。我将从以下四个方面展开分析讨论:关于本节课的导入;关于课堂教学过程;关于教学内容的达成;关于对教学的思考。我坚信,研习郑老师这节课,将改变我们上课的方式,理解新课程带给我们的实惠。

一、 关于本节课的导入

王荣生教授曾这样评价郑桂华老师:郑桂华的课有行云流水般的家常味,真实、真切,让人感受课堂的美好。①我深有同感,郑老师在唠家常的同时是在“收买人心”,拉近与学生的关系,营造一个轻松活跃的课堂氛围,我们可以先来欣赏一下她独特的导入:

(课间,教师走进教室,还未上课,学生三三两两的在交谈)

师:(问坐在前排的同学)你们班有多少同学呀?

生:62.师:你们班的语文科代表是谁呀?

生:(科代表举手示意)老师,是我。

师:你叫什么名字呀?

(此时教室已经安静下来,学生都坐在自己的座位上)

生:我叫李月菡。

师:好名字。可是你知道父母为什么要给你取这个名字呢?

生:不知道。

师:我猜想啊。“李”是你家的姓,“月”是月亮,“菡”就是菡萏,也就是荷花的意思,你父母取名是寓意你像月亮一样洁白,像荷花一样美丽。老师说得不错吧。

生:好像有这么一层含义。那老师你叫什么名字呢?

师:我姓郑,叫桂华。你们能说说名字的含义吗?

生:我猜想是这样的:“郑”是应该是姓,“桂”是“桂林山水甲天下”的“桂”,我猜老师是桂林人,老师像桂林山水一样的漂亮。“华”是中华的“华”,就是要热爱自己的祖国。

师:大家看看我,就知道我并不漂亮,我也不是桂林人,我是陕西人。

生:我想“桂”是桂花的“桂”,寓意是桂花一样的清香,“华”是春华秋实的“华”,意思是你的父母希望你做一个踏实的人。

师:这位同学好有学问啊,用了成语春华秋实,那你为什么不用华而不实呢?

生:华而不实是贬义词。

师:华而不实是贬义词就不能用啊,好聪明。(同学们都笑了)。“郑”郑和的郑,是我家的姓,但是和郑和没关系啊,虽然我很想有点关系,但不是一个地方的。“桂华”其实就是“桂花”。一是古代花者,华也,“华”跟“花”是想通的。二来是我是在秋天生的,桂花也在秋天开放。“华”也许和刚才同学说的“春华秋实”有关,因为父母希望我们做个一个春华秋实的的踏实的人,不做华而不实的人。可见,父母给我们取名字是有讲究的。其他同学还愿意分享自己名字的学问吗?(依次有几位同学起来分享自己名字的寓意,课堂气氛非常活跃。此时,上课铃想了起来)

看似闲庭漫步的唠家常,其实是实实在在的“春华秋实”,这节课的导入不是给人以震撼的视频画面,不是语句优美的散文诗,也不是为了“传道授业解惑”而预设的教学情境,就是简简单单的交谈,现实生活中的普通的沟通和交流。也就是这种交流,消除了老师和学生彼此之间的陌生感、畏惧感,为课堂上的交流扫清心理障碍。为此,郑老师的良苦用心得到了学生的回应,整节课几乎全部学生都举手发言,分享自己的想法。也许,这就是郑桂华老师借班上课的底气:不惧怕学生语文基础不好、学习不主动、上课发言少。但是,面对一群愿说、能说、会说的学生时,郑老师又是如何解决的呢?接下来我们从教学过程和教学内容的达成加以分析。

二、 关于课堂教学过程

上面的“开场白”虽然没有进入教学情境,但是学生的思维都已经聚焦在老师身上,接下来就是学生在老师的指引下学习的过程。我们先看一下本节课的教学流程:

王荣生教授说“流程”是课堂教学从起点到终点的过程,即课堂教学的连贯过程。②郑老师这节课符合“流程”的教学观,就是“根据学生的学情导向这节课的终点”,也就是“学生随着老师走”。教学伊始,教师的发问埋下了一个“炸弹”,“同学们,知道今天要上的课文吗?”“知道。”“预习过吗?”“预习了!”“预习到什么程度了?”“会背!会翻译了!”我想此时所有听课的老师都在为郑老师捏一把汗,按照郑老师本人的话来说就是:遇到大麻烦了。文言文预习到会背会翻译了,那这课还有什上的呢?恰恰这就是郑老师的睿智之处――关注学情,顺势而导,导出了“子云宅”的问题。接下来的课便是顺风顺水,由“子云宅”引出押韵,押韵引出朗读,朗读引出写作意图,环环相扣,层层剖析,学生的思维已完全被郑老师掌控了,也深深被郑老师渊博的学识而折服。

这样的教学丝毫没有拖泥带水的感觉,更像是随着学生学习的情况而进行的行云流水般的自然,不搪塞,不僵硬。

三、 关于教学内容的达成

郑老师善于找到教学的突破口。当得知学生已经预习的很充分时,教师立即改变了教学重心,再讲学生已经掌握的只是已经没有太多的意义。那么怎么知道学生掌握了哪些知识,哪些没掌握呢?此时,郑老师就来检测一下学生预习的情况。这样就检测出了“子云宅”的问题,给这节课找了一个突破口,化解了老师重复讲解学生已学知识的尴尬局。教师化解了挑战顺势而导,开始了精彩的课堂,

课堂有高度,有深度。就在“子云宅”这个问题上深究一下,其他老师上课

时一般不会苦口婆心的绕一大弯子,要么直接告诉学生是为了押韵的需要,或者就不涉及这个问题,反正课文也没这个知识点。郑老师却不这样做,而是提示和指导学生朗读,激励学生自己感悟发现问题,挖出有利于教学的知识。这样不得不说老师的备课的认真。我们可以来看一张老师的幻灯片: “馨”属于“青部”,“下平”9 《广韵》

“琴”属于“侵部”,“下平”12 《广韵》

按照《广韵》中的要求:不在同一部的字是不能押韵的。

在引入“押韵”后,郑老师好像意犹未尽的样子,又引出了“要是“馨”算押韵,那么“琴”字应该算押韵的,这是怎么回事呢?”的问题。现在看来,这完全是郑老师给这个课堂布的一个大局,从教师准备的课件来看就会明白了。学生给老师挑战,老师给学生一大疑难,这样老师才能镇得住课堂,学生才会跟着老师的节奏继续学习。

德国教育家第斯多惠(FriedriehAdolfwi]helmDisterwegl790一1866年)阐述了他对教学艺术的深刻见解:“教学的艺术不在于传授的本领,而在于关于激励、唤醒、鼓舞。而没有兴奋的情绪怎么能激励,没有主动性怎么能唤醒沉睡的人,没有生气勃勃的精神,怎么能鼓舞人呢?只有生气才能产生生气,死气只能从死气而来。所以你要尽可能多地习惯于蓬勃的生气”。③这种“激励、唤醒、鼓舞”艺术在这节课堂教学内容的达成中无疑能够得到很好的验证。

四、 关于教学的思考

1、 语文“教什么”

语文“教什么”,钱梦龙老师认为认为,教语文第一就是要教会学生抓住文章的灵魂。教会学生抓住文章的灵魂,也就教会学生读文章的方法,其中之一就是教会学生朗读课文,培养学生的语感。这篇《陋室铭》是较短的文言文,又是篇韵文,朗读肯定是十分重要的。郑老师在指导学生如何朗读的时候却不是从读入手,而是从押韵入手。这样学生就理解了如何押韵,怎样押韵,读起来就更有自己的感觉,更容易体悟文章内容。

语文的“教”要关注学情。老师面对的一群基础扎实、能说会道、高度自觉的学生时,重讲文言词汇和翻译之类的学生已经掌握的知识,课堂效果肯定是热闹非凡。只是这样的课堂会是无趣的,具有了表演性质,也没了本真,学生在课堂是得不到实惠,得不到成长。或许,老师也不一定能驾驭这样的课堂。真实的课堂,真实的教学,需要关注学生的学情,这样学生才可能学有所得,获得进步。

语文“教是为了不教”,要突破“教课文教知识” 的局限。在实际教学中,教师要发觉每一篇课文独特的“语文价值”。本节课中,需要探讨的就是作者写陋室的意图。由于时间问题,郑老师没把这个问题深谈下去,可是在学生心中种了“问题”,从“铭” 的解释开始,教师就一直在引导学生对“陋室”的探讨,特别是选用刘禹锡《秋词》来加以印证,学生也明白了古人失意时的自勉和自我肯定的价值。

2、 备课“背什么”

课堂上教师的课堂呈现直接关系着学生学习的行为。目前对语文信息的展示泛滥成灾,并且都只是停留在表层信息的咀嚼,语文课有两个极端:教师讲的内容学生都懂和教师讲的学生都不懂。这两种课堂,学生都不愿意听,不感兴趣。郑老师的课没有落入这两个极端,是因此教师明白了学生的需求,真正从学生出发设计教学,从学生的实际情况从发,关注学生的成长。 那么,教师的备课就着重从学生的学情出发,备学生,备教材,预设学生的需求。只有这样,学生在课堂上才会都有事可做,学有所得。

3、 课堂教学的预设与生成

充分的预设,是课堂教学成功的保障。只有课前精心预设,才能在课堂上动态生成。然而课堂教学是千变万化的,再好的预设也不可能预见课堂上可能出现的所有情况。课堂上出现了意料之外的情况,教师可以而且应该调整预设,给生成腾出空间,机智地驾驭课堂,让课堂呈现别样的精彩。感受课堂教学活跃的气氛同时,更要关心学生是不是驻留了与教学内容相应的语文体验。关注语文课程目标的有效达成。因此,课前教师应对教学目标、教学内容、教学过程、教学方法预先设计,并在实际教学中,根据学情的变化,对目标、内容、过程、方法的适当调整。课堂教学中需要教师运用教学机智和合理调控,发掘有价值的问题,精当的点拨或讲解,使课堂闪光,使学生顿悟,使学生在知识、能力或方法上实现自我建构。

参考文献:

[1] 王荣生.听王荣生教授评课[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2007:84.

[2] 谢利民,郑百伟.现代教学基础理论[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2003:331一332,344.

[3] 钱理群,孙绍振,王富仁. 解读语文[M].福州:福建人民出版社,2010:278-287.

[4] 新课程实施过程中培训问题研究课题组编写.新课程的理念与创新[M].北京师范大学出版社,2001:82- 83,59.

[5] 周敏.语文课程“动姿化”知识教学研究[M].长沙:湖南师范大学出版社,

[6] 李字辉.关心教学组织形式的建构[J].天津师范大学学报(基础教育版),2006,(9).

[7] 刘济良.论科学技术对人的异化与教育对人的价值世界的重建[J].教育理论与实践,2003,

[8] 周相玲.关心型师生关系的研究「J].长春:东北师范大学硕十学位论文,2007.

注解:

① 王荣生.听王荣生教授评课[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2007:84.

② 王荣生.听王荣生教授评课[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2007:84.

③ 谢利民,郑百伟.现代教学基础理论[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2003:331一332,344.

中学班级管理案例研究

〔摘 要〕面对新课程改革下学生学习压力大,教学管理难的情况下。本文结合自己教育教学实践体会,分析其教育对象,收集生活中的教育教学案例20多篇,并从教育理论的角度进行分析提升,形成理论,形成了一个个的教育故事,以理论来指导自己的教育教学,使自己的教育教学水平进一步得到提升。

〔关键词〕班级管理 教学案例

时间过得飞快,转眼间又是一年,回顾2011―2012学年度是忙碌的一年,紧张的一年,也是收获的一年,有着许多故事的一年。

一、后进生转化

2012年03月06日

我听了魏书生的报告我感受最深的是:后进生的转化:后进生的转化不能叫来一批评就完事,应该给孩子制定出可以够得着的计划,慢慢的是孩子有信心,一点点的进步。

二、赏识别人

2012年03月08日

今天一大早我带学生刚跑完操,接下来同学们回教室早读。我一到教室就发现孩子们闹哄哄,有吃的、有喝的、有交作业的,当然大部分已开始读书。但我总觉得不对劲,于是我到一班去看了一下,很静都在学习。然后我回到教室,我没有发火,而是很平和的在每个小组找了一个代表,让他们悄悄地到一班看一下,接下来我什么也没说,我就会办公室了,等过了2分钟后,我再去教室时孩子们很安静都在学习,我很高兴。

三、看到的并不是那样

2012年03月10日

今早上我读了一则小故事,故事大概内容是这样的:两个天使来到人间,第一天来到一个富人家里,富人很冷淡的接待了她们,而且晚间让她们住到了冰冷的地下室了。老天使发现墙上有一个洞,就使法把洞补了。第二天来到一个穷人家里,穷人很热情的用仅剩的一点粥接待了她们,而且腾出自己的屋子让她们住。第三天一大早她们发现穷人夫妇抱头痛哭,他们的牛死了。小天使问老天使:“富人很冷淡的对我们,而且晚间让我们住到了冰冷的地下室,你都帮他补了墙洞。这家穷人对我们这么好,你为什么不帮他们。”老天使说:“并不是你看到的那样,我补墙是因为我看到墙里全是金银财宝,我不想让他得到。我没有救他们的牛,是因为昨晚老天要索回穷人夫人的命,我让牛代替了”。

于是我想到了我们老师、孩子和家长之间,并不是个人看到的那样,需要相互多沟通,才能了解孩子。

四、压不住的火

2012年3月16日下午辅导课,我很耐心的、认真的讲课,因为我觉得该班孩子基础差。可中间有2个孩子不认真听,不知在说什么。我不停地暗示,多次用目光提示,可是始终没能起作用。终于我被激怒,我觉得课堂是神圣的,不认真,且做了暗示不停止,是对我的不尊重。我毫不客气的用书抽了几下,当中进行了批评。2012年3月17日早上,我再次上课,化学课我做实验,氢氧化钡与氯化铵的吸热反应,我很有意的让每个学生感受的,在更有意识的让批评的两个孩子感受,消除孩子的心理感。我觉得孩子很容易接受,我们彼此的隔阂也近而消失,我心里也觉得轻松了好多。

五、众口难调

2012年3月24日晚,刚下班回家,接到了一个电话,该电话来自与我们班家长。正是这个电话让我一夜难眠。原因是这样的:2012年3月24日下午学校给我们开了上学期质量分析会,学生从一位老师那里看到了各科平均成绩,因为一科成绩比平行班差了4分,孩子回家告诉家长,家长从孩子那里得到了一些情况,于是就给我这个班主任打电话。说孩子这课听不懂,孩子上课都是自学,就谈了一些老师的问题。我安抚了家长,可此事却让我很为难,一直到晚上怎么也睡不着。第二天一大早,我就到学校,分别了解了10多位同学的意见(有年级的第1名,有班上最后一名)。有认可的,有觉得不好的,真是众口难调,老师难当呀。最后,我拨通了家长的电话:

1、该老师是我们的把关老师,没有问题。

2、该老师知识面宽,采用发散是教学,是您的孩子上高中不适应。

3、请你放心,相信我们的老师。

六、不要太护自己的孩子

2012年4月11日。我吃过饭,提前到了教室,不巧的是我发现四个学生在教室打牌。我当时很生气,为了教育四个孩子,吓唬吓唬,我让四个学生收拾书包,将他们带到了德育处。在德育处老师的教育下,四个孩子认识到了自己的错误,并答应回家后写出深刻检查,让家长签字。可谁知,四人离开学校后,商量不告诉家长。第二天一大早 ,四个人一起去了德育处,没有来教室。于是我一一打电话告知家长:孩子没到校。三个家长都很同情理,说回家批评教育。可以一家长很不讲理,他已经知道孩子在德育处,反过来问我,那我孩子如果昨天不回家怎么办?我一听就火了。我毫不客气的告诉他:

1、你已经知道了孩子在德育处,反过来问我,孩子如果不回家怎么办?想干什么?这是要挟老师。

2、你这是在护孩子,不找孩子的错。

3、我是不是以后每天的把你的孩子送回家,万一哪天他没回家怎么办?

4、你的孩子谁以后还敢管。

我觉得老师管你的孩子才是负责的,你不找自己还的错,太护孩子了,这样会害了孩子。请不要太维护自己的孩子。

七、勿以善小而不为 勿以恶小而为之

2012年12月16日,今天一天没课,本应该是“幸福”的一天,但并不是那样的,对我来说是阴暗一天,我比较狠心的一天。下午第一节课――物理,张老师检查作业,发现6个学生没写被赶了出来。本班学生一直很乖,作业都能按时完成,每次家长会我都以表扬为主,也很少发现学生什么缺点,对学生一直也很放心。本以为很小的一件事,但我的发现是吃惊的,几个学生从期中考完事,就没有认真写物理作业。

今天天气很冷(3度),我就把学生的练习册从第1页到80页逐页翻阅,发现一处就折一页,20页为低线,结果没有一个合格(都超过20页)。于是我狠心的将他们站在外面,要求叫家长,6个孩子都站在外面冻的发抖,我心里也不忍,那天晚上我也替他们担心了一晚,怕他们因为我而生病,还好第2天孩子们都来了才算放心。。目的是从小事教育他们,任何事都要认真,任何小事都不能原谅,要在学生中威严。当然最终我也达到了自己的目的,我觉得勿以善小而不为,勿以恶小而为之。

总之,作好班级管理工作绝非一朝一日的事。但我认为:只要持之以恒从实际工作中的点滴出发,相信您的班级管理定能有起色!

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