Road is the base to realize city function and beautiful environment and a window for people to know a city,feel city customs and landscape features. Furthermore,city road greening can reflect a city's customs and landscape features on the development of road greening design and its function,this essay will expound and analyze the current status of South fourth ring's road greening,find the advantages and disadvantages for South fourth ring and propose some solutions.
My home is in Chongqing, spread out the map to find the most middle of the city - Chongqing, a surge of deep feelings of love Township arises spontaneously from my heart. I grew up in Chongqing, drinking water in Jialing River, Chongqing hot pot eating, Mala Tang, cold noodles, hot and sour powder ... ... in my eyes is the best in Chongqing city, Chongqing, and I have deep area of Chongqing is located in the junction of the Yangtze River and Jialing River, surrounded by mountains, river wrapping, city Bangshui mountains, cascading the previous, both in order to Jiangcheng known so, on famous mountain. However, the most characteristic, but also a few mountain the night. With a high balcony far Wanjiadenghuo scattered ups and downs, Yin-Xia Ming eliminate, and two rivers sparkling waves, the sky flashing l'etoile off each other, the King CMV intoxicating. Chongqing central city as the Yangtze River, Jialing River surrounded by a beautiful, unique style. Chongqing has a long history of thousand years, Chongqing has left a lot of famous scenic spots, ancient historical sites and natural wonders Xiongjun. This is my favorite hometown Chongqing.翻译：我的家乡是重庆，摊开地图，找到中国最中间的那个城市——重庆，一股浓浓的恋乡之情从我心底里油然而生。我在重庆长大，喝嘉陵江的水，吃重庆的火锅、麻辣烫、凉面、酸辣粉……重庆在我眼中是最好的城市，我和重庆有着深厚的感情。重庆市区坐落在长江与嘉陵江交汇处，四面环山，江水回绕，城市傍水依山，层叠而上，既以江城著称，又以山城扬名。然而最具特色的，还要数山城的夜色。凭高眺远，万家灯火起伏错落，银霞明灭，与两江粼粼的波光、满天闪烁的星斗交相辉映，其景奇丽醉人。重庆中心城区为长江、嘉陵江环抱，山清水秀，风貌独特。重庆具有三千年悠久历史,为重庆留下了不少驰名中外的风景名胜、古老的历史遗迹和雄峻的自然奇观。这就是我最爱的家乡重庆。
下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。
Abstract
Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.
According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.
Abstract
A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。
Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.
Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.
Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.
Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < )，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.
Abstract
The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?
This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.
The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.
Abstract
Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.
This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.
To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.
There are three hypotheses:
1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?
Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.
Abstract
In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.
Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.
Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.
Abstract
Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.
With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.
The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.
Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.
City road is the base of implement environment and city function, it is a window to comprehending a society and feeling the city's style and landscape features,The urban road greening can fundamentally reflected style of a city's scene andlandscape characteristics .This article is based on the road greening design development and its functions, discussed and analyzed the present situation of the south city of road greening, have finded out the south city of road greening's merits anddemerits, then puts forward some solutions countermeasures.
试论城市规划要点 引言城市规划的定义 城市规划是城市发展的战略、建设城市的纲领、管理城市的依据。如何打造一个城市的风貌、建设一个和谐、生动、合理的空间体系，是现在规划建设中十分热门的话题。城市规划必须注重个性特征，城市个性是一个城市的特色，是独特魅力之所在，在我国的城市化进程中，千城一面、似曾相识的城市越来越多，城市的个性特色已湮没在程式化的钢筋混凝土之中，失去了城市的特色和魅力。 城市个性化成为现代城市规划的一个重要内容和突出特点。打好“文化牌”，彰显文化特征是十分重要的课题。美国城市建筑学家刘易斯·芒福德说：“城市是文化的容器”。无论是历史文化名城罗马、威尼斯，还是现代国际大都市巴黎、纽约、芝加哥，座座堪称文化艺术宫殿、建筑博物馆，处处折射出城市的文化，走进这些城市，就仿佛走进了他们的历史。因此，在城市规划中必须处理好建设与继承的关系，在发展中传承历史文化。否则，城市一旦失去历史陈迹，犹如人失去鲜明的个性，得到的利益是暂时的，而遗憾却是永远的。 由于城市所处的空间地理位置、地形条件、气象条件和自然环境的不同，构成了不同的城市环境空间形态，提供了每个城市区别于其他城市的环境空间特性。城市规划的一个重要任务，就是要充分认识该城市的山、水、林和风景名胜等自然景观要素，发掘、保护、利用、开发、改造自然环境空间特色，在共性中找出个性，围绕个性建设特色城市。与此同时也要注重生态的和谐与持续发展的战略。 1.规划与人文精神 城市规划的人文精神是在1933年国际现代建筑会议第四次会议发表的《雅典宪章》中提出的，里面提出的城市功能分区原则影响了现代城市规划将近半个世纪。这种功能主义的原则，一方面向古典建筑学派提出挑战，使城市规划、建筑开始从古典的放射、圆形广场一类形式主义的桎梏中解放出来；另一方面功能主义又使城市规划、建筑逐渐陷入机械主义，它刻板地分区肢解了城市的有机结构，忽略了人与人之间的多方面联系，破坏了城市的地方特性，其结果是使城市形态单调、布局混乱、建筑雷同。尤其是功利主义的影响，城市空间因最大限度的商业性开发，破坏了城市生态环境，污水、废气、噪声、交通事故等给城市造成了巨大的伤害。因此城市在抛弃了人文精神的同时，便从“文明中最伟大的创造”变成了“文明中最大的破坏”，也给人类带来了生存危机。 20世纪60年代，重新关注城市的历史文脉、地域文化和人们的生活，城市规划中的人文理念开始复苏。与此同时，国际规划、建筑界人士开展了“可持续发展城市”的研究，并指出可持续发展的根本出发点是“为了城市人民”。这表明，城市人文精神将得到完全意义上的复兴与再生，人文因素将是21世纪城市文明的灵魂。 人文因素在中国的造城运动中是历史悠久的。明清时期的北京城就是中国城市运动中的代表作之一，彰显出皇权的气势和霸气。现代的城市建设也需要这种对人文精神的关注，在继承与发扬的道路上不断前进，为城市打造一种文化的底蕴。 建筑是人文精神的表现 1990年6月2日，国际建筑师协会第十七次大会发表了《蒙特利尔宣言》。其开头一行是：“建筑是人文的表现，它反映了一个社会的形象。”世界建筑史表明，人类的建筑活动不仅是一项物质生产活动，而且还是人类文化活动的重要内容。一座城市的魅力，多数是由于建筑艺术的魅力营造出来的。建筑是时代的象征。希腊雅典卫城建于公元前5世纪，其中有世界著名的保护神雅典娜帕提农神庙。卫城建筑群是雅典这个黄金般的古典时期的纪念碑，是雅典全面繁荣昌盛的见证。17世纪法国古典主义建筑主要是国家性的大型建筑，有些是专为荣耀路易十四或他的政权。这个时期建造的卢浮宫东立面、旺道姆广场、凡尔赛宫及园林，都体现了路易十四“伟大的时代”的“伟大的风格”。建筑语言常常是民族的语言，是凝固的民族精神，具有强大的感召力。著名美籍华人建筑大师贝聿铭设计的中国银行香港大楼，他以“中文的构思、英文的设计”，使这幢大楼渗透着深刻的人文含义：塔身，象征着雨后春笋；风格，体现了出于污泥而不染的荷花精神；楼的外表面，展示出宝石图案。有学者说，巴黎人民很大程度上是巴黎的建筑语言场教养、熏陶和塑造出来的。维也纳的建筑群及人文环境，培育了一批又一批的音乐大师；德国的一批具有艺术特色建筑群和浓郁人文精神的城市，产生了一批又一批的哲学家、科学家、音乐家。城市的建筑具有强大的人文精神功能，一座有个性和人文魅力建筑的城市能提示城市的广大居民，提升这座城市的文明素质，使这座城市有自信心、活力和发展的推动力。
1、 马小亚，袁奇峰．基于城市发展理念的城市规划与房地产开发关系探讨[J]，规划师，2009（5）：57-62 ，ISSN 1006-0022 CN45-1210/TU2、 袁奇峰、杨廉、邱家盛、魏立华、王欢.城乡统筹中的集体建设用地问题研究——以佛山市南海区为例[J]，规划师，2009（4）：5-13 ，ISSN 1006-0022 CN45-1210/TU3、 肖华斌、袁奇峰、 徐会军，基于可达性和服务面积的公园绿地空间分布研究[J]，规划师，2009（2）： 83 -88 ，ISSN 1006-0022(2009)02-0083-06 CN45-1210/TU4、 袁奇峰,广州：一个善用体育事件的大城市[J]．北京规划建设,2009(2):77-79， ISSN 1003-627X,CN 11-2882 /TU5、 方远平，袁奇峰. 基于休闲商务功能视角的RBD规划初探——以转型中的东莞东城区为例[J]．规划师，2009（1）：53-58 ，ISSN 1006-0022 CN45-1210/TU6、魏成，袁奇峰. 广东城市社会30年的变迁与挑战[J]．北京规划建设,2009(1): 87-91， ISSN 1003-627X,CN 11-2882 /TU7、 肖华斌，袁奇峰. 国外开放空间规划模式综述[J]．规划师,2008(9):104-107 ，ISSN 1006-0022 CN45-1210/TU8、 肖华斌,袁奇峰,陈军. 生态足迹视角下的区域生态规划研究——以九江市为例[J]．现代城市研究,2008(11):76-82 ，ISSN1009-6000 CN32-1612/TU9、 袁奇峰,杨廉,郭炎. 从工业经济到城市经济——佛山市南海区城市中心区的发展[J]．南方建筑,2008(4):52-57 ，ISSN:1000-0232 CN44-1263/TU10、 袁奇峰. 应对转型期的持续变革[J]．北京规划建设,2008(2):13-14 ISSN 1003-627X,CN 11-2882 /TU11、 袁奇峰.广州城市发展的挑战与方向[D]．《回到常识——公众论坛演讲集》花城出版社2008年第一版：196-209，ISBN978753605424012、 魏立华、袁奇峰．土地紧缩政策背景下土地利用问题研究述评———基于城市规划学科的视角[J]．城市问题，2008（5）：，ISSN 1002-2031 CN 11-1119/C13、 方远平，袁奇峰．快速城市化地区城乡之变：过程、问题及对策——以东莞市东城区为例[J]．珠江经济，2008（4）：32—42，ISSN 1006-6276 CN44-1406/F14、 袁奇峰，许松辉．嵌入法定规划的战略规划——以珠海东部沿海地区为例[J]．规划师，2008（1）：83—86，ISSN 1006-0022 CN45-1210/TU15、 袁奇峰，马小亚．住房新政推动城镇住房制度改革——对“国六条”引发的中国城镇住房制度建设大讨论的评述[J]．城市规划，2007（11）：，ISSN 1002-1329 CN11-2378（人大复印资料收录）；16、 袁奇峰、魏成．城市发展战略框架下的城市景观风貌重构——以珠海市东部沿海地区概念规划为例[D]．《城市特色研究与城市风貌规划:世界华人建筑师协会城市特色学术委员会2007年会论文集》，同济大学出版社, 2007年10月第一版： ISBN：978756083681217、 魏立华、袁奇峰．基于土地产权视角的城市发展分析——以佛山市南海区为例[J]．城市规划学刊，2007（3）：61-65，ISSN1000-3363，CN31-1938/TU18、 Yuan Qifeng．From New Downtown to CBD: Planning Review of Guangzhou Pearl River New Town[J]; Journal of the Hong Kong Institute of Planners, Volume 21, Issue ：19、 袁奇峰．和谐社会背景下的城市开发之困[D]．《中国城市规划学术研究进展年度报告2006》，中国建筑工业出版社2006年9月第一版：130-135，ISBN7-112-05816-0(15180)20、 袁奇峰，方正兴，黄丽莉，熊青．中心镇规划:从村镇到城市的路径设计——《广东省中心镇规划指引》编制的背景与创新[J]．城市规划，2006（7）：32-36，，ISSN 1002-1329 CN11-237821、陈建华，袁奇峰，易晓峰．战略规划推动下的行动规划——关于广州城市规划实践的思考[J]．城市规划学刊，2006（2）：12—16，ISSN1000-3363，CN31-1938/TU22、 袁奇峰．亚运城市，2010年的广州[J]． 风景园林，2006（1）：34-41，ISSN 1673-1530 CN11-5366/S23、 袁奇峰，易晓峰，王雪．从“城乡一体化”到“真正城市化”[J] ．城市规划学刊，2005（1）：63-67，ISSN1000-3363，CN31-1938/TU24、 袁奇峰．广州沙面[D] ．《城市规划资料集：第五分册城市设计》2005年1 月第一版（P218），ISBN7-112-06812-6， TU98425、 袁奇峰．构建适应市场经济的城市规划体系[J] ．规划师，2004（12 ）：33-36，ISSN 1006-0022 CN45-1210/TU26、 袁奇峰，郭晟．轨道交通与城市协调发展的探索[J]．城市规划汇刊，2003（6）：49-56，ISSN1000-3363，CN31-1938/TU27、 袁奇峰，李萍萍．广州沙面建筑群——在使用中保护[J]．城市规划汇刊，2003（1）45-54，ISSN1000-3363，CN31-1938/TU28、 袁奇峰．广州市新城市中心——珠江新城规划检讨[D]．《城市规划资料集：第四分册 控制性详细规划》2002年11月第一版（P136），ISBN7-112-05303-X， TU98429、 袁奇峰．21世纪广州市中心商务区（GCBD21）探索[J]．城市规划汇刊，2001（4）：31-37，，ISSN1000-3363，CN31-1938/TU30、 袁奇峰，李萍萍．广州市沙面历史街区保护的危机与应对[J] ．建筑学报，2001（3）：57-60，ISSNO529-1399 CN11-1930/TU31、王蒙徽，段险峰，袁奇峰，冷瑞华、郭晟、陈勇．从“云山珠水”走向“山城田海”[J] ．城市规划，2001（3）：33-37，ISSN 1002-1329 CN11-237832、 李萍萍，袁奇峰，赖寿华、蔡云楠．在快速发展中寻求均衡的城市结构[J]．城市规划，2001（3）：28-31，ISSN 1002-1329 CN11-237833、 袁奇峰，李少云，林木子，朱志军．广州环市东路城市广场设计探寻[J] ．建筑学报，2000（3）：56-60，ISSNO529-1399 CN11-1930/TU34、 袁奇峰．广州市解放路特别意图区规划探索[J]．城市规划，1997（2）：26-29，ISSN 1002-1329 CN11-237835、 袁奇峰、林木子．广州市第十甫、下九路传统骑楼商业街步行化初探[J]．建筑学报，1998（3）：26-29，ISSNO529-1399 CN11-1930/TU36、 袁奇峰．城市生活空间建设初论[J] ．云南工学院学报，1992（8）：60-65，ISSN1003-3718 CN53-107537、 袁奇峰．建设步行体系 改善城市商业环境[J] ．西北建筑工程学院学报，1992（2、3）：109-114，ISSN1001-7569 、 袁奇峰．浅谈昆明名城风貌的保护与再塑[J] ．云南建筑，1992（12）：38-40 ，ISSN1003-3718 CN53-107539、 徐思淑，袁奇峰，李敏等．昆明市儿童乐园设计构思[J] ．云南建筑，1992（12）：38-40，ISSN1003-3718 CN53-107540、 袁奇峰．青海塔尔寺地区保护规划设计[J] ．西北建筑工程学院学报，1991（2、3）：54-60，ISSN1001-7569
城市地域文化的继承与发展研究论文
摘要：
本文在总结国内外先进城市地域文化继承与发展基础上，从整体空间环境、空间布局、独特品质、城市文化等四个方面，分析了济南地域文化特色的构成要素，对济南近年来地域文化特色的继承与发展进行了评价，指出了存在问题，并提出了相应的对策建议。
关键词：
地域文化、继承、发展、济南
“世界名都大邑之所以能成功地支配了各国的历史，那只是因为这些城市始终能够代表它们的民族和文明，并把绝大部分流传给后代。”[1]著名规划建筑大师刘易斯？芒福德的这句话蕴含着丰富的哲理，带给城市规划工作者以深刻的启示。城市发展继承并延续地域文化特征是城市良性发展的前提。在规划建设中，做好地域文化的继承与发展非常重要。本文试以济南为例，对这一问题进行探讨。
1、地域文化的继承与发展
地域文化是指在一个辽阔广大的地域上，由于地理环境的差异和人群构成的不同所存在的区域性的文化，是在一定的地域范围内长期形成的历史遗存、文化形态、社会习俗、生产生活方式等。构成地域文化的因素有：自然环境，地理条件的特殊或得天独厚，特定区域的人群有明确的区域意识并与其它区域的人群形成竞争关系，典范人物潜移默化的影响。[2]
2、济南地域文化特征分析
山、水、城交融的整体空间环境
济南南依泰山，北临黄河，总揽齐鲁，地处鲁中低山丘陵与华北冲积平原的交接地带，地势南高北低，山湖遥遥相望，形成山水相依的城市地理形态和独特的城市空间特色。济南的城市空间特色是山、泉、湖、河、城有机结合、浑然一体，南部是恢廓苍翠的自然山体，中部名泉荟萃、湖光山色，北部是蜿蜒曲折的黄河以及鹊山、华山等众多平地凸起的小山头。
这种山、水、城交融的独特自然景观与济南几千年的文化内涵相互融合，形成了济南独特的城市风貌和空间特色。总体来讲，济南大气厚重，具有北方城市粗放的性格；济南独特的泉水文化，又赋予了这座城市另一面的景致，城市总是因为有了水而显得清灵俊秀，济南因了浸润在城市肌理中的泉群水系而比普通的北方城市多生出了一股轻盈，有了几分“烟雨江南”的柔美。
悠久的历史文化与景观资源
济南是国家级历史文化名城。目前，济南历史文化街区、特色街区共有8处。拥有国家级重点文物保护单位8处，包括四门塔、灵岩寺等；省级文物保护单位36处；省级历史优秀建筑58处；市级文物保护单位74处；区、县级文物保护单位295处；区、县级依法登记保护的`文物328处；普查登记在册文物约1000余处。
“古城商埠，双星闪耀”的空间布局
济南古城是在明府城基础上发展起来的，古城池四周由护城河围合，面积3。26平方公里。平面布局以其形状不甚规整、四门不对称为特色，加之有天然的泉水和依山建城的独特地理位置，在中国古代城市发展史上具有重要的地位。济南商埠开辟于上世纪初，商埠区的规划和建设是中国城建史上中西合壁的典范。1904年，德国修筑的胶济铁路全线通车，标志着振兴民族实业的“自开商埠”便应运而生。百年以来，商埠区的空间格局一直延续下来，揭示了济南近代城市规划的序幕。东西并列的古城和商埠，形成济南城市空间演变历史上“古城商埠，双星闪耀”的格局。
“泉水文化”的独特品质
泉水是济南独具特色的自然景观。独特的地质构造使得济南自古以来就以泉水丰沛而闻名于世，城市因此有了一个别称“泉城”。甘纯的泉水给城市注入了灵气与活力，赋予了济南独具特色的城市魅力。广义讲，泉城文化景观资源应包括“泉水”、“泉城”、“泉村”、“泉文化”等四泉文化景观资源。泉水是四泉文化的核心。济南独特的地质结构，造就了众多泉水的形成。济南泉水的独特性还体现在数量众多、形态优美、水质优良、文人诗韵等诸多方面。
“包容厚重”的城市文化
长期以来，作为中国东部地区区域性中心城市的济南，具有各种文化的兼容性。济南处在西陆东海之间，古文化与今文化之间，城市不大也不小，处于“中庸之道”的状态，这是它典型的文化特征。这样的文化特征就形成了济南厚重朴实，温婉宽容的城市气质。[5]
3、济南地域文化继承与发展工作进展
济南地域文化继承与发展工作情况概述
近年来，济南市开展了以下工作。一是坚持高起点高水平规划。近年来，《泉城特色风貌带规划》、《泉城特色标志区规划》、《济南商埠区历史文化城区保护策略研究》等20多项规划研究相继编制完成，大明湖东扩等精品工程相继实施，济南古城区及商埠区保护初见成效。二是完善管理体制机制。成立了历史文化名城保护委员会，定期开展历史文化名城名镇名村和历史建筑保护专项检查，体制机制基本完善。三是注重提取并形成文化特征符号。例如策划了“天下泉城”、 “守望泉城”等专题片，进一步强化了地域文化特征符号。在规划设计、建筑设计方面，着力塑造地域文化特征，例如，在第十一届全运会主会场“东荷西柳“的设计中，就以市花荷花、市树柳树为母题，进一步强化了地域文化特色。四是开展群众性文化活动。通过开展群众喜闻乐见的活动，使地域文化特色深入人心。例如，如自2013年起每年8月举办“泉水文化节”活动，至今已成功举办两届，活动期间，举办了丰富多彩的活动，吸引众多市民参与，进一步强化了济南泉水之城的地域文化特色。
济南地域文化特色继承与发展工作的不足
与国内先进城市相比，与济南独特的文化特色资源相比，还有很大的差距。主要表现在：一是历史文化资源有待梳理，在新城区、郊区或者大都市区历史文化资源的保护与利用方面做得还不够，例如对国家级文物保护单位城子崖遗址等的宣传推介不够。二是保护与发展实施机制有待创新，保护与发展的关系有待进一步统筹协调。三是市政、交通、财政等专项有待优化。在古城区、商埠区，普遍存在交通拥堵、市政基础设施不完善等问题。在历史文化名城名镇名村保护等方面，存在资金不足的问题。四是区域文化发展战略不够明确，对大区域文化发展战略重视不够，区域文化的认同感有待进一步强化。 3。3济南地域文化特色保护与发展的对策措施
基于对济南地域文化特色继承与发展的进展及不足的分析，我们可以得出济南地域文化特色继承与发展需要采取以下措施。一是开展历史文化资源的梳理，对历史古迹、文物进行全面排查，做好深入挖掘历史遗存、搜集相关资料，从龙山文化、舜文化、孝文化等方面进行深入挖掘和提炼，对龙山黑陶、舜耕山、郭氏孝堂山、灵岩寺、齐长城、鹊华秋色图等文化遗产等方面进行深入剖析，努力塑造含蓄内敛、格调清新的新型文明城市。[6]二是创新地域文化特色继承与发展实施机制。亟需在市财政、市级相关职能部门和投融资平台大量投入的基础上，争取上级部门的资金支持，同时创建社会融资渠道，引导市场化运作，采用多元化的方式，共同推动保护改造工作的实施。三是调整优化区域文化发展战略。延续地域文化传统，深入挖掘文化优势，营造宜居环境氛围，积极推动文化创新，增强区域文化认同感。四是积极倡导公众参与。人民是城市的主人，地域文化特色的继承与发展应充分考虑群众的发展愿望和利益诉求，改善居民的生活环境。其规划、建设工作应在适宜的阶段组织公众进行参与，科学合理决策，选择部分有责任心的企业或个人参与规划实施。
4、结语
伊利尔？沙里宁指出：“城市是一本打开的书，从中可以看到它的抱负。”地域文化特色是城市发展之魂，是城市个性的集中体现。从济南的案例可以看出，城市地域文化特色的继承与发展工作涉及面广，工作量大，需要各个部门和社会各界在前期研究、体制机制、法规建设、规划实施等方面做出艰苦的努力。地域文化特色资源绝对是块宝，而且越来越受到城市管理者和研究者的重视。在城市地域文化特色的继承与发展方面，应坚持因地制宜、因时制宜，在知己知彼、摸清家底的基础上，重视地域文化符号的提取，采取科学的区域文化发展战略，形成鲜明的城市个性品牌，切实提升城市的文化品位和竞争力。
这个题目太大了。中国城市化过程主要涉及人口与土地两方面。人口就可以包括经济政治社会文化等等的转型，土地的研究范围更广，包括土地的使用权、所有权，土地用途的变迁，土地监督等等，在城市边界的土地纠纷争议特别突出。在城市化过程中问题层出不穷。虽然“城市化”经常挂在嘴边，但由于字数才8000，建议你还是将题目范围缩小一点，针对某一个城市化过程中出现的问题去探讨，简洁而有针对性。
城市化是由农业为主的传统乡村社会向以工业和服务业为主的现代城市社会逐渐转变的历史过程，城市化水平随工业化发展而不断提高。下面是我给大家推荐的城镇化建设有关的毛概论文2000字，希望大家喜欢!
《推进农村城镇化建设》
摘要：城市化是由农业为主的传统乡村社会向以工业和服务业为主的现代城市社会逐渐转变的历史过程，城市化水平随工业化发展而不断提高。2005年，英国的城市化率已经达到90%以上，目前我国城市化率已超过50%。城市化促进经济的规模化和专业化，但也产生了人口密集、交通拥堵、住房紧张、环境污染等问题。推进农村城镇化进程，已经成为保持我国国民经济持续快速发展的重要手段。
关键词：城市群;农村城镇化;三农
一、农村城镇化的积极意义
纵观发达国家的城市化进程中和我国城市化高速发展来看，今后20-30年城市化为主的后期过程中，将会伴随着郊区城镇化。咨询公司麦肯锡开展的一项研究称，2011年全球有五分之一的人口生活在仅仅600座城市，城市创造着世界60%的产值。随着私家车的增多，人们可以工作范围大幅增加。同时交通条件的改善，各企业也可以在郊区选址建设工业园区。也可以因地制宜，根据各城镇为中心组建农产品生产加工基地;充分利用城镇现有的技术和手段，实现生产一条龙经营，真正使农业产业规模化经营依托城镇化建设得以实现和发展。
中国正在形成23个城市群，但是珠三角、长三角以及环渤海圈等城市群容纳能力有限，水资源和交通拥挤形势非常严峻。而我国2856个县级行政单位的建设搞好，对于解决上亿农民的流动安置意义重大，发展了当地经济也解决了劳动力就业，极大地降低了交通、住房等城市生活成本，对于国家的稳定和经济可持续发展打下良好的基础。
以农村城镇化较为成功的浙江省为例，2011年，浙江农民人均住房已经达到平米，城镇居民人均住房面积达到平米。江浙公路一代农村家家户户几层的小楼房，不比城市别墅差。便捷的交通和舒适的居住环境。2011年浙江农民人均收入13071元，是全国城乡居民收入差距最小的省份之一。让人们看到了城镇化实现的好处，并有很多的借鉴意义。
二、我国城市化进程及出现的负面影响
我国城市化进程可以分为三个阶段：
第一阶段为限制城市化进程阶段(1949-1978年)。从建国初期的离开农村的高潮，到1962年一1965年“禁止农业劳动力向城市和非农产业转移”的极端方式，以及“”期间千万知青上山下乡。
第二阶段为城市化较快发展阶段(1979-2000年)。中国城市化进程虽然起步较晚，但是发展迅速，城市化率由1979年的提高到2000年的，1997年受亚洲金融危机的影响，大量下岗职工减缓了城市化发展速度。
第三阶段为高速发展阶段(2000年以后)。随着加入WTO和经济发展环境的好转，以及国家和地方各种配套政策的出台，大大促进了农村劳动力向非农产业和城镇的转移。2002年至2011年，我国城镇化率以平均每年个百分点的速度发展，城镇人口平均每年增长2096万人。2011年，城镇人口比重达到
城市化进程是我国经济化的必然过程。但随着工业化的推动，在客观上又给我国造成了较为严重的生态环境及社会影响：
(一)城市贫民数量剧增
根据2011年中国社科院发布的《中国城市发展报告》，我国城市贫困人口有5000万人。产生的原因主要有农民的迁移从一定程度上导致了贫困人口的迁移。许多农村的殷实之家，也很难在城市相对高的物价中很好地生活。越来越多的大学毕业生留在大城市就业，而就业形势变化、高房价、大学生就业观念滞后等原因，城市化中逐渐出现一个特殊的群体--“蚁族”，城市化率到达75%以上就算是城市化进程基本完成，新来的居民努力改善生活，但很多人却面临困境，大量人口没有像样的住房甚至基本的卫生设备。
(二)城市环境变坏
空气污染、水污染、噪音污染、固体废弃物污染，很多城市的废物排放已超出自然的承受能力。2012年我国三分之二以上城市缺水，其中沿海城市90%以上缺水，成为制约城市进一步发展的主要瓶颈。城市规模的迅速扩张带来了城市交通量的高速增长，城市交通日趋拥堵。2011年城市上班路上花费时间，北京以52分钟居首，广州、上海则以48、47分钟紧随其后，无形中造成大量的经济损失。
(三)部分城市化过热现象
城市建设的规模过大、速度过快，建设的投资超出了各方面的承受能力。多年来，中国各地建设大量房地产项目，吸引了众多购买者。随着房价持续上涨，更多投资者变成投机者，在北京，一幢幢商业楼盘空置着。在鄂尔多斯老城区23平方公里上拥挤着30万人，康巴什新区就是为百姓投资建设的，新区总面积352平方公里，市区32平方公里，人口万人，“空城”成为中国房地产泡沫的展品。
三、农村城镇化的政策建议
1978年以来，我国城市化政策主要包含两个方面，一是支持农民进入城市就业，鼓励农民迁入城市;二是确立了以积极发展小城镇为主的城市化方针。我国城乡发展的不平衡是促使农村人口向城市迁移的根本原因。城市生活比农村生活条件优越很多，比如文化娱乐、教育、金融、交通、医疗等软硬件环境远远好于农村。根本解决途径还是要发展农村经济。
(一)国家仍需加大对农村地区财政的投入，加强农村基础设施建设。鼓励和引导社会资金投向农村建设。加快推进农村公路、饮水水安全、电网、能源等基础设施建设，抓好农田水利基本建设，解决村内给排水、垃圾处理等问题，提高乡镇卫生院公共卫生服务的能力。
(二)要确定政府在城市化中的职能和地位，把城市化从政府行为为主转变为市场经济行为为主导。我国地域辽阔，东西、南北地区在环境和经济水平差别很大，城市化的进程也是各有特别之处，不可能齐头并进。城市化进程必须充分照顾和考虑到各地实际情况和经济发展水平，避免政府行为地扩大或限制城市化的过程。
(三)更好的落实国家的三农政策和支持力度。针对农村人才流失，提高现有农村劳动者素质，全面开展农民职业技能培训工作。要结合农业结构调整、发展特色农业和生产实际的需要，开展针对性强、通俗易懂的农业科技培训;根据农民需求开展农业科技培训。
(四)加快推进户籍、社保等相关制度的改革力度。持续十几年，农村物价涨幅一直高于城市，使得目前农村物价已经接近于城市物价。农村低保仅为城镇居民最低生活待遇的1/3，甚至更低。急需相关政策制度改革，让农村居民与城市居民在国家的福利政策上，可以得到同等的对待，并最终实现医疗、养老、失业等保险能跟随人口的迁移。
(五)大力发展城镇第三产业。工业和城市都必须依赖第三产业的流通和服务两大部门来生存和发展。第三产业发展越完善，将直接推动城市环境建设和可持续发展潜力。大力发展第三产业有利于增强农业生产的可持续发展，促进工农业生产的社会化和专业化水平的提高，有利于优化生产结构，缓解就业压力。
小结
农村城镇化建设是一项利国利民的政策，一定要多管齐下，做好社会主义农村城镇化建设工作。从长远发展的角度看，农村地域辽阔，没有高房价，自然条件好，交通通畅，因而更适宜人居住。而医疗不方便、文化生活相对匮乏等问题，相信随着农村基础设施的不断完善和城镇化进程的加快会得到解决，统筹经济与环境、资源的协调发展，走可持续的城镇化道路，将会赢得越来越多人的安居乐业，并成为我国经济持续增长的重要保障。
(作者简介：邹晓光(1981—)，男，山东荣成人，山东大学(威海)科研处职员。)
中国城市化问题的要素集成研究摘 要：从要素互动、协调发展的角度来研究中国城市化问题，采用集成和系统研究的方法，将城市化环境划分为内部系统和外部系统，并构建了系统的组成要素。由于内外影响力有机结合且相互平衡才能促使城市化车轮正常运转，所以分析中国城市化的历史问题是由于内外影响力不协调、要素增长错位所致。同时，也应看到世纪的新动态对中国城市化的潜在影响。关键词：城市化；要素；环境系统；城市化车轮城市化的实质是资源和生产力在城乡之间再配置的过程。城市化是一个动态发展的过程，不同阶段城市化的违度、规模、结构不同，是影响城乡资源和生产力配置的各因素综合作用的结果。一、城市化的环境系统城市化作为世界上普遍存在的一种现象，其要素配置过程是周围复杂环境综合作用的结果。这里所指的环境是广义的环境概念，城市化的环境系统是指对城市化过程有影响的所有内部因素和外部因素的总和，它们构成城市化的边界条件。(一)城市化环境系统的结构分解对城市化有影响的所有因素构成了城市化的环境系统，这是—个复杂、动态的发展系统。进行系统结构分析可以防止对有关内容的遗漏，明晰城市化的一个过程和阶段都是受内外部环境综合影响的结果。通过环境系统的因素分析，还可找出因素之间的作用关系，揭示其对城市化的影响。将城市化的环境系统分成外部环境子系统和内部环境子系统。外部环境子系统是指城市化中非流动要素自身衍生的因素之和，一级分为经济环境、制度环境、技术环境，一级以下又分为二级，详见表1。内部环境子系统，多数是与城市化过程中流动要素自身密切相关的因素。一级分为：社会、人口、意识等，详见表10由于城市化是一个复杂的社会、经济和空间的互动过程，某些内外因素之间在某些阶段可能是无法区分的，某些阶段可能有特殊的因素，表1所描述的为一般情形。表1 城市化环境系统结构(二)构造城市化车轮外界环境的综合作用对城市化产生影响，可称之为外生力量。内部环境的各因素综合结果也对城市化产生一个影响力——内生力量。内生力量与外生力量之间并不是简单、线形的关系，而是各因素相互联系、相互作用、互动的综合过程。某个阶段某个因素的作用可能比较明显，而它又通过与其他因素的相关反应综合作用于整个城市化的过程。城市化的内部系统和外部系统之间非互相孤立，而是相互联系和有机互动的关系，使得外生力量的作用只有通过内部系统的回应和吸收才能对城市化本身产生影响。同时内外力量之间只有保持平衡、协调一致，才能推动城市化的平稳、快速发展。
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下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。
Abstract
Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.
According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.
Abstract
A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。
Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.
Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.
Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.
Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < )，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.
Abstract
The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?
This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.
The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.
Abstract
Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.
This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.
To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.
There are three hypotheses:
1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?
Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.
Abstract
In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.
Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.
Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.
Abstract
Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.
With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.
The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.
Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.
英文摘要格式
①首行居中打印论文英文标题(TimesNewRoman四号加粗)。
②下空一行居中打印英文单词“Abstract”(TimesNewRoman小四号加粗)。
③下空一行打印摘要内容(TimesNewRoman小四，倍行距，两端对齐)。
④摘要内容后下空一行打印“KeyWords”(TimesNewRoman小四号加粗)，其后接着打印关键词(3-7个关键词，TimesNewRoman小四号)。除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写。各关键词之间用分号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。
⑤摘要正文各自然段首行空5个字符。
中文摘要：
①首行居中打印论文中文标题(宋体四号加粗)。
②下空一行居中打印“摘要”二字(宋体小四号加粗)，字间空一字符。
③“摘要”二字下空一行打印摘要内容(宋体小四号)。
④摘要内容后下空一行打印“关键词”三字(宋体小四号加粗)，其后接着打印关键词(3-7个，宋体小四号)，各关键词之间用逗号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。
把握好内容的一致性
关于学术期刊论文中英文摘要的一致性，两"规范"都明确规定：英文题名应与中文题名含义一致，英文摘要的内容应与中文摘要相对应，中、英文关键词应一一对应。
可见，中英文摘要的一致性主要是指含义、内容、数量和顺序的一致性。英文摘要应忠实、准确地反映中文摘要的内容，不能随意更改或删去中文摘要的重点内容或重要信息，不能随意增补中文摘要中未提及的内容。
但这并不意味着英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译，如果受汉语思维的影响生硬地按照中文字面意思直译或进行句对句、词对词的一一对译，一个词也不改动，这不仅会导致在表达上出现中式英语的现象，而且会使英文摘要用词重复累赘、句子繁杂冗长、语义不流畅。
原则上讲，中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要，摘要的内容主要是 ① 点明主题，解析文章的目的或意图； ② 介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌； ③ 提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。但是，英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯，最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长，同样内容的一段文字，若用英文来描述，其占用的篇幅可能比中文多一倍。因此，撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了，力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性。对这个问题的认识存在两个误区，一是认为两个摘要的内容“差不多就行”，因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容，或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容，这样很容易造成文摘重心转移，甚至偏离主题。二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译，对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏，这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复，显得拖沓、冗长。英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容，不能随意增删，但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动，具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则，符合英文专业术语规范，并照顾到英文的表达习惯。选择适当的时态和语态，是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提。通常情况下，摘要中谓语动词的时态和语态都不是通篇一律的，而应根据具体内容而有所变化，否则容易造成理解上的混乱。但这种变化又并非无章可循，其中存在着如下一些规律： 1) 英文摘要的时态。 英文摘要时态的运用以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一般过去时，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。A. 一般现在时。用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。例如： This study (investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to… ， The result shows (reveals) that… ， It is found that… ， The conclusions are… ， The author suggests that… ．涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，也要用一般现在时。B. 一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时刻（时段）的发现、某一研究过程（实验、观察、调查等过程）。例如： The techniques of questionnaire and interview were applied to study women customers' demand for cosmetics in January and August, 2005. 需要指出的是，用一般过去时描述的发现、现象，往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的，而只是当时如何如何；所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。C. 现在完成时和过去完成时。完成时少用，但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来，而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。例如： Concrete has been studied for many years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy. 2) 英文摘要的语态。 采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。在多数情况下采用被动语态。采用被动语态的情况主要有：说明事实经过时，某件事是谁做的，无须一一证明；为强调动作承受者；有些情况必须用强调的事物做主语，例如： In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained. 在某些情况下，特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时，又常使用主动语态，其优点是鲜明有力。而且有时摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。例如： The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically 语感要强。 3) 英文摘要的人称。 摘要的首句多用第三人称 This paper… 等开头，或采用更简洁的被动语态，一般不用第一人称。 4）遣词造句。 掌握一定的遣词造句技巧，简单、准确地表达作者的观点，减少读者的误解。A. 用词力求简单，在表达同样意思时，尽量用短词代替长词，以常用词代替生僻词。但是当描述方法、步骤时，应该用狭义词代替广义词。例如，英文中有不少动词 do, run, get, take 等，虽简单常用，但其意义少则十几个，多则几十个，用这类词来描述研究过程，读者难免产生误解，甚至会不知所云，这就要求根据具体情况，选择意义相对明确的词诸如 perform, achieve 等，以便于读者理解。B. 造句。尽量使用短句，长句容易造成语义不清；但要避免单调和重复。一是熟悉英文摘要的常用句型：尽管英文的句型种类繁多，丰富多彩，但摘要的常用句型却很有限，而且形成了一定的规律，大体可归纳为（ 1 ）表示研究目的，常用在摘要之首 In order to……This paper describes……The purpose of this study is…… （ 2 ）表示研究的对象与方法 The curative effect/function] of certain drug was observed/studied… （ 3 ）表示研究的结果： The result showed/It proved/The authors found that… （ 4 ）表示结论、观点或建议： The authors suggest/conclude/consider that… 。 二是尽量采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语，少用关系代词 which , who 等引导的定语从句。由于摘要的时态多采用一般过去时，使用关系代词引导的定语从句不但会使句式变得复杂，而且容易造成时态混乱（因为定语和它所修饰的主语、宾语之间有时存在一定的 “时间差”，而过去完成时、过去将来时等往往难以准确判定。采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语，在简化语句的同时，还可以减少时态判定的失误。 5) 注意事项。 在英文摘要的写作过程中应避免一些常见的错误。 A. 冠词。主要是定冠词 the 易被漏用。 the 用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握，用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则，即当我们用 the 时，听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如： The author designed a new machine. The machine is operated with solar energy. 由于现在缩略语越来越多，要注意区分 a 和 an ，如 an X ray. B. 数词。避免用阿拉伯数字作首词，如： Three hundred samples are collected… 中的 Three hundred 不要写成 300. C. 单复数。一些名词单复数形式不易辨认，从而造成谓语形式出错。总之，多看英文文献，积累经验，摸索规律，提高英文写作水平，才能写好英文摘要。 英文摘要常见句型1) This paper deals with... 2) This article focuses on the topics of...3) This essay presents knowledge that... 4) This thesis discusses...5) This thesis analyzes... 6) This paper provides an overview of...7) This paper elaborates on ... 8) This article gives an overview of...9) This paper provides a method of ... 10) This paper considers...11) The writer of this paper discusses... 12) This paper strongly emphasizes...13) This article explores... 14) This paper tries to describe...15) This article covers the role of chemicals in...16) This paper presents up to date information on...17) This article not only describes...but also suggests...18) This paper includes discussions concerning...19) This article compares...and summarizes key ) This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...21) This paper offers the latest information regarding...22) This paper is devoted to examining the role of...23) This paper addresses important topics including... 24) This paper expresses views on...25) This paper reports the latest information on ... 26) This paper provides an analysis of ...27) This paper gives an account of ... 28) The aim of this paper is to determine...29) The objective of this paper is to explore...30) The purpose of this article is to review/ prove/ show/ present/ develop/ generalize/ investigate 4. 关键词关键词是反映文章最主要内容的术语，对文献检索有重要作用。关键词一般用名词，而且从标题或摘要中选取，每篇文章可选 3 ～ 8 个关键词，文章题名中的人名、地名也可作为关键词标出。应标注中英文关键词。中、英文关键词应一一对应。中文关键词前应冠以“关键词：”，英文关键词前冠以“ Key words ：”作为标识。多个关键词之间应以分号分隔，以便于计算机自动切分。将关键词扩展成词组 / 短语，毋用单一词汇，而是在单一词汇基础上进行扩展，如：营销→网络营销→网络营销管理。切记避免关键字堆砌。
一、标题
一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。
如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。
二、提纲
英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。
主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。
需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
三、摘要
1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。
2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距： 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，倍行间距。
4、英文题目： 使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要： “Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。
6、英文关键词： “Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。
四、正文
有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。
正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。
在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。
五、文中引述
正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 （即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。
引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。
六、文献目录
论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点：
目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。
目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。
标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为,不必留出更多空白。
各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。
英语论文摘要又称文摘，是论文的重要组成部分，它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不需阅读全文，就可获得重要的信息。
摘要通常置于文题之后，文章之首。在论文发表后，论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词，并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。
论文为进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。不同的人发表论文的作用也不同：
1、评职称（晋升职称）：研究生 毕业需要；教师 、医护人员 、科研院所的人员、企业员工 等 晋升高一级的职称时，发表期刊论文是作为一项必须的参考指标。
2、申报基金、课题 ：教育、科技、卫生系统 每年申报的国家自然科学基金项目、其它各种基金项目、各种研究课题时，发表论文 是作为 基金或课题 完成的一种研究成果的结论性展示。
3、世界性基础领域的研究，比如在医学、数学、物理、化学、生命科学 等领域开展的基础性研究，公开发表论文 是对最新科技 科学研究成果、研究方法的一种展示和报道。以推动整个社会的科技进步等。
参考资料来源：百度百科-英语论文
下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。
Abstract
Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.
According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.
Abstract
A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。
Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.
Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.
Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.
Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < )，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.
Abstract
The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?
This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.
The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.
Abstract
Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.
This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.
To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.
There are three hypotheses:
1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?
Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.
Abstract
In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.
Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.
Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.
Abstract
Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.
With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.
The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.
Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.
英文摘要格式如下：
1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。
2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距：统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，倍行间距。
4、英文题目：使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要：“Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。
6、英文关键词：“Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。每个关键词使用四号字。
论文摘要应包含以下内容：
（1）从事这一研究的目的和重要性。
（2）研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作。
（3）获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解。
（4）结论或结果的意义。
以上内容参考：百度百科-摘要
以上内容参考：百度百科-论文摘要
英文论文摘要模板
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ABSTRACT
As an important part of Chinese academic journals, sci-tech periodicalshave great significance to the spread of knowledge of science and to thedevelopment of technology. The level of internationalization of a sci-tec journalrepresents its recognition degree in the field of international publishing,besides, it is also a key criteria of the success for launching the journals. Thereare the largest number of sci-tech periodicals launched in Beijing, which leadsto a central role that taken by this area. Therefore, result from the researchwhich focus in Beijing can, to a certain extent, reflect the international level ofChinese sci-tech periodicals.
This paper is divided into six chapters: Chapter one is a brief review of theacademic theories and description about the practice status and the currentsystem of Chinese sci-tech periodicals. Also, it summarizes the stages andcharacteristics of the development of sci-tech periodicals in Beijing. In chaptertwo, it provides the historical foundation, system condition and thedevelopment of digital technology for the following analysis. Chapter three, tofive respectively elaborates the current situation of the development of sci-techperiodicals in Beijing area by 3 aspects: content innovation, business strategyand media. In chapter six, it concluded the problems that China's sci-techperiodicals are facing during the globalization and then provides possiblecountermeasures based on the analysis in previous chapters.
Key Words: Beijing; sci-tech periodicals; internationalization; impact factor
Abstract
Within the framework of feminism and archetypal criticism, this thesis, by taking ThePassion of New Eve as its discourse, analyzes and discusses Angela Carter's application ofdemythologizing as a feminist strategy. By rewriting and subverting those female archetypes,Carter aims to break the fetters and shackles of patriarchy, exploring the way to women'sliberation as well as the reconciliation between two genders.
Believing that human society has been established on patriarchy, feminists endeavor tochange women's subordinate status and achieve gender equality. Archetypal criticism, as oneof the most influential branches in literary criticism,regards myth as the origin of literature.
Myths,especially the Bible,cover all the forms and motifs known as archetypes in literature.
As a devoted pioneer and advocator of feminism, Carter realizes that those female archetypesare usually stereotyped and dogmatic, which is actually invented by patriarchy for theoppression and exploitation of women.
Based on intensive reading and exhaustive textual analysis, this thesis illustrates Carter'sdemythologizing of three female archetypes in The Passion of New Eve, which are“Temptress,,,”Mother Goddesses“ and ”Eve“ respectively. Firstly, the sufferings that Leilahencounter in the novel reveal that ”Temptresses“ are in fact victims of patriarchy instead oforigins of disloyalty and disasters. While seen by men as objects of their sexual desires, theyalso risk self-objectification, which results in the deprivation of subjectivity as independenthuman beings. Secondly, ”Mother“ in Beulah is just an artificial myth,汪 consolatory toolfabricated by patriarchy, behind the glorification of which are patriarchal values and codes.
Thirdly, the transformative journey Eve experienced from a chauvinist to a real womandemonstrates that femininity, rather than an inherent quality, is the result of social influenceand persistent imitations.
Through the demythologizing of those female archetypes, Carter overthrows thepatriarchal hegemony as well as Utopian matriarchal dreams,offering androgyny as a potentialsolution to the current sexual conflicts. In her opinion, the real reconciliation between twogenders should be based on mutual respect and understanding, which is confirmed by theunion between the new Eve and Tristessa in The Passion of New Eve.
Keywords: female archetype; demythologizing; Angela Carter; The Passion of New Eve
Abstract
In recent years, with the development of the financial sector, more and morepeople pay attention to the financial information search. However, the traditionalkeyword search method could hardly meet the needs of financial users. Therefore,semantic search products have gained more popularity. However, the semanticparsing process is complex and diverse. During the process of the analysis oflarge-scale real text, the sentence analysis which based on word granularity is verydifficult, but after chunk analysis, the accuracy can be significantly improved andthe complexity can be clearly reduced. At present, the user input method is almostthe Pinyin input method, thus it could probably happen that the input phonetic lettersare correct, while the Chinese character is wrong. In order to achieve the purpose ofimproving the user experience, the Pinyin text proofreading appears.
The content of this paper is a pretreatment subsystem of the finance Q & Asystem, and it contains two functions, Pinyin text proofreading and chunk partition.
Text proofreading is based on Pinyin, in the first place, putting the query sequenceinto phonetic sequence. Then it uses the multiple grammars, three grammars and twogrammars to fill the Chinese characters sequence. And if there is no ambiguity whenfilling, then it uses the text proofreading, otherwise, ignores the text proofreading.
For the chunk partition, this paper uses three different methods: the method ofthe shortest path chunk partition, the method of CRF chunk partition and the methodof neural network chunk partition. The subsystem designed and implemented thethree methods. The shortest path chunk partition is similar to the dictionary wordsegmentation method. CRF chunk partition divided the problem into the annotationproblem, through getting the optimal sequence labels, to reach the purpose of chunkpartition. Chunk neural network chunk partition is based on word segmentation,changing the query sequence into a sequence of nodes. If the sequence of possibilityimproved after adding chunk tag on each node sequence, the tag position is a chunkposition.
In practical test, the shortest path chunk partition based on the dictionary,cannot process the query which is not in the dictionary of chunk. CRF chunkpartition can solve the unknown chunk query, but the mark information is too simplewhen the training corpus increased,and the error percentage of results increasedsignificantly. When using neural networks in chunk partition, the predicted timeincreases significantly, however, the query generalization is a good idea. Throughthe above research, a reasonable way to chunk partition is the CRF method, whichproperly uses the query generalization.
Finally after testing, the pretreatment subsystem has not only met the needs ofthe finance Q & A system, largely improving the financial Q & A system userexperience, but also reduces the analytical complexity, significantly improved thecorrectness and performance.
Keywords: Pretreatment system question analysis, chunk, text proofreading, CRF,neural network