安意如有一本书,名字忘掉了,读起来不错,
长篇:半生缘,多少恨,倾城之恋,十八春,怨女。怨女是我的最爱散文:爱,打人,道路以目,到底是上海人,更衣记,公寓生活记趣,借银灯,双声,私语,雨伞下,造人,,等等,,这些本人喜欢,,,中篇:不辛的她,霸王别姬,等,创世纪,封锁,留情,,,相见欢,,,等等。。。很多的呢,,这些我本人喜欢
《倾城之恋》国内外研究现状: 一、2003年,杨泽编写出版了《阅读张爱玲》一书,引起了文坛的广泛重视。本书集结了台湾。大陆及海外学者(康来新,池上贞子,周芬伶,罗久蓉,王德威,张小虹,平路,胡锦媛,梅家玲,蔡源煌...等)对张爱玲的讨论。而这篇论文所引用的历史材料及理论构架,尤其可以见得张爱玲的启发之深,影响之远。本书是“张学”研究最重要的里程碑。 二、作家钱亚玲在一书关于《倾城之恋》的另一种解读中,叙述道无论是思想内涵抑或艺术表现形式,作于1943年10月的《金锁记》被公认为是张爱玲中篇小说之精髓。1944年出版的《传奇》小说集中,作者选《金锁记》作为开篇,足见张爱玲本人对这部中篇小说的偏爱。为此人门较易忽略于集中位居第二的《倾城之恋》。对于《倾城之恋》的评论,不论是力度还是文字的长度都远不及《金锁记》。对于《倾城之恋》这部经典文学之作,期探究价值更为明显。 《倾城之恋》具有外向的唯美主义色彩,结局是范柳原于白流苏共同走进婚姻殿堂,表面上看似圆满的结局背后却隐匿着沧桑,透露着卡破红尘的彻骨悲凉。白流苏的“圆梦”让读者觉得是一传奇故事。正如作家张爱玲的人生一样。 综上所述,当前,关于《倾城之恋》中白流苏形象分析研究比较零散、狭隘。
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张爱玲的小说在国外也受到了广泛的关注,学者们对其进行了深入的研究。英国学者马克·萨维奇(Mark Selden)曾对张爱玲的小说进行过深入的研究,他发表了《张爱玲:中国文学的变革者》(Zhang Ailing: A Revolutionary in Chinese Literature)一书,从文学史的角度,深入剖析了张爱玲的小说创作及其对中国文学的影响。美国学者罗伯特·费尔曼(Robert Farquhar)也对张爱玲的小说进行了研究,他发表了《张爱玲的小说:探索和解读》(The Novels of Zhang Ailing: Exploration and Interpretation)一书,从文学理论的角度,探讨了张爱玲小说的主题、结构和写作技巧等。此外,还有许多国外学者对张爱玲小说进行了研究,如美国学者艾伦·沃尔夫(Alan Wald)、英国学者罗伯特·斯坦利(Robert Stanley)、美国学者艾伦·罗斯(Alan Ross)等,他们从不同的角度探讨了张爱玲小说的内涵和影响。
安意如有一本书,名字忘掉了,读起来不错,
链接: 密码: 6hrg
《重读张爱玲》 上海书店出版社由陈子善教授所编,夏志清、李欧梵、刘绍铭、陈建华等多位名家著述的《重读张爱玲》,这是迄今为止海内外第4部张爱玲研讨会论文集。本书收录有张爱玲研究者最新的研究成果25篇,研究领域侧重张爱玲晚年的创作与研究,包括她晚年创作的小说《同学少年都不贱》,晚年从事的《海上花列传》英译,对长篇小说《十八春》的修订,在电影剧本创作上的风格与得失等等,力图展示近年“张学”研究的新成果和新趋势。 《平视张爱玲》全面总结张爱玲的文学成就和创作特色,梳理其美学和文学理念,还张爱玲一个更真实更具亲和力的形象。书中还收录了作者对张氏作品和人物形象的探讨文章,文采斐然,可堪一读。《张爱玲私语录》张爱玲文学遗产执行人宋以朗将其父母宋淇、宋邝文美与传奇作家张爱玲四十年间的三百多封通信内容加以整理,编成《张爱玲私语录》一书,即日由北京十月文艺出版社出版。本书记载了张爱玲与宋淇夫妇真挚坚固、相知相扶的情谊,也为张学贡献了新的研究资料。一般读者只知道张爱玲和炎樱等关系亲密,却多半忽略了宋淇夫妇才是她下半生最信任的好友,《张爱玲私语录》即是体现他们半世纪交往的友情之书。本书内容丰富,包括大量图片、张爱玲遗嘱手稿等珍贵资料,不仅呈现了张爱玲在海外的生活境况,也对其晚期创作心路历程有具体的描述,是目前了解张爱玲海外生活最重要的作品,也是解开诸多张学研究谜团的重要线索。透过这些内容,我们将看到一个更立体、更生活化、更真实的张爱玲。 如果想了解张爱玲的爱情生活 《今生今世》和《小团圆》可以对照看英文文献 用知网搜就可以了 不过得是会员或者用高校图书馆连接希望对你有帮助!
我们描写月亮时说“朦胧”“皎洁”。张爱玲说:“阳台上看见毛毛的黄月亮。”我们珍惜生命,尊重生命,歌颂生命。张爱玲说:“生命是一袭华美的袍,爬满了蚤子。”我们都很谦虚,惟恐别人说自己狂妄自大。张爱玲说:“我从小就被目为天才。除了发展我的天才外别无生存的目标。”我们描写夏天炎热说“像下了火”,描写苦夏的感受说“日子真难熬”。张爱玲说:“夏天的日子一连串烧下去,雪亮,绝细的一根线,烧得要断了,又给细细的蝉声连了起来。”我们渴望出名,渴望出人头地,但谁也不好意思明说。张爱玲说:“出名要趁早啊,来得太晚的话,快乐也不那么痛快。”我们把对生活的希望寄托在不可知的未来,说“明天会更好。”张爱玲说:“将来的平安,来的时候已经不是我们的了。我们只能各人就近求得自己的平安。”
她的母亲虽出身名门,却是深受五四新文化运动的熏陶与影响的新式女子,但她仍没能逃脱包办婚姻的命运。她的父亲则是一个封建遗少的形象,时代的变迁,家庭的没落,并未将他拉进现代社会的洪流,相反的,却让他自甘堕落:纳妾、抽鸦片,永远只活在腐朽的封建遗少的世界里。“张爱玲从母亲身上看到的,更多的是处于新旧时代夹缝的中国女性的无助与悲哀。”正是因为她看透了生活在封建社会,男权文化重压下的女性的悲剧命运,才铸就了她笔下一个个鲜活的女性形象。张爱玲笔下的女性是可怜的、自私的、可悲的,她以冷峻、肃杀的笔调为我们展示了一个又一个女性的悲剧。对于她笔下的女性,她不仅仅是给予了悲悯和同情,更多的也有揭露和批判。《倾城之恋》、《金锁记》是张爱玲的代表性作品,这两部作品看似无任何关联,不同的人演绎着不同的故事。但深层次剖析,我们发现,在这不同的故事里,相同的是都为我们展现了女性的悲剧。《倾城之恋》中的女主人公白流苏是一个出身旧式家庭的小姐,她受过西式教育,在受到丈夫的虐待后,甚至同败家子丈夫离了婚,也可以称得上是新式女子。但她离婚回到娘家后,并未感到丝毫家庭的温暖和安慰,兄嫂搜刮完她的财产,便迫不及待想赶她回婆家。讥讽、谩骂的话语刺激着流苏,娘家再无她的立足之地。“这屋子可住不得了!……住不得了!”(《倾城之恋》)但像她这样的女人想要独立生存,谈何容易。于是徐太太的一句:“找事,都是假的,还是找个人是真的。”(《倾城之恋》)使得流苏又回到了原来的老路上即找个男人嫁了,这是她唯一的生存之路。机缘巧合下,她结识了范柳原,这个男人是她的新希望,是她逃脱家庭的唯一出路,说到底她最看重的还是他的财富和地位,所以她便不顾一切地想要抓住这个男人,使自己得到经济上的安全。她想要占据主动的地位,想要成为她的妻子,而不是像他对待欢场上的女子那样对待她。但是,她失败了,范柳原是她无法掌控的男人,她不懂他,她只意识到“他要她,却不愿意取她。”在两性对决中,她败下阵来,,但她却不能放手,只剩下做范柳原情妇这一条出路。不知是幸与不幸,香港爆发了战争,意外的战争使得这对男女回归到最平凡的普通人,两人一刹那的谅解成全了白流苏的梦想,最终与范柳原结了婚。在这看似圆满的结局里,背后却是无尽的苍凉与绝望。流苏的圆满是以整座城市的毁灭作为代价而换来的。“香港的陷落成全了她。……也许就因为成全她,一个大都市倾覆了。”(《倾城之恋》)但“香港之战的洗礼并不曾将她感化成为革命女性,香港之战影响范柳原,使他转向平时的生活,终于结婚了,但结婚并不使他变为圣人,完全放弃往日的生活习惯与作风。”②他们的结局仍旧庸俗,而流苏的婚姻生活,也是可以预见的。《金锁记》中的曹七巧是男权社会下,彻底的悲剧女性形象,在男尊女卑制度的迫害下,曹七巧的灵魂极度扭曲,张爱玲以犀利的笔锋展现了她的疯狂、丑恶和变态。曹七巧原是乡下麻油店老板的女儿,虽出身寒微,却也天真美丽,向往纯真的爱情,也有了喜欢的人。但父权社会里,她的兄长为了金钱,将她卖给高门大户的的姜家二少爷做了偏房,从此,她便把心仪的肉店伙计锁在了心底。嫁给一个从小得了软骨病的残废少爷,就注定了她要压抑着情欲生活,在这畸形的夫妻关系中,她从未享受过人的权利和快乐。在丈夫那里得不到情欲的满足,她便转向了她的小叔子——三少爷季泽。她渴望正常的情欲生活,然而她的爱却始终得不到回应。姜家老太太把她“扶正”后,她将所有的情欲都转化为对金钱的渴望,她固执地认为,金钱就是她的一切。分家后,这种对金钱的依赖愈演愈烈。这是她用一生的幸福换来的,对金钱有着强烈的占有欲,沦为金钱的奴隶。然而她的爱与欲永久地被压抑着,造成了她灵魂的扭曲,她开始变得疯狂、恶毒。她为守住她的财产,不惜破坏儿女的婚姻和爱情。她逼死了两房儿媳,更断送了女儿的幸福。“她既是父权社会的受害者,又是父权社会的合谋者,还是人性丑恶的表现者。” “三十年来她带着黄金的枷。她用那沉重的枷角劈杀了几个人,没死的也送了半条命。”(《金锁记》)白流苏和曹七巧一个是大家闺秀,一个是淳朴的乡下妹子;一个受西式教育,可称得上新式女性,一个是曾向往纯真爱情的美丽姑娘。两个形象看似不同,但她们骨子里都烙刻着很深的女奴意识,都是男权社会下的牺牲品,男人的附属品。她们始终受奴役、受压迫,经济上的无法独立直接导致了人格的无独立。这就是她们悲剧的根源。男权社会下,她们的悲剧性主要表现在:一、亲情的沦丧白流苏的兄嫂搜刮完她的钱财,便迫不及待赶她出门。“四奶奶站在三爷背后,笑了一声道:‘自己骨肉,照说不该提钱的话,提起钱来,这话可长了!我早跟我们老四说过——我说:老四,你去劝劝三爷,你们做金子,做股票,不能用六奶奶的钱哪,没的沾上了晦气!她一嫁到婆家,丈夫就变成了败家子。回到娘家来,眼见得娘家就要败光了——天生的扫把星!’三爷到:‘四奶奶这话有理。我们那时候,如果没让她入股子,决不至于弄得一败涂地!’”(《倾城之恋》)可见,白流苏的钱花尽时,她的兄嫂已不待见她。他们之间,手足之情早已淡化,联系他们的只有金钱。曹七巧的兄长为了金钱,将她嫁给了姜家残废的二公子,丝毫不考虑自己妹妹是否会幸福。亲手将妹子推入火坑后,还要借着关心、探望的名义去姜家搜敛钱财。“曹大年道:‘妹妹你听我一句话。别说你现在心里不舒坦,有个娘家人走动着,多少好些,就是你有了出头之日了,姜家是个大家族,长辈动不动就拿大帽子压人,平辈小辈一个个如狼似虎的,哪一个是好惹的?替你打算,也得要个帮手。将来你用得着你哥哥你侄儿的时候多着呢。’七巧啐了一口道:‘我靠你帮忙,我也倒了霉了!我早把你看得透里透——斗得过他们,你到我跟前来邀功要钱,斗不过他们,你往那边一倒。本来见了官的就魂都没有了,头一缩,死不迟。’”(《金锁记》)他们之间,已不再是单纯的兄妹关系,还有金钱、利益。二、 爱情的破灭范柳原对白流苏,或许是有一点出于真心喜欢的,但他知道白流苏并不真正爱他,她看重的是他的金钱和地位,而且她并不真正懂他。所以“他要她,却不愿意娶她。”如果不是那场战争,白流苏最终的结局也只不过是范柳原的情妇。不正常的夫妻生活,使曹七巧正常的人性本能始终处于被压抑状态。因此她爱上了健康、风流的小叔子——姜季泽。她与他纠缠十几年,她知道是不可能得到他的真心的。可当她听到姜季泽那类似示爱的告白时,她的心颤抖了。“七巧低着头,沐浴在光辉里,细细的音乐,细细的喜悦……”(《金锁记》)是的,她爱他,正是因为爱他,当知道他是为了钱而诓他时,她更加愤怒。可赶他走后,她又开始后悔。“今天完全是她的错,他不是个好人,她又不是不知道,她要他,就得装糊涂,就得容忍他的坏。”(《金锁记》)她的戳穿使她的“爱情”破灭了。三、 生存的困境在这个社会里,女人毫无社会地位,更没有独立的人格。她们或许仅仅想要过安稳的日子,却很难实现。为了生存,她们只能依靠男人。白流苏认为:“一个女人,再好些,得不着异性的爱,也就得不着同性的尊重。”(《倾城之恋》)而曹七巧,即使嫁了个残废的少爷,有不甘,有苦闷,却也仍然坚持呆在姜家,她要依靠他给她的名分、地位争夺家产。“女人……女人一辈子讲的是男人,念的是男人,怨的是男人,永远永远。”这足以说明,男人,是她们唯一的活路。她们离不开,更不愿离开。七巧很看重她的家当,但她却依然抓着她的儿子长白,因为他是她生命中唯一的男人,她不能放开他,更不容许别的女人抢走他。四、自私的本性白流苏为了自己的私欲,为了得到一个男人,她一手摧残了她与七妹间的姐妹之情,为了她的生存之路,她不顾姐妹情谊投身于范柳原。“宝络心里一定在骂她,同时也对她刮目相看,肃然起敬。”(《倾城之恋》)流苏把男人看得比姐妹重。而曹七巧为了自己贪婪的本性,更是可以不顾母子之情,拆散儿子、儿媳,破坏女儿的爱情,只为了守住她的财产和她的“男人”。分财产后,曹七巧化身为恶毒的巫女、阴暗的母亲。“在她获得了家长的权利之后,她的变态心理便不可遏制的与她的‘报复’结合起来,‘她需要别人为她的牺牲也付出点什么,不管这别人是否是她的亲骨肉,只要能够补偿她的变态心理’”长白之于她,不单是儿子,还是她生命中唯一的“男人”。可当儿子结婚后,便不只属于她一个人,她需要和另一个女人来分享她的儿子,她不允许这样。她拼尽全力挑拨他们的夫妻生活,说尽儿媳的坏话,致使儿媳在痛苦的煎熬中死去。对于女儿长安,她处心积虑地破坏她的爱情,还给她吃鸦片,生怕外人走她的家当。五、女奴意识和原罪意识她们的悲剧命运一半来自于外界——遭受着男权主义的欺辱和压迫,而另一半原因则在于她们自身,她们骨子里烙刻着很深的女奴意识和原罪意识,这是受几千年来封建男权制度的影响。这种意识使她们自己陷入困境,无法走出来。她们自身就认为无论任何方面,都比男人低一等,所以想生存,只能依靠男人。曹七巧最终结局是众叛亲离,她知道她身边所有的人都怨恨她;而白流苏与范柳原最终结了婚,但范柳原终不会变为圣人,不能放弃往日的生活与作风,谁又知道白流苏会不会成为第二个曹七巧。“三十年前的月亮早已沉了下去,三十年前的人也死了,然而三十年前的故事还没完——完不了。
张爱玲笔下的女性人物形象颇多,在她们身上隐射出在那个时代背景下女性独有的个性以及她们的悲惨的命运。初读《半生缘》总觉得曼桢的不幸是曼潞和祝鸿才害的,质问曼璐怎么可以这样设计害自己的妹妹。其实,曼路也是很可怜的,为了家里的生计沦落为舞女,但却不被家人理解,结婚后又无法生育,才会想让自己的妹妹做自己丈夫的姨太太。应该说这是整个社会形态所迫,社会的腐朽黑暗,人的思想昏庸无能,当然曼桢优柔寡断、委曲求全的个性也是导致这样一个悲剧结尾的重要原因。曼潞和祝鸿才对她的所作所为只是一个开始,但把她推向深渊的却是她自己,并且由于她的认命她的妥协不仅害了她自己更害了深爱她的世均,也间接的害了翠之害了叔惠。她不只是让自己不幸福更加让三个家庭都不幸福了。如果她不委曲求全,直接去向世均坦白一切,如果他可以接受那固然是美满的结局。如果他觉得难已接受她的失贞,那至少以后可以坦然的生活,而不活是活在回忆或假象如果当年如果向爱人坦白可能会是另外一番情形。活着不是为了后悔,曼桢最后对世均说的那一句:“世均,我们回不去了,回不去了。”这句话包含着多少悔恨,多少无奈。她自己也知道原本这幸福是属于她,但现在她失去了这个资格并且是永远的失去了,人世间最痛苦的莫过于此啊。没有死去活来的告白,也没有山盟海誓的轰烈,一切就如同我们所熟悉的日常生活,当爱情静悄悄地到来,又被人生的起落所折磨,被岁月的洪荒所沉淀,被生活的重担所压迫,那份坚持与无奈,到最后竟然只是留下一句平淡得让人几乎心碎的道白。张爱玲给我们带来的不仅是不一部悲剧小说,其实也是现实生活中大部分人的缩影。很多人到老的时候还在后悔“早知当年如何如何”,岂知这个后悔也将成为后悔,后悔自己为什么要后悔。有人说张爱玲的小说除却《倾城之恋》以外,都是悲剧的尾巴。《倾城之恋》虽是成全了白、柳的一段姻缘,但实则以世俗的表象虚掩了真正的悲凉,越发比悲剧更像悲剧。张爱玲用她的传奇故事不显山不露水地表现着人性,尤其是人性的鄙俗与狭隘,描写了家庭的黑暗,世人的虚伪,所谓爱情自私的本质,对女性奴性思想的提示也毫不留情。故事的女主人公白流苏离婚后寄住母家,钱财,又为兄嫂不容,只得寻求再嫁,苦无姻缘,便抢异母妹妹的对象范柳原,范是个老尖精滑的留学生。一个不诚娶,一个但求嫁。两个人都不愚钝,很有些小聪明,可谓真正的凡人,凡心热炽。张爱玲站在白流苏的背后,让两个人的灵魂跃上纸面,斗来斗去。白流苏大家闺秀般的矜持,不时挑逗,范柳原穷形尽相,甚至挪用诗经里:“死生契阔——与子相悦,执子之手,与子携老”来做假。满篇你来我往的小技巧。一个男人和一个女人以一个城市的陷落为代价而换取一段感情的最终结果看似壮观但其实又如何呢?也许张爱玲从来不认为爱情是可靠的,爱情在她心里只是平凡生活中的一些点缀本无什么大不了,两个人因为城市的陷落突然失去了原有的安全感和固有的洒脱,突然间发现两个人在一起可以获得最大限度的温暖,于是就有了倾城之恋。他们最终结合在一起了,可是张爱玲却不说是爱情发展到婚姻的自然结果,反而说:“香港的陷落成全了她”这其中充满了悲剧意味。那时女人的地位太低了,要想改变自己的命运,只能悲剧性地依靠男人。所以,白流苏虽然自私,小家子气,但是也还情有可原。其实,在这个物欲横流的时代,也是另一种世事动乱吧,爱情也像《倾城之恋》里面的男女主角样,苟合着。
张爱玲作品中的女性意识剖析张爱玲的小说对读者来说想必已不陌生了,很多人都细致的描写间接地表达了自己对封建道德摧残女性的痛或多或少地读过她的作品。看过她作品的人可能会不约斥与愤恨以及对这些女性遭遇的叹息和同情。而同地发现一个问题,张爱玲爱写女人,尤其爱写 20世纪曹七巧,无疑是张爱玲作品中塑造的最典型的一个女三四十年代上海的女人,而且写得与众不同,栩栩如生,深性人物。她,原本一个健康、活泼开朗的姑娘,只因哥嫂的入骨髓。如她所塑造的许多特殊女性形象一样,张爱玲的贪财,姜公馆传宗接代的需要,在交易中就被无情地当做女性意识别具一格,独放异彩。一件物品嫁给了一个全身瘫痪,只有一息尚存的陌生男人,做起了生育的机器。从此,封建的道德使她失去了自一、作品背景由,家庭的纲常使她尝尽了他人的眼色,内心的真情得不张爱玲 1921年出生在上海,出身名门,从小就受到传到释放,时间久了,心理上发生了变化,人性开始变得扭统文化的影响,同时又接触过西方文学艺术。20世纪三曲,导致后来竟残忍疯狂地把封建伦理道德对她的毒害加四十年代的上海,虽然资本主义工商业已得到了很好的发倍地转嫁到自己的一双儿女身上,以此来发泄自己的愤恨展,西方的文化与观念冲击了人民的生活,新文化运动也与不满。这样的行为无疑是让人痛恨的,这个女人也是让使很多女性认识到女性解放的深刻社会命题,但封建的伦人厌恶的。可在愤恨的同时我们又不自主地对她充满了理道德体系依然存在,仍然在某些范围内维持、发挥着它深深的同情。就如张爱玲在作品中描写七巧遭到姜季泽强大的威力。精神上,女性没有彻底地解放思想,没有完拒绝后的表现 : “她睁着眼直勾勾朝前望着,耳朵上的实心全走出男权社会的意识 ;而经济上,女性也没有取得独立小坠子像两只铜钉把她钉在门上 ———玻璃匣子里蝴蝶的的地位,离开男人,很多女人根本没有生存的能力。封建标本,鲜艳而凄怆。”曹七巧就像一只美丽的小鸟被套上了观念与习俗牢牢地禁锢着女性的思想,使她们在生活尤其一把 “金色的枷锁 ”,锁在了封建宗法制度铸造的笼子里,是婚恋问题上深深地受制于封建伦理道德的约束和男人永远喘不过气来。张爱玲痛恨封建的宗法制,可她并不是的摆布,严重的 “奴性心理 ”在她们的心里不断滋长,最终直接地痛斥,而是借七巧的口流露出对封建遗老遗少的蔑根深蒂固,扭曲了她们的人格和灵魂。视和憎恨以及对受迫害女性的同情。娇蕊,是张爱玲小说《白玫瑰与红玫瑰》里的人物,二、代表作品中的女性形象她,原来是一个开放热情、充满欲望的女人,把生活的所有张爱玲就是生活在这样的一个时代,而她,一个女人,都寄托在男人身上。她,以自己的美貌和妩媚身姿吸引了以自己独特的视角和敏感的心灵观察到了当时社会的黑众多男人的视线,让他们都围绕着自己。她天真地以为这暗,深刻地体察到了女性在封建道德和意识的毒害下身心样就展现了自己的魅力和价值,女人就是有了独立的地遭受的摧残和苦难。对此,张爱玲用自己细腻的笔触生动位。可不久她就发现自己错了,振保,这个自私、无情、虚地刻画了许多饱受封建思想毒害的女性形象,通过对她们伪、满脑子假仁义道德、不负责任的男人打碎了她原有的观念,让她清楚地认识到女人的世界不是只有男人的身影。振保的爱深深地伤害了她,可这个坚强充满活力的女一个幸福的家庭,有了一个可爱的儿子。可以说,和曹七巧相比,娇蕊是张爱玲塑造的另一个典型的女性人物。张爱玲通过对她生活、爱情观转变过程的描写,向读者传达出对女性命运的深沉思索 :爱情不是生命的全部,女人不能把所有的希望寄托在男人身上,甘做他们的附庸,而是应有自己独立的思想,勇敢地追求真正的幸福。张爱玲塑造的典型女性形象远不止她们两个,但大多也都和她们相似,命运都渗透着不幸和悲哀,不论是戴着金枷锁的曹七巧、拥有温暖家庭的娇蕊、为爱情的葛薇龙,还是知识女性白流苏。记得张爱玲曾说过 : “生命是一件华美的袍,爬满了虱子。”其实,她自己及塑造的众多女性人物本身就是一件件华美的袍子,但不幸的是封建的纲常伦理、宗法制度却把这些美丽的东西撕坏了、弄脏了。张爱玲看清了这些,但她不堪忍受这样的残忍,所以她勇敢大胆地执起笔写出对封建伦理的控诉,流露出对不幸女性的丝丝同情,更重要的是她把笔伸向了女性生存空间的层次,启迪女性解放思想,挣脱男人的牢笼,争取独立的人格和地位,为女性命运的探索提供了一个独特的视角。三、作品人物的女性意识 1.女性意识的觉醒谈到张爱玲的女性意识,我们不能不从她的小说处女作《不幸的她》谈起。《不幸的她》是作者第一篇反映女性意识的雏形代表作。说她是呈现女性意识雏形的开端,是因为这部小说仅有 1 400多字,写法还很幼稚,刊登在上海圣玛利亚女校年刊《凤藻》1932年第 12期上。在这部微型小说中,张爱玲运用跳跃式的叙事方式,向读者清晰地展现了当代女性生命的历程,而这个历程恰恰反映了女性纯洁美好生命被毁灭的过程。正如小说描写的那样, “她”在童年时代拥有着快乐和幸福,而当她长大以后,便开始成为社会的牺牲品,她被母亲许聘给了纨绔子弟。为了自己的自由,为了表示抗争,“她”最后离开了自己的母亲。而她的离开,也就意味着离开了“奢华的生活 ”,意味着漂泊的开始。在小说中我们发现作者是多么希望女性独立,尽管这种希望还是建立在女性反抗 “腐败的积习 ”基础上的,还仅仅表现在女性对婚姻自由追求层面上,还没有触及到女性生存世界的根本,但它还是流露出作者在其小说中首次表达的女性对自我的关注,因此,这种流露完全可以说是张爱玲小说女性意识的觉醒。张爱玲作品中的曹七巧和郑川嫦的命运是一样的,她们来到这个社会,却一天福也没有享受过,就连女性最起码的尊严都没有得到过,活的是那么不体面,所有的生存意识都被以男权主义统治为主宰的腐朽社会吞噬了。在张爱玲的笔下就是要借两位女主人公的死为代价,来唤醒成千上万的中国女性觉醒,激起她们强烈的女性意识。她号召中国女性要为自己争取平等自由,要有尊严地活着。 2.女性意识的成熟张爱玲和曹七巧、郑川嫦虽然同处在一个时代里,但张爱玲是一个勇于批判,敢于宣泄,并能够以文学为武器,向那些束缚着女性的陈规陋习挑战的人。通过塑造女主人公的悲惨命运,激发起那些被压抑的女性群体的反抗,号召她们向 “男权主义 ”进行抗衡,争取在社会地位上的自我解放。张爱玲笔下的娇蕊身上充满着孩子气,她以挑战男人为荣耀,表达了张爱玲想借助娇蕊探索女性价值的欲望。娇蕊本以为只有在男性社会才能体现女性的价值,以为凭借自己动人的身材就能获得与男性平等的地位。这些早期女性意识的反映在娇蕊身上表现得十分明显。当她对佟振保彻底失望后,娇蕊的女性意识逐渐走向成熟,当她在爱情失败后还能够继续勇敢地去追求爱情的真谛,对爱的欲望还是那么强烈时,她的世界里开始不再只有男性,她能从依附男人中解脱出来,变得开始在男性世界里闯荡,她对爱的执著追求终于为自己争取到了一个女性所拥有的价值和幸福,自己有了一个温暖的家,丈夫对她的爱让她有了尊重感,并且爱得很光明正大。张爱玲所塑造的娇蕊是女性意识成熟的典型代表。她所描写的曹七巧、小艾、郑川嫦等,都是下层女性的代表,她为她们的不幸深表同情,通过对她们悲惨命运的描写唤起更多女性的觉醒,让女性群体能够得到她们应有的权利和自由。在张爱玲以后的作品中,从传统的男女关系出发去反思女性的生命存在,到书写男女两性的平等关系,再到颠覆传统男尊女卑关系书写男女关系的错位和倒置,这是一个很有意味的转向。它意味着张爱玲小说女性主体意识在逐渐膨胀,这种膨胀显然与张爱玲追求女性绝对独立的意识相关,它以张爱玲追求摆脱女性的男性附庸地位为起点,先是转向追求男女平等,进而转向女性对男性的超越。参考文献 :[1]朱爱莲.个体与组合的冲突———张爱玲《同学少年都不贱》主题矛盾探析[J].作家,2012,( 2).[2]欧芳.萧红与张爱玲作品中的女性意识对比分析[J].作家,2009,( 4).[3]毛正天,冉小平.独特深刻的女性问题思考———张爱玲“女性书写 ”的人性观念[J].湖北民族学院学报:哲学社会科学版,2004,( 5).[4]吴著斌.论张爱玲作品中的女性意识和人性关怀[D].武汉 :华中师范大学硕士学位论文,2004.[5]苏丽.张爱玲小说女性意识在电影改编中的流变[D].苏州 :苏州大学硕士学位论文,2009.[6]谢理开.论张爱玲小说女性意识的流变[J].绥化学院学报,2008,( 2).〔
张爱玲是20世纪中国文学史上一位充满传奇色彩的作家,一个旷世才女,一个不愿被人控制写作的作家.就连鲁迅都十分佩服她. 张爱玲女性主体意识的形成主要来自于自身的经验世界,家庭环境的影响滋生其反抗父权文化压抑的意识,并促进其独立自强意识的形成,她将这种意识体现在小说之中。通过女性被奴化、物化、兽化现象的透视,探询女性心理痼疾形成的根源,解构了父权文化。 “解构”是本论文贯穿始终的一条主线,解构不仅是一种形而上的思考、一种开放性思维,而且它所包含的肯定与否定的双重内涵与张爱玲创作思维有某种契合,解构理论的运用为张爱玲研究提供了一种新的视角和立场。另外,论文还将文本细读和宏观分析相结合、综合考察和个案分析相结合,并通过比较分析和历时性的分析突出其小说思想艺术价值。论文详细地阐述了张爱玲小说创作的外在与内在生成机制,充分显示出一个与众不同的天才作家的超人之处。张爱玲不仅以强烈的个人风格展现了作品的独有价值,而且也奠定了她在文学史上的地位。张爱玲生于1920年9月30日,(比鲁迅小39岁,比老舍小21岁,比曹禺小10岁),卒于1995年(终年75岁),祖籍河北丰润,生于上海,原名张英。 张爱玲的祖父张佩纶原是清末的著名大臣,而她的祖母李菊耦则是慈禧心腹中堂李鸿章之女。可到了她父母一代,家道已然完全败落。父亲属于遗少型的少爷,母亲则是一个时髦的新女性。3岁时张爱玲随父母生活在天津,有一个短暂的幸福童年。受父亲风雅能文的影响,张爱玲从小就会背唐诗,给了她一些古典文学的启蒙,鼓励了她的文学嗜好。同时也受母亲向往西方文化的影响,生活情趣及艺术品味都是西洋化的。然而好景不长,父亲娶姨太太后,母亲不但勇敢地冲出了家庭的牢笼,而且更勇敢地与姑姑一起出洋留学,而年幼的张爱玲,则在失去了母爱之后,还要承受旧家庭的污浊。因此,张爱玲后来在文学创作中总是以"衰落中的文化,乱世中的文明"作为文化背景。张爱玲的作品文笔非常好,感情也很充沛,但是文章的内容以及所表达的思想却不是那么的积极向上,而课本教材要起到的作用除了应付考试还有更重要的就是帮助学生塑造及健全健康的人格。所以感情比较悲观的张爱玲作品也就无缘课本教材了。
说张爱玲是中国文学史上的一个“异数”当不为过。文字在她的笔下,才真正的有了生命,直钻进你的心里去。喜欢张爱玲的人对她的书真是喜欢,阅读的本身就能给读书的人莫大的快感。阅读的快乐只有在她那里才可以得到,至少对我是这样。读别的书你或许能知道道理,了解知识,得到震撼,但是只有读张爱玲的文章你才是快乐的。即便是有点悲剧意味的《十八春》依然如此! 张爱玲张爱玲是世俗的,但是世俗得如此精致却除此之外别无第二人可以相比。读她的作品你会发现她对人生的乐趣的观照真是绝妙!张爱玲的才情在于她发现了,写下来告诉你,让你自己感觉到!她告诉你,但是她不炫耀!张爱玲最有名的一本集子取名叫《传奇》其实用传奇来形容张爱玲的一生是最恰当不过了。张爱玲有显赫的家世,但是到她这一代已经是绝响了,张爱玲的童年是不快乐的。父母离婚,父亲又一度扬言要杀死她,而她逃出父亲的家去母亲那里,母亲不久就又去了英国,她本来考上了伦敦大学,却因为赶上了太平洋战争,只得去读香港大学,要毕业了,香港又沦陷,只得回到上海来。她与胡兰成的婚姻也是一个大的不幸。在文坛中赫赫有名的她,却因为和胡兰成的失败婚姻,最后只得远走他乡!张爱玲的性格中聚集了一大堆矛盾:她是一个善于将艺术生活化,生活艺术化的享乐主义者,又是一个对生活充满悲剧感的人;她是名门之后,贵府小姐,却骄傲的宣称自己是一个自食其力的小市民;她悲天怜人,时时洞见芸芸众生“可笑”背后的“可怜”,但实际生活中却显得冷漠寡情;她通达人情世故,但她自己无论待人穿衣均是我行我素,独标孤高。她在文章里同读者拉家常,但却始终保持着距离,不让外人窥测她的内心;她在四十年代的上海大红大紫,一时无两,然而几十年后,她在美国又深居简出,过着与世隔绝的生活,以至有人说:“只有张爱玲才可以同时承受灿烂夺目的喧闹与极度的孤寂。”现代女作家有以机智聪慧见长者,有以抒发情感著称者,但是能将才与情打成一片,在作品中既深深进入又保持超脱的,除张爱玲之外再无第二人。张爱玲既写纯文艺作品,也写言情小说,《金锁记》《秧歌》等令行家击掌称赏,《十八春》则能让读者大众如醉如痴,这样身跨两界,亦雅亦俗的作家,一时无两;她受的是西洋学堂的教育,但她却钟情于中国小说艺术,在创作中自觉师承《红楼梦》《金瓶梅》的传统,新文学作家中,走这条路子的人少而又少。现代著名作家,四十年代在上海孤岛成名,其小说拥有女性的细腻与古典的美感,对人物心理的把握令人惊异,而作者独特的人生态度在当时亦是极为罕见。五十年代初她辗转经香港至美国,在此期间曾经创作小说《秧歌》与《赤地之恋》,因其中涉及对大陆当时社会状态的描写而被视为是反动作品。其后作品寥寥,唯有关于红楼梦的研究尚可一观。张爱玲也曾为香港电懋电影公司编写《南北一家亲》等六个剧本,之后也曾从事翻译与考证工作。张爱玲与宋淇、邝文美夫妇有深交,她的作品即是透过宋淇介绍给夏志清先生,肯定张爱玲不世出的才情,而享誉国际。张爱玲遗产的继承人是宋淇夫妇,其中大部分交由皇冠出版社收藏。一九九五年中秋夜,曾经瞩目中国文学界的才女张爱玲猝死于洛杉矶一公寓内,享年七十五岁。她的逝世使她的名字在文坛上再一次复苏。这位沉没了多年的作家一夜间又浮出水面来,而且是前所未有的美。那刻的美是永恒的,因为张爱玲孤独的一生走完了,留下的一片苍凉与无尽叹息化成玻璃灵柩,守护着她过去的灿烂。隔着空间和时间的玻璃墙望回去,越光辉的成就也越凄凉。
《重读张爱玲》 上海书店出版社由陈子善教授所编,夏志清、李欧梵、刘绍铭、陈建华等多位名家著述的《重读张爱玲》,这是迄今为止海内外第4部张爱玲研讨会论文集。本书收录有张爱玲研究者最新的研究成果25篇,研究领域侧重张爱玲晚年的创作与研究,包括她晚年创作的小说《同学少年都不贱》,晚年从事的《海上花列传》英译,对长篇小说《十八春》的修订,在电影剧本创作上的风格与得失等等,力图展示近年“张学”研究的新成果和新趋势。 《平视张爱玲》全面总结张爱玲的文学成就和创作特色,梳理其美学和文学理念,还张爱玲一个更真实更具亲和力的形象。书中还收录了作者对张氏作品和人物形象的探讨文章,文采斐然,可堪一读。《张爱玲私语录》张爱玲文学遗产执行人宋以朗将其父母宋淇、宋邝文美与传奇作家张爱玲四十年间的三百多封通信内容加以整理,编成《张爱玲私语录》一书,即日由北京十月文艺出版社出版。本书记载了张爱玲与宋淇夫妇真挚坚固、相知相扶的情谊,也为张学贡献了新的研究资料。一般读者只知道张爱玲和炎樱等关系亲密,却多半忽略了宋淇夫妇才是她下半生最信任的好友,《张爱玲私语录》即是体现他们半世纪交往的友情之书。本书内容丰富,包括大量图片、张爱玲遗嘱手稿等珍贵资料,不仅呈现了张爱玲在海外的生活境况,也对其晚期创作心路历程有具体的描述,是目前了解张爱玲海外生活最重要的作品,也是解开诸多张学研究谜团的重要线索。透过这些内容,我们将看到一个更立体、更生活化、更真实的张爱玲。 如果想了解张爱玲的爱情生活 《今生今世》和《小团圆》可以对照看英文文献 用知网搜就可以了 不过得是会员或者用高校图书馆连接希望对你有帮助!
我虽然没有你要的东西,但是有本书是讲张爱玲的,叫《苍凉与世故》。内容简介《苍凉与世故》的前半部分谈论张爱玲,苍凉代表了张爱玲自己的美学观点,世故则体现了作者对张爱玲的看法。后半部分则是作者在香港生活的所思所行,对于作者来说,在资本主义全球化的冲击下,仍能够坚持阅读、观察和思考,既是一种欢喜,也是一种失落?作者简介李欧梵,1939年生于河南。台大外文系毕业,美国哈佛大学博士。曾任教于普林斯顿大学、印第安那大学、芝加哥大学、加州大学洛杉矶分校及哈佛大学。2004年8月自哈佛大学退休,在香港中文大学任人文学科讲座教授。著作包括《中国现代作家浪漫的一代》、《上海摩登》、《西潮的彼岸》、《浪漫之余》、《世纪末呓语》、《狐狸洞话语》等,小说有《范柳原忏悔录》和《东方猎手》。书摘与插图张爱玲的启示张爱玲笔下的日常生活和“现代感”1 日常生活面面观在张爱玲的散文集《流言》初版里附有一张她的照片,据柯灵回忆,相片下还有一句题词:“有一天我们的文明,不论是升华还是浮华,都要成为过去。然而现在还是清如水明如镜的秋天,我应当是快乐的。”①明眼的人一看就知道,这两句话出自她的小说集《(传奇)再版自序》,是把原文中的两句话串连在一起的,在这篇序的第一段,她谈到去报摊看自己的书销路如何,不禁自励道:“出名要趁早呀!来得太晚的话,快乐也不那么痛快。”然后又催自己:“快,快,迟了来不及了,来不及了!”在第二段她才讲出一番“大道理”:要来。有一天我们的文明,不论是升华还是浮华,都要成为过去。如果我最常用的字是“荒凉”,那是因为思想背景里有这惘惘的威胁。一直到全文的最后,她才说出“然而现在还是清如水明如镜的秋天,我应当是快乐的”这句话来,也为上段出名须趁早的虚荣心态作了一个注解。然而,这仍然像是一种“及时行乐”的人生哲学,未免引起不少人的非议,更遑论她的“政治不正确”——竞无“感时优国”的精神。②然而这段序言对张爱玲至关重要,她的多篇散文皆是为这个人生哲学来作阐释和注解;这些话语,看来十分琐碎,但如果放在一种“现代性”(modernity)的理论框架来审视,则可发现张爱玲是中国现代文学中少有的“现代感”极强的作家,恰是由于她掌握了这个“现时”(present,now)的深层意义。且让我们先从张爱玲在一九四五年四月发表的一篇文章《我看苏青》谈起:张爱玲自己承认:“这篇文章本来是关于苏青的,却把我自己说上许多。”她和苏青似乎所见略同(其实张爱玲的观点远较苏青《结婚十年》中的平铺直叙有深度),都觉得她们身处的“这时代本来不是罗曼蒂克的”……
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CLOTHING MARKET : The UK retail clothing market was worth $43 billion in 2000, having grown by just since 1999. Women’s, girls' and children's clothing account for the major share of the market, making up of the total value. The increase in working women might have been expected to cause an upsurge in demand for smart clothing, but a major feature of the market has been a trend towards dressing down. Men's tailors, such as Moss Bros Group and Austin Reed Group, have suffered from the demise of the formal suit, while the retail chain Ted Baker, which targets the 18-25 year old market, has embraced the trend and recently recorded a pre-tax profit margin almost four times that of the industry average. In the world of UK fashion, it is the ability to identify and respond immediately to trends that is all-important. Textile manufacturing is in serious decline and clothing retailers continue to find trading conditions difficult in the face of weak consumer demand and heavy discounting. Marks and Spencer, Arcadia Group, BhS Ltd, and Moss Bros Group are among the stores struggling to maintain their position. Meanwhile, the Dutch multiple chain C&A has admitted defeat and has now completely withdrawn from the British market. It is companies such as these, competing in the middle market, which are finding business so hard, since the market favors either value or premium brands. Those that are thriving include discount chains such as Matalan, Peacock's and Primark Stores, which are expanding rapidly and are predicted to increase their market share. With depressed demand and the prevalence of discounters, UK clothing retailing is expected to see modest growth in the near future. The market value is expected to reach $51 billion by 2005, an increase of 19% from 2000. MARKET OVERVIEW The main sectors in the market for clothing retailing are Outerwear, Underwear and Hosiery. Outerwear includes men's shirts, suits, jackets, smart trousers, coats, sweaters, T-shirts and jeans. Women's dresses, blouses and skirts also fall under this category. Underwear is made up of briefs and vests for men, womens lingerie - panties, corsetry, petticoats, teddies and camisoles. Hosiery covers men's, women's and children's socks, and women's pantyhose and stockings Expenditure on clothing, as well as having to compete with other durable and non-durable household goods, is threatened by increased expenditure on leisure, travel and financial services, including savings. Figures show that spending on clothing as a percentage of total household expenditure has dropped from percent in 1995 to percent in 2000. The popularity of heavy discounting stores is likely to be a factor in this decline. MARKET TRENDS A Diminishing Mid-Price Market The chain of C&A has been one of the casualties of an ongoing shrinking of the mid-price clothing market. Consumers are now tending towards the budget end of the market, which is targeted by companies such as Primark, Peacock's and Matalan, or the designer, premium-priced extreme. The mid-market has consequently become very competitive, with the struggles of Marks and Spencer, Arcadia Group and BhS to retain market share being well documented. Designer Outlets The first Designer Outlet centre opened in 1995. There are now several such centres that offer discounts of up to 50% on branded fashionwear, footwear, accessories, and housewares. Discount retailing is an important and growing part of several retail markets, and clothing is no exception. Gap, Tommy Hilfiger and Nike are among the names operating in these shopping `villages'. So called 'Off-Price' clothing is said to account for around 30% of the . clothing market. Although it is still a relatively immature part of the UK market, it is expected to grow rapidly as both established and new retailers (. Marks and Spencer and Matalan) plan to set up discount stores and enter the shopping villages. Informality Modern lifestyles, on the whole, have become much less formal, a trend reflected in clothing. While some places of work may maintain a strict dress code, they are fewer and further between — especially in the information technology industry. Many offices have a policy of `dress down Friday' where it is quite acceptable, indeed expected, to dress casually. This attitude extends into social life. Certainly some clubs and restaurants insist on a formal dress code, but many more think it unnecessary. A prime example of this movement toward informality is the huge resurgence in the denim market. UK sales of denim clothing in 2000 shot up by 8% on the previous year to reach $ billion. Sportswear Participation in sports has increased over the long term, and there is a high level of branding in sports clothes. A particular feature of the sports clothing sector is its acceptability as leisurewear, whether or not any participation in sport is intended. With the growing trend towards informality, the sportswear market is set to grow. This is evident on the UK High St with the entrance of . chains such as Footlocker. Brand Extension In the fiercely competitive UK retail market, the extension of an established brand name into other products has become common practice. This trend is becoming more popular in the clothing industry. For example, Oasis Stores PLC has developed an own-brand toiletries range, launched in October 1999. Meanwhile, designer Tommy Hilfiger has introduced new fragrances targeted at young adults. Other clothes chains with cosmetics, skincare or fragrance ranges include Ted Baker, French Connection Retail Ltd and Karen Millen Ltd. This kind of brand extension is continuing as more and more retailers are following the trend in an effort to compete with each other and offer their customers a complete product range. High street retailer H & M (Hennes and Mauritz) have recently launched a range of cosmetics and cosmetic accessories. Technology in Textiles Before the 1940s, clothes were made of wool, silk or cotton. The 1950s saw the introduction of synthetic fibres that would revolutionise the industry. Elastane microfibres, such as Lycra and Tactel, combine the qualities of stretch and control while being comfortable, durable and easy to care for. Manufacturers now claim to produce fabrics with other characteristics, such as anti-bacterial or moisturising properties, even cellulite-reducing hosiery. As a result of these changes in textile technology, prices are likely to increase, therefore assisting in growing the value of the market. Awareness of Fashion Marks and Spencer, BhS, and Mothercare have lost market share in the children's clothing market to Woolworths, ASDA Group Ltd and Next. Young people are becoming more fashion conscious at a younger age, and shun the somewhat conservative and old-fashioned image of traditional shops. This is in favour of those with a more trendy image, such as Gap, Next and Miss Selfridge. Similarly, older, and often affluent, consumers remain fashion conscious. The product offering for those older consumers wanting to appear in tune with fashion, has improved in recent years. Previously it was almost non-existent, especially at the cheaper end of the market. Larger Sizes Research has shown that British women are now taller, and more curvaceous, than in the past. This trend has been confirmed by bra manufacturer, Triumph, which has found that the average bra size has grown from a 34B to a 36C in less than a decade. Accordingly, Marks and Spencer, for one, is to use a UK size 14 (US size 10) rather than UK size 12 (US size 8) as its base model. Size 14 bust, waist and hip measurements have also been increased. With 62 percent of women in the UK wearing a UK size 14 (. size 10) or larger, there are undoubtedly opportunities for growth in the larger size clothing market. IMPORTS An estimated two-thirds of the value of the UK clothing market is imported, a percentage that is increasing as more countries with low-cost labour join the supply chain. Traditional sources, primarily Hong Kong and India, are now facing competition from countries such as Morocco and Romania. There is, however, some variation across the product sectors. Germany, Italy and Hong Kong are principal sources of women's, girls' and children's jackets. Men's suits and jackets come primarily from Italy and Portugal. Hong Kong is a significant source of imports of both men's and women's overcoats and raincoats, although in the case of men's coats, the Netherlands is the most important. Hong Kong is by far the most significant exporter of men and women's trousers to the UK, and of women's dresses and skirts. Many British companies are transferring production overseas. Much of the recent growth in value of imports into the UK can therefore be attributed to British companies, and their subsidiaries. The UK imported over $81 million worth of clothing from the . in 2000, a figure which has declined over the last few years. UK imports of . clothing goods 1997 $81,621,996 $81,139,559 $103,448,033 $121,300,429 EXPORTS Total clothing exports from the UK were $ billion in 1999 – a drop from the 1998 figure of $2 billion. In 2000, the UK exported $ million worth of clothing to the . There has been a recent trend towards exporting more British clothing to countries outside Europe, but less to countries within the European Union (EU). The UK has a reputation for quality in, for example, woollens and knitwear. However, it has been hard hit by the strength of sterling and the recent downturn in economies such as Japan, which are of great importance to UK trade. COMPETITION The Marketplace Vertical integration is a feature of the UK market for clothing. Companies such as Alexon Group, Laura Ashley, River Island Clothing Co., and Austin Reed Group manufacture collections for retail in their own stores. Place of Purchase In order of popularity, department stores, chain stores, independents, fashion multiples and sports shops are the most commonly used retail outlets for clothing. Age and sex are important determining factors in this however. For example, although department stores appeal to all age groups, fashion multiples are generally used by younger shoppers. For all the above outlets, penetration levels are higher among men than women except for independents and sports stores. Traditional mail order catalogues continue to come under pressure from discount stores. They cannot keep up with changes in prices, as their catalogues are printed weeks in advance of a season. The internet and digital television have introduced online shopping but there are hurdles to overcome if this kind of purchasing is to grow the clothing market considerably. Many consumers are hesitant to give credit card details and they like to be able to see and feel garments before they purchase. Brand recognition is important in online shopping, and it, therefore, seems likely that established High St stores may find it easier to make the step from 'brick to click' than a new online only retailer. Brand Awareness There is a high level of brand awareness in some sectors of the clothing industry. For example, the name Levi-Strauss & Co. is synonymous with jeans, like that of Nike with sports clothing. These brands will maintain sales due to firm establishment in their specific markets. However, with more and more discount stores introducing their own labels (. George at Asda, and Matalan), and the consumers decreasing clothing expenditure, mid market retailers will undoubtedly suffer. As mentioned previously, strong brand names are increasingly moving outside their original product. While this might ensure the success of, for example, Ted Baker skincare products, it also opens the clothing market for infiltration by outside brands. Market Leaders and their Brands The UK retail market for clothing is one spanning many extremes. Exclusive designer names are at one end of the scale, while discount stores and market stalls are at the other. In between is a variety of retailers aimed at the middle mass market. It is some of these that are currently finding survival so difficult. C&A is a prime example, but its demise obviously provides opportunities for other stores and products. This is not least because its withdrawal from the UK is freeing up valuable High Street sites. A relatively new entrant to the market is the grocery multiple, and the most successful example is ASDA Group Ltd. The UK's third largest supermarket, taken over by Wal-Mart Stores Incorporated last year, has its own George at ASDA brand of clothing (which had a turnover of $893m in 1999). Tesco PLC, the country's most successful supermarket chain, also devotes significant space to children's clothing, and women's and men's underwear. END USERS The total population of the UK is approximately 60 million, and is split roughly equally beween men and women. By age, the population is divided as follows: AGE % 0-19 20-49 49 + Over 83 percent of clothing and accessories are purchased by women over 25. Even 28 percent of menswear purchased in the UK is bought by women. According to the Family Expenditure survery (FES), average weekly household expenditure on commodities and services was $520 in 1999. On average, $32 of this was spent on clothing - this amounts to just over 6% of total expenditure. Although expenditure on clothing, both male and female, has grown in the past ten years, attitudes of consumers have changed. The proportion of spending on clothing that people regard as essential has declined. In 1989, conspicuous consumption was at its height and people were far more concerned with keeping up with the latest fashions. By the end of the recession in 1994, attitudes had changed and fashion had much less of a following - people still care about their appearance, but not to the same extent. This declining regard for fashion is apparent in all socio-economic groups. It is, however, more pronounced in the upper income brackets and the 25-34 and 35-44 age groups. Within these groups, people now view a holiday or products for the home as a priority over new/fashionable clothing. Despite the decline in regard for fashion, the desire to be fashionable still exists and is generally higher among teens, low income households, and the unemployed - hence the success of the discount retailers. MARKET ACCESS The UK clothing industry is an aggressively competitive marketplace, and is dominated by a handful of powerful chains. It has lower productivity than leading European competitors, and opportunities exist, therefore, for low-cost foreign competitors. The UK clothing market has to be instant in its response to changes in fashion in order for spending on clothing to compete with expenditure on other personal and household goods, leisure activities and savings. The market needs to accurately interpret trends so as to avoid surplus stock having to be sold cheaply. Rail upon rail of discounted clothes not only eats into any profit margin, but also damages the image of a shop, giving it a somewhat desperate look. There is one legal requirement regarding the labeling of textiles for clothing. The label must bear an accurate description of the fiber content. This is an obligatory marking requirement. Washing instructions and the size of garment are optional information, but must not be false or misleading. This would result in a breach of the UK Trade Descriptions Act. There are no requirements for a "Keep Away from Fire" label on any childrens daywear (but there is for all nightwear). However, there must be a flammability label on all babywear 0-3 months (day and night wear). This also applies to babywear with a chest size of 21 inches or less. There is no EU Directive on flammability labels on clothing. Clothing falls under the harmonized code of – and there is currently a maximum duty of payable. SALES PROSPECTS Clothing is an essential requisite, although consumers can also be tempted to purchase on impulse. Nowadays, few people have the necessary dressmaking and knitting skills to make their own clothing, so nearly all clothing is bought. Unusual garments and colour combinations, can differentiate one product offering from another and may be the determining factor in remaining competitive. The exit of C&A from UK retailing in 2001 has made prime High Street sites available for other chains and product offerings. In addition to this, the removal of tariffs and quotas protecting foreign markets (under the Multi Fibre Arrangement) in 2005, will increase opportunities for overseas companies. However, overseas competitors should be aware of the increased emphasis on design that differentiates British product makes it less vulnerable to cheaper foreign competition. Opportunties for . manufactured goods exist, as they are more likely to be able to compete with British designed product. Men's lifestyle magazines are helping to increase interest in men's and boys' fashion and men are more interested in fashion than they were ten years ago. Women are more financially dependent and able to spend as they like on their wardrobe, and as the proportion of working women increases, they are likely to require more clothes than they would if they stayed at home. However, as mentioned previously, the trend towards dressing down is increasing, therefore clothing purchased for the office will not necessarily include business suits. Home shopping through catalogues, the Internet, and interactive television means that goods, including clothing, can be bought at any time of the day, 7 days a week. However, people will always prefer to see the clothing and feel fabrics and textiles before purchasing so it is unlikely that home shopping will seriously threaten the High Street retailers. CONCLUSION The UK clothing market will see steady but modest growth over the next few years and is expected to reach $51. billion by 2005, an increase of 19% from 2000. Judging by current trends and evidence, it appears that the majority of this growth will come from the success of discount retailers. The diminishing mid market in fashion retailing means that best opportunities for . companies exist at this end of the scale. For more information on the UK Clothing Market, please contact: 瞎找的 看都没看