函电英语外贸商务写作中，如果是开发客户首先要做的就是问好和自我介绍。下面是我给大家整理的商务信函写作英文范文，供大家参阅!
例文如下:
Dear Sirs,
We owe your name and address to the Commercial Counsellor's Office of the Swedish Embassy in Beijing who have informed us that you are in the market for Textiles.
We avail ourselves of this opportunity to approach you for the establishment of trade relations with you.
We are a state-operated corporation,handling both the import and export of Textiles. In order to acquaint you with our business lines,we enclose a copy of our Export List covering the main items suppliable at present.
Should any of the items be of interest to you,please let me know. We shall be glad to give you our lowest quotations upon receipt of your detailed requirements.
In our trade with merchants of various countries,we always adhere to the principle of equality and mutual benefit. It is our hope to promote,by joint efforts,both trade and friendshp to our mutual advantage.
We look forward to receiving your enquiries soon.
Yours faithfully,
Encl.
函电 (1) ------ 注解 A
1. owe ...... to ...... 把.....归功于......
例句: We owe your name and address to .......
2. Commercial Counsellor's Office 商务参赞处
3. be in the market for 想要购买....
例句: We are in the market for Groundnuts.
be in the market 要买或卖
例句: Please advise us when you are in the market.
4. avail oneself of ...... 利用.....
例句: We avail ourselves of this opportunity to express our thanks to you for your close cooperation.
5. approach v. 与......接洽
例句: We have been approached by several buyers for the supply of walnuts.
6. state-operated corporation 国营公司
7. handle v. 经营
例句: This shop handles paper and stationery.
8. acquaint sb. with sth. 使某人了解某事
例句: You will have to acquaint us with the details.
9. line n. 行业 ; (一类)货色
例句: We have been for many years in the chemical line.
This is a good line of hardware.
10. enclose v. 随函附上
例句: We enclose a copy of our pricelist.
Please refer to the pricelist enclosed with (or : in) our letter of August 5.
Enclosed please find a copy of our pricelist.
(Or: Please find enclosed a copy of our pricelist.)
We believe you will find the enclosed interesting.
enclosure n. 附件 (信内有附件时,常用 Encl. 或 Enc. 注明与信末坐下角,如例文.) 例句: We thank you for your letter of April 15 with enclosures.
例文如下:
Dear sirs,
Having obtained your name and address from Messrs. Anderson & Co.,Rotterdam,we are writing you in the hope of establishing business relations with you.
We have been importers of Arts & Crafts for many years. At present,we are interested in various kinds of Chinese Arts and Crafts and should appreciate your catalogues and quotations. If your prices are in line,we trust important business can materialize.
We are looking forward to receiving your early reply.
Yours faithfully,
(从以上的信件中可以看出,这就是客户的 inquiry,继续看下面供应商的回复.)
函电 (2) ------ B :A reply to the above
Dear sirs,
We thank you for your letter of the 3rd this month and shall be glad to enter into business relations with your firm.
Complying with your request,we are sending you under separate cover our latest catalogues and pricelist covering our exports.
Payment should be made by an irrevocable and confirmed letter of credit.
If you find business possible,please cable us for offers.
Yours faithfully,
函电 (2) ------ 注解 A
注解:
1. obtain v. 获得
例句: We regret to say we cannot obtain any interest.
例文中的 Having obtained ...... from ...... 也是一句向对方表达如何获得对方联系方式的句型. (今天学的是第二句)
还记得昨天学的第一句表达如何取得对方联系方式的句子吗? We owe your ...... to ...... 这些句型是在你向初次联系的客户发邮件时可使用的好句子,这样,客人就不会觉得你的联系太突然了.
2. appreciate v. 感谢,感激 ; 理解,体会
例句: We highly appreciate your kind cooperation.
We shall appreciate your giving this matter your serious consideration.
We shall appreciate it if you will send us a brochure and two sample books by air immediately.
We hope you will appreciate our position.
这是一个在函电里用的频率比较高的一个词, 这个词的好的运用会使你的信件增添一份美.
3. in line (with) = in agreement (with) ------- mean : suitable
例句: If your price is in line,we can take large quantities.
4. materialize v. 实现
例句: We hope the business will eventually materialize.
函电 (2) ------ 注解 B
5. enter into . 开始(某种关系、事业、谈判等) ;缔结(契约等)
例句：We wish to enter into business relations with your corporation for the supply of light industrial products.
We expect to enter into (=begin) business talks with them next week.
6. comply (with) vi. 依照，符合
例句： We hope you will be able to comply with our request.
This offer does not comply with our requirements.
表示 “ 按照...... ; 和......一致" 意思的,除了 comply with 外, 还有 in compliance with , in line with , in accordance with , in comformity with .
7. under separate cover 另邮 , 另寄
也可以说 by separate mail ; 如附在信里则用 under cover (随函) 或 enclose (见上一个例文). 例句: We are sending you catalogue under separate cover. = We are sending you catalogue by seperate mail.
We are sending you under cover a copy of pricelist. = We are enclosing a copy of our pricelist.
8. cable v. 打电报
注意: cable sb. sth. 把某事物电达给某人
cable sb. for sth. 向某人电索某事物
例句: Please cable us offers.
Please cable us for offers.
cable n. 电报
例句: Please make us an offer by cable. = Please make us an offer by telegram.
Please make us a cable offer. = Please make us a telegraphic offer.
例文:
Dear sirs, Your letter of 1st August addressed to our Shanghai Branch Office has been passed on to us for attention and reply, as the captioned goods lie within the scope of our business activities.
We regret to inform you, however, that this particular line has already been represented by ABC & Co., Ltd., 144 Broad Street, Alexandria, Egypt. As a result, we are not in a position to supply you with the goods but would rather recomment that you approach them direct for your requirements.
If you are interested in any other items, please let us know and we shall be only too pleased to make you offers.
Yours truly,
cc ABC & Co., Ltd., Alexandria, Egypt
函电 (3) ------ 注解
1. enamelled copper wire 漆包线
2. pass on ph. v. 传递 , 转交
例: We will pass on your decision to the buyers.
3. captioned adj. 标题项下的 , 标题所说的
例: We are pleased to advise you that the captioned goods were shipped yesterday per . Pearl. caption n. 标题
例: We have noted your letter of August 6 under the above caption.
4. lie within the scope of our business activities 属于我们的经营范围
5. regret v. 抱歉 , 惋惜 , 引为遗憾 + sth. / doing sth. / to do / that ...
例: We very much regret our inability to comply with your wishes.
We regret being unable to offer you this article at present.
We regret to note (or : learn) that you cannot make any headway with our offers. We regret that the business has fallen through.
regret n. 抱歉 , 遗憾
例: Much to our regret,we are unable to even shade the price.
6. be in a position to 能够
例: We are not in a position to take on new business at present.
7. resommend v. 推荐 , 劝告 , 建议 + n. / doing sth. / sb. to do / that
例: We strongly recommend acceptance for our stocks are running low.
We recommend buying a small quantity for trial.
We recommend you to buy a small quantity for trial.
8. be only too pleased to ... 十分乐于......
不论是什么类型的函电，只要是涉及到外贸的，我们都需要懂一些。下面是我给大家整理的外贸英语函电写信范文，供大家参阅!
Schubert strasse 16， K-2618， Hamburg， Germany
Telefon： 1 41 61 00 00 Telefax： 0 41 61 00 01
2 April 200#
Ms Ni Minzhi
3W Co. Ltd.
3B Guihua Road
Shanghai 200233
China
Dear Ms Ni，
Order No. 9953
Thank you for your order which has been completed and is being sent to your today.
As agreed we have forwarded our bill， No， 2782 for with the documents to your bank ， Industrial & Commercial Bank of China， Caohejing Branch， Shanghai. The Draft has been made out for payment 30 days after sight， and the documents will be handed to you on acceptance.
Yours sincerely
H. Koppermann
Managing Director
Dear Mr. / Ms，
We should like to invite your Corporation to attend the 1997 International Fair which will be held from April 29
to May 4 at the above address. Full details on the Fair will be sent in a look forward to hearing from you soon， and hope that you will be able to attend.
Yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
在上述地址，我们想请贵公司参加于四月二十九日到五月四日举办的1997国际商品交易会，关于交易会的详情我们一周内将寄给你。希望不久能收到你的来信，并能来参加。
您诚挚的
肯定答复
Dear Mr. / Ms，
Thank you for your letter of March 20 inviting our corporation to participate in the 1997 International Fair. We are very pleased to accept and will plan to display our electrical appliances as we did in previous years.
Mr. Li will be in your city from April 2 to 7 to make specific arrangements and would very much appreciate your assistance.
Yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
感谢三月二十八日来信邀请我们公司参加1997国际商品交易会。我们乐于参加并计划展示我们前几年生产的电子设备。李先生将于四月二日至七日去你市做具体安排，非常感谢你的协助。
你诚挚的
否定的答复
Dear Mr. / Ms，
Thank you very much for your invitation to attend the 1997 International Fair. As we are going to open a repair shop in your city at that time， we are sorry that we shall not be able to come.
We hope to see you on some future occasion.
Yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
非常感谢您邀请我们参加1997国际商品交易会。由于我们将于同一时间到你市新开一家维修店，非常抱歉我们不能前去。
希望以后在某些场合见到您。
您诚挚的
Dear Mr. / Ms，
Mr. William Taylor， President of our Corporation and Mr. James Rogers， Marketing Manager， would like to visit Beijing to continue our discussions on a joint venture. They plan to leave in the second half of April and stay in China about a week. Please let us know if the planned visit is convenient for you and what itinerary you would suggest. If the time of their visit is agreeable， will you kindly request your Embassy here to issue the necessary visa?
Yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
我们公司的总裁威廉·泰勒先生和营销部经理珍姆罗杰斯先生，想拜访北京继续商讨合资企业之事。他们计划四月下半月出发并在中国停留一周。请告知我方该访问计划对你方是否方便或您要建议什么行程计划。如对他们的访问时间无异议的话，可否要求使馆签发所需签证。
您诚挚的
Foreign Economic Relations & Trade Committee of What City
Address： 地址略
Tel： 电话号码略 Fax： 传真号码略
To： Ms Jaana Pekkala， Consultant for China Swiss Organization for Facilitating Investments Fax： 41-1-249 31 33
Total pages of this fax： 2
Dear Ms Jaana Pekkala，
We understand from The Swiss Business Guide for China that your organization is helping Swiss firms in seeking opportunities of investing in China and business cooperating with Chinese partners. To establish business relations with your organization and attract Swiss companies' investment here in What， We write to introduce our city， the city of What， as one of the open cities in Liaoning Province， China and also ourselves， Foreign Economic Relations & Trade Committee of What， as a What government initiative to facilitate business relationship with foreign companies.
Our committee provides advice and assistance to What firms seeking to export their services， goods to foreign areas and import goods and services abroad. We also assist Whatfirms in establishment of joint ventures and carry the procedures for examination and approval of joint ventures and foreign sole investment firms. Our Committee can provide What companies with information on the world market and specific commercial opportunities as well as organize trade missions， seminars and business briefings.
Our committee facilitates and encourages investment from other countries into targeted sectors of What economy and maintains active promotion of What through its network of contacts in domestic and abroad areas.
Nowadays， we are seeking foreign investment in the field of capital construction， such as improving of tap water system and highway construction. Also， we are setting up a tannery zone in Tong'erpu， the largest leather clothes producing and wholesaling base in North China. We invite Swiss companies with most favorable polices to set up their firms in any form on tanning， leather processing and sewage treatment.
Any information on investment projects into What and on business cooperation with firms in What is highly appreciated and will be pass on to anyone who have approached us with interest in similar project. You are also invited to our city for investigation and business tour.
Should you have any questions， please fell free to contact us.
Thank you for your attention and looking forward to your prompt reply.
Sincerely yours，
Qiming Di
Commercial Assistant
For Foreign Economic Relations & Trade Committee of What City
20 January 2004
Kee & Co.， Ltd
34 Regent Street
London， UK
Dear Sirs：
This time last year you placed an order for Type BS362 12-volt sealed batteries. This is a discontinued line which we had on offer at the now have a similar product on offer， Type CN233. It occurs to us that you might be interested. A descriptive leaflet is have a stock of 590 of Type CN233 which we are selling off at GB￡30 can offer a quantity discount of up to 15%， but we are prepared to give 20% discount for an offer to buy the complete are giving you this opportunity in view of your previous order. We would appreciate a prompt reply， since we will put the offer out in the event of your not being faithfully，Tony SmithChief Seller
先生：
去年此时贵公司所订购的BS362型号12伏密封电池，现已停止生产。
现有同类型产品CN233，存货共五百九十件，特惠价每件30英镑。贵公司如感兴趣，敬请参看随附的简介说明。
大批订购可获八五折优惠，整批购入则可享八折特惠。
为感谢贵公司以往惠顾，特此给予订购优惠。极盼立即回覆，如贵公司未欲订购，本公司亦能尽早另作安排。
销售部主任
托尼.斯密思谨上
2004年1月20日
英语商务函电在外贸和商务中经常可见，如果大家从事过外贸员的话就会更加清楚。下面是我给大家整理的商务函电范文中英文，供大家参阅!
告示 Announcements
实例之一： 开业 Opening of new business
Dear Mr. / Ms,
We have opened at the above address a sales office for our products here in New York. We employ a staff of consultants and a well-trained service department which makes routine checks on all equipment purchased from us.
We would be pleased if you would take full advantage of our services and favorable shopping conditions.
We fully guarantee the quality of our products.
Yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
我们已在纽约上述地址为我们的产品开设了一家办事处。我们雇有一个咨询人员和一支受过良好训练的服务队伍，可以为从我处购买的设备进行日常检查。
如果你能充分利用我们的服务和良好的购物环境，我们会很高兴。我们全面保证产品的质量。 你诚挚的
实例之二： 建立办事处 Establishment of new branch
Dear Mr. / Ms,
Owing to the large increase in the volume of our trade with this country we have decided to open a branch here, with Mr. Wang Lo as manager. The new branch will open on 1st March and from that date all orders and inquiries should be sent to Mr. Wang Lo at the above address, instead of to our London office.
We take this opportunity to express our thanks for your cooperation in the past. We hope the new arrangements will lead to even better results.
Yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
因在该国贸易额大量增加，我们决定在这里开设一家分支，由王洛先生任经理。新办事处将于三月一日开业，今后所有的订单和询价请按上述地址送到王洛先生那，而不是伦敦办公室。
我们籍此机会向您过会与我们的合作表示感谢，我们希望新的安排能产生好的结果。 你诚挚的
介绍信 Letters of Introduction
实例之一：
Dear Mr. / Ms.,
This is to introduce Mr. Frank Jones, our new marketing specialist who will be in London from April 5 to mid April on business.
We shall appreciate any help you can give Mr. Jones and will always be happy to reciprocate.
Yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
现向您推荐我们的市场专家弗兰克·琼斯先生。他将因公务在四月15日到四月中旬期间停留伦敦。
我们将非常感谢您向琼斯先生提供的任何帮助，并非常高兴施以回报。
您诚挚的
实例之二：
Dear Mr. / Ms,
We are pleased to introduce Mr. Wang You, our import manager of Textiles Department. Mr. Wang is spending three weeks in your city to develop our business with chief manufactures and to make purchases of decorative fabrics for the coming season.
We shall be most grateful if you will introduce him to reliable manufacturers and give him any help or advice he may need.
Yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
我们非常高兴向您介绍我们纺织部的进口经理王有先生。王先生将在你市度过三周，他要与主要的生产厂家拓展商务并为下一季度采购装饰织品。
如能介绍他给可靠的生产厂家，向他提供所需的任何帮助或建议，我们将不胜感谢。 您诚挚的
咨询 Consultation
实例之一： 询问信息
Dear Mr. / Ms,
We are much concerned that your sales in recent months have fallen considerably. At first we thought this might be due to a slack market, but on looking into the matter more closely, we find that the general trend of trade during this period has been upwards.
It is possible that you are facing difficulties of which we are not aware. If so, we would like to know what we can do to help. We, therefore, look forward to receiving
from you a detailed report on the situation and suggestions as to how we may help in restoring our sales to their former level.
Yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
我们非常关心你方销售近几个月大幅度下降。开始我们以为是市场疲软，但仔细研究问题，我们发现过去这段时间贸易的总趋势是上升的。有可能你方面临我方还不知道的困难，如是这样，我方想知道是否能帮助什么。我们期望收到关于问题的详细报告，及建议我们怎样帮助才能把销售恢复到原来的水平。
您诚挚的
实例之一：
Dear Mr. / Ms,
We are sorry we cannot send you immediately the catalogue and price list for which you asked in your letter of March 10. Supplies are expected from the printers in two weeks and as soon as we receive them, we will send you a copy.
Yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
对三月十日来信所要目录和价格单，很抱歉不能马上寄去。印刷商两周后供货，一旦收到，我们将给您寄去一份。
您诚挚的
实例之二：
Dear Mr. / Ms,
I was very concerned when I received your letter of yesterday complaining that the central heating system in your new house had not been completed by the date promised.
On referring to our earlier correspondence,I find that I had mistaken the date for completion. The fault is entirely mine and I deeply regret that it should have occurred.
I realize the inconvenience our oversight must be causing you and will do everything possible to avoid any further delay. I have already given instructions for the work to have priority and the engineers working on the job to be placed on overtime. These arrangements should see the installation completed by next weekend.
Yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
昨天收到你的来信，抱怨你新家的中央加热系统未按规定时间装好，对此我非常关心。参考较早的通信，我发现我搞错了完成日期。错误完全是我的，对此我非常抱歉。
认识到我们的疏忽给你造成的不便，我们将竭尽全力避免再耽搁。我已指示这项工作优先做并让工程人员加班。这样安排会于下周完成安装。
你诚挚的
不论是什么类型的函电，只要是涉及到外贸的，我们都需要懂一些。下面是我给大家整理的外贸英语函电写信范文，供大家参阅!
Schubert strasse 16， K-2618， Hamburg， Germany
Telefon： 1 41 61 00 00 Telefax： 0 41 61 00 01
2 April 200#
Ms Ni Minzhi
3W Co. Ltd.
3B Guihua Road
Shanghai 200233
China
Dear Ms Ni，
Order No. 9953
Thank you for your order which has been completed and is being sent to your today.
As agreed we have forwarded our bill， No， 2782 for with the documents to your bank ， Industrial & Commercial Bank of China， Caohejing Branch， Shanghai. The Draft has been made out for payment 30 days after sight， and the documents will be handed to you on acceptance.
Yours sincerely
H. Koppermann
Managing Director
Dear Mr. / Ms，
We should like to invite your Corporation to attend the 1997 International Fair which will be held from April 29
to May 4 at the above address. Full details on the Fair will be sent in a look forward to hearing from you soon， and hope that you will be able to attend.
Yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
在上述地址，我们想请贵公司参加于四月二十九日到五月四日举办的1997国际商品交易会，关于交易会的详情我们一周内将寄给你。希望不久能收到你的来信，并能来参加。
您诚挚的
肯定答复
Dear Mr. / Ms，
Thank you for your letter of March 20 inviting our corporation to participate in the 1997 International Fair. We are very pleased to accept and will plan to display our electrical appliances as we did in previous years.
Mr. Li will be in your city from April 2 to 7 to make specific arrangements and would very much appreciate your assistance.
Yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
感谢三月二十八日来信邀请我们公司参加1997国际商品交易会。我们乐于参加并计划展示我们前几年生产的电子设备。李先生将于四月二日至七日去你市做具体安排，非常感谢你的协助。
你诚挚的
否定的答复
Dear Mr. / Ms，
Thank you very much for your invitation to attend the 1997 International Fair. As we are going to open a repair shop in your city at that time， we are sorry that we shall not be able to come.
We hope to see you on some future occasion.
Yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
非常感谢您邀请我们参加1997国际商品交易会。由于我们将于同一时间到你市新开一家维修店，非常抱歉我们不能前去。
希望以后在某些场合见到您。
您诚挚的
Dear Mr. / Ms，
Mr. William Taylor， President of our Corporation and Mr. James Rogers， Marketing Manager， would like to visit Beijing to continue our discussions on a joint venture. They plan to leave in the second half of April and stay in China about a week. Please let us know if the planned visit is convenient for you and what itinerary you would suggest. If the time of their visit is agreeable， will you kindly request your Embassy here to issue the necessary visa?
Yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
我们公司的总裁威廉·泰勒先生和营销部经理珍姆罗杰斯先生，想拜访北京继续商讨合资企业之事。他们计划四月下半月出发并在中国停留一周。请告知我方该访问计划对你方是否方便或您要建议什么行程计划。如对他们的访问时间无异议的话，可否要求使馆签发所需签证。
您诚挚的
Foreign Economic Relations & Trade Committee of What City
Address： 地址略
Tel： 电话号码略 Fax： 传真号码略
To： Ms Jaana Pekkala， Consultant for China Swiss Organization for Facilitating Investments Fax： 41-1-249 31 33
Total pages of this fax： 2
Dear Ms Jaana Pekkala，
We understand from The Swiss Business Guide for China that your organization is helping Swiss firms in seeking opportunities of investing in China and business cooperating with Chinese partners. To establish business relations with your organization and attract Swiss companies' investment here in What， We write to introduce our city， the city of What， as one of the open cities in Liaoning Province， China and also ourselves， Foreign Economic Relations & Trade Committee of What， as a What government initiative to facilitate business relationship with foreign companies.
Our committee provides advice and assistance to What firms seeking to export their services， goods to foreign areas and import goods and services abroad. We also assist Whatfirms in establishment of joint ventures and carry the procedures for examination and approval of joint ventures and foreign sole investment firms. Our Committee can provide What companies with information on the world market and specific commercial opportunities as well as organize trade missions， seminars and business briefings.
Our committee facilitates and encourages investment from other countries into targeted sectors of What economy and maintains active promotion of What through its network of contacts in domestic and abroad areas.
Nowadays， we are seeking foreign investment in the field of capital construction， such as improving of tap water system and highway construction. Also， we are setting up a tannery zone in Tong'erpu， the largest leather clothes producing and wholesaling base in North China. We invite Swiss companies with most favorable polices to set up their firms in any form on tanning， leather processing and sewage treatment.
Any information on investment projects into What and on business cooperation with firms in What is highly appreciated and will be pass on to anyone who have approached us with interest in similar project. You are also invited to our city for investigation and business tour.
Should you have any questions， please fell free to contact us.
Thank you for your attention and looking forward to your prompt reply.
Sincerely yours，
Qiming Di
Commercial Assistant
For Foreign Economic Relations & Trade Committee of What City
20 January 2004
Kee & Co.， Ltd
34 Regent Street
London， UK
Dear Sirs：
This time last year you placed an order for Type BS362 12-volt sealed batteries. This is a discontinued line which we had on offer at the now have a similar product on offer， Type CN233. It occurs to us that you might be interested. A descriptive leaflet is have a stock of 590 of Type CN233 which we are selling off at GB￡30 can offer a quantity discount of up to 15%， but we are prepared to give 20% discount for an offer to buy the complete are giving you this opportunity in view of your previous order. We would appreciate a prompt reply， since we will put the offer out in the event of your not being faithfully，Tony SmithChief Seller
先生：
去年此时贵公司所订购的BS362型号12伏密封电池，现已停止生产。
现有同类型产品CN233，存货共五百九十件，特惠价每件30英镑。贵公司如感兴趣，敬请参看随附的简介说明。
大批订购可获八五折优惠，整批购入则可享八折特惠。
为感谢贵公司以往惠顾，特此给予订购优惠。极盼立即回覆，如贵公司未欲订购，本公司亦能尽早另作安排。
销售部主任
托尼.斯密思谨上
2004年1月20日
外贸函电的交流过程中，英文信函是普遍的一种方式。下面是我给大家整理的外贸函电中英文范文 ，供大家参阅!
Dear Ms Zhang,
I know your company from our partners: John&Son Co, I am interested in your item of embroidered tablecloth.
Please send me your catolog and your price with the following information.
(item number, size, color, carton size, number of items per carton, cbm, MOQ.)
Thank you~
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Best regards,
kENNETH KING
外贸询价函电中英文范文 先生：
从贵国驻北京的大使馆(embassy)的商务参赞处获悉，贵公司是一家食品(foodstuff)出口商。作为一家专营罐装食品(canned food)的零售商(retailer)，我们特致函贵方，希望能建立贸易关系。
从贵方的通函(circular)中我们了解到你们可以供应各种罐装食品，如能提供给我们最新的价格单以及插图目录，不胜感激。
如你方供货价格优惠，质量上乘，我们将大量订购。
盼早复。
此致
Dear Sirs,
Your company has been introduced to us by Commercial Counselor’s Office of your embassy in Beijing as prospective buyers of arts & crafts.
In order to introduce our products to the Middle East, we are writing to you in the hope of establishing trade relations.
The main line of our business covers the export of chinaware of superb quality, fashionable design and competitive price, which enjoys a good reputation all over the world. For your information, we are enclosing an illustrated catalogue and the latest. Samples and quotations will be airmailed to you upon receipt of your specific inquiries.
Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours faithfully.
外贸函电：回信(英文版)
Dear Mr. / Ms，
Thank you for your letter conveying congratulations on my appointment. I wish also to thank you for the assistance you have given me in my work and look forward to better cooperation in the future。
Sincerely
外贸函电：回信(中文版)
尊敬的先生/小姐，
感谢你来信对我的任命表达的祝贺。我也感谢您对我的工作给予的支持，并期望未来能有更好的合作。
诚挚的
外贸函电：回复投诉
外贸函电：回复投诉(英文版)
20 May 2000
Kee & Co.， Ltd
34 Regent Street
London， UK
Dear Sirs：
Thank you for your letter of 20 May referring to your order . We are glad to hear that the consignment was delivered promptly。
We regret， however， that case did not contain the goods you ordered. We have investigated the matter and find that we did make a mistake in putting the order together。
We have arranged for the correct goods to be dispatched to you at once. The relevant documents will be mailed to you as soon as they are ready。
Please keep case and its contents until called for by our agents who have been informed of the situation。
We apologize for the inconvenience caused by our error。
Yours faithfully，
Tony Smith
Chief Seller
外贸函电：回复投诉(中文版)
——先生：
多谢五月二十日有关第252号定单的来信。得悉货物及时运抵，感到高兴。
有关第46号箱错运货物一事，在此向贵公司致歉。经调查，发现装运时误将货物同放，所以有此错失。
该缺货已安排即时发运，有关文件准备好后会立即寄出。
错运的货物烦请代存，本公司已知会代理商，不日将与贵公司联络。
因此失误而引致任何不便，本公司深感歉意。
销售部主任
托尼.斯密思谨上
2000年5月20日
外贸函电：错运货物的回复
外贸函电：错运货物的回复(英文版)
20 May 2000
Kee & Co.， Ltd
34 Regent Street
London， UK
Dear Sirs：
Thank you for your letter of 20 May regarding your order 。
We are sorry to learn that there was a mix-up in your order. We are now sending the consignment to you by airfreight. It should be with you within a week。
The necessary documentation will be sent under separate cover。
Please hold the goods which were wrongly shipped for collection。
We offer our sincere apologies for the delay. Should you have any further problems， please do not hesitate to contact us immediately。
Yours faithfully，
Tony Smith
Chief Seller
外贸函电：错运货物的回复(中文版)
——先生：
五月二十日有关第645号定单的来信收到。
得知错运货物，本公司感到抱歉。正确的货物已安排空运，应于一周内运抵。有关文件将加函寄上。
烦请暂存错运给贵方的货物。
如有任何疑问，欢迎与本公司联络。对于是次错失，谨再次表示歉意。
销售部主任
托尼.斯密思谨上
2000年5月20日
英语商务函电在外贸和商务中经常可见，如果大家从事过外贸员的话就会更加清楚。下面是我给大家整理的商务函电范文中英文，供大家参阅!
告示 Announcements
实例之一： 开业 Opening of new business
Dear Mr. / Ms,
We have opened at the above address a sales office for our products here in New York. We employ a staff of consultants and a well-trained service department which makes routine checks on all equipment purchased from us.
We would be pleased if you would take full advantage of our services and favorable shopping conditions.
We fully guarantee the quality of our products.
Yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
我们已在纽约上述地址为我们的产品开设了一家办事处。我们雇有一个咨询人员和一支受过良好训练的服务队伍，可以为从我处购买的设备进行日常检查。
如果你能充分利用我们的服务和良好的购物环境，我们会很高兴。我们全面保证产品的质量。 你诚挚的
实例之二： 建立办事处 Establishment of new branch
Dear Mr. / Ms,
Owing to the large increase in the volume of our trade with this country we have decided to open a branch here, with Mr. Wang Lo as manager. The new branch will open on 1st March and from that date all orders and inquiries should be sent to Mr. Wang Lo at the above address, instead of to our London office.
We take this opportunity to express our thanks for your cooperation in the past. We hope the new arrangements will lead to even better results.
Yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
因在该国贸易额大量增加，我们决定在这里开设一家分支，由王洛先生任经理。新办事处将于三月一日开业，今后所有的订单和询价请按上述地址送到王洛先生那，而不是伦敦办公室。
我们籍此机会向您过会与我们的合作表示感谢，我们希望新的安排能产生好的结果。 你诚挚的
介绍信 Letters of Introduction
实例之一：
Dear Mr. / Ms.,
This is to introduce Mr. Frank Jones, our new marketing specialist who will be in London from April 5 to mid April on business.
We shall appreciate any help you can give Mr. Jones and will always be happy to reciprocate.
Yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
现向您推荐我们的市场专家弗兰克·琼斯先生。他将因公务在四月15日到四月中旬期间停留伦敦。
我们将非常感谢您向琼斯先生提供的任何帮助，并非常高兴施以回报。
您诚挚的
实例之二：
Dear Mr. / Ms,
We are pleased to introduce Mr. Wang You, our import manager of Textiles Department. Mr. Wang is spending three weeks in your city to develop our business with chief manufactures and to make purchases of decorative fabrics for the coming season.
We shall be most grateful if you will introduce him to reliable manufacturers and give him any help or advice he may need.
Yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
我们非常高兴向您介绍我们纺织部的进口经理王有先生。王先生将在你市度过三周，他要与主要的生产厂家拓展商务并为下一季度采购装饰织品。
如能介绍他给可靠的生产厂家，向他提供所需的任何帮助或建议，我们将不胜感谢。 您诚挚的
咨询 Consultation
实例之一： 询问信息
Dear Mr. / Ms,
We are much concerned that your sales in recent months have fallen considerably. At first we thought this might be due to a slack market, but on looking into the matter more closely, we find that the general trend of trade during this period has been upwards.
It is possible that you are facing difficulties of which we are not aware. If so, we would like to know what we can do to help. We, therefore, look forward to receiving
from you a detailed report on the situation and suggestions as to how we may help in restoring our sales to their former level.
Yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
我们非常关心你方销售近几个月大幅度下降。开始我们以为是市场疲软，但仔细研究问题，我们发现过去这段时间贸易的总趋势是上升的。有可能你方面临我方还不知道的困难，如是这样，我方想知道是否能帮助什么。我们期望收到关于问题的详细报告，及建议我们怎样帮助才能把销售恢复到原来的水平。
您诚挚的
实例之一：
Dear Mr. / Ms,
We are sorry we cannot send you immediately the catalogue and price list for which you asked in your letter of March 10. Supplies are expected from the printers in two weeks and as soon as we receive them, we will send you a copy.
Yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
对三月十日来信所要目录和价格单，很抱歉不能马上寄去。印刷商两周后供货，一旦收到，我们将给您寄去一份。
您诚挚的
实例之二：
Dear Mr. / Ms,
I was very concerned when I received your letter of yesterday complaining that the central heating system in your new house had not been completed by the date promised.
On referring to our earlier correspondence,I find that I had mistaken the date for completion. The fault is entirely mine and I deeply regret that it should have occurred.
I realize the inconvenience our oversight must be causing you and will do everything possible to avoid any further delay. I have already given instructions for the work to have priority and the engineers working on the job to be placed on overtime. These arrangements should see the installation completed by next weekend.
Yours faithfully
尊敬的先生/小姐，
昨天收到你的来信，抱怨你新家的中央加热系统未按规定时间装好，对此我非常关心。参考较早的通信，我发现我搞错了完成日期。错误完全是我的，对此我非常抱歉。
认识到我们的疏忽给你造成的不便，我们将竭尽全力避免再耽搁。我已指示这项工作优先做并让工程人员加班。这样安排会于下周完成安装。
你诚挚的
Read something about WTO.
从英语单词的词性、词的上下文的搭配和专业三个方面入手,阐述了商务英语函电英译汉时一词多义的选择.The Choice of words with Multi－interpretations in the Translation from English Into Chinese in Buslness English Correspondence
Beyond Language: Cultural Predispositions in international Business Correspondence Translation covers only part of the problem of working with people of other nations and cultures. Differences in cultural background may affect business correspondence between Americans and others, and International English may be evolving a cultural style of its own. In correspondence, business people from the low-context cultures of Northern Europe and North America sometimes inadvertently offend their counterparts in high-context cultures by assuming that their correspondents share their values. Such correspondence might be more effective if writers used a rhetorical framework to conceptualize in their letters a sense of their addressees' conditions and of their own roles in relation to their addressees. This dimension of relationship may be difficult for people from low-context cultures. However, because of the increasing use of English as a lingua franca of business, correspondence standards may be changing. Using the example of rhetorical patterns in English and Chinese business letters, I suggest a way to use Western rhetorical principles to accommodate other cultural patterns. Business Correspondence includs： Requesting Information How to ask somebody to send you information. Sending Information What to say when you send information. Resume or CV A resume (AmE) or CV (BrE) is usually requested by a prospective employer as a record of your qualifications and professional experience. CV stands for the Latin words "curriculum vitae", meaning "the course of one's life". Covering Letter for Resume/CV It is usual to send a covering letter (BrE) or cover letter (AmE) with your resume/CV when applying for a job. Letter of Reference Companies and other organizations often ask for a letter of reference. This is a character reference written by someone such as an ex-employer who knows the subject personally. Let's take the ever-more-common case of the American who wants to strike up business dealings with people of another language and culture. Box 3 reproduces a letter to a delegation of Chinese who had visited the United States. They had expressed some interest in the products of Mr. Jones's company, so he wrote them a letter, presumably hoping to sell some. However, as Boiarsky (1995) informs us, his letter drew no response. Dear Sir: Your name and address were referred to me by the Illinois Department of Agriculture--Far East Office. They stated that you had expressed an interest in our products and requested further information. I am therefore enclosing a brocuhre which itemizes our products and services. Pleas let me know your exact requirements. I will be happy to provide you with further details. Thank you for your participation at the Illinois Slide and Catalog Show. I look forward to your reply. Sincerely, Peter Jones Director of Sales Agri-Equipment Division
《外贸英语函电》是2009年9月由浙江大学出版社出版的书籍，作者是孟建国、陈晓玲。[1]
该书借鉴国内外外贸英语函电的结构与体系，紧密结合中国外贸业务的实际，系统介绍了外贸业务活动中各种商务英语的格式与结构、写作特点、专业术语、常用专业词汇、相关句型和常见表达方式等。[1]看内容提要
没用有用
基本信息
定价
元
外文名
English Correspondence for International Trade
出版社
浙江大学出版社
出版时间
2009年09月
作者
孟建国
内容提要
目录
编辑推荐
文摘
序言
作者简介
大家还在搜
外贸英语口语900句
外贸英语函电常用术语
外贸函电的三种格式
外贸英语函电论文3000
外贸英语函电论文
外贸英语函电模板
外贸英文函电
实用外贸英语函电
外贸英语函电课本
外贸英文函电格式
外贸英语函电题库
外贸英语函电ppt
外贸英语函电pdf
外贸英语函电pdf清华
外贸英语函电概念
外贸英语函电第七版
外贸英语函电学什么
外贸英语函电尹小莹
外贸英语函电缩格式范文
外贸英语函电第六版pdf
外贸英语函电第四版易露露
外贸英语函电电子版
外贸英语函电孟建国电子版
外贸英语函电课件
外贸英语函电全套课件ppt
外贸英语函电第四版
外贸英语函电中英文
外贸英语函电试题及答案
外贸英语函电的格式
外贸英语函电第四版pdf
外贸英语函电学什么
外贸英语函电尹小莹
外贸英语函电缩格式范文
外贸英语函电第六版pdf
外贸英语函电第四版易露露
外贸英语函电电子版
外贸英语函电孟建国电子版
外贸英语函电课件
外贸英语函电全套课件ppt
外贸英语函电第四版
外贸英语函电中英文
外贸英语函电试题及答案
1
内容提要
本书共分7章，从介绍英文函电写作的概述开始，以一中方公司与外方公司所达成的两笔交易贯穿全书。每章分6个部分。第一部分是背景介绍以及该章节的操作要求；第二部分是操作指南，对涉及该章节的国际贸易实务方面的知识进行简述以及涉及该章节英文函电写作的要点进行分析讲述；第三部分是函电范文；而第四部分是对该函电范文中的专业词汇、表达以及句型的分析讲解；第五部分是对涉及该章节内容函电写作的词汇、表达以及句型的补充讲解分析以便于读者的自学以及拓展知识内容；第六部分是练习，以帮助读者对该章节内容的理解、掌握与巩固。
本书适合高职高专国际商务、电子商务、国际市场营销和国际金融专业使用，同时还可以作为从事国际贸易人员的培训及自学用书。
英文论文提纲范文
在各领域中，大家最不陌生的就是论文了吧，论文是讨论某种问题或研究某种问题的`文章。你知道论文怎样写才规范吗？以下是我精心整理的英文论文提纲范文，希望能够帮助到大家。
论文的规格：正文长度5,500-8,500单词。
使用的语言：英语
论文分题目、引言、正文、参考文献、致谢等部分。
引文要注明出处。直接引用要加引号，间接引文要以转述的方式出现。然后以括号把引文来源写清楚：(作者名，年份，引文所在页码)
论文正文部分：
1、题目大写，三号字，新时代罗马字，大写下面可写一个附标题，4号字;
2、作者名，5号字，班级，学号
3、指导教师名，5号字，职称
4、摘要：用300词，5号字，英文一页，中文一页
5、关键词：不能用专有名词，词与词之间空四格(或一个tab键)，不加标点符号
6、正文：用5号字，
大部分标题用5号字黑体、小部分、小小部分。大部分用罗马字，小不分用一般数字符号：
引言：引入正题，不超过2段
i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x.
ii. , , , , …
iii. , , , , , / . …
结论
7、参考文献(bibliography)：先英文，后中文
作者名，出版年月，文章名/书刊名，出版社，地点
8、致谢(acknowledgement)
英语毕业论文提纲范例：
题目：基于语料库的英语不规则动词过去式的社会语言学变异研究
Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1 Literature Review
General Studies of English Irregular Verbs
Studies of the Variations of Irregular Verbs
Summary
Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework
Foundational Studies of Variationist Sociolinguistics
Variationist Sociolinguistics: Key Concepts and the Principle of Accountability
Analytical Methods in Variationist Sociolinguistics
Summary
Chapter 3 Diachronic Change of PTFs of Irregular Verbs in COHA
Methodology and Data Visualization
Data Analysis
Discussion and Conclusions
Summary
Chapter 4 Synchronic Variation of PTFs of Irregular Verbs
Introduction and Data
Principle Components Analysis
Register Variation of PTF of Irregular Verbs in BNCweb
User-related Variation of PTFs of Irregular Verbs in BNCweb
Discussion and Conclusions
Summary
Conclusion
Bibliography
Acknowledgements
英语教学毕业论文提纲模板精选3篇
论文提要是内容提纲的雏型。一般书、教学参考书都有反映全书内容的提要，以便读者一翻提要就知道书的`大概内容，下面是我为大家推荐的3篇英语教学毕业论文的提纲模板，希望大家喜欢!
英语教学毕业论文提纲模板一
Abstract 5-6
摘要 7-9
1. Introduction 9-11
Background of the Research 9
Significance of the Research 9-10
Structure of the thesis 10-11
2. Literature Review 11-19
Some Attempts to Define expert and novice teacher 11-13
An overview of studies on teaching behaviors 13-16
An overview of the characteristics of expert teachers' teaching behaviors 16
Limitations of the Previous Studies 16
Theoretical bases 16-19
3. Research Design 19-25
Subjects 19-20
Observed teaching tasks 20-21
Classification of English teachers’ teaching behaviors 21-22
Research method 22-24
Research Procedures 24-25
4. Data Analysis and Discussion 25-51
Diversity in Speech Presentation behavior 25-33
Diversity in Text Presentation 33-38
Diversity in Action Presentation (body language) 38-40
Diversity in interaction behavior 40-51
5. Conclusions and Implications 51-55
Conclusions 51-53
Pedagogical Implications 53-54
Limitations and recommendations for the Further Research 54-55
Acknowledgments 55-56
References 56-59
Appendix I Classroom observation worksheet of teaching behavior 59-61
Appendix II 唐卫海提问行为类别观察表 61-62
Appendix III 攻读硕士学位期间发表的论文 62
英语教学毕业论文提纲模板二
Abstract 3-4
摘要 5-7
Tables 7-10
1. Introduction 10-14
Research Questions 11
The purpose and significance of this research 11-12
Layout of thesis 12-14
2. Literature Review 14-24
The concept and connotation of teaching journal 15-17
The Content of teaching journal 17-20
Reflective level 20
The styles of teaching journal 20-24
Design 24-26
Purpose of Research 24
Subjects 24
Instruments 24-25
Procesures of research 25
Data collection 25-26
4. Results and Discussions 26-52
Results and discussions of quesionnaire 26-32
The writing differences between teachers of differnet professional ranks on reflective content and reflective level 32-45
The writing differences between teachers of different genders on reflective content and reflective level 45-52
5. Methods to Improve Teachers' Reflective Ability 52-56
Problems in the process of reflection 52-53
The ways to improve teachers' reflective ability 53-56
6. Conclusion 56-58
Present findings 56
Limitations 56-57
Suggestions for future research 57-58
Acknowledgements 58-60
Bibliography 60-64
Appendix 64-65
英语教学毕业论文提纲模板三
Abstract 3-4
摘要 5-8
1. Introduction 8-12
Research background 8
Significance of the study 8-10
Organization of thesis 10-12
2. Literature Review 12-22
Language learning strategies 12-15
Definition of the language learning strategies 12-13
Classification of learning strategies 13-14
Studies on learning strategies 14-15
Language learning styles 15-18
Definition of language learning style 15
Classification of language learning style 15-17
Studies on language learning style 17-18
Learning strategies training 18-19
. Review of the relationship of learning strategies and learning styles 19-22
3. Methodology 22-33
Purposes 22
Hypotheses 22
Research participants 22-23
Instruments of the research 23-24
Questionnaire 23
Observation 23-24
Procedures 24-33
Pre-treatment questionnaire 24-25
Language learning strategy training instruction 25-30
Post-treatment questionnaire 30-33
4. Results and Discussion 33-47
Results of the questionnaire 33-43
The results of the T-test in pre-treatment questionnaire 37-40
The results of the T-test in post-treatment questionnaire 40-43
Discussion 43-47
The senior high school students’ learning styles were expanded with the help of learning strategy training 44
The variety of learning styles helps the students to learn better with different learning tasks 44-45
The learning strategies help the students learn better, more easily and actively33 45-47
5. Conclusion 47-49
Major findings 47-48
The learning styles of the senior high students were tended to be various 47-48
The language learning strategy training can expand or even changethe language learning styles 48
Limitations and recommendations for further study 48-49
Acknowledgements 49-51
Bibliography 51-55
Appendix 55-61
AppendixA 关于英语学习风格的问卷调查 55-59
AppendixB 英语学习策略培训观察量表 59-60
AppendixC Listening Material 60-61
英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板
所谓论文提纲，是指论文作者动笔行文前的必要准备，是论文构思谋篇的具体体现。构思谋篇是指组织设计毕业论文的篇章结构，以便论文作者可以根据论文提纲安排材料素材、对课题论文展开论证。下面我以英语教育专业毕业论文提纲为例，为大家介绍论文提纲的写法。
英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板一
摘要 2-3
Abstract 3
引言 6-13
一、研究的背景 6-7
二、文献综述 7-11
(一) 国外研究状况 7-9
(二) 国内研究状况 9-11
三、研究方法 11-12
四、创新之处 12-13
第一章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的理论思考 13-22
一、相关概念的界定 13
二、小学高年级实施英语语篇整体性教学的必要性 13-14
(一) 小学高年级学生心理发展的特点 13
(二) 小学高年级英语语篇的特点 13-14
三、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的理论基础 14-18
(一) 心理学中的整体性原则 14-15
(二) 心理学中的认知理论 15-16
(三) 三种阅读教学模式 16-18
四、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的主要类型 18-22
(一) 对话类语篇整体性教学要素 18-19
(二) 故事类语篇整体性教学要素 19-22
第二章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学课堂模式实施的现状调研 22-38
一、调研设计 22-23
(一) 调研对象 22
(二) 调研方法 22
(三) 调研内容 22-23
二、对小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学推进情况的调研 23-38
(一) 对语篇整体性教学实施态度的调研 23-25
(二) 对语篇整体性教学实施过程的调研 25-27
(三) 对语篇整体性教学实施效果的调研 27-34
(四)对语篇整体性教学实施困惑的调研 34-38
第三章 小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学调研的问题及原因分析 38-46
一、在实施语篇整体性教学过程中存在的问题 38-41
(一) 过于重视“整体”，完全放弃了 “局部”知识点学习 38-39
(二)为了体现“学生主体”，大胆放弃“教师主导” 39-40
(三)误解“阅读语篇”的意义，变成“反复朗读语篇” 40
(四)为了“整体情境”，拘泥于“单一情境” 40
(五)为了“立足语篇”，拒绝“适当有效拓展” 40-41
二、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学问题产生原因的分析 41-46
第四章 优化小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的途径 46-54
一、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学课堂实施的原则 46-51
(一) 整体理解为主,细节理解为辅 46-48
(二) 语感训练为主,语法理解为辅 48-50
(三) 思维训练为主,知识技能掌握为辅 50-51
二、小学高年级英语语篇整体性教学的策略研究 51-54
(一) 确立明确的教学目标 51
(二) 分配合理的预习任务 51-52
(三) 关注有效的情景创设 52
(四) 把握清晰的主线设置 52
(五) 关注丰富的拓展阅读 52-54
结语 54-55
参考文献 55-59
致谢 59-60
英语教育专业毕业论文提纲模板二
Idiom Translation under the Chinese and English Cultures
Class XXX Number XXX Name XXX
Abstract: Nida, a famous translator, says, "For truly successful translation, it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages, because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures."(Background information) This is to say, translation is closely related with not only languages but also cultures. Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete. In the last twenty years, idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication, but cultural differences were rarely involved in it.(Identify problem) This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms, then studies English-Chinese\Chinese-English idiom translation methods(Research subject) from the angle of culture(Method) and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation: pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life, when new culture emerges, new idioms also appear, therefore idiom translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)
Key Words: idioms; culture; translation
论英汉文化背景下的习语翻译
摘要 :著名翻译学家奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言，熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要，
因为词语只有在其作用的'文化背景下才有意义。”也就是说，翻译不仅与语言有关也和文化有关。习语翻译中对文化差异的研究在中国的翻译领域中仍然较弱，专门对中英习语翻译的研究还不很完善。近20年来，习语翻译大多强调语际的交流，而很少涉及文化差异。本文通过分析中英习语的文化差异，进而从文化角度研究中英习语翻译方法，并指出中英习语翻译要注意的问题:联系上下文，选择与原文风格，意思相符的翻译;文化是一种生活方式，文化在变化，出现新的习语，习语翻译要与时俱进。
关键词： 习语;文化;翻译
1. Introduction
Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression
that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)
2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms
The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms Geographical Conditions
The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.
Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of
Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping, 2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)
For example, "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼 An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 错过机会
Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进
A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples)
On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as "骨瘦如柴，对牛弹琴, 众人拾柴火焰高,竹篮打水一场空......". Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like "海角天涯，海枯石烂，海阔天空，海底捞针，海市蜃楼......". (Analysis)
History
The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms
Colours
Numbers
3. Methods of Idiom Translation
Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:
Literal Translation
Free Translation
Translation with Notes
Replacement with Similar Idioms
The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning
A Combination of Literal and Free Translation
4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation
5. Conclusion
One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others' feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)
References
[*] 作者. 书名(英语的斜体). (出版地：)出版社，年份：参考内容页码 [*] 作者. 文章名(英语的斜体). 刊物名称. (出版地：)出版社，年份
[1] Li Mei. Mother tongue and translation. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press,2008
[2] Li Qingming. A Comparison of the Cultures between the Chinese and English Language. Xi'an: Northwest University of technology Press, 2007
[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982
[4] Nida Eugene. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993
[5] Susan Bassnett, Andre Lefevere. Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1987
[6] Luo Shiping. A Research on English Idioms. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006
[7] Li Yuping. English Idioms and their Cultural Origin. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2008
[8] Yin Li. English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture. Beijing: Bejing university Press, 2007
[9] Zhang Yajun. A Kaleidoscope of Chinese Culture. Beijing: Sinolingua, 2008\
[10] 李云(Li Yun).《新编大学翻译教程》. 北京：世界知识出版社, 2007 [11] 马爱英(Ma Aiying).《中英文化翻译》. 北京：科学出版社, 2006
英语毕业论文提纲模板
紧张又充实的`大学生活即将结束，毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种有准备的检验学生学习成果的形式，毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢？以下是我整理的英语毕业论文提纲模板，希望能够帮助到大家。
Acknowledgements 4-6
Contents 6-10
List of Figures 10-12
List of Tables 12-20
Abstract 20-22
摘要 23-25
Chapter 1 Introduction 25-32
Purpose of the study and research questions 28-29
Significance of the study 29-30
Organization of the study 30-31
A note on terminology 31-32
Chapter 2 Literature review 32-51
T/TP and coherence in English writing 32-35
Defining coherence 32-33
T/TP as means to realize coherence 33-35
T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 35-42
T/TP and coherence in EFL/ESL writing 35-37
T/TP in EFL/ESL writing as compared to NS writing 37-42
T/TP in English research articles by EFL/ESL scholars 42-44
The factors that influence T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 44-47
Training in T/TP 47-49
Summary 49-51
Chapter 3 Theoretical background 51-70
Systemic Functional Grammar 51-55
Five dimensions of language as a semiotic system 51-53
Three metafunctions of language as a functional system 53-54
Three lines of meaning from metafunctions 54-55
Theme and thematic progression 55-70
Theme 56-62
Thematic progression 62-70
Chapter 4 Research Design 70-88
The participants and the educational context 70-73
Background of the participants and the participating school 70
The allocation of participants to the training 70-71
The sample sizes 71-72
The pilot study 72-73
The interventional procedures 73-74
The questionnaire 74-75
The training 75-80
Considerations behind the training 75-76
The training material 76-79
The role of the researcher as the trainer 79-80
Data analysis 80-86
Analysis of the writing 80-86
Analysis of the questionnaire 86
Ethical considerations 86-88
Informed consent 86-87
Anonymity 87
Harm 87-88
Chapter 5 Results and analysis of pre-training writing 88-115
Comparison of Themes in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 88-102
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 88-91
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 91-95
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 95-100
Interpersonal Themes 100-102
Comparison of thematic progression in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 102-110
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 102-107
Back,contextual and new Themes 107-110
Summary 110-115
Chapter 6 Results and analysis of post-training writing 115-137
Comparison of Themes in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 115-129
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 115-117
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 117-121
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 121-126
Interpersonal Themes 126-129
Comparison of thematic progression in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 129-132
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 129-131
Back,contextual and new Themes 131-132
Summary 132-137
Chapter 7 Results and analysis of pre- and post- training writing 137-155
Comparison of Themes in pre- and post- training writing 137-147
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 137-139
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 139-142
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 142-145
Interpersonal Themes 145-147
Comparison of thematic progression in pre- and post- training writing 147-150
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 147-149
Back,contextual and new Themes 149-150
Summary 150-155
Chapter 8 Results and analysis of the questionnaire 155-165
Findings from closed questions 155-160
EEL participants' general attitude to training on T/TP 155-157
EEL participants' perception of the usefulness of the training on T/TP 157-158
EEL participants' perception of the learnability of T/TP 158-159
EEL participants' perception of the applicability of T/TP in writing 159-160
Findings from open questions 160-164
The changes that occurred 161-162
The perceived difficulty of applying the theory of T/TP in writing 162-163
The reasons for the perceived difficulty in learning 163
EEL participants' suggestions for future training 163-164
Summary 164-165
Chapter 9 Discussion 165-195
Findings with regard to research questions 165-187
Chinese college students' use of T/TP in pre-training writing 165-172
Chinese college students' use of T/TP in post-training writing 172-181
Effects of the training on T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 181-187
Positioning the study within the literature 187-190
T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 187-189
Effects of training on Chinese college students' use of T/TP 189-190
Implications 190-194
Pedagogical implication 190-193
Methodological implication 193-194
Limitations 194-195
Chapter 10 Conclusion 195-200
Summary 195-197
Putting everything together 197-199
Suggestions for future work 199-200
Notes 200-202
References 202-214
Appendix 1: Plan for the interventional procedures 214-215
Appendix 2: The post-training questionnaire 215-217
Appendix 3: Training material 217-229
Appendix 4: Teachers' guide to the training 229-237
Appendix 5: Consent form for EEL group 237-238
Appendix 6: Consent form for CEL group 238-239
Appendix 7: Consent form for NS group 239
中文摘要 3-4
ABSTRACT 4
Chapter One Introduction 7-10
Motivation of the present study 7-8
Significance of this study 8
Composition of this thesis 8-10
Chapter Two Literature Review 10-19
Language production 10-14
L1 Production 10-11
L2 Production 11-12
Dimensions of language production 12-14
Theories on oral output 14-15
Skehan’s dual-model system 14
Swain’s Output Hypothesis 14-15
Task Repetition 15-17
Task 15-16
Task repetition 16-17
Relevant studies on effects of task repetition on L2 oral output 17-19
CHARPTER THREE THE CURRENT STUDY 19-25
Research justification and questions 19
Hypothesis 19-20
Methods 20-25
Participants 20-21
Material 21
Research design 21-23
Measures 23-25
Chapter Four Results and Discussion 25-41
Results and Analysis 25-34
Quantitative analysis 25-27
Qualitative analysis 27-34
Discussion 34-41
Fluency 34-36
Complexity 36-38
Accuracy 38-39
interlanguage development path of learner L 39-41
Chapter Five Conclusions 41-44
Conclusion and implication 41-43
Limitations and recommendations 43-44
Acknowledgements 44-45
References 45-49
Appendixes 49-54
A. Instructions of the experiment 49-50
B. The same-content task 50-51
C. The different-content task 51-52
D. Sample of oral pre-task 52-53
E. Sample of oral post-task 53-54
F. Sample of writing repetition task 54
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
Research Background
Significance of the Study
Research Goals and Questions
Data Collection and Methodology
Analysis Procedures
Organization of the Thesis
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Introduction to Appraisal Theory
Studies on Appraisal Theory
Studies on Appraisal Theory Abroad
Studies on Appraisal Theory at Home
Studies on Personal Statements
Introduction to Personal Statement
Summary
Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework
An Overview of Attitude System
Affect Resources
Judgment Resources
Social Esteem
Social Sanction
Appreciation Resources
Interactions of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation
Borders of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation
Summary
Appendix 1: Papers Published during Graduate Studies
Appendix 2: Some Samples of the Study
References
Acknowledgements
英语论文提纲 范文
英语论文提纲怎样写呢?下面是我分享的英语论文提纲范文，欢迎大家阅读，也希望英语论文提纲范文能够帮助同学们顺利开展论文的撰写。
一、 title
from a new woman to a victim
二、 introduction
in china, the position of women becomes higher and higher, but discrimination and violence are existed all the same. there are a lot of women who have the same experience with desdemona. the intention of this study is to tell the importance of women’s independence in this modern society.
my attention was first directed to introduce desdemona and the good points of her character. this is because she is a new woman in the first two acts. then i put much attention on analyzing the reasons of her change. last i pointed out that women in modern society should learn from desdemona and try to be independent. however , the independence is not mean to stand against her husband or her father, but it means to find her own position in the society and establish a positive outlook on life. women should be independent not only from spirit, but also from finance.
三、outline
1 introduction
a brief introduction of othello
a particular introduction of desdemona as a new woman
2 the reasons of turning from a new woman to a victim
a deion of women’s position in the 16th of england
the influence of patriarchy-centered culture
desdemona’s own weakness of her character
3 the impact of desdemona on women in modern society.
social problems on women
the reasons why women should be independent
the new meaning of “independence”
what women should do if they want to be independent
from spirit
from finance
四、conclusion
theory guidance
1 feminism
2 freudian psychology
翻译：
一、标题
从一个新女人到一个受害者
二、介绍
在中国，妇女的地位越来越高，但歧视和暴力都是一样的存在。有很多有经验的女性苔丝狄蒙娜一样。本研究的目的是告诉女性在这个现代社会中的独立性的重要性。
我注意的是首先针对介绍苔丝狄蒙娜和她的性格好点。这是因为她是一个新的女人在前两个行为。然后我就把注意力放在分析她的变化的原因。最后我指出，现代社会中女性应该学会从苔丝狄蒙娜和尝试独立。然而，独立并不意味着要站在她的丈夫或她的父亲，但它意味着在社会中找到自己的位置，并建立一个积极的人生观。女性不仅要从精神上独立，也要从财务上独立。
三、概述
1引言
简要介绍奥赛罗
特别介绍苔丝狄蒙娜作为新女性
2从一个新的女人变成一个受害者的原因
描述一下女人的位置在英格兰第十六
父权中心文化的影响
苔丝狄蒙娜对她自己的性格弱点
3影响她对女性在现代社会中。
女性的个社会问题
女性应该独立的原因
“独立”的新意义
女性应该做什么，如果他们想独立
从精神
财务
四、结论
理论指导
1女性主义
2弗洛伊德心理学
知识扩展：英语毕业论文提纲怎么写?
I 英语毕业论文提纲的写作流程：
1.提纲写作需要先拟定论文标题;
2.根据论文题目写出总论点;
3.结合总论点考虑全篇的整体布局;
论文的整体布局需要充分考虑总论点的叙述顺序，这是论文写作的整体框架。
4.确定论文的`整体布局后再逐步考虑总论点下面的分论点，直至确定论点句;
5.结合段落部署，把相关材料组合起来，以便写作过程中的随用随取;
6.进行全面的检查，对于不必要的内容进行不必要的删减;
II英语毕业论文提纲的注意事项：
1.毕业论文提纲的编写方法：
标题式写法
用简洁的文字凝练出标题，并将这部分内容概括出来。这种写法的好处是简洁明了，一目了然，但是这种方法存在一定的缺陷，作者本人对此非常了解熟悉，但是外人乍看没有眉目，因此，在毕业论文的提纲写作中，很少使用这种方法。
句子式写法
就是用表述完整通畅的句子将所要描述出来的内容进行概括，这种写法更为具体，更为明确，自己了解的同时也能让外人看得懂。因为毕业论文不是针对个人，因此在毕业论文提纲的写作中得到广泛应用。
2.毕业论文提供的修改推敲
毕业论文提纲写好后，需要进行推敲和修改，修改的过程中需要注意以下几点：
题目是否合适;
题目是一篇文章的精华所在，其重要性不容忽视，不合适的论文题目会对接下来的论文写作带来阻碍。
结构是否合理;
合理的结构需要点明主题的基础上围绕主题进行拓展延伸，划分层次和段落，提高文章的逻辑性，检查过渡是否自然，然后进行全局性的把控。
层次是否完善;
提纲的层次必须完善，每个层次必须保证清晰，总论点应该重点突出，序论和结论部分应该简明扼要。本论是全文的重点，是需要集中精力写的一部分，因此，提纲应该罗列地详细一点，层层深入，体现总论和分论的巧妙融合。